harvard reference格式

哈佛模式下的引证规范什么是哈佛引用？哈佛引用是一种著名的文献引用格式，也叫作标号引用、脚注引用或作者——日期引用。

它比较常见于人文学科，即所谓“哈佛参考文献”系统。

哈佛引用也常常被科学家采用。

其格式要求如下：1）对非出版文献(实验数据库或网络文献)：非出版文献使用“文献名称/说明，取得日期，（访问日期）”。

2）对书籍：书籍使用“作者，书名（出版地：出版社，出版年 e版）”，或使用缩写“作者，书名，出版年”。

3）对期刊文章：“作者，文章名，期刊名称，出版年，卷（期）号：起始页-结束页”或“作者，文章名，期刊名称，出版年，发布第几版（或发布季节），起始页-结束页”。

4）对会议记录：“作者，文章名，会议及出版物总揽（出版地：出版社，出版年），起始页-结束页”。

对于上述引用类型，本地大学图书馆及计算机中心一般有以下细节说明：一、缩写：*出版社的缩写必须符合标准的缩写规则（包括统一的缩写日期）；*期刊文章的发布第几版/季节只有大写英文字母（A、B、C等）；*期刊文章发布季节写出来也可以是有意义的词汇，比如Winter、Spring等。

二、标点符号：*如果不是最后一个引用，一律加“逗号”；*文章名及后面出版信息中间夹着一个“冒号”；*不同作者名时，使用“分号”连接；*期刊文章起始及结束页码中，起始页码与结束页码中间使用短横线“-”，有多个页码的用逗号隔开；*卷号，季节号，起始及结束页码后面使用句号“ .”来结束；*双引号使用“02”而不是“22”。

三、年份：*书籍引用中，需要把末尾的“年”字加上，书籍出版社及出版年份中间用逗号隔开；*期刊文章引用中，出版集、期刊或会议名称后直接跟上4位数的出版年份；*数据库/网络文献最后一个“取得日期”要写4位数的全数字出版年份。

四、大小写字母：本格式系统指定标题全部用大写字母，文章/图书作者及期刊/会议名称全部用小写字母。

例如：*文章/图书作者：James Smith*期刊/会议名称：journal of medical sciences五、分句标记：所有引用记录都要按照规定的格式进行协调，且以句号“ .”结束。

