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大学英语六级（2013年12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷322(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled China’s Personal Income Tax Reform. You can either analyze its causes or share some means to reduce it. Examples can be cited to illustrate your point. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.正确答案：China’s Personal Income Tax Reform(1) It is known that China raised the (2) deduction baseline for personal income tax from 3,500 yuan to 5,000 yuan per month, and six categories of special deduction items, including children’s education, (3) continuing education, (4) healthcare treatment for serious diseases, (5) mortgage interest and rent, and (6) senior care, also took effect this year. (7) It is no doubt that such reform on personal income tax will produce a series of influences.(8) First of all, tax cuts will (9) boost consumers’income, which can(10)reduce household burdens and improve people’s lives to some extent. (11) Secondly, (12) domestic consumption could be increased as a result of rising incomes, which is expected to promote Chinese economy amid external uncertainty. (13) Finally, thanks to the personal income tax reform, a large number of middle income workers don’t have to pay the income tax, so that the (14) income gap will be narrowed further and it is helpful to build a harmonious society.(15) In my opinion, people will benefit a lot from the personal income tax reform and it is also conducive to the country’ s peace and stability in the long run, which plays a vital role in social and economic development.解析：(1)解释个税改革的内容。
大学英语六级（2013年12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷60(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. 4. Reading Comprehension 5. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How to Establish a Healthy Living Style? You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.1．越来越多的人开始崇尚简单、健康的生活方式；2．造成这种现象的原因：3．我们可以……正确答案：Nowadays more and more people tend to have a simple and healthy living style, hoping that they can live longer and healthier. This phenomenon results from all kinds of health care information from magazines, TV programs, radio programs, and so on. Having a simple and healthy living style is surely good. But many of us don’t know how to establish such a living style. Here are some suggestions. First, set up a balance of work and rest. Only by working happily and having enough rest can we live healthier. Second, eat natural food rather than processed food. Natural food is usually fresher, while processed one may contain some additives which are harmful to our health. Third, be optimistic. Modern people have a lot of pressure. If we are optimistic to our lives, we can adjust ourselves to many conditions and live healthier and happier. In one word, establishing a healthy living style is not very difficult for us if we stick it out.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A听力原文：W: I’m afraid the project has to be given up. You know, my partner always turns a deaf ear to me whenever we have any difference. M: Why don’t you communicate with each other? There must be some misunderstandings. Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?2．A．Take no notice on the difference.B．Try to change her partner’s mind.C．Communicate with her partner.D．Find out the misunderstandings.正确答案：C解析：男士说：“为什么你们不谈一下呢?一定是有一些误会。
大学英语六级（2013年12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷5(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. 4. Reading Comprehension 5. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Days We Should Keep in Mind. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.1．很多年轻人从不会忘记庆祝自己的生日，父母的生日却不知道2．这种现象说明了什么问题，原因是什么3．我们应该怎么做正确答案：The Days We Should Keep in Mind Many young people never forget their birthday. They held little parties and receive gifts to celebrate their birthday every year. However, when they are asked about their parents’birthdays, most of them cannot answer right. There are several reasons which cause this phenomenon. On the one hand, nowadays parents focus very much on their children, but too little on themselves. Many parents celebrate their children’s birthdays when their kids are still very young, maybe only 3 or 4 years old. But parents seldom celebrate their own birthday, and maybe they don’t mention it at all. That’s why young people cannot remember parents’ birthdays. On the other hand, young people focus very much on themselves, but too little on their parents. Sometimes they just think that their parents are not interested in celebrating birthday. Is young people’s birthday more important than their parents’? I don’t think so. The days we should keep in mind are not our own birthday, but our parents’.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A听力原文：W: I just made up a quart of orange juice this morning, and now I can’t find it anywhere. Do you know what happened to it? M: Did you hear a crash earlier? That was it. I’m just as clumsy as ever. Q: What does the man imply?2．A．He drank the orange juice.B．He couldn’t find the juice anywhere.C．He broke the glass of juice.D．He had no idea what happened.正确答案：C解析：女士问男士知不知道她早上弄的橙汁发生了什么事，现在找不到了；男士反问她刚才有没有听到一声爆裂声，就是那杯橙汁。
大学英语六级（2013年12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷269(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled The Value of University life. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.正确答案：University is where we can gain knowledge and friends that both benefit our future life. But as far as I am concerned, the value of university life is that I gradually master the wisdom of choice. First of all, university provides a wide range of choices for us and we have to learn how to judge wisely. As a university student, we are familiar with the feeling of being overwhelmed by choices: which selective courses to pick, which societies to join or even who to make friends with. There is no silver bullet to solve all these puzzles once and for all. We might need to solicit information from junior and senior students to make an informed choice. Secondly, the choosing sharpens our analytical skill. For example, when we decide to drop Contemporary Dramas in the West and pick Literature Theories, we have to weigh the gains and losses of each course. The more choices we make, the more analysis we have to perform, and the better our analytical skill will get. In conclusion, the value of university life is the wisdom of choice, which makes us intelligent and discerning.解析：本题属于“自由发挥型”作文，要求考生对“大学生活的价值”提出个人的意见。
大学英语六级（2013年12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷317(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Importance of Social Practice. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.1．对于是否应该参加社会实践，大家看法不一2．参加社会实践的重要性正确答案：When it comes to students’ social practice, some people regard it as a waste of time, whereas others argue that participating in various social activities benefits a lot. Personally, I am in favor of the latter view. To begin with, by being more socially involved, we can apply the knowledge we have acquired from textbooks to the solution of practical problems. Only in doing so can we get extra experience outside the Ivory Tower. What is more, getting involved in social practice can help us gain a better insight into what is happening in the world around us, which does good to our further study. Last but not least, social practice will provide us with more opportunities to develop interpersonal skills, which may put us in a favorable position in the future job markets. To conclude, proper amount of social practice does not occupy too much time and should become an indispensable part of school education, for the knowledge we obtain from textbooks in class is far from enough.解析：这是一篇分析型议论文。
2013年12月大学英语六级模拟题答案Part I WritingGratitude, the traditional virtue of all culture, never fades in its importance to individual life and the society as a whole. No matter we are in happiness or misfortune, we are supposed to hold a grateful heart towards our life, for nothing is impossible to a grateful heart.In our daily life, we are frequently confronted with hard times and difficulty. At this time, we are blessed to get help from parents, friends, colleagues or even strangers, whereby we can survive and endure. In return for that, we should hold a grateful heart to be ready to help others whenever they are in trouble or suffering from misery. The more love we give, the more love we receive, which constitutes the basis of our civilization.Nowadays, more emphasis has been put on the construction of harmonious society. Under no circumstances should we neglect the positive impacts gratitude has exerted on it. Only when each member of our society shows gratitude to others and to life, would there be less conflict and more understanding and would a harmonious society be achieved.Part II Listening1-5 B B A D C 6-10 D A A B C 11-15 C D A D B 16-20 D B A A C 21-25 D B C D A26 reviewed 27 criticized 28 influences 29 is meant to 30 category31 limited 32 qualify 33 address 34 highlights 35 figure outPart III ReadingSection A36. O 37. K 38. G 39. J 40. C 41. N 42. M 43. I 44. H 45. DSection B46. J 47. P 48. F 49. H 50. B 51. R 52. N 53. D 54. Q 55. MSection C56 C One’s occupation affects the way one is treated as a person.57 A Some customers simply show no respect to those who serve them.58 D She found it natural for professionals to treat her as inferior.59 B Those working in the service industry shouldn’t be treated as servants.60 A See what kind of person they are.61 C The inequality in the distribution of wealth.62 C The American nation is becoming more and more divided despite its wealth63 B The very rich are politically sensitive.64 C They want to gain support for global economics’ integration.65 D Foreign countries will place the same economic barriers in return.Part IV TranslationTraditional Chinese Medicine（TCM）is an integral part of Chinese culture. It has made great contributions to the prosperity of China. Today both TCM and western medicine are being used in providing medical and health services in China. TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, systematic approach, abundant historical literature and materials, has attracted a lot of attention from the international community. In China, TCM is under the administration of State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology. National strategies, laws and regulations governing TCM are now in place to guide and promote the research and development in this promising industry. TCM is defined as a medical science governing the theory and practice of traditional Chinese medicine. It includes Chinese medication, herbalogy, acupuncture, massage and Qigong.。
大学英语六级（2013年12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷126(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. 4. Reading Comprehension 5. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “When it comes to success, there are no shortcuts. “You can give examples to illustrate your point. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.正确答案：There Is No Shortcut to Success [1] There are many ways to success, such as a strong will, an intelligent mind or long lasting passions. Whichever way one take, one will find [2] the truth that there are no shortcuts on the way to success. [3] Just as the saying goes, “No pains, no gains.” Success can only be achieved by those who are working hard and have great perseverance and enthusiasm.[4] Firstly, without [6] exerting oneself, one could never expect to achieve success. Although having been equipped with outstanding skills, [5] Wang Hao, the famous player of table tennis always trains hard for every championship. [4] Secondly, perseverance is one of the prerequisites to one’s success. In the British Museum, with his unremitting perseverance of almost forty years, [5] Karl Marx has been searching for materials incessantly and finally accomplished his world-known masterpiece [6] Das Kapital. [4] Thirdly, the enthusiasm for work is also indispensable. [5] Albert Einstein once said, “Enthusiasm is the best teacher for things and it is far more important than responsibility.”[7] Rome wasn’t built in a day. The journey to success is full of [6] ups and downs. [8] The shortest way to success is to [6] work our ass off with great perseverance and passions.解析：[1]指出成功路很多，引出话题[2]结合题目引语[3]引用谚语，引入主题，统领下文的论述[4]分别论述成功的三条途径[5]分别以王皓奋斗、马克思著书、爱因斯坦名言为例，论证更充分有力[6]亮点词汇：exerting oneself“奋发努力”：Das Kapital，“《资本论》”；ups and downs“盛衰，沉浮”；work our ass off “拼尽全力做某事.[7]引用俗语“冰冻三尺非一日之寒”总结全文[8]呼应主题Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A听力原文：W: Do you want me to explain these questions before me exam? M: What’s the point? I don’t understand a single word in it!It seems as if they were written in a foreign language. Q: What can we learn from the conversation?A．The man doesn’t know any foreign languages.B．The man has to know how to write in a foreign language.C．The woman has some problems with the exam.D．The man has no idea of what the exam-related materials mean.正确答案：D解析：男士的话I don’t understand a single word in it(我一个词都不懂)为听音重点，D)中的has no idea of 对应don’t understand，the exam-related materials对应it，故答案为D)。
大学英语六级（2013年12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷266(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On the Importance of Social Responsibility. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.1．现在的年轻人都在关注如何过好自己的生活，不愿意关注社会民生2．有人赞同这样的做法，有人觉得不应该如此3．你的看法正确答案：Nowadays, many young people focus on leading their own happy and content lives, ignoring what happens to the society and people’s livelihood. Some people think that it’s OK for ordinary people, while others don’t agree. In my opinion, we should be aware of the importance of social responsibility. What happens to the society and people’s livelihood actually affects our lives a lot. For example, when a serious earthquake happens in an area, people living in this area are all affected. They need a lot of help from the government and other people. If we turn a blind eye to these people’s livelihood, thinking that it has nothing to do with our happy lives, these people will have to flee their hometown and go to other cities, and eventually cause instability in our country and affect everyone’s life. Since we are social beings, what happens in our society will certainly affect our lives. Therefore, we should take our social responsibilities.解析：这是一篇观点阐述型的作文。
2013年12⽉英语六级（新题型）考试试卷+答案详解2013年12⽉全国⼤学⽣英语六级考试试卷Part ⅠWriting (30 minutes) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Digital Age. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below: 1．如今数字化产品得到越来越⼴泛的使⽤，例如……2．数字化产品的使⽤对⼈们的⼯作、学习、⽣活产⽣的影响。
