张奎武《英美概况》配套辅导书笔记及课后习题详解-上册(第一~二部分)【圣才出品】

英美国家概论路人整理2011-7-27目录第一章英国的国土与人民LAND AND PEOPLE (3)第二章英国的起源THE ORIGINS OF A NATION (9)第三章英国的形成THE SHAPING OF THE NATION (16)第四章向现代英国的过渡TRANSITION TO THE MODERN AGE (22)第五章大英帝国的兴衰THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE (28)第六章英国经济THE ECONOMY (40)第八章法律与司法机构JUSTICE AND THE LAW (49)第九章英国社会SOCIAL AFFAIRS (55)第十章体育运动SPORTS (60)第十三章美国地理位置GEOGRAPHY (66)第十四章美国人口种族POPULATION.RACE AND ETHNIC GROUPS (70)第十五章美国历史（一）AMERICAN HISTORY(I) (73)第十六章美国历史（二）AMERICAN HISTORY(II) (77)第十七章美国历史（三）AMERICAN HISTORY(III) (81)第十八章美国经济THE ECONOMY (84)第十九章政治制度POLITICAL INSTITUTION (88)第二十章美国教育EDUCATION (93)第二十一章文化建筑和音乐LITERATURE, ARCHITECTURE AND MUSIC (98)第二十二章节日和假期HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS (102)第二十二章节：HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS 节日和假期 (102)第一章英国的国土与人民Land and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

第1章教育1.1 复习笔记I. A Brief Introduction to American EducationII. Elementary EducationIII. Secondary EducationIV. Higher Education—College and University1. General Introduction2. Types of Institutions3. Faculty Members4. Part-time Working and Student’s Organization V. Admission, and Academic Levels1. Admission2. Academic Levels and Academic Calendar3. CreditsVI. Graduate StudyVII. Well-known Universities in America1. Ivy League2. Harvard University3. Yale UniversityVIII. LibrariesI. A Brief Introduction to American Education (美国教育的概况)1. Education has been greatly respected throughout the history of the United States.在美国的历史进程中，教育受到了很高的重视。

2. At the turn of the twentieth century, public education developed more rapidly and more people got the opportunity of going to school.20世纪之交，公共教育发展迅速，越来越多的人得到了受教育的机会。

II. Elementary Education (初等教育)1. Many children begin their school education at the age of six and children usually graduate from high school at the age of 18.很多孩子6岁开始上学，18岁高中毕业。

第2章美国独立战争2.1 复习笔记I. The Sharpening Contradictions between Britain and the Colonies1. The Situation Before 17632. The Stamp Act and the T ownshend Acts3. The Boston Massacre and Committees of Correspondence4. The Boston “Tea Party”and the “Intolerable Acts”II. The Unity of the ColoniesIII. The Fire of Lexington and the Declaration of IndependenceIV. Progress of the WarV. The Significance of the WarVI. The Confederation and the ConstitutionI. The Sharpening Contradictions between Britain and the Colonies (殖民地与英国的尖锐对立)1. The Situation Before 1763 (1763前的状况)Before 1763, the colonial people had to depend much upon England. However, as the colonies grew in population and wealth, they depended less and less on England.1763年前，殖民地人民非常依赖英国。

然而，随着殖民地人口和财富的增长，对英国的依赖度逐渐减少。

2. The Stamp Act and the T ownshend Acts (印花税和唐森德税法)(1) The Stamp Acta. In 1765, Stamp Act was made. According to this act stamped paper must be used for all legal documents and other articles.b. The people of the colonies rose to oppose it. Facing so much opposition both in America and in England, the Parliament had to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766.(2) Townshend Actsa. All the goods imported into the country must be taxed.b. In 1770, the T ownshend taxes were all repealed except the tax on tea.(1) 印花税a. 1765年，印花税出台。