Harvard Referencing System GuideMotivation For This DocumentIn academic work, you are expected to follow certain rules of conduct in your study. Specifically, whenever you create an assignment, essay, presentation, group project, or other work which will be submitted for discussion or for evaluation, then your work needs to be of academic standard. Not doing so may cause your grade to be reduced significantly, perhaps even to the point of failure.“Academic standard” is quite a vague term and can be di fferent things to different people. However, for business students you can imagine that your work should try to emulate the work of other people in the field of business. In particular, this includes work which you see in professional journals, the work of your professors and the writers of your textbooks.Of course, you are not expected to be able to produce leading edge content in your work, but the format of your work should follow the same academic standard as professional writers in your field at least in terms of structure, referencing, and layout.This document only discusses the elements of referencing which are required for “Academic standard” work. Other elements of your work such as its structure and layout are also important, but these are not discussed here.Referencing can be done in many ways. For your programme, the standard method of referencing is the “Harvard System of References”. This system is very common world-wide, and is nearly universally understood. However in your professional career or in other other academic programmes, you may be required to use other systems of referencing. You are responsible for being aware of the local standards required in any work which you produce.In most reference systems, the idea is to leave the main text of your work uncluttered, but to still provide clear hints to the reader about where they can look for further information. Thus, most reference systems are actually implemented in two parts: a citation, and a bibliographic entry. A citation is just a shorthand marker that you insert into the body of your work to allow the reader to find a resource such as a book or an article or a television programme or whatever. The format for this is specified by the system of referencing you are using. In the case of the Harvard System, a citation looks like “Smith (2002)”. A bibliographic entry provides a complete description of the actual resource in a standard form. It contains just enough information for readers to find the resource for themselves. Again, the Harvard System of referencing has its own unique way of expressing this information.What This Document IsThis work is taken largely from an online guide to the Harvard System at the University of the West of England website (UWE, 2005).This is a guide to the Harvard System of References and is based on British Standards 1629:1989 and 5605:1990. As these standards do not yet include references to electronic resources we include our own recommendations for these below. These recommendations follow current common practice.This document provides a series of guidelines for citations (also known as attributions) and their accompanying bibliographic entries. These guidelines however are not completely rigid: you have some flexibility in how you do both citations and bibliographic entries. But it is important that you decide, within the flexibility allowed by the guidelines, your specific way of making them. Whatever that way is, you should be absolutely consistent within your work (i.e., within yourassignment/report/presentation). Inconsistency is sloppy and viewed as unprofessional. Of course, if your professor or supervisor imposes other constraints on you, then you should follow those as well.General Comments About Electronic ResourcesThe general recommendation for electronic resources is that you need to include all the usual information for print resources. In addition, you need to indicate that the resource is online, where it was found online, and when it was found online. Details of this are provided below.Furthermore, for any electronic resource which has a printed counterpart (e.g., an electronic book, or electronic newspaper, etc.), you should present the information in a similar way in both cases. For example, if your bibliographic entries to printed books includes the title of the book quoted and in italics (“like this”) then your bibliographic entry to electronic books should also present the title in the same way.Citation in the text of your work.IntroductionA citation is simply a reference to a resource. The resource could be a page in a book, a magazine article, a television programme, or even a telephone call. In the Harvard System, a citation is simply the author's name, plus the date of publication (though in the case of an authour who publishes more than one resource in a given year, you need to add an optional letter “a”, “b”, etc., to distinguish between these resources). This simple method lets you look up the bibliographic entry easily, and also lets you see directly who is being quoted or referenced. The full details of the resource (the title of the book and the publisher, for example) are provided in the bibliography section.Here is an example of a citation:...the work of Jones (1991a) shows that lipids are...When you write a report or give a presentation you include citations for a number of reasons:•As a shorthand method of allowing your readers to understand any background material which may be important in understanding your work.•As a way of giving credit to other people for their ideas, techniques, opinions, or theories•As a way of proving that statements you make have a foundation in reality (e.g., that your quotations were really made by some other persons, that the theories or results that you mention are really published somewhere, that the data you quote is real, etc.)•As a way of giving specific references to other data, ideas, techniques, opinions and theories which you are using in your work, so that other people can evaluate your work and/or compare it to the work of others.When do you create citations in your work? Here are some situations where you should create citations:•Whenever you mention a theory or a definition of a concept, you should provide a reference to the reader so that they can look up exactly what you mean. Ideallythe reference you choose would be one which provides further information onyour theory/concept, but perhaps also a general discussion of the area with othercompeting theories or alternative definitions.•Whenever you quote data that you did not gather yourself through primary research, then you need to say where you got it from, and you do this by citing the source of the data which you mention.•Whenever you mention an opinion or quotation of somebody else, you should provide a reference to the reader so they can look it up.Where do you create citations in your work? The citations you provide in your work are put into the text just after the place where the theory/concept/data/quotation/opinion (or whatever it is that needs explanation)It is important to note that every citation in your work should be linked to a corresponding bibliographic entry at the end of your work. In general, if you wish to cite a particular book at several places in your work (e.g, you reference a theory on p.17 of the book, a quotation from p.39 of the book, and some data from p.82 of the book), then you should:•make individual citations at each place in your work, and noting the page number in the book. e.g.,•...according to the theory of Smith (Smith, 1996, p.17)...•...and Smith (1996, p.39) stated: “economics is a pure science”, by which...•...but other data indicates that only 0.9% (Smith, 1996, p.82) of...•Make a single bibliographic entry describing the book. e.g.,•Smith, J. 1996. “Economics”. Toronto. University of Toronto Press. In general, don't duplicate your references.Primary Resources（第一手资料）Almost all of the time you will reference primary resources. “Primary resources” are simply resources which you have actually seen/heard/read. In the text of your work you make a reference to a primary resource simply by using the author's surname and year of publication. There are a number of equivalent ways to do this, depending on the style you wish to employ.If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, then just give the year in brackets:...as defined by Mintzberg (1983)If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets:In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as..If the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case letters attached to the year of publication:Drucker (1989a)If there are two authors both names should be given before the date:Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...If there are three or more authors only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (which is the short form of a phrase meaning, “and others”): Kotler et al. (1987)If the author is unknown, use ‘Anon.’ to indicate “anonymous author”:Anon. (1967)Secondary Resources（二手资料）In some cases you may wish to quote some resource that has been referred to in something you have read. This generally happens when the original resource is not available to you. Such resources are called “secondary resources”. Secondary resources should be avoided if at all possible.The general principle to follow in this case is that you must create a bibliographic entry to describe the primary resource (i.e., to the book which you have read). This bibliographic entry is done in the normal way. However, the citation in the body of your work will be a little different: you must cite both the secondary resource and the primary resource you have read.Here are some examples which will make this clearer:Examples:Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) whodeveloped the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGillArchaeology questionnaire.In each of these cases, in your list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.Creating Bibliographic References.（建立参考书目格式）Every citation in your work will link to exactly one bibliographic entry. However, onebibliographic entry might be linked to many citations.Where do you put your bibliographic entries? In the Harvard System, they are all placed in one sectio n of your work, usually titled something like “Bibliography” or “References”. The Bibliography section follows the main body of your work.Format of the Bibliography Section（参考书目的格式）The format of the bibliography section is quite simple. It begins with something which announces that this is the bibliography section. For example, a title at the top of the first page, “Bibliography” which is in larger type and centred on the page. Or, a separate page with the title “References” in large type and centre d on the page. In either case, following this section heading are the bibliographic entries.In the Harvard System, the bibliographic entries are listed in sorted order. The sorting is done based on the following elements, in order of importance:•the first author's surname.•The first author's initials.•The date of publication.•An optional letter (a,b,c,d,...) distinguishing different publications by the same author in the same year.You will note that these elements are the same ones which make up the citation which you will use in the body of your work. This makes a clear link between any citation in the body of your work, and the bibliographic entries. Some examples will make this clear:Anderson, B. 2005. “...”Jones, H. 2004. “...”Jones, Q. 1996. “...”Jones, Q., 1999. “...”Jones, Q., 1999a. “...”Jones, Q., 1999b. “...”Smith, A. 1762. “...”Between each bibliographic entry you should normally insert a little space to allow the reader to see where one entry ends and another one begins. For example, a blank line or blank half line between entries would make your bibliography easier to read. All modern word processing software can do this for you.When you are doing research, you should collect references to each kind of material in a consistent way. If there is a resource to which you wish to make a reference, but is of a kind which is not mentioned here, then you should consult a more detailed source. There are many such sources available on the internet.Individual Bibliographic Entries（建立可供读者查阅的参考书目格式）The most important principle in making references is that the reader should be able tolocate the resource solely from the bibliographic information that you have provided. The rest of this section describes what information needs to be provided when creating bibliographic references for different kinds of resources.Note that electronic versions of resources (e.g., electronic books or articles) which can be also found in other media (e.g., printed) are referenced through bibliographic entries which are identical to their non-electronic counterparts, but with a somewhat standard additional part. Thus, an online book would be referenced as for a printed book, but would have in addition to the information needed for a printed book the following: After Title:“[online]”After Remainder of Bibliographic Entry:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Reference to a book or a report.（书、报告）You need to provide the following information, in order:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title. (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Plus for electronic resources the following phrases and data:After Title:“[online]”After Place of Publication:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（书）HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French. : McGraw-Hill.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy. : Department of Health.Online Examples:HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French [online]. : McGraw-Hill.Available from: [Accessed 25 August 2004].DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy [online]. : Department of Health. Available from: /assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Accessed 5May 2004].For books without individual authors use ANON.Example:ANON. 1991. Turbo assembler: users' guide version 2.0. , CA: Borland. Reference to a contribution in a book.（注释）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Contribution.“eds.” List o f Editor(s)for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials “in” Title of Book (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Page numbers of contribution.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（注释）SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. : CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK, ed. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. : Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from:/ [Accessed 25 May 2004].NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page.Reference to a journal article.（期刊）Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which someare exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Journal.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Volume NumberPart Number. (in brackets).Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（期刊）NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. ManagementComputing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52.CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptualframework for future research. “Social Science and Medicine” [online],59(2), pp 223-243. Available from:/science/journal/02779536 [Accessed 5 May 2004].SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. “Journal of Nuclear Medicine” [online], 44, pp 661-662. Available from:/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Accessed 5May 2004].C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternativemedicine: a concept map. “BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine” [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from:/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004].Reference to a newspaper article.（报纸）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Newspaper.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date Published.Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（报纸）BOOTH, J., 2004. Blair plans annual UK-China summit. Guardian [online]11 May, p 6. Available from:/guardian/2004/05/11/pdfs/gdn_040511_brd_6 _2263446.pdf [Accessed 25 May 2004].HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August.Available from: /xchange-international[Accessed 8 August 2004].Reference to a conference paper.（会议论文）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of contribution“in” (in italics)List of Editor(s) of the Conference Proceedingsfor each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials.Title of Conference Proceedings.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date of Conference.Place of Conference.Publisher (if known)Page numbers.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（会议论文）SILVER, K.,1989. Electronic mail the new way to communicate. In: D.I.RAITT, ed. 9th International Information Meeting, 3-5 December 1988. :Learned Information, pp 323-330.Reference to an Act of Government.（政府法案）Reader needs to know:Name of Issuing BodyYear of PublicationName of Act (in italics and/or underline and/or quoted)Other Identifier Numbers/Codes/Chapter NumbersPlace of PublicationPublisher.Example:（政府法案）Parliament. 2002. Football (disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002. Chapter 12. : The Stationery Office.Reference to a Command paper.（行政公文）Reader needs to know:Name of Committee/Department/Working Group/CommissionYear of PublicationTitle (in italics and/or underlined and/or in quotes)Place of PublicationPublisher.Other Identifying Codes, if any, in brackets.Example:（行政公文）Department of Trade and Industry. 2001. Productivity and enterprise: aworld class competition regime. : The Stationery Office. (Cm 5233). Reference to a thesis.（论文）Use similar method to a book.Example:LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioningproblem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.Reference to a film, video and television broadcast.（电影、视频和电视广播）The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production details - place: organisation. Example:。