Digital Age__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Part ⅡListening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.1. A) Proceed in his own way. C) Compromise with his colleague.B) Stick to the original plan. D) Try to change his colleague’s mind.2. A) Mary has a keen eye for style. C) Nancy and Mary went shopping together in Rome.B) Nancy regrets buying the dress. D) Nancy and Mary like to follow the latest fashion.3. A) Wash the dishes. C) Pick up George and Martha.B) Go to the theatre. D) Take her daughter to hospital.4. A) She enjoys making up stories about other people.B) She can never keep anything to herself for long.C) She is eager to share news with the woman.D) She is the best informed woman in town.5. A) A car dealer. C) A driving examiner.B) A mechanic. D) A technical consultant.6. A) The shopping mall has been deserted recently.B) Shoppers can only find good stores in the mall.C) Lots of people moved out of the downtown area.D) There isn’t much business downtown nowadays.7. A) He will help the woman with her reading.B) The lounge is not a place for him to study in.C) He feels sleepy whenever he tries to study.D) A cozy place is rather hard to find on campus.8. A) To protect her from getting scratches. C) To prevent mosquito bites.B) To help relieve her of the pain. D) To avoid getting sunburnt.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A) In a studio. C) At a beach resort.B) In a clothing store. D) At a fashion show.10. A) To live there permanently. C) To find a better job to support herself.B) To stay there for half a year. D) To sell leather goods for a British company.11. A) Designing fashion items for several companies.B) Modeling for a world-famous Italian company.C) Working as an employee for Ferragamo.D) Serving as a sales agent for Burberrys.12. A) It has seen a steady decline in its profits.B) It has become much more competitive.C) It has lost many customers to foreign companies.D) It has attracted a lot more designers from abroad.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.13. A) It helps her to attract more public attention.B) It improves her chance of getting promoted.C) It strengthens her relationship with students.D) It enables her to understand people better.14. A) Passively. B) Positively. C) Skeptically. D) Sensitively.15. A) It keeps haunting her day and night.B) Her teaching was somewhat affected by it.C) It vanishes the moment she steps into her role.D) Her mind goes blank once she gets on the stage.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line through the centre. Passage OneQuestions 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) To win over the majority of passengers from airlines in twenty years.B) To reform railroad management in western European countries.C) To electrify the railway lines between major European cities.D) To set up an express train network throughout Europe.17. A) Major European airlines will go bankrupt.B) Europeans will pay much less for traveling.C) Traveling time by train between major European cities will be cut by half.D) Trains will become the safest and most efficient means of travel in Europe.18. A) Train travel will prove much more comfortable than air travel.B) Passengers will feel much safer on board a train than on a plane.C) Rail transport will be environmentally friendlier than air transport.D) Traveling by train may be as quick as, or even quicker than, by air.19. A) In 1981. B) In 1989. C) In 1990. D) In 2000. Passage TwoQuestions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.20. A) There can be no speedy recovery for mental patients.B) Approaches to healing patients are essentially the same.C) The mind and body should be taken as an integral whole.D) There is no clear division of labor in the medical profession.21. A) A doctor’s fame strengthens the patients’ faith in them.B) Abuse of medicines is widespread in many urban hospitals.C) One third of the patients depend on harmless substances for cure.D) A patient’s expectations of a drug have an effect on their recovery.22. A) Expensive drugs may not prove the most effective.B) The workings of the mind may help patients recover.C) Doctors often exaggerate the effect of their remedies.D) Most illnesses can be cured without medication.Passage ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23. A) Enjoying strong feelings and emotions. C) Being fond of making sensational news.B) Defying all dangers when they have to. D) Dreaming of becoming famous one day.24. A) Working in an emergency room. C) Listening to rock music.B) Watching horror movies. D) Doing daily routines.25. A) A rock climber. B) A psychologist.C) A resident doctor. D) A career consultant.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are top of a global league table of university reputation—in a top 100 26 by U.S. institutions.Cambridge and Oxford make the top 10—but other U.K. universities have 27 , while Asian institutions have risen.The rankings are based on the 28 of 17,000 academics. This list is an attempt to quantify the elusive but important quality of 29 in higher education—with its findings 30 the opinions of academics around the world.The fast such ranking by the Times Higher Education magazine, published last year, had the same top five as this year—with the two Boston-based 31 , Harvard and M1T, in first and second place.Cambridge was once again the highest ranking U.K. university in third place, 32 Stanford and University of California, Berkeley. But Phil Baty, editor of the Times Higher Education rankings, says there is an 33 picture of U.K. universities downwards—with fewer in the top 100 and a 34 for others including Imperial College London and University College London. "Our global reputation as the home of outstanding universities has been hit," he said.Reflecting the rise of Asian countries as the new education superpowers, there is an increasing presence for countries such as People’s Republic of China, Japan, Singapore and SouthKorea.35 its size and population, Switzerland is also seen as performing well, with three universities in the world’s top 100 universities.Such rankings published by the Times Higher Education magazine do not have an official status, but they have become an increasingly significant part of how universities market themselves to students, particularly as higher education has become more globalized.Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.Women in 2011 made no significant gains in winning more top US business jobs, according to a study, but the head of the study said women are poised to make 36 in the year ahead.The number of women who were board directors, corporate officers or top earners at Fortune 500 companies remained 37 unchanged, said the study by Catalyst, a nonprofit group that 38 opportunities for women in business.The percentage of companies with women on the board of directors was 15.1 percent this year, compared with 14.8 percent in 2010, Catalyst said.Also, the percentage of corporate officer positions 39 by women was 15.7 percent in 2011 and 15.4percent in 2010, it said. The percentage of top earners in 2011 who were women was 6.2 percent, compared to 6.7percent in 2010, it said.The research on the Fortune 500 companies was 40 on data as of March 31, 2011. The slight changes in the numbers are not considered 41 significant, Catalyst said.Nevertheless, given the changes in U. S. politics, the future for women in business looks more 42 , said Ilene Lang, president and chief executive 43 of Catalyst."Overall we’re44 to see change next year," Lang said. "When we look at shareholders, decision makers, the general public, they’re looking for change. ""What they’re basically saying is, ‘Don’t give us45 of the status quo (现状). Get newSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.How Marketers Target KidsA) Kids represent an important demographic to marketers because they have their own purchasing power, they influencetheir parents’ buying decisions and they are the adult consumers of the future. Industry spending on advertising to children has exploded in the past decade, increasing from a mere $100 million in 1990 to more than $2 billion in 2000.B) Parents today are willing to buy more for their kids because trends such as smaller family size, dual incomes and postponing children until later in life mean that families have more disposable income. As well, guilt can play a role in spending decisions as time-stressed parents substitute material goods for time spent with their kids. Here are some of the strategies marketers employ to target kids:Pester(纠缠)PowerC) Today’s kids have more autonomy and decision-making power within the family than in previous generations, so it follows that kids are vocal about what they want their parents to buy. "Pester power" refers to children’ ability to nag their parents into purchasing items they may not otherwise buy. Marketing to children is all about creating pester power, because advertisers know what a powerful force it can be.D) According to the 2001 marketing industry book Kidfluence, pestering or nagging can be divided into two categories —"persistence" and "importance". Persistence nagging (a plea, that is repeated over and over again) is not as effective as the more sophisticated "importance nagging". This latter method appeals to parents’ desire to pr ovide the best for their children, and plays on any guilt they may have about not having enough time for their kids.The Marriage of Psychology and MarketingE) To effectively market to children, advertisers need to know what makes kids tick. With the help of well-paid researchers and psychologists, advertisers now have access to in-depth knowledge about children’s developmental, emotional and social needs at different ages. Using research that analyzes children’s behaviour, fantasy’ lives, art work, even their dreams, companies are able to craft sophisticated marketing strategies to reach young people.F) The issue of using child psychologists to help marketers target kids gained widespread public attention in 1999, when a group of U. S. mental health professionals issued a public letter to the American Psychological Association (APA) urging them to declare the practice unethical. The APA is currently studying the issue.Building Brand Name LoyaltyG) Canadian author Naomi Klein tracks the birth of "brand" marketing in her 2000 book No Logo. According to Klein, the mid-1980s saw the birth of a new kind of corporation—Nike, Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, to name a few—which changed their primary corporate focus from producing products to creating an image for their brand name. By moving their manufacturing operations to countries with cheap labour, they freed up money to create their powerful marketing messages. It has been a tremendously profitable formula, and has led to the creation of some of the most wealthy and powerful multi-national corporations the world has seen.H) Marketers plant the seeds of brand recognition in very young children, in the hopes that the seeds will grow into lifetime relationships. According to the Center for a New American Dream, babies as young as six months of age can form mental images of corporate logos and mascots. Brand loyalties can be established as early as age two, and by the time children head off to school most can recognize hundreds of brand logos. While fast food, toy and clothingcompanies have been cultivating brand recognition in children for years, adult-oriented businesses such as banks and automakers are now getting in on the act.Buzz or Street MarketingI) The challenge for marketers is to cut through the intense advertising clutter( 杂乱) in young people’s lives. Many companies are using "buzz marketing" —a new twist on the tried-and-true "word of mouth" method. The idea is to find the coolest kids in a community and have them use or wear your product in order to create a buzz around it. Buzz, or "street marketing", as it’s also called, can help a company to successfully connect with the elusive (难找的) teen market by using trendsetters to give them products "cool" status.J) Buzz marketing is particularly well-suited to the Internet, where young "Net promoters" use chat rooms and blogs to spread the word about music, clothes and other products among unsuspecting users.Commercialization in EducationK) School used to be a place where children were protected from the advertising and consumer messages that permeated their world—but not anymore. Budget shortfalls ( 亏空，差额) are forcing school boards to allow corporations access to students in exchange for badly needed cash, computers and educational materials.L) Corporations realize the power of the school environment for promoting their name and products. A school setting deliversa captive youth audience and implies the endorsement of teachers and the educational system. Marketers are eagerly exploiting this medium in a number of ways, including: 1) sponsored educational materials; 2) supplying schools with technology in exchange for high company visibility; 3) advertising posted in classrooms, school buses, on computers in exchange for funds; 4) contests and incentive programs: for example, the Pizza Hut reading incentives program in which children receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal; 5) sponsoring school events.The InternetM) The Internet is an extremely desirable medium for marketers wanting to target children. It’s part of youth culture. This generation of young people is growing up with the Internet as a daily and routine part of their lives. Kids are often online alone, without parental supervision. Unlike broadcasting media, which have codes regarding advertising to kids, the Internet is unregulated. Sophisticated technologies make it easy to collect information from young people for marketing research, and to target individual children with personalized advertising.Marketing Adult Entertainment to KidsN) Children are often aware of and want to see entertainment meant for older audiences because it is actively marketed to them. In a report released in 2000, the U. S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) revealed how the movie, music and video games industries routinely market violent entertainment to young children.O) The FTC studied 44 films rated "Restricted", and discovered that 80 per cent were targeted to children under 17. Marketing plans included TV commercials run during hours when young viewers were most likely to be watching. The FTC report also highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children. Mature rated video games are advertised in youth magazines; and toys based on "Restricted" movies and M-rated video games are marketed to children as young as four.46. Guilt can affect parents’ spending decisions because they don’t have enough time for theirkids.47. The Center for a New American Dream pointed out that brand loyalties could be formed as early as age two.48. School boards allow corporations to access to students because they need money and educational materials badly.49. The FTC report highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children.50. For this generation of young people, the Interact is a daily and routine part of their lives.51. According to Kidfluence, "persistence nagging" is less effective than the more sophisticated "importance nagging".52. According to a report released by the U. S. Federal Trade Commission, the movie, music and video games industries usually market violent entertainment to young children.53. Buzz marketing is well-suited to the Internet because the interactive environment can spread messages effectively.54. A group of U. S. mental health professionals think that it is unethical to use child psychologists to help marketers target kids.55. According to the Pizza Hut reading incentives program, children will receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Like most people, I’ve long underst ood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, I was disappointed to see that it also decides how I’m treated as a person.Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone paid to serve foodto people, I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they’d never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned ( ⽰意) me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I’d been.I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon (勤杂⼯) by plenty of people. But at 19 years old, I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults. Besides, people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day I’d be sitting at their table, waitin g to be served.Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper. From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world worked—cordially.I soon found out differently. I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie. The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me.My job title made people treat me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry.It’s no secret that there’s a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and f ortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to others’ needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn’t get the difference between server and servant.I’m now applying to graduate school, which means someday I’ll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want. I think I’ll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them.56. The author was disappointed to find that ________.A) one’s position is used as a gauge to measure one’s intelligenceB) talented people like her should fail to get a respectable jobC) one’s occupation affects the way one is treated as a personD) professionals tend to look down upon manual workers57. What does the author intend to say by the example in the second paragraph?A) Some customers simply show no respect to those who serve them.B) People absorbed in a phone conversation tend to be absent-minded.C) Waitresses are often treated by customers as casual acquaintances.D) Some customers like to make loud complaints for no reason at all.58. How did the author feel when waiting tables at the age of 19?A) She felt it unfair to be treated as a mere servant by professionals.B) She felt badly hurt when her customers regarded her as a peon.C) She was embarrassed each time her customers joked with her.D) She found it natural for professionals to treat her as inferior.59. What does the author imply by saying ". . . many of my customers didn’t get the difference between server and servant" (Line 3, Para. 7)?A) Those who cater to others’ needs are destined to be looked down upon.B) Those work ing in the service industry shouldn’t be treated as servants.C) Those serving others have to put up with rough treatment to earn a living.D) The majority of customers tend to look on a servant as a server nowadays.60. The author says she’ll one day take her clients to dinner in order to ________.A) see what kind of person they areB) experience the feeling of being servedC) show her generosity towards people inferior to herD) arouse their sympathy for people living a humble lifePassage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.What’s hot for 2007 among the very rich? A $7.3 million diamond ring. A trip to Tanzania to hunt wild animals. Oh, and income inequality.Sure, some leftish billionaires like George Soros have been railing against income inequality for years. But increasingly, centrist and right-wing billionaires are starting to worry about income inequality and the fate of the middle class.In December, Mortimer Zuckerman wrote a column in U. S. News & World Report, which lie owns. "Our nation’s core bargain with the middle class is disintegrating, " lamented (哀叹) the117th-riehest man in America. "Most of our economic gains have gone to people at the very top of the income ladder. Average income for a household of people of working age, by contrast, has fallen five years in a row. " He noted that "Tens of millions of Americans live in fear that a major health problem can reduce them to bankruptcy. "Wilbur Ross Jr. has echoed Zuckerman’s anger over the bitter struggles faced by middle-class Americans. "It’s an outrage that any American’s life expectancy should be shortened simply because the company they worked for went bankrupt and ended health-care coverage, " said the former chairman of the International Steel Group.What’s happening? The very rich are just as trendy as you and I, and can be so when it comes to politics and policy. Given the recent change of control in Congress, the popularity of measures like increasing the minimum wage, and efforts by California’s governor to offer universal health care, these guys don’t need their own personal weathermen to know which way the wind blows.It’s possible that plutocrats (有钱有势的⼈) are expressing solidarity with the struggling middle class as part of an effort to insulate themselves from confiscatory (没收性的) tax policies. But the prospect that income inequality will lead to higher taxes on the wealthy doesn’t keep plutocrats up at night. They can live with that.No, what they fear was that the political challenges of sustaining support for global economic integration will be more difficult in the United States because of what has happened to the distribution of income and economic insecurity.In other words, if middle-class Americans continue to struggle financially as the ultrawealthy grow ever wealthier, it will be increasingly difficult to maintain political support for the free flow of goods, services, and capital across borders. And when the United States places obstacles in the way of foreign investors and foreign goods, it’s likely to encourage reciprocal action abroad. For people who buy and sell companies, or who allocate capital to markets all around the world, that’s the real nightmare.61. What is the current topic of common interest among the very rich in America?A) The fate of the ultrawealthy people.B) The disintegration of the middle class.C) The inequality in the distribution of wealth.D) The conflict between the left and the right wing.62. What do we learn from Mortimer Zuckerman’s lamentation?A) Many middle-income families have failed to make a bargain for better welfare.B) The American economic system has caused many companies to go bankrupt.C) The American nation is becoming more and more divided despite its wealth.D) The majority of Americans benefit little from the nation’s growing wealth.63. From the fifth paragraph we can learn that ________.A) the very rich are fashion-consciousB) the very rich are politically sensitiveC) universal health care is to be implemented throughout AmericaD) Congress has gained popularity by increasing the minimum wage64. What is the real reason for plutocrats to express solidarity with the middle class?A) They want to protect themselves from confiscatory taxation.B) They know that the middle class contributes most to society.C) They want to gain support for global economic integration.D) They feel increasingly threatened by economic insecurity.65. What may happen if the United States places obstacles in the way of foreign investors and foreign goods?A) The prices of imported goods will inevitably soar beyond control.B) The investors will have to make great efforts to reallocate capital.C) The wealthy will attempt to buy foreign companies across borders.D) Foreign countries will place the same economic barriers in return.Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)是中华⽂化不可分割的⼀部分，为振兴华夏做出了巨⼤的贡献。
大学英语六级（2013年12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷246(总分：118.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Writing(总题数：2，分数：4.00)1.Part I Writing（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：2.Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled How to Be Creative by commenting on this remark by a creativity expert，“If you're not prepared to be wrong，you'll never come up with anything original．”You should write at lea st 150 words but no more than 200 words．Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1．（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案： How to Be Creative A creativity expert said: "If you're not prepared to be wrong, you'll never come up with anything original." This enlightening remark points out clearly the way to be creative. If you want to be creative, you shouldn't be frightened of making mistakes. Being creative is not easy, because you have to think out of the box and keep on trying. Breaking away from established patterns which we used to be comfortable with requires lots of courage. Perhaps there is no example better than the story of Thomas Edison. In order to invent a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb, he tried thousands of different materials. After tons of failure, people began to mock at him and didn't believe that he could succeed. However, he stuck with it and finally made a great achievement. The light bulbs have greatly changed the world. When asked to comment on his failure, he said: "I am not discouraged, because every wrong attempt discarded is another step forward." To sum up, being creative is tough and calls for courage to defeat the fear of making mistakes. If you are afraid of being wrong, you'll never be creative.) 解析：解析：这是一篇观点阐释型的作文，要求考生就创意专家的话“如果你没做好犯错的准备，你就永远不会有创新”发表个人意见。
大学英语六级（2013年12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷324(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled The Gradual Loss of Traditional Culture. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. You should: 1) describe the meaning of cartoon briefly;2) state its main idea; 3) give your comments.正确答案：What we can observe from the above cartoon is that there are two people watching Peking Opera. With the actress performing vividly on the stage, the old man is watching attentively while the little boy sitting beside does not even cast a glance at the actress and falls asleep. It is obvious that he shows no interest in Peking Opera. What the cartoon reflects is an interesting and usual respect of daily life. However, from a deeper perspective, it also reveals the gradual loss of traditional culture in modern society. What exactly contributes to this phenomenon? Possible reasons could be listed as follows: for one thing, some people, especially the young, hold the opinion that traditional culture is out of date, thus failing to keep pace with the life of modern city. Moreover, exotic cultures, to some extent, have great impact on the traditional culture of China. As we can see, a large number of people have been deeply attracted by foreign cultures which have many kinds of feature. However, no one can deny the significance of Chinese traditional culture. It is the crystallization of Chinese wisdom and civilization. It is of great necessity to attach more importance to the traditional culture, because an individual or a nation showing no respect to the essence of traditional culture cannot be expected to develop and be stronger. Hence, something could and should be done to reverse the inexorable decline in the emphasis of Chinese traditional culture.解析：第一段：描述图片的意思(简要说明你从图片看到了什么)。
2013年12月英语六级新题型模拟题（一）Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section B（原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。
篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。
每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。
）Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Daylight Saving Time (DST)How and When Did Daylight Saving Time Start?[A] Benjamin Franklin—of “early to bed and early to rise”fame—was apparently the first person to suggest the concept of daylight savings. While serving as U.S. ambassador to France in Paris, Franklin wrote of beingawakened at 6 a.m. and realizing, to his surprise, that the sun would rise far earlier than he usually did. Imaginethe resources that might be saved if he and others rose before noon and burned less midnight oil, Franklin, tongue half in cheek, wrote to a newspaper.[B] It wasn’t until World War I that daylight savings were realized on a grand scale. Germany was the first state to adopt the time changes, to reduce artificial lighting and thereby save coal for the war effort. Friends and foes soon followed suit. In the U.S. a federal law standardized the yearly start and end of daylight saving time in 1918—for the states that chose to observe it.[C ] During World War II the U.S. made daylight saving time mandatory^ 强制的)for the whole country, as a way to save wartime resources. Between February 9, 1942, and September 30, 1945, the government took it a step further. During this period daylight saving time was observed year-round, essentially making it the new standard time, if only for a few years. Many years later, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 was enacted, mandating a controversial month-long extension of daylight saving time, starting in 2007.Daylight Saving Time: Energy Saver or Just Time Suck?[D ] In recent years several studies have suggested that daylight saving time doesn’t actually save energy—and might even result in a net loss. Environmental economist Hendrik Wolff, of the University of Washington, co-authored a paper that studied Australian power-use data when parts of the country extended daylight saving time for the 2000 Sydney Olympics and others did not. The researchers found that the practice reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening but increased energy use in the now dark mornings—wiping out the evening gains. That’s because the extra hour that daylight saving time adds in the evening is a hotter hour. “So if people get home an hour earlier in a warmer house, they turn on their air conditioning,”the University of Washington’s Wolff said.[ E] But other studies do show energy gains. In an October 2008 daylight saving time report to Congress, mandated by the same 2005 energy act that extended daylight saving time, the U.S. Department of Energy asserted that springing forward does save energy. Extended daylight saving time saved 1.3 terawatt (太瓦)hours of electricity. That figure suggests that daylight saving time reduces annual U.S. electricity consumption by 0.03 percent and overall energy consumption by0.02 percent. While those percentages seem small, they could represent significant savings because of the nation’s enormous total energy use.[F] What*s more, savings in some regions are apparently greater than in others. California, for instance, appears to benefit most from daylight saving time—perhaps because its relatively mild weather encourages people to stay outdoors later. The Energy Department report found that daylight saving time resulted in an energy savings of one percent daily in the state.[G] But Wolff, one of many scholars who contributed to the federal report, suggested that the numbers were subject to statistical variability (变化)and shouldn’t be taken as hard facts. And daylight savings, energy gains in the U.S. largely depend on your location in relation to the Mason-Dixon Line, Wolff said. “The North might be a slight winner, because the North doesn’t have as much air conditioning,”he said. “But the South is a definite loser in terms of energy consumption. The South has more energy consumption under daylight saving.”Daylight Saving Time: Healthy or Harmful?