倒装句
英语句子的主语通常位于谓语动词之前，这种语序被称为正常语序。但有时出于强调或某种特殊的语法结构的需要，需要将谓语动词放在主语之前，这种语序则叫倒装语序。按倒装的形式，倒装可分为两类，一是完全倒装，二是部分倒装。完全倒装是指全部谓语放在主语之前，部分倒装是指只把助动词、情态动词或be动词放在主语之前，谓语的主体部分仍在主语之后。
一、完全倒装
1. 用于 there be 句型。
例：There are many students in the classroom.
原句自然顺序是：Many students are there in the classroom.
★2. 表示地点的here和there位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come, go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词，以及stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词(表示存在)。
例：Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。
There goes the last train. 最后一班火车开走了。
There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。
注意：若主语为人称代词，则不倒装。如：
Here you are. 这就是你要的东西。（给你。）
Here it comes. 它来了。
★3. 表示方向的副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词。
Out rushed the puppy. 小狗冲了出去。
Away went the girl. 那个女孩走远了。
Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.下雨了，伞都撑起来了。
注：若主语为人称代词，则不能用倒装。如：
In he comes. 他走了进来。
Down it came.它掉了下来。
★4. 表示时间或顺序的副词now, then 等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词。如：
Now comes your turn. 现在轮到你了。
Then came a new difficulty. 这时又产生了一个新的困难。
★5. 当句首状语是表示地点的介词词组时，也常引起全部倒装。
South of the city lies the factory. 工厂位于城市南部。
From the valley came a frightening sound. 一个令人害怕的声音从村子里传了出来。
Under the tree stands a little boy. 一个小男孩站在树下。
★6. 表语置于句首时，倒装结构采用“表语＋连系动词＋主语”的结构
1)形容词＋连系动词＋主语
Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests. 出席本次会议的有怀特教授、史密斯教授和其他各位嘉宾。
2) 分词＋连系动词＋主语
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们想做什么就做什么的日子过去了。
Attending the meeting was Mr. Black. 布莱克先生出席了本次会议。
3) 介词＋连系动词＋主语
Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys. 商品中有圣诞树、花、蜡烛和玩具。
Among them was my friend Jim. 他们当中就有我的朋友吉姆。
注：在表语置于句首的倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。
In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫。
In the box were two cats. 箱子里是两只猫。
7. 使用完全倒装以保持句子结构平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或为了使上下文结构紧凑。
They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 强调状语Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms. 保持句子结构平衡
8. 在直接引语全部或部分置于句首时，引用动词和它的主语（名词）往往要倒装。主语是代词时一般不倒装。
“You’ve made great progress this term.”said the teacher.
“Tom”,said his father, “ You shouldn’t make friends with such boys!”
“Let’s go,” said the man / he said.
二、部分倒装
1. 用于疑问句。
例：Do you speak English?
★2. 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有 were, should, had 时，可省略 if ，并将 were, should, had置于句首。
例：Had you reviewed your lessons, you might have passed the examination.
Had it rained yesterday, the crops would have been saved.
Were it to rain tomorrow, the crops would be saved.
Should it rain tomorrow, the crops would be saved.
注：若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were, should, had 等缩略成Weren’t, Shouldn’t, Hadn’t而置于句首。如：
Were it not for your help, I wouldn't be doing so well.若不是你帮忙，我现在不会干得这样好。
★3. 用于“形容词(或名词、动词、副词)＋ as (though)”引导的让步状语从句。
例：Pretty as she is, she is not clever. 尽管她很漂亮，但她不聪明。
Try as he would, he might fail again. 无论他尝试了多少次，总会失败。
Child as he is, he knows a lot. 尽管他是一个孩子，他却知道很多知识。（要特别注意位于句首的名词前习惯上不用冠词，即使其前有形容词修饰也不用冠词）Much as I have travelled, I have never seen such a beautiful place. 我旅游那么多次，却从未见过如此美丽的地方。
Successful as he is, he is not proud.他虽然成功，但不骄傲。
Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you.我尽管很喜欢你,却不能和你在一起生活。
Fast as you read, you can’t finish the book in two days.尽管你读得很快，你总不能在两天之内就读完这本书。
★4. 用于No sooner …than…/ Hardly…when…/ Scarcely…when…和 Not until 的句型中。
No sooner had she gone out than the class began. 她刚走出去课就开始了。
No sooner had I got into the house than the phone rang.我刚进屋，电话铃就响了。
Hardly had they reached Edinburgh when they were ordered to return to London. 他们刚到达爱丁堡就被命令返回伦敦。
Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework. 直到老师回来他才完成了作业。
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 直到孩子睡着了母亲才离开房间。
★★5. 当 never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, little, at no time, in no case, by no means, on no condition, on no accounts, under no circumstances, not only, barely, rarely, little, not a bit等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后要用部分倒装。