英美概况第四版上册课后练习题含答案简介《英美概况》是一本全面介绍英国和美国的文化、历史、政治、经济和社会现象的教材。

第四版上册是其最新版本，为了帮助读者更好地掌握教材内容，本文主要介绍了《英美概况》第四版上册的课后练习题及其答案。

课后练习题第一章马恩列斯主义的世界影响1.为什么20世纪初期，马克思主义在俄国和中国得到了很多支持者？答案：在俄国和中国，工业化程度较低，社会阶级结构明显，人民处于经济和政治上的不利地位，马克思主义提供了一种解释和改变社会状况的思想和方法，因此在这些国家得到了很多支持者。

2.马恩列斯主义的三个基本组成部分是什么？答案：哲学、政治经济学和科学社会主义是马克思主义的三个基本组成部分。

第二章英美宪政制度的深层问题1.英美宪政制度的两个特点是什么？答案：一是权力均衡制度的实行，二是国家最高权力代表制度的实行。

2.英国议会制度的基本形式是什么？答案：英国议会制度的基本形式是下院和上院的双院制。

第三章英国的政治体系及其现状1.请简要介绍英国两大主要政党的区别。

答案：英国两大主要政党是保守党和工党。

保守党主张经济自由主义、传统价值观和强硬外交政策，工党主张社会民主主义、平等和国际主义。

2.英国各地区的议员数目是不同的，为什么？答案：英国根据各地区的人口数确定议员数目，保证各地区在议会中的代表权重相当。

第四章美国的政治体系及其现状1.美国总统、参议员和众议员的任期分别是多久？答案：美国总统任期为4年，参议员任期为6年，众议员任期为2年。

2.美国政治体系中的分权制度是什么？答案：美国政治体系中的分权制度是各州与中央政府之间权力的分立和制衡，各州政府在一定范围内有独立的权力。

结语以上是《英美概况》第四版上册的部分课后练习题及其答案。

本文仅供参考，读者们可以通过这些练习题，更好地掌握教材的内容。

第6章美国的电影6.1 复习笔记I. HollywoodII. The Hollywood Walk of FameIII. Beverly HillsIV. “Oscar”and Academy AwardsV. “Golden Globe Awards”and “The HFPA”VI. Some of the Well-known Directors and Film Stars1. Marilyn Monroe2. Elizabeth T aylor3. Julia Roberts4. Steven SpielbergI. Hollywood (好莱坞)1. In 1886, H. H. Wilcox bought an area and his wife then christened it “Hollywood.”1886年，威尔克斯特买了一块地，他的妻子命名为“好莱坞”。

2. In 1911, the Nestor Company opened Hollywood’s first film studio.1911年，内斯特公司创建了好莱坞第一个电影制片厂。

3. In 1985, the Hollywood Boulevard commercial and entertainment district was officially listed in the National Register of Historic Places.1985年，好莱坞星光大道正式列为国家历史名胜。

4. Many best known American films have been produced in Hollywood: Gone with the Wind (1940), The Sound of Music (1966), The Godfather (1974), etc.很多著名的美国电影都是好莱坞制作的，包括《飘》(1940)，《音乐之声》(1966)和《教父》(1974)等等。

第3章经济3.1 复习笔记I. The Characteristics of the British EconomyII. IndustryIII. AgricultureIV. Trade and Finance1. Trade2. FinanceI. The Characteristics of the British Economy（英国国家经济的特点）1. Britain is one of the world’s most advanced manufacturing and trading nations.2. British agriculture does not produce enough food to meet the country’s basic needs.3. British industry is operated by many different types of firms.4. The British labor force is remarkably homogeneous.1. 英国是世界上最发达的制造业和贸易国家。

2. 英国的农业满足不了国家的基本需求。

3. 英国的工业由很多不同类型的公司操纵。

4. 英国的劳动力是同质的。

II. Industry（工业）1. Most of the industries were concentrated in specialized industrial areas: cotton in eastern Lancashire; wool in the West Riding of Yorkshire; linen in Northern Ireland: ship building on the Clyde, the northeast coast, and Northern Ireland; and iron and steel and chemicals in the north, the Midlands, and South Wales.2. Machine industries were more widely distributed. The specialized manufacturing regions were also the chief coal-mining districts.1. 英国工业较为集中在一些特殊地区：兰开郡东部的棉花区，约克郡西莱丁的羊毛区，北爱尔兰的亚麻区，克莱德河上、东北海岸和北爱尔兰的造船区、英国北部、中部和威尔士南部的钢铁和化学区。