[ H] For decades advocates of daylight savings have argued that, energy savings or no, daylight saving time boosts health by encouraging active lifestyles—a claim Wolff and colleagues are currently putting to the test. “In a nationwide American time-use study, we’re clearly seeing that, at the time of daylight saving time extension inthe spring, television watching is substantially reduced and outdoor behaviors like jogging, walking, or going tothe park are substantially increased,”Wolff said. “That’s remarkable, because of course the total amount of daylight in a given day is the same. ”[I] But others warn of ill effects. Till Roenneberg, a university professor in Munich (慕尼,黑),Germany, said his studies show that our circadian (生理节奏的)body clocks—set by light and darkness—never adjust to gaining an “extra”hour of sunlight to the end of the day during daylight saving time.[J ] One reason so many people in the developed world are chronically (长期地）overtired, he said, is that they suffer from “social jet lag. ”In other words, their optimal circadian sleep periods don"t accord with their actual sleep schedules. Shifting daylight from morning to evening only increases this lag, he said. “Light doesn’t do the same things to the body in the morning and the evening. More light in the morning would advance the body clock, and that would be good. But more light in the evening would even further delay the body clock. ”[K] Other research hints at even more serious health risks. A 2008 study concluded that, at least in Sweden, heart attack risks go up in the days just after the spring time change. “The most likely explanation to our findings is disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms,”One expert told National Geographic News via email.Daylight Savings! Lovers and Haters[L] With verdicts (定论)on the benefits, or costs, of daylight savings so split, it may be no surprise that the yearly time changes inspire polarized reactions. In the U.K., for instance, the Lighter Later movement—part of 10:10, a group advocating cutting carbon emissions—argues for a sort of extreme daylight savings. First, they say, move standard time forward an hour, then keep observing daylight saving time as usual—adding two hours of evening daylight to what we currently consider standard time. The folks behind Standardtime .com, on the other hand, want to abolish daylight saving time altogether, calling energy-efficiency claims “unproven. ”[M] National telephone surveys by Rasmussen Reports from spring 2010 and fall 2009deliver the same answer. Most people just “don’t think the time change is worth the hassle (麻烦洽勺事）.”Forty-seven percent agreed with that statement, while only 40 percent disagreed. But Seize the Daylight author David Prerau said his research on daylight saving time suggests most people are fond of it. “I think if you ask most people if they enjoy having an extra hour of daylight in the evening eight months a year, the response would be pretty positive.”46. Daylight savings，energy gains might be various due to different climates.47. Disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms may be the best explanation to higher heart attack risks in the days after the spring time change.48. A research indicated that DST might not save energy by increasing energy use in the dark mornings, though it reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening.49. Germany took the lead to save wartime resources by adopting the time changes and reducing artificial lighting.50. A university professor studied the effect of daylight saving time and sounded the alarm of its negative effects.51. Social jet lag can partly account for people’s chronic fatigue syndrome in developed countries.52. The figure of a study in the U.S. suggested that DST could save a lot of energy nationally.53. Supporters of daylight savings have long considered daylight saving time does good to people’s health.54. A group advocating cutting carbon emissions launches the Lighter Later movement to back a kind of extreme daylight savings.55. A scholar contributing to a federal report suggested that the amount of saved energy had something to do with geographic position.Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，人口约占世界总人口的22%。
大学生英语六级2013年12月模拟卷写作：Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essayentitled On the Importance of Physical Exercise. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1．体育锻炼有助于身心健康2．大学生的健康状况不容乐观，原因是……3．大学生应该怎么做答案：On the Importance of Physical ExerciseWe are probably all familiar with the famous saying "Life lies in movement", which indicates the importance of exercise for our health. As a matter of fact, physical exercise is beneficial to our body both physically and mentally. It can help improve muscular strength and endurance, lower fat level, control weight, increaseself-confidence and reduce anxiety and stress.Despite the benefits of physical activity, college students in our country fail to meet the minimum requirements for daily physical activity on the whole. They have different excuses for not engaging in exercises. Some say they are too busy with their study to have extra time for exercises; some complain that they have little access to sports facilities; others admit they have no interest in doing sports. Whatever the excuses are, the fundamental reason is that they have not truly realized the importance of exercise.To live a happy and healthy life, the students should no longer seek any excuses for not doing exercises. They need to recognize how important physical exercise is to them and take every chance to do exercises.听力：快速阅读：Increasingly, organizations, individuals and companies are launching efforts to improve the world through promoting do-it-yourself development in the developing world, goods 36： and mission trips. But without a proper framework, private efforts can expend 37： time and effort yet generate less poverty-alleviation (缓和) than hoped for. Let's consider how private initiatives and business can get it right.Families in the developing world often count on a knife-edge and a 38： crisis can 39：them into deep, lasting poverty. Interventions should cushion against the potential of tragic spirals (漩涡). For example, when someone gets sick, the family either loses its breadwinner or 40：most of its resources to medical treatment. In the process, they can lose their home, livestock, savings and end up pulling their children out of school. A well-timed intervention can help prevent this. In theshort-term, focus can be directed on healthcare, food 41：, and disaster relief but when thinking long-term, it's education that pulls families 42：.In the case of goods donations, examine whether it might be better to find donated goods 43：, rather than collecting and sending them from afar. In-country sourcing supports local economies while hopefully benefiting people in need. Initiatives that donate clothing often displace local tailors and imported food aid can displace local farmers. When shipping consumer goods and consumables it is worth considering whether the value of the donation is more than locally sourcing had you 44： the shipping money. Giving should require the same skill set that corporations employ in day-to-day 45：– research, planning and local partnership development.选项：A：temporary B:trailC：upward D：donationsE:safety F:reallocatedG:tremdous H:plungeI:apart J: reservedK:diverts l:rarelyM:security N:operationsO:locally答案：DGAH KMCO FN新题型：Getting WarmerSo far the effort to tackle global warming has achieved little. Copenhagen offers the chance to do better, says Emma Duncan.[A] The mountain bark beetle is a familiar pest in the forests of British Columbia. Its population rises and falls unpredictably, destroying clumps of pinewood as it peaks which then regenerate as the bug recedes. But Scott Green, who studies forest ecology at the University of Northern British Columbia, says the current outbreak is "unprecedented in recorded history: a natural background-noise disturbance has become a major outbreak. We're looking at the loss of 80% of our pine forest cover." Other parts of North America have also been affected, but the damage in British Columbia is particularly severe, and particularly troubling in a province whose economy is dominated by timber.[B] Three main explanations for this disastrous outbreak suggest themselves. It could be chance. Populations do fluctuate dramatically and unexpectedly. It could be the result of management practices. British Columbia's woodland is less varied than it used to be, which helps a beetle that prefers pine. Or it could be caused by the higher temperatures that now prevail in northern areas, allowing beetles to breed more often in summer and survive in greater numbers through the winter.[C] The Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which the United Nations adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, is now 17 years old. Its aim was "to achieve stabilisation of greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system". The Kyoto protocol, which set about realising those aims, was signed in 1997 and came into force in 2005. Its first commitment period runs out in 2012, and implementing a new one is expected to take at least three years, which is why the15th conference of the parties to the UNFCCC that starts in Copenhagen on December 7th is such a big deal. Without a new global agreement, there is not much chance of averting serious climate change.[D] Since the UNFCCC was signed, much has changed, though more in the biosphere than the human sphere. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the body set up to establish a scientific consensus on what is happening, heat waves, droughts, floods and serious hurricanes have increased in frequency over the past few decades; it reckons those trends are all likely or very likely to have been caused by human activity and will probably continue. Temperatures by the end of the century might be up by anything from 1.1ºC to 6.4ºC.[E] In most of the world the climate changes to date are barely perceptible or hard to pin on warming. In British Columbia and farther north the effects of climate change are clearer. Air temperatures in the Arctic are rising about twice as fast as in the rest of the world. The summer sea ice is thinning and shrinking. The past three years have seen the biggest losses since proper record-keeping started in 1979. Ten years ago scientists reckoned that summer sea-ice would be gone by the end of this century. Now they expect it to disappear within a decade or so.[F] Carbon-dioxide emissions are now 30% higher than they were when the UNFCCC was signed 17 years ago. Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 equivalent (carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases) reached 430 parts per million last year, compared with 280ppm before the industrial revolution. At the current rate of increase they could more than triple by the end of the century, which would mean a 50% risk of a global temperature increase of 5ºC. To put that in context, the current average global temperature is only 5ºC warmer than the last ice age. Such a rise would probably lead to fast-melting ice sheets, rising sea levels, drought, disease and collapsing agriculture in poor countries, and mass migration. But nobody really knows, and nobody wants to know.[G] Some scientists think that the planet is already on an irreversible journey to dangerous warming. A few climate-change skeptics think the problem will right itself. Either may be correct. Predictions about a mechanism as complex as the climate cannot be made with any certainty. But the broad scientific consensus is that serious climate change is a danger, and this newspaper believes that, as an insurance policy against a catastrophe that may never happen, the world needs to adjust itsbehaviour to try to avert that threat.[H] The problem is not a technological one. The human race has almost all the tools it needs to continue leading much the sort of life it has been enjoying without causing a net increase in greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Industrial and agricultural processes can be changed. Electricity can be produced by wind, sunlight, biomass or nuclear reactors, and cars can be powered by biofuels and electricity. Biofuel engines for aircraft still need some work before they are suitable for long-haul flights, but should be available soon.[I] Nor is it a question of economics. Economists broadly agree that greenhouse-gas emissions can be curbed without flattening the world economy.[J] It is all about politics. Climate change is the hardest political problem the world has ever had to deal with. It is a prisoner's dilemma, a free-rider problem and the tragedy of the commons all rolled into one. At issue is the difficulty of allocating the cost of collective action and trusting other parties to bear their share of the burden. At a city, state and national level, institutions that can resolve such problems have been built up over the centuries. But climate change has been a worldwide worry for only a couple of decades. Mankind has no framework for it. The UN is a useful talking shop, but it does not get much done.[K]The problem will be solved only if the world economy moves fromcarbon-intensive to low-carbon—and, in the long term, to zero-carbon—products and processes. That requires businesses to change their investment patterns. And they will do so only if governments give them clear, consistent signals. So far this has not happened. The policies adopted to avoid dangerous climate change have been partly misconceived and largely inadequate. They have sent too many wrong signals and not enough of the right ones.[L] That is partly because of the way the Kyoto protocol was designed. By trying to include all the greenhouse gases in a single agreement, it has been less successful than the less ambitious Montreal protocol, which cut ozone-depleting (消耗臭氧的) gases fast and cheaply. By including too many countries in detailed negotiations, it has reduced the chances of agreement. And by dividing the world into developed and developing countries, it has deepened a rift (裂缝，分裂) that is proving hard to close. Ultimately, though, the international agreement has fallen victim to domestic politics. Voters do not want to bear the cost of their elected leaders' aspirations, and those leaders have not been brave enough to push them.[M] Copenhagen represents a second chance to make a difference. The aspirations are high, but so are the hurdles (困难). The gap between the parties on the two crucial questions—emissions levels and money—remains large. America's failure so far to pass climate-change legislation means that a legally binding agreement will notbe reached at the conference.[N] To suggest that much has gone wrong is not to denigrate (贬低) the efforts of the many people who have dedicated two decades to this problem. For mankind to get even to the threshold of a global agreement is a marvel. But any global climate deal will work only if the domestic policies through which it is implemented are both efficient and effective. If they are ineffective, nothing will change. If they are inefficient, they will waste money. And if taxpayers decide that green policies are packed with pork, they will turn against them.