参考文献harvard格式参考文献是任何学术论文的必要组成部分。

在学术写作中，参考文献被用来证明你的论点，支撑你的观点，以及为论文提供更多的上下文和信息。

正确的参考文献格式对学术研究的成果和文献传递至关重要。

本文将介绍参考文献 Harvad 格式，并提供相关参考文献的示例。

一、什么是 Harvad 格式Harvad 格式是一种常用的参考文献格式，在学术界使用广泛。

它不仅提供了对作者、出版日期、标题等重要信息的引用，也提供了书籍、文章、电影等不同类型的文献来源的引用方法。

Harvad 格式包括在正文引用时使用括号，以及在参考文献列表中给出更完整的引用。

二、如何使用 Harvad 格式使用 Harvad 格式时，你需要在正文中引用文献，然后在文末提供更完整的引用详细信息。

引用的一般格式是：作者姓氏，出版年份，文章标题，出版物信息。

在正文中，你需要使用如下格式引用文献：（作者姓氏，出版年份）例如：在一篇论文中，你引用了威尔逊（1999）的研究，你的正文引用应该是这样的：“威尔逊（1999）在他的研究中指出……”在参考文献列表中，你需要提供更完整的引用信息，常见的格式包括：1. 书籍：作者姓氏，名字。

出版年份。

标题。

出版地：出版社。

例如：赵明。

2005年。

《小说创作手记》。

北京：人民文学出版社。

2. 文章：作者姓氏，名字。

发表年份。

文章标题。

期刊名，期号，页码。

例如：王东，朱洪涛。

2010年。

《激光在石油钻采中的应用》。

石油学报，31(3)，345-350。

3. 报告：组织。

发表年份。

报告名称。

发表地：发表机构。

例如：国家教育部。

2012年。

《2011年全国教育发展统计公报》。

北京：中国教育出版社。

三、参考文献 Harvad 格式的优点1. 简单易学：Harvad 格式的引用通常简短明了，容易掌握。

2. 资料类型广泛：Harvad 格式可以引用各种类型的参考文献，从书籍到文章、报告和网站等。

3. 规范明确：Harvad 格式提供了明确的格式要求，避免了格式繁琐或者不规范的问题。

LoginSearch for:Print viewAdministratorsChicago Press, Chicago, IL.Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA.A chapter from an edited bookSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Title of chapter"in Editor surname, initials (Ed.)Title of BookEditionPublisherPlace of publicationChapter page numbers.ExampleBourdieu, P.(1977), "The forms of capital", in Richardson, J.G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Researchfor the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, New York, NY, pp. 311-56.A translated workSurname, A.N.(year of publication)Title of BookEditionTranslated by Translator name, initialsPublisherPlace of publication.ExampleBourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by Nice, R., Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.Journal articlesSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue number (if it exists)Article page numbers.ExampleBaron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in socialpsychological research", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82.Guthrie, J. and Parker, L. (1997) "Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ",Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8Electronic sourcesNB this refers to a source which is only available electronically, and not to sources which you may have accessed electronically but which are also available in print form, such as an article from an Emerald journal accessed via the Web.These follow the same convention of referencing as for printed sources, but include elements unique to the Web: Name(year of publication)"Article title"available at: full url(accessed date)For the last two elements, please try to remember the following conventions:When giving the url, "http://" should only be included if the address does not include "www"(accessed date) is important because of the lack of permanence of Internet sites.ExampleBetter Business Bureau (2001), "Third-party assurance boosts online purchasing", available at:/about/press/2001/101701.asp (accessed 7 January 2002).Hummingbird (2002), Hummingbird corporate website, available at: (accessed 2January 2002).Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Start-Up@Leeds Met", available at:/city/bus_startup.htmPitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: Ballantyne, D. (2000), "Dialogue and knowledge generation: two sides of the same coin in relationshipmarketing", paper presented at the 2nd WWW Conference on Relationship Marketing, November 1999-February 2000, Monash University and MCB University Press, available at:/services/conferen/nov99/rm/paper3.htmlAn electronic journal would be referenced as follows:Surname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue numberArticle page numbersAvailable at: url(accessed date)ExampleSwaminathan, V., Lepkoswka-White, E. and Rao, B.P. (1999), "Browsers or buyers in cyberspace? Aninvestigation of electronic factors influencing electronic exchange", Journal of Computer-MediatedCommunication, Vol. 5 No. 2, available at: www. / jcmc/vol5/ issue2/Conference papersSome papers may not be published in journals but may be delivered at a conference and then published as part of the proceedings of that conference, in which case, use one of the following styles as appropriate.ExampleLodi, E., Veseley, M. and Vigen, J. (2000), "Link managers for grey literature", New Frontiers in GreyLiterature, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grey Literature, Washington, DC, October4-5, 1999, GreyNet, Amsterdam, pp. 116-34.Naude, P. and Holland, C. (1998), "Marketing in the information domain", in Halinen-Kaila, A. andNummela, N. (Eds), Interaction, Relationships and Networks: Visions for the Future, Proceedings of the14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.Stauss, B. and Weinlich, B. (1995), "Process-oriented measurement of service quality by applying thesequential incident technique", paper presented at the Fifth Workshop on Quality Management inServices, EIASM, Tilburg.Strandvik, T. and Storbacka, K. (1996), "Managing relationship quality", paper presented at the QUIS5Quality in Services Conference, University of Karlstad, Karlstad.As you see, some of the above references give the date of the conference, others do not; if in doubt, follow the convention used by the conference.Government or commercial reportsParticularly when writing a case study, you may want to refer to company or government documents. In which case, the organization may become the author and the form of entry would be as follows:Organization name(year of publication)Title of reportPublisher and place of publication (may be same as author).ExampleApollo Enterprises (1993), Annual Report , p. 8.Ernst and Ernst (1978), Social Responsibility Disclosure: 1978 Survey, Ernst and Ernst, Cleveland, OH.Bank of England (2003), Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics, Bank of England, London.Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002), White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation, DTI,London.European Commission (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship in Europe: Priorities for the Future, EuropeanCommission, Brussels.Yorkshire Forward (1999), Regional Economic Strategy, Yorkshire Forward, Leeds...Some guidelines to remember for all source typesIf all the above seems complicated, it's worth remembering that the Harvard system is actually quite logical. Bear in mind the following guidelines:The entry always begins with the author's surname, followed by initials, followed by the date in brackets.Authors' surnames and initials are always inverted, i.e. Other, A.N. (whether you are referring to the author of anarticle/chapter, or the editor of the work within which the work is found).If more than one entry by the same author, put in order of dates.Publications, whether book or journal titles, are always in italic, with significant words only capitalized. Make sure that the journal title is exactly the same, e.g. use of &/and.Excerpts from publications, i.e. book chapters, journal articles, always come in "quotes", with only the first word, proper names, and German nouns, capitalized.The name of the publisher is shown before the place of publication (as it would be in an address). Abbreviations for US states should be in short capitalized form, e.g. CA, MA, rather than Ca., Mass., and should be added as necessary.Electronic references follow the same conventions as printed ones, followed by "available at:" and the URL. Only retain "http://" if the address does NOT include www. Also, state the date when last accessed (accessed ...).Use commas to separate elements of the entry.。

