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大学土木工程专业英语教材[正文]Chapter 1: Introduction to Civil EngineeringIn this chapter, we will provide an overview of civil engineering as a discipline. Topics covered will include the history of civil engineering, its role in society, and the various sub-disciplines within the field.1.1 Definition of Civil EngineeringCivil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the built environment, including roads, bridges, buildings, and infrastructure. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety, functionality, and sustainability of our cities and communities.1.2 History of Civil EngineeringCivil engineering has a rich history dating back to ancient civilizations. From early engineering marvels such as the Pyramids of Egypt to the Roman aqueducts, significant advancements in construction techniques and materials have shaped the field over time.1.3 Role of Civil EngineersCivil engineers are responsible for planning, designing, and overseeing construction projects. They collaborate with architects, urban planners, and other professionals to ensure that infrastructure projects are safe, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable.1.4 Sub-disciplines of Civil EngineeringCivil engineering encompasses various sub-disciplines, including structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, transportation engineering, environmental engineering, and water resources engineering. Each sub-discipline focuses on specific aspects of the built environment and requires specialized knowledge and skills.Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Civil Engineering MaterialsThis chapter will introduce students to the fundamental properties and behavior of materials commonly used in civil engineering projects. Topics covered will include the properties of concrete, steel, asphalt, and timber, as well as testing methods and quality control.2.1 Properties of ConcreteConcrete is a versatile and widely used construction material. In this section, students will learn about the composition of concrete, its strength and durability, and the factors that affect its performance.2.2 Properties of SteelSteel is essential in the construction industry due to its high strength and ductility. This section will cover the properties of structural steel, its various forms, and its applications in building and bridge construction.2.3 Properties of AsphaltAsphalt is commonly used in road construction due to its flexibility and durability. Students will study the properties of asphalt, including its viscosity, temperature susceptibility, and resistance to aging and deformation.2.4 Properties of TimberTimber has been used in construction for centuries. This section will explore the properties of timber, including its strength, moisture content, and susceptibility to decay, as well as its sustainability and potential environmental impact.2.5 Material Testing and Quality ControlEnsuring the quality and performance of construction materials is essential. Students will learn about various testing methods for assessing the properties of materials and the importance of quality control in civil engineering projects.Chapter 3: Structural Analysis and DesignStructural analysis and design are critical aspects of civil engineering. This chapter will introduce students to the principles and methods used in analyzing and designing structures, including beams, columns, and trusses.3.1 Statics and Mechanics of MaterialsStudents will first develop a solid understanding of statics and mechanics of materials, which form the foundation for structural analysis and design. Topics covered will include forces, moments, equilibrium, stress, and strain.3.2 Analysis of Determinate StructuresIn this section, students will learn how to analyze determinate structures, such as beams and frames, using methods such as the method of sections and the method of joint.3.3 Analysis of Indeterminate StructuresIndeterminate structures, which have more unknowns than available equations, require more advanced analysis methods. Students will be introduced to techniques such as the force method and the displacement method for analyzing indeterminate structures.3.4 Structural DesignThis section will cover the principles of structural design, including the selection of appropriate materials, load calculations, and the design of structural elements to ensure safety and stability.Chapter 4: Geotechnical EngineeringGeotechnical engineering focuses on the behavior of soils and rocks and their interaction with structures. This chapter will introduce students to geotechnical site investigations, soil mechanics, and foundation design principles.4.1 Geotechnical Site InvestigationsBefore any construction can take place, a thorough site investigation is necessary. Students will learn about various methods for assessing soil and rock conditions, including borehole logging, field testing, and laboratory testing.4.2 Soil MechanicsSoil mechanics is concerned with the behavior of soils under different loading conditions. This section will cover fundamental concepts such as soil classification, soil compaction, permeability, and consolidation.4.3 Foundation DesignThe design of foundations is critical for ensuring the stability and safety of structures. Students will be introduced to different types of foundations, including shallow foundations and deep foundations, and the design considerations for each.4.4 Slope Stability AnalysisSlope stability analysis is essential for evaluating the stability of natural and man-made slopes. This section will cover various methods for assessing slope stability and mitigating potential failures.Chapter 5: Transportation EngineeringTransportation engineering focuses on the planning, design, and operation of transportation systems. This chapter will cover topics such as traffic engineering, highway design, and public transportation planning.5.1 Traffic EngineeringTraffic engineering involves the analysis and management of traffic flow and the design of transportation facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of vehicles and pedestrians. Students will learn about