选项：46：It is generally recognized that climate change is a threat to the world and we need to adjust our behaviors to prevent serious climate change.47：Business investment patterns haven’t changed because of wrong and inadequate signals by governments.48.One difficulty the Copenhagen Climate Conference meets is the large gap between the parties on emissions levels and money.49.The 15th conference of the parties to the UNFCCC in Copenhagen is important because there is an urgent need for a new global agreement on climate change. 50.At the current rate of increase the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 equivalent could reach more than 1290ppm by the end of the century.51.The disastrous outbreak of the beetles of British Columbia caused a great loss of pine forest cover.52.According to the IPCC, the increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves has probably been attributed to human activity.53.Climate change is fundamentally a problem of politics.54.For any global climate agreement to be successful, domestic policies through which it is carried out should be efficient and effective.55.The Kyoto protocol was unsuccessfully designed, which was ultimately badly affected by domestic politics.答案：GKMCF ADJNL阅读理解：1Of the world's 774m illiterate adults two-thirds are women, a share that has remained unchanged for the past two decades. In rich countries pretty much everyone, male or female, can read and write. In developing regions such as South Asia, sub-Saharan and North Africa and the Middle East, men are still much more likely to be literate than women. But girls everywhere are beginning to catch up. Across the emerging world, 78% of them are now at primary school, an only slightly smaller proportion than boys (82%). At secondary level enrolment remains lower and girls are further behind, but things are getting better there too.Education for girls in poor countries has all sorts of desirable consequences: not only the likelihood of a better job with higher pay, but also of better health, a later marriage, fewer children and being able to provide better care for the family. Aid donors are making a special effort to give girls' education a push. Robert Zoellick, the president of the World Bank, has taken to saying that investing in girls is not just a good thing but a smart thing to do.The big surprise of the past few decades has been women's huge advance into tertiary education. Across rich countries the share of those aged over 25 who have had some form of higher education is now 33%, against 28% of men in the same age group. Even in many developing regions they make up a majority of students in higher education.It is too soon to feel sorry for men. Although women now earn more first degrees, they mostly still get fewer PhDs (though in America they seem to have caught up), and if they stay on in academia they are promoted more slowly than men. Many of them are put off by the way the academic promotion system works, explains Lotte Bailyn, a professor at MIT Sloan School of Management. To get ahead, young hopefuls have to put in a huge amount of time and effort just when many women start to think about having a family, so they do not apply for senior posts. Ms Bailyn approvingly notes the recent decision by America's National Science Foundation, which funds a big chunk of the universities' basic research, to allow grant recipients to take a break.Crucially, women's lead at first-degree level does not so far seem to have translated into better job opportunities. In a paper published earlier this year Ina Ganguli, Ricardo Hausmann and Martina Viarengo of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government concluded that the achievement of educational parity(相等) is a "cheque in the mail" that may presage(预示) more women joining the labour force, but lots of other factors—such as cultural attitudes and the availability of childcare—also play a part. On its own, educational parity—even superiority—is not enough.选项：56.Which of the following is not true of Paragraph 1?A.Women are more likely to be illiterate than men in rich countries.B.Girls everywhere are trying to improve their ability of reading and writing.C.Most girls and boys go to primary school across the emerging world.D.Secondary schools enroll more boys than girls across the emerging world.57.Education for girls in poor countries has all of the following benefits except _______.A.higher payB.better healthC.higher statuster marriage58.What is the attitude of Robert Zoellick towards investing in girls' education?A.negativeB.neutralC.positiveD.indifferent59.Why are women promoted more slowly than men in academia?A.Because they haven't got PhDs.B.Because they lack time and effort due to family reasons.C.Because they are inferior to men in doing research.D.Because they haven't received enough funds for their research.60.The author uses the phrase "cheque in the mail" (para. 5) to suggest that _______.A.Women perform better than men at first-degree level.B.More and more women will enter the labour market.cational equality can't guarantee more employment opportunities for women.D.If women gain superiority in education, they will surely get more job opportunities.答案：ACCBC2Over the past decade, American companies have tried hard to find ways to discourage senior managers from feathering their nests at the expense of their shareholders. The two most popular reforms have been recruiting more outside directors in order to make boards more independent, and linking bosses' pay to various performance measures, so that they have the same long-term interests as their shareholders.These reforms have been widely adopted by America's larger companies, and surveys by Korn Ferry, a consultancy, suggest that many more companies are thinking of following their lead. But have they done any good? Three papers presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management in Boston this week suggest not. As is usually the case with boardroom tinkering, the consequences have differed from those intended.Start with those independent boards. On the face of it, evicting the boss's cronies(密友，伙伴) from the board and replacing them with outsiders looks a perfect way to make senior managers more accountable. But that is not the conclusion of a study by James Westphal, a professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Instead, he found that bosses with a boardroom full of outsiders spend much of their time building alliances, doing personal favours and pleasing the outsiders. Mr. Westphal found that, to a remarkable degree, "independent" boards pursue strategies that are likely to favour senior managers rather than shareholders. Such companies diversify their business, increase the pay of executives and weaken the link between pay and performance. Developing a genuinely independent board, it seems, requires more than just appointing a few outsiders.To assess the impact of performance-related pay, Mr Westphal teamed up with an academic at Northwestern University, Edward Zajac, to ask the bosses of 103 companies with sales of over $1 billion what measurements were used to determine their pay. The measurements varied widely, ranging from sales to return on equity to earnings per share. But the researchers' big discovery was that bosses attend to measures that affect their own incomes and ignore or play down other factors that determine a company's overall success. Instead of aligning the interests of bossesand shareholders, "performance-related" pay frequently promotes opportunism and tunnel-vision.In short, bosses are quick to turn every imaginable system of corporate government to their advantage—which is probably why they are the people who are put in charge of things. Here is a paradox for the management theorists: any boss who cannot beat a system designed to keep him under control is probably not worth having.选项：61.What is the purpose of the large companies in recruiting outside directors?A.To diversify the business of the corporation.B.To enhance the cooperation between senior managers and directors.C.To introduce effective reforms in business management.D.To protect the interests of the shareholders.62.What does Professor James Westphal's study suggest?A.Board reforms have failed to achieve the intended goal.B.The "independent" boards indeed benefit the shareholders.C.With a boardroom full of outsiders, executives become more accountable.D.Appointing a few outsiders is enough for making a board independent.63.According to Paragraph 3, "independent" boards pursue all of the following strategies except __________.A.aligning the interests of bosses and shareholders.B.diversifying the business of the corporation.C.increasing the incomes of senior managers.D.weakening the pay-performance relationship.64.Which of the following is true of Paragraph 4?A.Corporate executives in general deserve the high pay they receive.B.The income of executives is proportional to the growth of corporate profits.C.Executives care less about a company's overall success than their own incomes.D.Performance-related pay has reduced opportunism and tunnel-vision.65.It can be concluded from the last paragraph that the efforts to control senior managers can _______.A.turn out to be successful.B.benefit the shareholders.C.hardly achieve the goal.D.improve management.答案：DAACC翻译：古都西安，一颗闪烁着古代文明和高科技之光的东方明珠。
1. A) The man happened to see Anna fall on her back.B) The serious accident may leave Anna paralyzed.C) The doctor’s therapy has been very successful.D) The injury will confine Anna to bed for quite a while.2. A) Give his contribution some time later.B) Borrow some money from the woman.C) Buy an expensive gift for Gemma.D) Take up a collection next week.3. A) Add more fruits and vegetables to her diet.B) Ask Tony to convey thanks to his mother.C) Tell Tony’s mother that she e ats no meat.D) Decline the invitation as early as possible.4. A) She phoned Fred about the book.B) She was late for the appointment.C) She ran into Fred on her way here.D) She often keeps other people waiting.5. A) Simply raise the issue in their presentation.B) Find more relevant information for their work.C) Put more effort into preparing for the presentation.D) Just make use of whatever information is available.6. A) He needs a vehicle to be used in harsh weather.B) He has a fairly large collection of quality trucks.C) He has had his truck adapted for cold temperatures.D) He does routine truck maintenance for the woman.7. A) Visit a different store for a silk or cotton shirt.B) Get a discount on the shirt she is going to buy.C) Look for a shirt of a more suitable color and size.D) Replace the shirt with one of some other material.8. A) Not many people have read his article.B) He regrets having published the article.C) Most readers do not share his viewpoints.D) The woman is only trying to console him.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A) To test how responsive dolphins are to various signals.B) To examine how long it takes dolphins to acquire a skill.C) To see if dolphins can learn to communicate with each other.D) To find out if the female dolphin is cleverer than the male one.10. A) Press the right-hand lever first.B) Produce the appropriate sound.C) Raise their heads above the water.D) Swim straight into the same tank.11. A) Both dolphins were put in the same tank.B) The male dolphin received more rewards.C) The lever was beyond the dolphins’ reach.D) Only one dolphin was able to see the light.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) Good or bad, they are there to stay.B) Believe it or not, they have survived.C) Like it or not, you have to use them.D) Gain or lose, they should be modernised.13. A) The frequent train delays.B) The monopoly of British Railways.C) The food sold on the trains.D) The high train ticket fares.14. A) Competition from other modes of transport.B) The low efficiency of their operation.C) Constant complaints from passengers.D) The passing of the new transport act.15. A) They will be de-nationalised.B) They lose a lot of money.C) They are fast disappearing.D) They provide worse service.Passage OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) Iced coffees sold by some popular chains are contaminated.B) Some iced coffees have as many calories as a hot dinner.C) Some brand-name coffees contain harmful substances.D) Drinking coffee after a meal is more likely to cause obesity.17. A) Have some fresh fruit.B) Take a hot shower.C) Exercise at the gym.D) Eat a hot dinner.18. A) They could enjoy a happier family life.B) They could greatly improve their work efficiency.C) Many embarrassing situations could be avoided.D) Many cancer cases could be prevented.Passage TwoQuestions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) It has attracted worldwide attention.B) It will change the concept of food.C) It can help solve global food crises.D) It will become popular gradually.20. A) It comes regularly from its donors.B) It has been drastically cut by NASA.C) It has been increased over the years.D) It is still far from being sufficient.21. A) They are less healthy than we expected.B) They are not as natural as we believed.C) They are not as expensive as before.D) They are more nutritious and delicious.Passage ThreeQuestions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A) Writing articles on family violence.B) Hunting news for the daily headlines.C) Reporting criminal offenses in Greenville.D) Covering major events of the day in the city.23. A) It has fewer violent crimes than big cities.B) It is a much safer place than it used to be.C) Assaults often happen on school campuses.D) Rapes rarely occur in the downtown areas.24. A) They are very destructive.B) There are a wide range of cases.C) There has been a rise in such crimes.D) They have aroused fear among the residents.25. A) Offer help to crime victims.B) Work as a newspaper editor.C) Write about something pleasant.D) Do some research on local politics.George Herbert Mead said that humans are talked into humanity. He meant thatwe gain personal identity as we communicate with others. In the earliest years of our lives, our parents tell us who we are. “You’re 26 .” “You’re so strong.” We first see ourselves through the eyes of others, so their messages form important 27 of our self-concepts. Later we interact with teachers, friends, 28 partners, and co-workers who communicate their views of us. Thus, how we see ourselves reflects the views of us that others communicate.The 29 connection between identity and communication is dramatically evident in children who 30 human contact. Case studies of children who were isolated from others reveal that they lack a firm self-concept, and their mental and psychological development is severely hindered by lack of language.Communication with others not only affects our sense of identity but also directly influences our physical and emotional 31 . Consistently, research shows that communicating with others promotes health, whereas social isolation 32 stress, disease, and early death. People who lack close friends have greater levels of anxiety and depression than people who are close to others. A group of researchers reviewed 33 studies that traced the relationship between health and interaction with others. The conclusion was that social isolation is 34 as dangerous as high blood pressure, smoking and obesity. Many doctors and researchers believe that loneliness harms the immune system, making