哈佛格式参考文献内容在哈佛格式中，参考文献的内容需要按照一定的规则进行编写。

下面是一些常见的参考文献类型以及它们在哈佛格式中的内容要求：1. 书籍（Book）：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母缩写. (出版年). 书名. 出版地点，出版社。

2. 期刊文章（Journal Article）：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母缩写. (出版年). 文章标题.期刊名，卷号(期号)，页码。

3. 网络文章（Website Article）：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母缩写. (发布年). 文章标题.网站名. [在线]. 可获取的网址。

(访问日期)。

4. 报纸文章（Newspaper Article）：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母缩写. (出版年，出版月日). 文章标题. 报纸名，版面。

5. 会议论文（Conference Paper）：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母缩写. (发表年). 论文标题. 会议名称，会议地点，会议日期。

6. 学位论文（Thesis/Dissertation）：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母缩写. (完成年). 论文标题. [学位类型]. 学位授予单位。

7. 电子书（E-book）：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母缩写. (出版年). 书名. [电子书版本]. 出版地点，出版社。

请注意，以上只是一些常见的参考文献类型，实际情况可能会有所不同。

在编写参考文献时，你需要根据具体的来源类型和哈佛格式的要求进行适当的调整和补充。

同时，还需要注意使用正确的标点符号，如逗号、句号、冒号等，以及斜体或引号等格式要求。

确保参考文献内容的准确性和完整性，以便读者能够准确找到所引用的来源。

三种常见与非常见参考文献引用格式介绍在大家了解引文格式的时候，可能最先发现的是三种常见格式，分别名为Harvard，APA，和MLA。

Harvard：Harvard格式，全名Harvard reference system（哈佛参考文献注释体系），是上世纪50年代源于美国的一种引用格式，最初广泛使用于物理学与自然科学论文，后推广用于社科类研究论文。

该体系是采用“作者-日期”的引用形式进行引用的。

不过，由于Harvard格式已经有15年未更新，所以在现在的论文写作中，大多人都选择使用Harvard的替代格式——APA。

APA:APA，全名American Psychological Association（美国心理协会刊物准则），是一个被广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，目前已经更新至第七版。

APA格式特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式，所以该格式可以说是极为全面和细致的对这些方面进行了详细的规范。

MLA：MLA，全名Modern Language Association，是由美国现代语言协会指定的论文引用格式，目前在美国的英文论文中很常用。

在具体规范上来说，MLA在行距、段落等格式上会相比APA等形式上来讲更加严谨些，引用格式上也是与APA等格式有着一定差别的，小总结：Harvard和APA格式相似度比较大，但目前只有APA在不断更新版本，而MLA与这两者差别偏大。

除了这三种常见引文格式以外，大家还需要了解下面三种非常见引用格式：Chicago：Chicago Style由芝加哥大学于1906年首次发行，截止到2010年已经发行了16版，它主要用于科学类学科文章中，也被书籍、杂志、新闻等媒体广泛使用。

Chicago格式有两种形式，一种是要用Footnote（脚注）进行引注，另一种则是用“作者+年份”的方式进行引注。

Vancouver：Vancouver格式，全名为Vancouver reference style（温哥华注释体系），它诞生于1978年的一个医学杂志编辑会上，主要也是应用于医学，以及物理科学方面的文章内。

Harvard StyleInstructionsNames: Author’s initials are used for their first name. If an author has more than one initial do not put any spaces between initials. Where a resource has multiple authors, all authors are listed by last name and then first initial separated by commas.Titles: Use sentence-like capitalization; only the first word and proper nouns. Include article or chapter titles in single quotation marks. Book and journal titles are fully capitalized.Dates: Use on the year of the publication. For viewed dates use the format date month year with no punctuation between.Journal or Magazine ArticlePattern:[Author last name], [Author first initial] [Year], ‘[Title of article]’, [Journal Name], [Volume number], [issue number], pp. [page number start]-[end], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCO host], viewed [day month year].Example:Maynard, W 1999 'Thoreau's House at Walden', Art Bulletin, 81, 2, pp. 303, Academic Search Premier, EBSCO host, viiewed 6 December 2010Journal or Magazine Article w/No AuthorPattern:‘[Title of article]’ [Year], [Journal Name], [Volume number], [issue number], pp. [page number start]-end], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCO host], viewed [day month year].Example:'Royal Dogfight' 2004, People, 61, 1, p. 28, Academic Search Premier, EBSCO host, viewed 6 December 2010.Online Newspaper Article[Author last name], [Author first initial] [Year], ‘[Title of article]’ [Newspaper Name], [Day month of publication], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCO host], viewed [day month year].Example:Lacey, M 2007, 'A Communist He Was, but Today, Che Sells', New York Times, 9 October, Newspaper Source Select, EBSCO host, viewed 6 December 2010.Online Newspaper Article w/No AuthorPattern:‘[Title of article]’ [Year], [Newspaper Name], [Day month of publication], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCO host], viewed [day month year].Example:'Metro Briefing | Connecticut: Hartford: Domestic Violence Proposal',2005, New York Times, 10 January, Newspaper Source Select, EBSCO host, viewed 6 December 2010.BookPattern:[Author last name] [Author first name initial] [Year], [Title of Work], [Publisher], [Location].Example:Nugent, P, & Vitale, B 2008, 'Chapter 11: Practice Questions with Answers and Rationales', Test Success: Test-Taking Techniques for Beginning Nursing Students (5th Edition) pp. 159-294 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: F.A. Davis Company CINAHL Plus with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 6 December 2010.Online Book ChapterPattern:[Author last name] [Author first name initial] [Year], ‘[Title of chapter]’, in [Title of work], [Publisher], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCO host], viewed [day month year].Legge, J 1871, 'The She King, or, The Book of Poetry', in She King, or, the Book of Poetry , American Theological Library Association (ATLA) Historical Monographs Collection: Series 1, EBSCO host, viewed 6 December 2010.Conference PaperPattern:[Author Last Name], [Author First Initial] [Published Year], [‘Title of Conference Paper’], [Conference Title], [Conference Organization Name], [Conference City Location], [Conference State or Country Location], [pp. xx-xx].Example:Johnson, G 2008, ‘The Issue of Domestic Violence and Society Acceptance’,Domestic Violence, Governors for Change, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pp.1-26.EBookPattern:[Author Last Name], [Author First Name Initial] [Year], [E book Title], [Publisher], [Publisher Location], accessed [Date Month Year], from [E Book Host Site or URL].Example:Clarke, R 2007, Time Can Never Destroy, Little Bear, Littleton, Colorado, accessed 1 October 2009, from .E Book ChapterPattern:[Author Last Name], [Author First Name Initial] [Year], ‘[Chapter Title]’, in [Editor last Name] Editor First Name initial] (ed), [E book Title], [Publisher], [Publisher Location], pp. [xx-xx], accessed [Date Month Year], from [E Book Host Site or URL].Example:Smith, J 2008, ‘Quantum Solutions’, in Wilber, K (ed),Quantum Physics and Holography in Psychological Context, Wilber Communications, Denver,Colorado, pp. 240-245, accessed 12 September 2008, from.WebsitePattern:[Website Page Name] [Year]. [Website Organization], [Website Organization Location], viewed [Date Month Year], <[URL]>.Example:Tommy Bolin Archives 2010. The Official Tommy Bolin Archives, USA, viewed 9 December 2010, /index.html.。