traffic studies, capacity analysis, and traffic signal design.5.2 Highway DesignHighway design encompasses the layout and geometric design of roadways to accommodate varying traffic volumes and vehicle types. This section will cover topics such as roadway alignment, intersection design, and pavement design.5.3 Public Transportation PlanningPublic transportation plays a crucial role in urban mobility. Students will be introduced to the principles of public transportation planning, including route planning, transit scheduling, and demand forecasting.Chapter 6: Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental engineering addresses the challenges of protecting and improving the environment. This chapter will cover topics such as water and wastewater treatment, air pollution control, and solid waste management.6.1 Water and Wastewater TreatmentAccess to clean water and proper wastewater treatment are essential for public health and environmental sustainability. Students will learn about different treatment processes and technologies used in water and wastewater treatment plants.6.2 Air Pollution ControlAir pollution poses significant risks to human health and the environment. This section will cover the sources and effects of air pollution, as well as various techniques for its control, including emission controls and air quality monitoring.6.3 Solid Waste ManagementProper solid waste management is necessary to minimize environmental impacts and promote recycling and resource recovery. Students will be introduced to waste collection, disposal, and recycling methods, as well as landfill design and management.ConclusionThis comprehensive English textbook for undergraduate civil engineering students covers a wide range of topics essential to the study of this discipline. From the fundamentals of civil engineering materials to structural analysis, geotechnical engineering, transportation engineering, and environmental engineering, students will gain a solid foundation in the core principles and practices of their field.。
Lesson 1 Civil Engineering一、New Words:1.Civil [N] 土木[ˋsɪ v!]2.Environment [N] 环境[ɪnˋvaɪrənmənt]3.Scientific [adj] 科学的[͵saɪənˋtɪfɪk]4.irrigation [N] 灌溉[͵ɪrəˋgeʃən]5. drainage [N] 排水; 放水[ˋdrenɪdʒ]6.Rocket-launching [N] 火箭发射[ˋlɑntʃɪŋ]二、paragraph [n] [ˋpærə͵græf ]Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the土木工程: (同位语最古老的特别工程) ,planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment.计划, 设计, 建构, 管理建筑环境。
This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.这个依据科学原则建构所有环境的结构, 从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
二、New Words:1.bridges桥梁[N] [brɪdʒ]2. tunnel隧道[N] [ˋtʌn!]3.dams 水坝[N] [dæm]4. harbor 港湾[N] [ˋhɑr-bɚ]5. power plants 发电厂[N]6. Sewage 污水[N]KK['sʊɪdʒ]7. privately 私下地[adj] [ˋpraɪ-vɪt-lɪ]8. Skyscrapers 摩天楼[N] KK[ˋskaɪ͵skrepɚ]9. industrial 工业的[adj] KK[ɪnˋdʌs-trɪəl]10. commercial 商业的[adj] KK[kəˋmɝʃəl]11. residential 住宅的[adj] KK[͵rɛzəˋdɛnʃəl]12. essential 必要的[adj] KK[ɪˋsɛnʃəl]三、paragraphCivil engineers built roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbos, Power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, Mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern societyand large population concentration.土木工程在建构铁路，桥梁，隧道，大坝，港湾，发电厂，水力与污水设施，医院，学校，大众运输系统和其它公共设施配合发展现代化社会与大量人口集中。
Lesson 1 Civil EngineeringCivil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程, 最古老的工程专业, 是关于建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。
它包括根据科学原理建造所有的结构物, 如灌溉和排水系统和火箭发射设施。
Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations．土木工程师筑路、架桥、修建隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、给排水系统、医院、学校、公交系统, 以及现代社会和人口密集区域所必需的其他公共设施。
They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use．他们也修建私有设施, 如机场、铁路、管线、高楼大厦以及为工业、商业、民用设计的其他大型建筑。
In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities．此外, 土木工程师规划、设计和建设整个城市、乡镇；最近已经开始规划和设计空间站以容纳独立的（科研）团体。
The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen．“土木”这个词是从拉丁语“citizen”派生而来。
In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time．1782年, 英国人约翰·史密顿用这个术语来区分非军事工程项目和当时占主导地位的军事工程项目。
Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader．此后, 土木工程这个词常被用来指工程师们修建的那些公共设施, 尽管这个领域比以前更广。
Scope 范围Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties．因为土木工程范围宽泛, 所以它被细分为许多技术专业。
Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed．根据工程的类型, 土木工程师专家需要具有多种技能。
When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement--water, sewer, and power lines．当一项工程开始时, 土木工程师要勘测现场并绘图, 他们还要确定上下水管道和布置电线。
Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project．岩土工程专家要做土工试验以确定该土是否能承受结构自重。
Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area：the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the project’s impact on local animal and plant life, and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment．环境工程专家要研究工程对当地的影响：对空气和地下水潜在的污染, 工程对当地动物、植被的影响, 以及工程怎样设计才能满足政府对环保的要求。
Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project．交通运输专家要确定需用什么类型的设施来减轻由已建工程对当地道路和其他运输网路带来的压力。
Meanwhile, structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specifications for the project．同时, 结构专家要用基本数据来做详细设计、规划和说明。
Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists, from beginning to end of the project, are the construction management specialists．从工程开始到结束, 监督和协调这些土木工程专家工作的是施工管理专家。
Based on information supplied by the other specialists, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor, schedule all work, order materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified．根据其他专家提供的信息, 施工管理工程师要估算材料、劳动力的数量和成本, 安排所有的工作, 订购所需的材料、设备, 雇承包商和转包人, 以及做其他的监督管理工作以确保工程能按照设计按时完工。
Throughout any given project, civil engineers make extensive use of computers．对于任何工程, 土木工程师都广泛地使用计算机。
Computers are used to design the project’s various elements (computer-aided design, or CAD) and to manage it．用计算机来设计工程的各个部分并进行管理。
Computers are a necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project．对于现代土木工程师而言计算机是必不可少的, 它们可使工程师高效地处理大量数据以便确定最优施工方案。
Structural engineering 结构工程In this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, including bridges, dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects．在这个专业里面, 土木工程师规划和设计所有类型的结构, 包括桥梁、大坝、电站、设备的支撑、近海工程的特殊结构、美国的太空项目、发射塔、巨型天文望远镜和射电望远镜以及其他工程。