us more 35 to a range of minor and major illnesses.To understand why we should be concerned about how young people read, it helps to know something about the way the ability to read evolved. Unlike the abilityto understand and produce spoken language, the ability to read must be painstakingly36 by each individual. The “reading circuits” we construct in the brain can be37 or they can be robust, depending on how often and how 38 we use them.The deep reader enters a state of hypnotic trance (心醉神迷的状态). When readers are enjoying the experience the most, the pace of their reading 39 slows. The combination of fast, fluent decoding of words and slow, unhurried progress onthe page gives deep readers time to enrich their reading with reflection and analysis. It gives them time to establish an 40 relationship with the author, the two of them 41 in a long and warm conversation like people falling in love.This is not reading as many young people know it. Their reading is instrumental: the difference between what literary critic Frank Kermode calls “carnal (肉体的) reading” and “spiritual reading.” If we allow our offspring to believe carnal reading isall there is —if we don’t open the door to spiritual reading, through an early 42on discipline and practice — we will have 43 them of an enjoyable experience they would not otherwise encounter. Observing young people’s 44 to digital devices, some progressive educators talk about “meeting kids where they are,” molding instruction around their onscreen habits. This is mistaken. We need,45 , to show them someplace they’ve never been, a place only deep reading can take them.Section BFor most of the 20th century, Asia asked itself what it could learn from the modern, innovating West. Now the question must be reversed: what can the West’s overly indebted and sluggish (经济滞长的) nations learn from a flourishing Asia?Just a few decades ago, Asia’s two giants were stagnating (停滞不前) under faulty economic ideologies. However, once China began embracing free-markets reforms in the 1980s, followed by India in the 1990s, both countries achieved rapid growth. Crucially, as they opened up their markets, they balanced market economy with sensible government direction. As the Indian economist Amartya Sen has wisely said, “The invisible hand of the market has often relied heavily on the visible hand of government.”Contrast this middle path with America and Europe, which have each gone ideologically overboard in their own ways. Since the 1980s, America has been increasingly clinging to the ideology of uncontrolled free markets and dismissing the role of government—following Ronald Reagan’s idea that “government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem.” Of course, when the markets came crashing down in 2007, it was decisive government intervention that saved the day. Despite this fact, many Americans are still strongly opposed to “big governmentIf Americans could only free themselves from their antigovernment doctrine, they would begin to see that America’s problems are not insoluble. A few sensible federal measures could put the country back on the right path. A simple consumption tax of, say, 5% would significantly reduce the country’s huge gover nment deficit without damaging productivity. A small gasoline tax would help free America from its dependence on oil imports and create incentives for green energy development. In the same way, a significant reduction of wasteful agricultural subsidies could also lower the deficit. But in order to take advantage of these common-sense solutions, Americans will have to put aside their own attachment to the idea of smaller government and less regulation. American politicians will have to develop the courage to follow what is taught inall American public-policy schools: that there are good taxes and bad taxes. Asian countries haveembraced this wisdom, and have built sound long-term fiscal (财政的) policies as a result.Meanwhile, Europe has fallen prey to a different ideological trap: the belief that European governments would always have infinite resources and could continue borrowing as if there were no tomorrow. Unlike the Americans, who felt that the markets knew best, the Europeans failed to anticipate how the markets would react to their endless borrowing. Today, the European Union is creating a $580 billion fund to ward off sovereign collapse. This will buy the EU time, but it will not solve the bloc’s larger problem.56. What has contributed to the rapid economic growth in China and India?A) Free market plus government intervention.B) Heavy reliance on the hand of government.C) Copying western-style economic behavior.D) Timely reform of government at all levels.57.What does Ronald Reagan mean by saying “government is the problem” (Line 5, Para. 3)?A) Government action is key to solving economic problems.B) Many social problems arise from government inefficiency.C) Many social ills are caused by wrong government policies.D) Government regulation hinders economic development.58. What stopped the American economy from collapsing in 2007?A) Cooperation between the government and businesses.B) Self-regulatory repair mechanisms of the free market.C) Effective measures adopted by the government.D) Abandonment of big government by the public.59. What is the author’s suggestion to the American public in face of the governmentdeficit?A) They give up the idea of smaller government and less regulation.B) They put up with the inevitable sharp increase of different taxes.C) They urge the government to revise its existing public policies.D) They develop green energy to avoid dependence on oil import.60. What is the problem with the European Union?A) Conservative ideology.C) Lack of resources.B) Excessive borrowing.D) Shrinking market.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority of students will have conformed to the standard model of the time: male, middle class and Western. Walk into a class today, however, and you’ll get a completely different impression. For a start, you will nowsee plenty more women—the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, for example, boasts that 40% of its new enrolment is female. You will also see a wide range of ethnic groups and nationals of practically every country.It might be tempting, therefore, to think that the old barriers have been broken down and equal opportunity achieved. But, increasingly, this apparent diversity is becoming a mask for a new type of conformity. Behind the differences in sex, skin tones and mother tongues, there are common attitudes, expectations and ambitions which risk creating a set of clones among the business leaders of the future. Diversity, it seems, has not helped to address fundamental weaknesses in business leadership. So what can be done to create more effective managers of the commercial world? According to Valerie Gauthier, associate dean at HEC Paris, the key lies in the process by which MBA programmes recruit their students. At the moment candidates are selected on a fairly narrow set of criteria such as prior academic and career performance, and analytical and problem solving abilities. This is then coupled to a school’s picture of what a diverse class should look like, with the result that passport, ethnic origin and sex can all become influencing factors. But schools rarely dig down to find out what really makes an applicant succeed, to create a class which also contains diversity of attitude and approach—arguably the only diversity that, in a business context, really matters.Professor Gauthier believes schools should not just be selecting candidates from traditional sectors such as banking, consultancy and industry. They should also be seeking individuals who have backgrounds in areas such as political science, the creative arts, history or philosophy, which will allow them to put business decisions into a wider context.Indeed, there does seem to be a demand for the more rounded leaders such diversity might create. A study by Mannaz, a leadership development company, suggests that, while the bully-boy chief executive of old may not have been eradicated completely, there is a definite shift in emphasis towards less tough styles of management—at least in America and Europe. Perhaps most significant, according to Mannaz, is the increasing interest large companies have in more collaborative management models, such as those prevalent in Scandinavia, which seek to integrate the hard and soft aspects of leadership and encourage delegated responsibility and accountability.61. What characterises the business school student population of today?A) Greater diversity.B) Intellectual maturity.C) Exceptional diligence.D) Higher ambition.62. What is the author’s concern about current business school education?A) I t will arouse students’ unrealistic expectations.B) It stresses competition rather than cooperation.C) It focuses on theory rather than on practical skills.D) It will produce business leaders of a uniform style.63. What aspect of diversity does Valerie Gauthier think is most important?A) Attitude and approach to business.B) Social and professional experience.C) Age and educational background.D) Ethnic origin and gender.64. What applicants does the author think MBA programmes should consider recruiting?A) Applicants with prior experience in corporate activities.B) Applicants with sound knowledge in math and statistics.C) Applicants from less developed regions and areas.D) Applicants from outside the traditional sectors.65. What does Mannaz say about the current management style?A) It is eradicating the tough aspects of management.B) It is shifting towards more collaborative models.C) It adopts the bully-boy chief executive model.D) It encourages male and female executives to work side by side.。
2013年全国大学生英语六级考试模拟试题及答案详解Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a compositionon the topic: Travel-mate Wanted. You should write at least 150 word following the outline given below:假设你是李明，假期即将到来，你打算做一次为期三周的旅行，希望找个外国朋友作为游伴(Travel-mate)。
拟一个寻游伴的启事，交代清楚日程安排、费用分担情况、对对方的要求等，并说明对方和你一起出游的好处。
Travel-mate WantedPart II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quicklyand answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-4, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 5-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Is College Really Worth the Money?The Real WorldEste Griffith had it all figured out. When she graduated from the Universityof Pittsburgh in April 2001, she had her sights set on one thing: working for a labor union.The real world had other ideas. Griffith left school with not only a degree,but a boatload of debt. She owed $15,000 in student loans and had racked up $4,000 in credit card debt for books, groceries and other expenses. No labor union job could pay enough to bail her out.So Griffith went to work instead for a Washington, D.C. firm that specializesin economic development. Problem solved? Nope. At age 24, she takes home about $1,800a month, $1,200 of which disappears to pay her rent. Add another $180 a month to retire her student loans and $300 a month to whittle down her credit card balance. "You do the math," she says.Griffith has practically no money to live on. She brown-bags(自带午餐)her lunchand bikes to work. Above all, she fears she'll never own a house or be able to retire. It's not that she regrets getting her degree. "But they don't tell you that thetrade-off is the next ten years of your income," she says.That's precisely the deal being made by more and more college students. They're mortgaging their futures to meet soaring tuition costs and other college expenses. Like Griffith, they're facing a one-two punch at graduation: hefty(深重的)student loans and smothering credit card debt—not to mention a job market that, for now anyway, is dismal."We are forcing our children to make a choice between two evils," says Elizabeth Warren, a Harvard Law professor and expert on bankruptcy. "Skip college and face a life of diminished opportunity. or go to college and face a life shackled(束缚)bydebt."Tuition HikesFor some time, colleges have insisted their steep tuition hikes are needed topay for cutting-edge technologies, faculty and administration salaries, and rising health care costs. Now there's a new culprit(犯人): shrinking state support. Caughtin a severe budget crunch, many states have sharply scaled back their funding for higher education.Someone had to make up for those lost dollars. And you can guess who—especially if you live in Massachusetts, which last year hiked its tuition and fees by 24 percent, after funding dropped by 3 percent, or in Missouri, where appropriations(拨款)fellby 10 percent, but tuition rose at double that rate. About one-third of the states,in fact, have increased tuition and fees by more than 10 percent.One of those states is California, and Janet Burrell's family is feeling thepain. A bookkeeper in Torrance, Burrell has a daughter at the University of California at Davis Meanwhile, her sons attend two-year colleges because Burrell can't afford to have all of them in four-year schools at once.Meanwhile, even with tuition hikes, California's community colleges are sostrapped for cash they dropped thousands of classes last spring. The result: 54,000 fewer students.Collapsing InvestmentsMany families thought they had a surefire plan: even if tuition kept skyrocketing,they had invested enough money along the way to meet the costs. Then a funny thinghappened on the way to Wall Street. Those investments collapsed with the stock market. Among the losers last year: the wildly popular "529" plans—federal tax-exemptcollege savings plans offered by individual states, which have attracted billionsfrom families around the country. "We hear from many parents that what they had set aside declined in value so much that they now don't have enough to see their students through," says Penn State financial aid director Anna Griswold, who witnessed a 10 percent increase in loan applications last year. Even with a market that may be slowly recovering, it will take time, perhaps several years, for people to recoup(补偿)their losses.Nadine Sayegh is among those who didn't have the luxury of waiting for her collegenest egg to grow back. Her father had invested money toward her tuition, but a large chunk of it vanished when stocks went south. Nadine was then only partway through college. By graduation, she had taken out at least $10,000 in loans, and her motherhad borrowed even more on her behalf. Now 22, Nadine is attending law school, having signed for yet more loans to pay for that. "There wasn't any way to do it differently,"she says, "and I'm not happy about it. I've sat down and calculated how long it willtake me to pay off everything. I'll be 35 years old." That's if she's very lucky:Nadine based her calculation on landing a job right out of law school that will payher at least $120,000 a year.Dependent on Loans and Credit CardsThe American Council on Education has its own calculation that shows how students are more and more dependent on loans. In just five years, from 1995 to 2000, themedian loan debt at public institutions rose from $10,342 to $15,375. Most of this comes from federal loans, which Congress made more tempting in 1992 by expanding eligibility (home equity no longer counts against your assets) and raising loanlimits (a dependent undergraduate can now borrow