哈佛体系reference格式
哈佛参考文献格式，也称为哈佛引用格式，是一种常见的文献引用格式。

它最早发源于清华大学发行的“黑塞和黑塞词典”，由麻省理工学院的著名的文献管理专家拉尔夫罗素提出，被广泛应用于学术论文中。

哈佛参考文献格式在拉尔夫罗素引用文献格式基础上，加入了更多关于电子出版物、计算机程序和图片等新媒体的参考文献，能够照顾到当代多样化的文献参考需求。

二、哈佛引用格式的特点
1、引用格式具有一致性：哈佛引用格式坚持只使用一种引用格式，使文献引用更加统一，使其他人更容易理解文章中的引用。

2、引用格式更新迅速：哈佛参考文献格式与不断发展的新媒体保持同步更新，以适应当今多样化的文献引用需求。

3、引用融入文本：哈佛引用格式要求引用内容融入文章的段落中，而不是单独引用，使文献引用更加紧凑，更加有说服力。

4、引用格式清晰明了：哈佛引用格式用字母或数字表示出文献引用顺序，使文章中的引用顺序更加清晰明了。

三、哈佛引用格式的应用
1、学术论文：哈佛参考文献格式在学术论文中应用十分普遍，论文作者可以使用此格式对文献引证进行统一管理，使参考文献更加规范完整，使文章表达更加严谨。

2、科技文凭：在科技文凭的课程描述中，哈佛引用格式也有着广泛的应用，使文凭更具可信度。

3、会议论文：在各类会议发布的论文中，哈佛引用格式也有着广泛的应用，使论文的引用内容更加严谨。

四、结论
从上面可以看出，哈佛参考文献格式在学术论文、科技文凭、会议论文等文献参考方面的应用十分普遍，值得我们深入学习和掌握。

哈佛参考文献格式采用统一的格式进行引用，能够使文献引用更加规范，使参考文献的内容更加完整，也为文献参考带来了很大的便利。

Harvard referencing: a guide for SoM students IntroductionAcademic work demands that you consider the work of other writers and researchers. To use their work without acknowledgement is to steal the ideas of other people and is called plagiarism.You should acknowledge the sources which have informed your work by citing them in the text of your work, and referencing them at the end of your essay, project report, dissertation or thesis. Otherwise, you run the risk of being accused of academic misconduct.There are several widely used methods for writing references. The School of Management uses the Harvard system. If you do not use this method properly you will lose marks.What sources of information should I be reading?Before you use any document, you should consider the quality of the information it provides. Articles published in refereed academic journals are the most authoritative, because they have been through a thorough checking process known as peer review. Books may not have been checked so rigorously by their publishers. Articles in newspapers and trade magazines are not checked as carefully as those in refereed academic journals so may not be as reliable. And information found on the Internet needs to be treated with caution, as anyone can put material there, accurate or otherwise!How do I put a citation in my text?To avoid being accused of plagiarism, you need to put a citation in the text you are writing whenever you mention another person’s work. This applies whether you are summarising or paraphrasing their ideas or quoting their words directly.Basically, all you need to do is to write the author’s or editor’s surname and the year of publication like this (Hales, 1986) or like this as discussed by Hales (1986). You may sometimes have a corporate author, rather than a personal author, like this (British Retail Consortium, 2007). If you have used two documents by the same author published in the same year, distinguish them by adding a suffix like this (Lowe, 2005a; Lowe, 2005b). If there are two or more authors or editors for a document, put them all in your citation like this (Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002). If you want to cite several works together, because they all support your argument about a particular point, list them chronologically, and if there is more than one for a particular year put those in alphabetical order, like this (Hales, 1986; Wrigley and Lowe, 1996; Howard, 2001; Sigala, Lockwood and Jones, 2001; Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002; Lowe, 2005b; Key Note, 2006; Lee-Kelley, 2006; Sadler-Smith, 2006).If you are quoting another author’s words, it is important that you make this clear by using quotation marks and including the page numbers in your citation like this “Many businesses now operate in a knowledge economy that is networked, digital, virtual, fast-moving, global and uncertain.” (Sadler-Smith, 2006, p.30).How do I write a reference?The full reference for each of the documents you have cited in your text should be put in a list of references at the end of your work.For a journal article, you need to include the author or authors (surname followed by initials), the year of publication (and suffix if used) (in brackets), the title of the article (in quotation marks), the name of the journal (in italics), the volume number, the part or issue number (in brackets), and the page numbers (use p. for one page, pp. for more than one page).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.For some journals, you may have to put the date instead of the volume and part numbers.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.For a book, you need to include the authors or editors (use ed. in brackets for one editor, eds. for more than one editor), the year of publication, the title of the book (in italics), the edition (except for the 1st edition; use edn. for edition), the place of publication, and the publisher.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary of nutrition and foodtechnology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital:towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.For a chapter in an edited book, you need to include the author of the chapter, the date of publication, the title of the chapter (in quotation marks), the word in, the editor of the book, the title of the book (in italics), the edition, the place of publication, the publisher, and the page numbers of the chapter.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International culturaltourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.If you used an electronic version of a journal article or a book, you should also include the name of the online database (in italics), the word Online [in square brackets], the phrase Available at followed by the URL, and the word Accessed followed by the date you read the document (in brackets).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect[Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2007).For a web page, you need to include the author, the date of publication (or last updated), the title, the URL, and the date you read the document.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: /subjects/empreltns/whistleblw/whistle.htm?IsSrchRes=1(Accessed: 30 November 2007).What should my list of references look like?Something like this. Note that all types of publication are included in a single list, and that the list is arranged alphabetically.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International cultural tourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary of nutrition and food technology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.British Retail Consortium (2007) British Retail Consortium 2007. Norwich: The Stationery Office.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: /subjects/empreltns/whistleblw/whistle.htm?IsSrchRes=1 (Accessed: 30 November 2007).Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: / (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Hales, C.P. (1986) "What do managers do?: a critical review of the evidence", Journal of Management Studies, 23(1), pp.88-115.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Key Note (2006) Mobile telecommunications: market report. Hampton: Key Note. Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:/FoodWeb/ (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Lee-Kelley, E. (2006) Trust and identification in the virtual team : exploring the bases of trust and the processes of intra-group identification. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Surrey.Lowe, M.S. (2005a) "The regional shopping centre in the inner city: a study of retail-led urban regeneration", Urban Studies, 42(3), pp.449-470.Lowe, M.S. (2005b), "Revitalizing inner city retail?: the impact of the West Quay development on Southampton", International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 33(9), pp.658-668.Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.Riley, M., Ladkin, A. and Szivas, E. (2002) Tourism employment: analysis and planning. Clevedon: Channel View.Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2007).Sigala, M., Lockwood, A. and Jones, P. (2001) "Strategic implementation and IT: gaining competitive advantage from the hotel reservations process", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(7), pp.364-371.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital: towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.What do I do if there is no author?If there is no obvious personal author or corporate author, the title can be used instead, both as the citation in your text (Chef2Chef Culinary Portal, 2007) and in your reference list.Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: / (Accessed: 4December 2007).What do I do if there is no date of publication?If there is no obvious date of publication, you should put (no date).Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:/FoodWeb/ (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Can I include documents in languages other than English?Yes, these should be included in their original language.Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.What about other types of publication, such as newspaper articles, company reports, and market research reports?There is a longer list of examples of references at/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/LIBRARY/FINDING/BIBREFS/HARVARD %20REFERENCING%20SOM.PDF. This covers all the types of publication that are likely to be used by management students, including custom textbooks, conference papers, law reports, and theses and dissertations. For further information, see a book by Pears and Shields (2005).Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.What is secondary referencing?There may be occasions when you want to mention someone’s work which has been referred to in a document you have read, even though you haven’t actually read the ori ginal piece of work yourself. This is known as secondary referencing.In your text you might say something like this. Barney in 1999, quoted by Sadler-Smith (2006, p.30), said that ... . In your list of references you should include Sadler-Smith but not Barney. If anyone wants to read Barney’s document, they will be able to find the details of it in Sadler-Smith’s list of references.What is a bibliography? And how does it differ from a list of references?A bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the documents published on a particular subject. The list of references that you put at the end of your academic work should only include the documents that you have read for that particular piece of work. Check that everything you have cited in your text (except secondary references) is included in your list of references, and that everything in your list of references has been cited in your text.I’m worried that I haven’t done my references properly. Do you have any further advice?The purpose of writing a reference for a document you have read is to enable someone else to find a copy of the same document. So check that the details you have given are correct and complete. In particular, double check the spelling of the author’s name and the accuracy of volume numbers, page numbers, dates and URLs. And make sure you have made a note of all the details you need for the reference, while you have the original document in front of you - if you photocopy a chapter from a book and forget to write down which book it came from, you could waste a lot of time later trying to find out which book it was!。