第3章封建制度的衰落3.1 复习笔记I. The First Half of the Hundred Years’ WarII. The Economic Changes and Wat Tyler’s Rising1. The Economic Changes2. Wat Tyler’s RisingIII. The Second Half of the Hundred Years’ WarIV. The Wars of the RosesI. The First Half of the Hundred Years’ War (百年战争的前期)1. T he Hundred Years’ War began in 1337 and ended in 1453. It was a series of wars, with victory now on one side, now on the other.2. T he first half of the Hundred Years’ War saw English loss. Later, black death killed one third of the English people and halted the war.1. 百年战争开始于1337年，结束于1453年。

它指的是一系列的战争，双方都各有输赢。

2. 百年战争的前期，英国处于劣势。

黑死病使人口锐减三分之一，一度中断了战争。

II. The Economic Changes and Wat Tyler’s Rising (经济形势的变化和瓦特·泰勒的起义)1. The Economic Changes (经济形势的变化)(1) Feudalism in England began to decline in the nearly 14th.(2) The vigorous economic progress of the 13th-century petered out early in the 14th century. A natural economy gradually gave way to a money economy.(3) The shortage of labor caused by the Black Death gave a chance for agricultural laborers in villages.(1) 14世纪早期，英国的封建制度开始衰落。

第2章饮食与就餐习惯2.1 复习笔记I. Food and DrinksII. Restaurants and BarsIII. Dining HabitsIV. Dining CustomsI. Food and Drinks (食物和饮料)1. Food (食物)(1) Americans eat meat well-done, rare or medium.(2) Large numbers of immigrants have brought their special ways of cooking to America for years.(3) The main course for the American meals is usually meat, fish or poultry.(4) Ice cream and apple pie can be found anywhere in the United States. Hot dogs and hamburgers are greatly enjoyed by all American children.(1) 美国人吃肉可分全熟、半熟和半生熟。

(2) 大量移民把他们独特的烹饪方式带到美国。

(3) 美国饭的主食通常是肉、鱼或家禽。

(4) 冰淇淋和苹果派在美国随处可见。

热狗和汉堡是所有美国儿童喜欢的食物。

2. Drinks (饮料)(1) Coffee and tea are two of the most popular hot drinks.(2) In the United States many people prefer to drink their coffee “black”without cream or sugar.(3) Sometimes “coffee break”is taken among the workers in the middle of the morning or afternoon.(4) There are some other drinks in America which are also popular, such as milk and milk drinks called milkshakes, and fruit juices etc.(1) 咖啡和茶是最受欢迎的热饮料。

第10章两次世界大战中的英国10.1 复习笔记I. Crisis Before the First World WarII. Britain in the First World WarIII. Aftermath of the WarIV. Depression and AppeasementV. Britain in the Second WorldI. Crisis Before the First World War (一战前的危机)1. The Liberals were returned to power in December 1905.2. The English working-class movement reached new heights with a wave of strikes between 1911 and 1914.3. The old capitalist countries, such as Britain, France, Spain and Portugal, gradually lagged behind.4. The First World War was an imperialist war.1. 1905年11月，工党重新掌权。

2. 1911—1914年，英国的工人运动达到了新的高潮。

3. 老牌资本主义国家英国，法国，西班牙和葡萄牙逐渐落后。

4. 第一次世界大战是帝国主义的战争。

II. Britain in the First World War (一战时的英国)1. England participated in the First World War with national efforts. Millions of soldiers were dead and English people suffered a lot. Although England won the war, the powerful empire was gone.2. The Germans signed an armistice, which came into force on November 11, 1918.1. 英国倾其国力参加一战，士兵伤亡渗重，人民倍受苦难。