up to $23,000 from the federal government).But students aren't stopping there. The College Board estimates that they also borrowed $4.5 billion from private lenders in the 2000-2001 academic year, up from $1.5 billion just five years earlier.For lots of students, the worst of it isn't even the weight of those directstudent loans. It's what they rack up on all those plastic cards in their wallets.As of two years ago, according to a study by lender Nellie Mae, more than eight outof ten undergrads had their own credit cards, with the typical student carrying four. That's no big surprise, given the in-your-face marketing by credit card companies, which set up tables on campus to entice(诱惑)students to sign up. Some colleges ban or restrict this hawking, but others give it a boost. You know those credit cards emblazoned with a school's picture or its logo? For sanctioning such a card—amust-have for some students—a college department or association gets payments from the issuer. Meanwhile, from freshman year to graduation, according to the NellieMae study, students triple the number of credit cards they own and double their debton them. As of 2001, they were in the hole an average $2,327.A Wise Choice?One day, Moyer sat down with his mother, Janne O'Donnell, to talk about his goalof going to law school. Don't count on it, O'Donnell told him. She couldn't affordthe cost and Moyer doubted he could get a loan, given how much he owed already. "He said he felt like a failure," O'Donnell recalls. "He didn't know how he had gotteninto such a mess."A week later, the 22-year-old hanged himself in his bedroom, where his motherfound him. O'Donnell is convinced the money pressures caused his suicide. "Sean tried to pay his debts off," she says. "And he couldn't take it."To be sure, suicides are exceedingly rare. But despair is common, and itsometimes leads students to rethink whether college was worth it. In fact, thereare quite a few jobs that don't require a college degree, yet pay fairly well. On average, though, college graduates can expect to earn 80 percent more than those with only a high school diploma. Also, all but two of the 50 highest paying jobs(the exceptions being air traffic controllers and nuclear power reactor operators) require a four-year college degree. So foregoing a college education is often nota wise choice.Merit Mikhail, who graduated last June from the University of California,Riverside, is glad she borrowed to get through school. But she left Riverside owing $20,000 in student loans and another $7,000 in credit card debt. Now in law school, Merit hopes to become a public-interest attorney, yet she may have to postpone that goal, which bothers her. To handle her debt, she'll probably need to start with amore lucrative(有利的)legal job.Like so many other students. Mikhail took out her loans on a kind of blind faiththat she could deal with the consequences. "You say to yourself, 'I have to go into debt to make it work, and whatever it takes later, I'll manage.'" Later has now arrived, and Mikhail is finding out the true cost of her college degree.1. Griffith worked for a firm that specialized in economic development in Washington D.C. because she needed money to pay for her debt.2. The only problem the students are facing at graduation is the dismal job market.3. One reason why colleges increase tuition and fees is that the state supportis shrinking.4. Nearly all the families can manage to meet the soaring tuition costs through various investment plans.5. According to Nadine's calculation, she can pay off all her debt when she is________ if she can get a salary of $120,000 a year right out of law school.6. Students get money from not only federal loans but also ________.7. The college department or association can get payments from the issuer ifit sanctions credit cards decorated with ________.8. O'Donnell thinks that the cause of her 22-year-old son's suicide is ________.9. The author says that foregoing a college education is often not a wise choice because ________ of the 50 highest paying jobs require a four-year college degree except for air traffic controllers and nuclear power reactor operators.10. Merit will have to start with a more lucrative legal job instead of herfavorite position—a public-interest attorney because she has to ________.Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions orincomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words on Answer Sheet 2. Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.Scientists say they have high hopes for a drug that could one day provide a new form of treatment for HIV-AIDS. A compound, which interferes with an elusive protein used by the HIV virus to infect human cells, has worked extremely well in monkeys. If the drug proves effective in human trials, scientists say, it could bolster(加强)the effectiveness of two existing AIDS drugs, particularly in fightingdrug-resistant strains of the virus.Researchers at the pharmaceutical(制药的)company Merck are very excited about an experimental drug, which has worked as well in monkeys infected with a primate version of the virus as any of the existing anti-AIDS drugs.It works by blocking one of three proteins, or enzymes, the HIV virus uses togain entrance into and infect human immune system cells.Inhibitor drugs have been developed to block two of the proteins, to slow progression of the disease after infection. They have become standard therapy asa "cocktail" for people infected with HIV.Those enzymes are reverse transcriptase (转录酶)and protease(蛋白酶). The first converts the virus' genetic material into that of its host cells. The second chopsup the resulting larger proteins into smaller pieces, producing smaller viral particles that infect new cells.The third prong of cellular attack is a protein called integrase(整合酶), which experts say has been harder to block. Once HIV fools host cells by changing its genetic information so it can enter them, integrase acts like a cut and paste operation in a word processor, deleting an immune cell's genetic material and replacing it with its own.An integrase inhibitor would give doctors a third line of attack against HIV infection, according to virologist Daria Hazuda of the division of Virus and Cell Biology at Merck."This would offer a third class of anti-retroviral medications that can becombined with reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. And sinceit is a new mechanism of action, these compounds are active against multi-drug resistant variants. So variants that are resistant to all current therapies havebeen selected in HIV-patients," she said.Current anti-AIDS drugs eventually become resistant to therapy, or stop working, because the virus changes its shape.While researchers are encouraged by the success with the compound's effectiveness in monkey trials, developing a drug that is equally effective in humans can be difficult.Steven Young is executive director of the Department of Medicinal Chemistry at Merck. He says, if scientists find a compound that is equally effective in people,the company would ask U.S. regulators to speed approval of the drug."Yeah, I really think that's what we're hoping for," he said. "I mean, we needto get data that show it has robust anti-viral effects in people. And if we're ableto get that data, I think we would petition for fast track status."Dr. Young says an integrase inhibitor has the potential to prevent drug resistance."To ensure our best chance of preventing resistance, we would give this as part of a cocktail therapy," he added. "And I think it's really our plan that we wouldtest this with reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors, as well." 47. If the drug proves effective in human trials, it could enhance the effectiveness of existing AIDS drugs in ________.48. What has become standard cocktail therapy?49. While integrase deletes an immune cell's genetic material and replaces itwith its own, it acts like ________ in a word processor.50. Why would anti-AIDS drugs stop working?51. According to Steven Young, if scientists get the data that ________, they would petition for fast track status.Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.Occasional self-medication has always been part of normal living. The makingand selling of drugs have a long history and are closely linked, like medical practice itself, with the belief in magic. Only during the last hundred years or so has the development of scientific techniques made it possible for some of the causes of symptoms to be understood, so that more accurate diagnosis has become possible. The doctor is now able to follow up the correct diagnosis of many illnesses with specific treatment of their causes. In many other illnesses, of which the causes remain unknown, it is still limited, like the unqualified prescriber, to the treatment of symptoms. The doctor is trained to decide when to treat symptoms only and when to attack the cause: this is the essential difference between medical prescribing andself-medication.The advance of technology has brought about much progress in some fields of medicine, including the development of scientific drug therapy. In many countriespublic health organization is improving and people's nutritional standards haverisen. Parallel with such beneficial trends have two adverse effects. One is theuse of high-pressure advertising by the pharmaceutical industry, which has tendedto influence both patients and doctors and has led to the overuse of drugs generally. The other is the emergence of the sedentary society with its faulty ways of life:lack of exercise, over-eating, unsuitable eating, insufficient sleep, excessivesmoking and drinking. People with disorders arising from faulty habits such as these,as well as from unhappy human relationships, often resort to self-medication andso add the taking of pharmaceuticals to the list. Advertisers go to great lengthsto catch this market.Clever advertising, aimed at chronic sufferers who will try anything becausedoctors have not been able to cure them, can induce such faith in a preparation, particularly if steeply priced, that it will produce—by suggestion—a very realeffect in some people. Advertisements are also aimed at people suffering from mild complaints such as simple colds and coughs, which clear up by themselves within a short time.These are the main reasons why laxatives, indigestion remedies, painkillers,tonics, vitamin and iron tablets and many other preparations are found in quantityin many households. It is doubtful whether taking these things ever improves aperson's health; it may even make it worse. Worse because the preparation may contain unsuitable ingredients; worse because the taker may become dependent on them; worse because they might be taken in excess; worse because they may cause poisoning, and worse of all because symptoms of some serious underlying cause may be masked and therefore medical help may not be sought.52. The first paragraph is intended to ________.[A] suggest that self-medication has a long history[B] define what diagnosis means exactly[C] praise doctors for their expertise[D] tell the symptoms from the causes53. Advertisements are aimed at people suffering from mild complaints because ________.[A] they often watch ads on TV[B] they are more likely to buy the drugs advertised[C] they generally lead a sedentary life[D] they don't take to sports and easily catch colds54. Paragraphs 2 and 3 explain ________.[A] those good things are not without side effects[B] why clever advertising is so powerful[C] why in modern times self-medication is still practised[D] why people develop faulty ways of life55. The author tells us in paragraph 4 ________.[A] the reasons for keeping medicines at home[B] people's doubt about taking drugs[C] what kind of medicine people should prepare at home[D] the possible harms self-medication may do to people56. The best title for the passage would be ________.[A] Medical Practice [B] Clever Advertising[C] Self-Medication [D] Self-TreatmentPassage TwoQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.The age of gilded youth is over. Today's under-thirties are the first generationfor a century who can expect a lower living standard than their parents.Research into the lifestyles and prospects of people who were born since 1970 shows that they are likely to face a lifetime of longer working hours, lower job security and higher taxes than the previous generation.When they leave work late in the evening, they will be more likely to returnto a small rented flat than to a house of their own. When, eventually, they retire, their pensions are far lower in real terms than those of their immediate forebears. These findings are revealed in a study of the way the ageing of Britain'spopulation is affecting different generations.Anthea Tinker, professor of social gerontology(老人学)at King's College London, who carried out much of the work, said the growth of the proportion of people over 50 had reversed the traditional flow of wealth from older to younger generations. "Today's older middle-aged and elderly are becoming the new winners," she said. "They made relatively small contributions in tax but now make relatively big claims on the welfare system. Generations born in the last three to four decades face the prospect of handing over more than a third of their lifetime's earnings to care for them."The surging number of older people, many living alone, has also increased demand for property and pushed up house prices. While previous generations found it easy to raise a mortgage, today's under-thirties have to live with their parents or rent.If they can afford to buy a home it is more likely to be a flat than a house.Laura Lenox-Conyngham, 28, grew up in a large house and her mother did not needto work. Unlike her wealthy parents, she graduated with student and postgraduate loan debts of ￡13,000. She now earns about ￡20,000 a year, preparing food to be photographed for magazines. Her home is a one-bedroom flat in central London and she sublets(转租)the lunge sofa-bed to her brother."My father took pity and paid off my student debts," she said. "But I still haveno pension and no chance of buying a property for at least a couple of years—and then it will be something small in a bad area. My only hope is the traditional oneof meeting a rich man."Tinker's research reveals Lenox-Conyngham is representative of many young professionals, especially in London, Manchester, Edinburgh and Bristol.57. By saying "the growth of the proportion...to younger generations." (Line2, Para. 5), Anthea Tinker really means that ________.[A] currently wealth flows from old generation to younger generation[B] traditionally wealth flows from younger generation to old generation[C] with the increasingly big population of over 50, the trend arises that wealthflows from younger generation to old generation[D] with more and more people of over 50, traditions have been reversed58. Why are today's older middle-aged and elderly becoming the new winners?[A] Because they made relatively small contributions in tax, but youngergeneration will possibly hand over more than a third of their lifetime's earningsfor the care of them.[B] Because they contributed a lot in tax and now can claim much on the welfaresystem.[C] Because they made small contributions, but now can make money easily.