标题：深度解析Harvard参考文献格式及其在LaTeX中的应用在学术圈中，参考文献的格式化和引用规范一直备受重视。

在众多格式中，Harvard风格的参考文献格式以其简洁清晰、易于阅读和使用而备受青睐。

为了更好地掌握这一格式，以及在学术写作中的应用，本文将从Harvard参考文献格式的基本规则、在LaTeX中的实现、以及个人观点和理解等方面展开讨论。

一、Harvard参考文献格式的基本规则1. 作者姓氏+出版年份根据Harvard格式，参考文献的引用通常是将作者的姓氏和出版年份放在括号中，用以标注引用的具体信息。

例如：(Smith, 2010)2. 引用格式在论文或学术著作中，需要按照Harvard格式援引他人观点或研究成果，强调引文标注的准确性和规范性。

此时，要根据作者的姓氏和出版年份将引文放在括号中。

比如：“……(Smith, 2010)认为……”3. 文献列表在参考文献的列举中，需要按照作者的姓氏首字母的顺序进行排列，并包括详细的出版信息。

比如书籍的引用格式为：“Smith, J. (2010). Title. Publisher.”二、Harvard参考文献格式在LaTeX中的应用在LaTeX中，可以通过一些特定的包实现Harvard参考文献格式的自动化管理，极大地提高了写作效率和质量。

其中，最常用的包包括natbib和apacite等。

使用这些包，可以轻松地实现文中引用格式和参考文献列表的自动生成，极大地减轻了作者的工作负担。

三、个人观点和理解在我看来，Harvard参考文献格式以其简洁明了、方便规范的特点在学术写作中发挥着重要作用。

它不仅使得读者能够清晰地了解引用信息的来源和时间，同时也方便了作者对文献进行管理和归纳。

在LaTeX中的应用更是提高了写作效率，使得学术著作更加规范和专业。

总结Harvard参考文献格式作为一种简洁规范的引用规范，在学术写作中扮演着重要的角色。

通过LaTeX的应用，更是使得其在学术著作中的使用变得更加便捷和高效。

1.文内引用格式无论是否直接引用还是改写，只要不是你自己的观点，都必须在文中以及reference页上面说明。

文内引用主要是需要注明作者及年份。

比如说你引用或改写了一段别人的作品，作者的名字是James Robert，日期为1992，但根据不同的表达方式，格式略有不同（1）如果作者没有很自然的在正文中出现，则需要在括号中写上作者的姓以及日期（姓，日期）There is some evidence (Jones, 1992) that these figures are incorrect.（2）如果作者的姓或名字出现在正文中，则在姓或名字的后面直接加括号，写上日期Jones (1992) has provided evidence that these figures are incorrect.（3）如果有两个作者，则都要写出来。

（姓and 姓，年份）It is claimed that government in the information age will “work better and cost less”(Bellamy and Taylor 1998, p.41).需要注意的是，这里有直接引用（有双引号的部分）。

直接引用就是抄的原话，必须用双引号标出，并且在文内引用的括号内写上页码。

（1）和（2）都是改写的句子，所以没有加页码（4）两个以上的作者，（第一个作者的姓et al. 日期）et al代表and other的意思…adoptive parents were coping better with the physical demands of parenthood and found family life more enjoyable (Levy et al. 1991).（5）如果一个作者在一年当中发表了多部作品，并且你需要引用到同一个作者在这个年分当中的多个作品，为了区分，在时间的后面分别加上a，b，c。

哈佛注释体系（Harvard System），也叫“作者－日期法”(Author-date method)。

根据哈佛体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用处注明；在全书或全文最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。

起源哈佛参考文献注释体系起源于美国，20世纪50、60年代开始流行，尤其在物理学和自然科学研究领域使用最多，近年来社会科学中也开始流行。

怎样呈现参考文献参考文献的呈现方式有一定的规范，本文仅就目前较为普遍使用的哈佛体系（Harvard System）作一介绍。

因为我们的学术研究中越来越多地参考英文文献，我们也通过在国外的刊物上发表我们的研究成果而使世界认识我们，这样我们就有必要熟悉它的要求并遵守其规范，否则当我们向国外的学术刊物投稿时，会由于参考文献的不合规范而不被录用，同时，也不能为国内外的读者提供进一步研究的信息。

哈佛注释体系（Harvard System），也叫“作者－日期法”（Author-date method）。

根据哈佛体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用处注明；在全书或全文最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。

在文中引用处的注释规范1．当作者姓名在句子中自然出现时，给出作者姓和出版年份，将出版年份放在小括号内。

比如，In a recent study Harvey （1993）argued that ...。

2．当作者姓名不在句子中自然出现时，姓和出版年份都放在括号中，比如，A recent study (Harvey,1993）shows that…。

3．被引用的作者在同一年中出版了两部以上著作或发表了两篇以上的论文，用小写字母 a.b.c等予以区别，放在年份后面，如，Johnson （1989a) discussed the subject…。

4．如果被引用著作有两位作者，要将两位作者的姓同时给出，如，Matthews and Jones （1992）have proposed that…。

英文参考文献著录常用格式伦敦模式
伦敦模式（The Harvard referencing system），又称哈佛体系，是英国伦敦大学作为文献引用的一种标准著录格式。

这种格式的主要
特点是崇尚作者、注重日期和发表媒介。

据《论文写作指南》统计，
伦敦模式是英国最常用的文献引用格式之一。

在伦敦模式中，一般都会对文献进行以下两种方式的引用，即直
接引用和间接引用。

对于直接引用，一般将直接引用的内容放在引文中，并在引文的结尾处标明来源文献的作者、年份以及页码信息；对
于间接引用，则直接通过作者的名字、年份以及出版物信息进行标注。

在伦敦模式中，文献著录提交主要分为以下几个部分：作者、出
版日期、标题、出版地点、出版商以及页码等。

特别需要注意的是，
对于Web和电子类书籍，需要对其进行“DOI码”和“访问时间”的记录。

伦敦模式的使用既提倡学者保持规范性，又使用简单方便。

与很
多文献引用格式不同的是，它大量使用了括号符号，并且不需要像华
盛顿模式那样规定页面（Reference list）中的条目项目排序。

总之，在学术论文写作过程中，准确明了、规范的文献引用格式
对于提高论文的质量至关重要。

而伦敦模式不仅在英国学术界广为应用，而且在国际领域尤为重要。

同样地，因为它简单易懂、方便快捷，也有很多出版物都默认其作为引用格式。

对此，我们应牢记伦敦模式
著录的基本要点，以达到规范、准确的引用效果。

LoginSearch for:Print viewAdministratorsChicago Press, Chicago, IL.Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA.A chapter from an edited bookSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Title of chapter"in Editor surname, initials (Ed.)Title of BookEditionPublisherPlace of publicationChapter page numbers.ExampleBourdieu, P.(1977), "The forms of capital", in Richardson, J.G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Researchfor the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, New York, NY, pp. 311-56.A translated workSurname, A.N.(year of publication)Title of BookEditionTranslated by Translator name, initialsPublisherPlace of publication.ExampleBourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by Nice, R., Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.Journal articlesSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue number (if it exists)Article page numbers.ExampleBaron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in socialpsychological research", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82.Guthrie, J. and Parker, L. (1997) "Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ",Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8Electronic sourcesNB this refers to a source which is only available electronically, and not to sources which you may have accessed electronically but which are also available in print form, such as an article from an Emerald journal accessed via the Web.These follow the same convention of referencing as for printed sources, but include elements unique to the Web: Name(year of publication)"Article title"available at: full url(accessed date)For the last two elements, please try to remember the following conventions:When giving the url, "http://" should only be included if the address does not include "www"(accessed date) is important because of the lack of permanence of Internet sites.ExampleBetter Business Bureau (2001), "Third-party assurance boosts online purchasing", available at:/about/press/2001/101701.asp (accessed 7 January 2002).Hummingbird (2002), Hummingbird corporate website, available at: (accessed 2January 2002).Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Start-Up@Leeds Met", available at:/city/bus_startup.htmPitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: Ballantyne, D. (2000), "Dialogue and knowledge generation: two sides of the same coin in relationshipmarketing", paper presented at the 2nd WWW Conference on Relationship Marketing, November 1999-February 2000, Monash University and MCB University Press, available at:/services/conferen/nov99/rm/paper3.htmlAn electronic journal would be referenced as follows:Surname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue numberArticle page numbersAvailable at: url(accessed date)ExampleSwaminathan, V., Lepkoswka-White, E. and Rao, B.P. (1999), "Browsers or buyers in cyberspace? Aninvestigation of electronic factors influencing electronic exchange", Journal of Computer-MediatedCommunication, Vol. 5 No. 2, available at: www. / jcmc/vol5/ issue2/Conference papersSome papers may not be published in journals but may be delivered at a conference and then published as part of the proceedings of that conference, in which case, use one of the following styles as appropriate.ExampleLodi, E., Veseley, M. and Vigen, J. (2000), "Link managers for grey literature", New Frontiers in GreyLiterature, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grey Literature, Washington, DC, October4-5, 1999, GreyNet, Amsterdam, pp. 116-34.Naude, P. and Holland, C. (1998), "Marketing in the information domain", in Halinen-Kaila, A. andNummela, N. (Eds), Interaction, Relationships and Networks: Visions for the Future, Proceedings of the14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.Stauss, B. and Weinlich, B. (1995), "Process-oriented measurement of service quality by applying thesequential incident technique", paper presented at the Fifth Workshop on Quality Management inServices, EIASM, Tilburg.Strandvik, T. and Storbacka, K. (1996), "Managing relationship quality", paper presented at the QUIS5Quality in Services Conference, University of Karlstad, Karlstad.As you see, some of the above references give the date of the conference, others do not; if in doubt, follow the convention used by the conference.Government or commercial reportsParticularly when writing a case study, you may want to refer to company or government documents. In which case, the organization may become the author and the form of entry would be as follows:Organization name(year of publication)Title of reportPublisher and place of publication (may be same as author).ExampleApollo Enterprises (1993), Annual Report , p. 8.Ernst and Ernst (1978), Social Responsibility Disclosure: 1978 Survey, Ernst and Ernst, Cleveland, OH.Bank of England (2003), Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics, Bank of England, London.Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002), White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation, DTI,London.European Commission (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship in Europe: Priorities for the Future, EuropeanCommission, Brussels.Yorkshire Forward (1999), Regional Economic Strategy, Yorkshire Forward, Leeds...Some guidelines to remember for all source typesIf all the above seems complicated, it's worth remembering that the Harvard system is actually quite logical. Bear in mind the following guidelines:The entry always begins with the author's surname, followed by initials, followed by the date in brackets.Authors' surnames and initials are always inverted, i.e. Other, A.N. (whether you are referring to the author of anarticle/chapter, or the editor of the work within which the work is found).If more than one entry by the same author, put in order of dates.Publications, whether book or journal titles, are always in italic, with significant words only capitalized. Make sure that the journal title is exactly the same, e.g. use of &/and.Excerpts from publications, i.e. book chapters, journal articles, always come in "quotes", with only the first word, proper names, and German nouns, capitalized.The name of the publisher is shown before the place of publication (as it would be in an address). Abbreviations for US states should be in short capitalized form, e.g. CA, MA, rather than Ca., Mass., and should be added as necessary.Electronic references follow the same conventions as printed ones, followed by "available at:" and the URL. Only retain "http://" if the address does NOT include www. Also, state the date when last accessed (accessed ...).Use commas to separate elements of the entry.。