[D] Because they outnumber younger generation and enjoy more privileges in the present society.59. Which factor pushed up house prices?[A] Many young men, who live alone, have increased demand for houses.[B] Many young men need to rent more houses.[C] It is easy to apply for a mortgage for young generation.[D] The number of older people, many of whom live alone, becomes bigger and bigger.60. In what way does Laura Lenox-Conyngham make her living?[A] By taking photographs for magazines.[B] By marring a rich man.[C] By subletting the lounge sofa-bed to her brother.[D] By preparing food for photographs for some magazines.61. We can conclude from the passage that ________.[A] today's under-thirties are leading a miserable life in Britain[B] Laura Lenox-Conyngham's attitude to work and life represents that of many young professionals in Britain[C] Life can get harder for under-thirties in Britain[D] elders enjoy extremely high living standards in BritainPart V Error Correction (15 minutes)Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word inthe corresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (∧) in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it outand put a slash (/) in the blank.Example:Television is rapidly becoming the literature of our periods. 1.time/times/periodMany of the arguments having used for the study of literature 2. /as a school subject are valid for ∧study of television. 3. theMore people than ever are drinking coffee thesedays—but in small quantities than they used to. Some 62. ________manufactures of coffee makers are trying to make 63. ________advantage of this trend by developing diminutivemachines that brew(煮)smaller amounts of coffee.Two U.S. appliance companies—Black & Decker,basing in Towson, Maryland, and Toastmaster Inc. of 64. ________Columbia, Missouri—has recently introduced "drip" 65. ________coffee makers that brew one or two cup servings ofcoffee. Neither of the products brew the coffee 66. ________directly into a cup or mug, eliminating the need for aseparate carafe. Since many people make a pot ofcoffee in the morning and drink only a single cup, the 67. ________new coffee makers should reduce the wasted coffee.Black & Decker's Cup-at-a-Time spends $27, while 68. ________Toastmaster's Coffee Break retails for $20.Black & Decker also makes a coffee makerdrips coffee directly into a carry-around thermal 69. ________carafe. The carafe, a glass vacuum bottle, is supposedto keep the coffee fresh for hours. The product,called the Thermal Carafe Coffee-maker, comes witha built-in lid that opens during the brewing process,closes when it is completed. There are several models, 70. ________including one that fits under the counter, rangingfrom $60 to $110 at price. 71. ________Part VI Translation (5 minutes)Directions: Complete the following sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.72. The area gets ________________(年降雨量不足五厘米).73. The only sounds are bird calls and the soft noise ________________(当水缓缓推动草时草所发出的).74. The visitors planned to ________________(花最少的时间游览公园以外的地方).75. Life is too short ________________(不可每天将时间浪费在看电视上).76. He told the story in such minute detail ________________(简直就像他亲眼看见一样).2012 年12 月英语六级考试模拟试题答案详解Part I WritingTravel-mate WantedI'm a l9-year-old female sophomore named Li Ming. I hereby earnestly invite aforeign young lady—college student preferred—to make a three week touring tripwith me.My plan is to set off next weekend, when the summer vacation officially begins.The first stop is Kunming, the world-renowned city for its beauty and mild temperature. We’ll get there by train and stay for 2 days, and then we’ll headfor Jinggangshan, a former revolutionary base as well as a natural beauty spot.After a 3-day visit there, we will take a long-distance coach to a nearby portcity by the Yangtze River and board a downstream ship to Shanghai, so that we can enjoy the great scenery alongside the third longest river in the world. As everybody knows, Shanghai is one of the busiest and fastest developing cities in China. I’d like to have a good tour in Shanghai, so the stay there will be about half a week.A famous Chinese saying goes, "Just as there is Paradise in heaven, there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on Earth", so a 4-day visit to these two cities near Shanghai is a must. All together, our trip will last about three weeks.I only expect that my travel-mate could bear her own expenses and talk with me。
四六级新题型样卷（2013年12月）本试卷样卷四六级通用写作Part I Writing (30 minutes) （15%）注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
听力Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)（35%）Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A) B) C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
11. A) Dr. Smith’s waiting room isn’t tidy.B) Dr. Smith enjoys reading magazines.C) Dr. Smith has left a good impression on her.D) Dr. Smith may not be a good choice.12. A) B) C) D)13. A) B) C) D)14. A) B) C) D)15. A) B) C) D)16. A) B) C) D)17. A) B) C) D)18. A) B) C) D)Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) He picked up some apples in his yard.B) He cut some branches off the apple tree.C) He quarreled with his neighbor over the fence.D) He cleaned up all the garbage in the woman’s yard.20-2122. A) B) C) D)Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. A) Bad weather.B) Breakdown of the engines.C) Human error.D) Failure of the communications system.2425. A) B) C) D)Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choice marked A) B) C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
大学英语六级（2013年12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷286(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled Social Practice. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.正确答案：Social Practice Social practice has been more and more popular in universities and colleges. Before students entering the society, social practice will inspire them and let them get closer to the world. And this surely brings them lots of advantages. Firstly, social practice can offer students a chance to contact society and meet different kinds of people. Secondly, students can apply what they have learned in class to practical work, thus knowing themselves more clearly. Thirdly, social practice can bring them some financial reward and make them more independent of their family. However, some problems may arise if no correct guidance is made. For instance, study may be neglected since some students get overly interested in social practice, and earning money seems to be more important. And some students are likely to get in touch with the dark side of society, which will affect their future studies. In order to carry out social practice smoothly, students should first know its objective. They should put their studies in the first place and see social practice just as a useful supplement, so they ought to try to strike a balance between social practice and their studies.解析：第一段：描述社会现状，提出社会实践的重要性。
2013年12月英语六级新题型模拟题(六套全)2013年12月英语六级新题型模拟题（一）Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section B（原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。
篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。
每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。
）Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Daylight Saving Time (DST)How and When Did Daylight Saving Time Start?[A] Benjamin Franklin—of “early to bed and early to rise”fame—was apparently the first person to suggest the concept of daylight savings. While serving as U.S. ambassador to France in Paris, Franklin wrote of beingawakened at 6 a.m. and realizing, to his surprise, that thesun would rise far earlier than he usually did. Imagine the resources that might be saved if he and others rose before noon and burned less midnight oil, Franklin, tongue half in cheek, wrote to a newspaper.[B] It wasn’t until World War I that daylight savings were realized on a grand scale. Germany was the first state to adopt the time changes, to reduce artificial lighting and thereby save coal for the war effort. Friends and foes soon followed suit. In the U.S. a federal law standardized the yearly start and end of daylight saving time in 1918—for the states that chose to observe it.[C ] During World War II the U.S. made daylight saving time mandatory^ 强制的)for the whole country, as a way to save wartime resources. Between February 9, 1942, and September 30, 1945, the government took it a step further. During this period daylight saving time was observed year-round, essentially making it the new standard time, if only for a few years. Many years later, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 was enacted, mandating a controversial month-long extension of daylight saving time, starting in 2007.Daylight Saving Time: Energy Saver or Just Time Suck?[D ] In recent years several studies have suggested thatdaylight saving time doesn’t actually save energy—and might even result in a net loss. Environmental economist Hendrik Wolff, of the University of Washington, co-authored a paper that studied Australian power-use data when parts of the country extended daylight saving time for the 2000 Sydney Olympics and others did not. The researchers found that the practice reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening but increased energy use in the now dark mornings—wiping out the evening gains. That’s because the extra hour that daylight saving time adds in the evening is a hotter hour. “So if people get home an hour earlier in a warmer house, they turn on their air conditioning,” the University of Washington’s Wolff said.[ E] But other studies do show energy gains. In an October 2008 daylight saving time report to Congress, mandated by the same 2005 energy act that extended daylight saving time, the U.S. Department of Energy asserted that springing forward does save energy. Extended daylight saving time saved 1.3 terawatt (太瓦)hours of electricity. That figure suggests that daylight saving time reduces annual U.S. electricity consumption by 0.03 percent and overall energy consumption by 0.02 percent. While those percentages seem small, they could represent significantsavings because of the nation’s enormous total energy use.[F] What*s more, savings in some regions are apparently greater than in others. California, for instance, appears to benefit most from daylight saving time—perhaps because its relatively mild weather encourages people to stay outdoors later. The Energy Department report found that daylight saving time resulted in an energy savings of one percent daily in the state.[G] But Wolff, one of many scholars who contributed to the federal report, suggested that the numbers were subject to statistical variability (变化)and shouldn’t be taken as hard facts. And daylight savings, energy gains in the U.S. largely depend on your location in relation to the Mason-Dixon Line, Wolff said. “The North might be a slight winner, because the North doesn’t have as much air conditioning,” he said. “But the South is a definite loser in terms of energy consumption. The South has more energy consumption under daylight saving.”Daylight Saving Time: Healthy or Harmful?[ H] For decades advocates of daylight savings have argued that, energy savings or no, daylight saving time boosts health by encouraging active lifestyles—a claim Wolff and colleagues are currently putting to the test. “In a nationwide Americantime-use study, we’re clearly seeing that, at the time of daylight saving time extension inthe spring, television watching is substantially reduced and outdoor behaviors like jogging, walking, or going to the park are substantially increased,” Wolff said. “That’s remarkable, because of course the total amount of daylight in a given day is the same. ”[I] But others warn of ill effects. Till Roenneberg, a university professor in Munich (慕尼,黑),Germany, said his studies show that our circadian (生理节奏的)body clocks—set by light and darkness—never adjust to gaining an “extra” hour of sunlight to the end of the day during daylight saving time.[J ] One reason so many people in the developed world are chronically (长期地）overtired, he said, is that they suffer from “social jet lag. ”In other words, their optimal circadian sleep periods don"t accord with their actual sleep schedules. Shifting daylight from morning to evening only increases this lag, he said. “Light doesn’t do the same things to the body in the morning and the evening. More light in the morning would advance the body clock, and that would be good. But more light in the evening would even further delay the body clock. ”[K] Other research hints at even more serious health risks.A 2008 study concluded that, at least in Sweden, heart attack risks go up in the days just after the spring time change. “The most likely explanation to our findings is disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms,” One expert told National Geographic News via email.Daylight Savings! Lovers and Haters[L] With verdicts (定论)on the benefits, or costs, of daylight savings so split, it may be no surprise that the yearly time changes inspire polarized reactions. In the U.K., for instance, the Lighter Later movement—part of 10:10, a group advocating cutting carbon emissions—argues for a sort of extreme daylight savings. First, they say, move standard time forward an hour, then keep observing daylight saving time as usual—adding two hours of evening daylight to what we currently consider standard time. The folks behind Standardtime .com, on the other hand, want to abolish daylight saving time altogether, calling energy-efficiency claims “unproven. ”[M] National telephone surveys by Rasmussen Reports from spring 2010 and fall 2009 deliver the same answer. Most people just “don’t think the time change is worth the hassle (麻烦洽勺事）.” Forty-seven percent agreed with that statement, while only 40 percent disagreed. But Seize the Daylight author David Prerau said his research on daylight saving time suggests most people are fond of it. “I think if you ask most people if they enjoy having an extra hour of daylight in the evening eight months a year, the response would be pretty positive.”46. Daylight savings，energy gains might be various due to different climates.47. Disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms may be the best explanation to higher heart attack risks in the days after the spring time change.48. A research indicated that DST might not save energy by increasing energy use in the dark mornings, though it reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening.49. Germany took the lead to save wartime resources by adopting the time changes and reducing artificial lighting.50. A university professor studied the effect of daylight saving time and sounded the alarm of its negative effects.51. Social jet lag can partly account for people’s chronic fatigue syndrome in developed countries.52. The figure of a study in the U.S. suggested that DST could save a lot of energy nationally.53. Supporters of daylight savings have long considered daylight saving time does good to people’s health.54. A group advocating cutting carbon emissions launches the Lighter Later movement to back a kind of extreme daylight savings.55. A scholar contributing to a federal report suggested that the amount of saved energy had something to do with geographic position.Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，人口约占世界总人口的22%。