Harvard格式是我们留学生论文写作最常见的格式，尤其是在英国。

Harvard格式由两部分组成:文中文献出处(in-text reference)和文后参考文献目录(reference list)，今天小编就先给大家整理一下in-text referencing的写作范方法，后续会在另外开文为大家讲述reference list的写作方法，希望大家持续支持我们。

In-text referencing:在文中一旦提及他人的观点，就应注明文献出处，格式为：（作者姓,出版时间）Reference list:所有文中（In-text）提到的参考文献在文后都要将其详细信息列出来。

下面我们先来看看In-text reference。

基本格式：（姓,出版年）Tips:外国人名的组成部分为，第一部分是名（first name），最后一部分是姓（family name），其他中间的全部是middle name。

所以大家在引用时，找到作者名字中最后的部分，就是他的姓了。

姓在任何情况下都不能缩写。

情况一：有作者一个作者：列出作者姓；(Gibson,2005).两个作者:列出两个作者的姓；(Gibson&Myers,2005).三个作者：列出所有作者姓，后面的两个作者姓用&连接；(MacLennan,Myers&Taylor,2005).四个作者或以上：只列出第一个作者的姓，其他作者用et al.替代；(Bair et al.2005).小编看到一些同学在引用三个作者的时候就用上了et al.代替这个是非常错误的。

情况二：没有作者1.当引用观点时不知道观点的作者是谁，可以用'Anonymous'或'Anon'代替；Marketing strategy(Anon.,1999).2.用书名、文章名或网页名替代；(BBC,2005),(Tesco,2005).直接引用原文句子：需指出句子出自的页码；(Schein,1997,p.20).同一处引用多个文献：用分号分隔各引文，并按作者、年、标题排序(Adams et al.,2003;MacLennan,Myers&Taylor,2006)。

标题：深度解析Harvard Reference文中引用格式在学术写作中，引用格式是非常重要的一环，不仅可以展现学术严谨性，还可以向读者展示你的研究广度和深度。

其中，Harvard Reference是一种常见的引用格式，它要求作者在文中引用其他来源时，应当注明引用的来源、作者和出处，以及出版年份。

今天，我们将深度解析Harvard Reference文中引用格式的重要性、详细规则和个人见解。

一、Harvard Reference文中引用格式的重要性1.1 引用格式的重要性在学术写作中，引用可以帮助我们展现对学术研究的尊重和认可，同时可以让读者了解到我们所参考的文献和资料。

采用规范的引用格式至关重要。

1.2 Harvard Reference的特点Harvard Reference作为一种广泛使用的引用格式，其主要特点是将作者的姓氏和出版年份直接引用在文中，而具体的引用信息则在引用列表中提供。

这种格式简洁明了，方便读者查找具体的引用文献。

二、Harvard Reference文中引用格式的详细规则2.1 文中引用格式在文中引用其他来源时，需要按照以下格式进行：(作者姓氏, 出版年份)。

如果是直接引用他人的原话，还需要在引用的地方标注具体的页码。

例如：(Smith, 2010, p.25)。

2.2 引用列表格式在文章的末尾，需要列出所有引用的文献和资料，按照以下格式进行：作者姓氏，作者名字初始。

出版年份。

文章或书名。

出版地点：出版社。

例如：Smith, J. (2010). The Art of Academic Writing. London: Academic Press.2.3 特殊情况处理当文中有多个来源需要引用时，需要按照出版年份顺序排列，当年份相同的情况下则按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。

对于特殊类型的文献，如报纸、网络来源等，也有相应的引用格式规则。

三、个人观点和理解3.1 对于学术研究的重要性在我的看来，Harvard Reference文中引用格式的重要性不言而喻。

harvard引用格式
在Harvard格式中引用：
·边距：2.5厘米
·缩短标题后跟页眉中的页码，向右对齐
·每个新段落½英寸缩进(按标签栏)
·建议的字体：Times New Roman，Arial和Courier Windows;T imes New Roman，Helvetica和Courier for Mac，12pt尺寸。

确保引文与其余作品的字体相同
采用Harvard引用格式时，若文章的主体中插入引用，陈述，统计及任何其他类型的源信息，应该在提供的信息之后或句子结尾处，在括号内提供作者的姓氏和出版日期；若已经提过这个作者，那么只在括号中输入发表年份，直接在作者的姓氏后面提到即可；若引用的是某个特定部分而不是整个作品，则应该在日期之后引用页码或页码范围；若信息来源有四个或者是更多的作者，不需要写出所有的姓氏，只需要使用一个作者的姓氏，后面跟着缩写“et al”用斜体表示。

哈佛格式参考文献在学术研究、论文写作等领域中，参考文献的重要性不言而喻。

参考文献是指在文中所引用的其他文献的记录。

它不仅是对前人研究成果的尊重，更是为了证明自己的研究成果的可靠性和权威性。

而在参考文献的格式中，哈佛格式已经成为了国际上通用的标准，其简单、清晰、易于使用的特点得到了广泛的认可和应用。

哈佛格式的基本原则哈佛格式的基本原则是在文中直接引用他人的观点或数据时，必须标明出处，以表明其来源和参考文献。

同时，哈佛格式还要求列出完整的参考文献，以便读者查阅。

在哈佛格式中，引用文献的方式有两种：直接引用和间接引用。

直接引用是指直接引用他人的原文，需要在引文中用引号将原文引起来，并在引号后面用括号注明出处。

例如：“人类的知识是无限的，而我们的理解却是有限的”（Einstein，1931）。

间接引用是指引用他人的观点或数据，但不是直接引用原文。

例如：Einstein（1931）曾指出，人类的知识是无限的，而我们的理解却是有限的。

在哈佛格式中，参考文献的格式也有一些基本规则。

例如，作者的姓名应该写在文献的前面，然后是出版年份、书名、出版地点和出版社等信息。

具体格式如下：作者姓名（年份）书名。

出版地点：出版社。

例如：Smith, J. (2009) The history of English literature. London: Penguin Books.哈佛格式的优点哈佛格式的优点在于其简单、清晰、易于使用。

相比其他格式，哈佛格式更加注重引用的精确性和准确性，同时也更加注重对文献的完整性和可读性。

哈佛格式还可以帮助读者更加方便地查阅文献，了解研究的来源和背景，提高研究的可信度和可靠性。

总结哈佛格式作为一种国际上通用的标准，已经广泛应用于学术研究、论文写作等领域。

其基本原则是在文中直接引用他人观点或数据时，必须标明出处，并列出完整的参考文献。

哈佛格式的优点在于其简单、清晰、易于使用，可以提高研究的可信度和可靠性。