2018版高考英语二轮教师用书：第1部分 专题3 类型5 生态环保 Word版含解析

第3讲概要写作(对应学生用书第94页)概要写作作为浙江英语高考新题型，就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也称之为摘要。

写概要时，读者要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。

这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。

因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。

[选材特点]1．所需阅读的短文词数在350以内；2．所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。

[评分参考]阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：1．对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；2．应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；3．上下文的连贯性；4．对各要点表达的独立性情况。

注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。

相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。

[写作步骤]1．阅读首先要通读全文，对文章的体裁和大意有所了解。

阅读时要快速地找到主题句，以便抓住中心，理解全文。

学生还需要根据文章内容列出一个简单的提纲，以便在写作过程中不会遗漏要点，总结全面。

2．写出初稿在写作过程中，学生要注意词数要求，使用精炼的句子概括文章的要点，可以引用所给阅读材料的重要词语，但不可过多，否则便失去了概要的意义；学生还需谨记：概要必须全面、清晰地表达所给阅读材料的信息，客观、准确地反映所给阅读材料的真实意图，不可随意添加或增减内容。

3．修正定稿初稿完成后，要将其与所给阅读材料核对一遍，看原材料中的要点是否在概要中都得到了体现，语句间的衔接是否符合逻辑，同时还需要检查句子是否有错误，时态和语态的使用是否正确，标点、格式、大小写是否有误等。

类型5| 求助信
1．求助信要简明扼要，语气委婉、真诚，不强人所难，并尽量提供足够的信息，能使收信人愿意帮助你。

2．写作指导
(1)清晰陈述请求的内容或所要获取的信息；
(2)提出的问题数量不宜过多，要便于回答；
(3)解释收信人回信的理由并表示感谢。

(2017·杭州二中三模)
假定你是李华。

校学生会打算举办一个美国文化节，急需一些美国杂志。

请你给美国笔友Jimmy写一封e-mail求助，让他帮忙选购一些能反映美国社会、适合中国学生的杂志寄过来，并告知会承担相关费用。

内容包括：
1．求助的原因；
2．对杂志的要求；
3．费用。

注意：
1．词数80左右。

2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

[习作评阅]——自我修改三档作文
[自我提升]——向极优作文迈进。

类型5| 新闻报道考查要点方法技巧1.新闻的主题，即发生了什么事。

2．涉及的时间、地点、背景、人物等。

3．事件的起因、经过、结果、影响。

1.新闻报道的主题多在文章的开头处。

2．抓记叙要素，理行文线索，辨叙述方式。

3．要善于分析新闻的社会功能和意义。

(2017·浙江金华十校模拟)A U­shaped object，resembling a silvery dome (穹顶)，is now under inspection by Russian experts，after being secretly removed under cover of night from the possession of villagers who found it.After discovering it on Sunday，locals from the village of Otradnesnky had managed to drag the “UFO fragment”from the thick forest where it had fallen.They loaded it onto a truck and took it through the snow to their village，where local inspectors then examined it before reporting to Moscow authorities.In an official statement，Sergey Bobrov，who found the object，agreed to keep it safe.But following their secret removal of the 200­kilogram metal fragment (碎片)，police have it under close guard on orders from unnamed authorities.The object has not had its origin confirmed yet.However，it does not come from a rocket or missile or be in any way associated with space technology，it has been announced.“The object found is not related to space technology.A final conclusion can be made after a detailed study of the object by experts，”said Roscosmos，the Russian space agency.Experts have also examined the object to determine whether it is dangerous.“We measured the radiation level near and inside the object.We found no radiation here，”said Yuri Bornyakov，who heads the rescue service department of the Kuybyshevsky district in the Novosibirsk region.“Part of the fragment is made of ultra­strong titanium (钛)，”said Valery Vasiliev，the head of the KuybyshevskyDepartment for Civil Defence and Emergency Situations.A guess that it had come from a failed Kazakhstan rocket or satellite launch was also denied.“You can see inside it.All is open.It's empty.No danger here.We were asked to take and store it.We brought it here.And now we are going to wait until they come to take it if they need it，”said local police spokesman Sergei Sulein.24．The“ UFO fragment”was found ．A．in the sky　B．in the fieldC．in the forest D．in the sea25．We can infer from the passage that ．A. the“UFO fragment”comes from outer spaceB．the fragment could be used to make a rocketC．the person who found it will get a reward from MoscowD．the local police will keep the“ UFO fragment”for a while26．What does the passage mainly talk about?A．A fallen“UFO fragment”in Russia.B．A UFO found by Russian villagers.C．An inspection of a“UFO fragment”．D．A report on a failed rocket.语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。

类型3| 科普知识[经典案例分析](2017·全国卷Ⅱ·C)Terrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight，bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year.The vehicle—named the Transition—has two seats，four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car.The Transition，which flew at 1，400 feet for eight minutes last month，can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air.It flies using a 23­gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air.On the ground，it gets 35 miles per gallon.Around 100 people have already put down a$10，000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale，and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show.But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways.It's expected to cost $279，000.And it won't help if you're stuck in traffic.The car needs a runway.Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s，according to Robert Mann，an airline industry expert.But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality.The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration's decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft，which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes.Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition，a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普说明文。

类型3| 科普知识(2016·浙江10月卷·C)Digital technology­email and smart phones especially­have vastly improved workers' ability to be productive outside of a traditional office.Even so，most white­collar work still happens in an office.One reason is that，according to findings of a new survey(调查) of office workers conducted by Wakefield Research for the IT company Citrix，most bosses are doubtful about remote working.Half of the workers say their boss doesn't accept it and only 35 percent say it's tolerated.Skeptical bosses will likely have their doubts reinforced(加深) by the same survey，which shows that 43 percent of workers say they've watched TV or a movie while“working”remotely，while 35 percent have done housework，and 28 percent have cooked dinner.It is true，however，that working at home makes people much more efficient(高效的)，because it allows workers to take care of annoying housework while still getting their jobs done.It's much faster，for example，to shop for groceries at a quarter to three than to stand in line during the after­work rush.The fact that such practices remain officially unaccepted reflects how far we haven't come as a society from the days when we expected every full-time worker to be supported by a full-time homemaker.More broadly the Wakefield survey suggests that employers may be missing a low­cost way to give workers something of value.Sixty­four percent of those surveyparticipants who haven't worked remotely would rather give up some bonus in order to get even one day a week working from home.Under such circumstances，smart firms need to find ways to let their employees have enough flexibility to manage their time efficiently.28．Why do some employers hesitate to allow remote working?A．They fear losing control of their workers.B．They want to stick to their routine practice.C．They have little trust in modern technology.D．They are used to face­to­face communication.29．What seems to be most workers' attitude toward remote working?A．Doubtful.B．Favorable.C．Reserved. D．Disapproving.30．What does the author suggest smart firms do?A．Shorten their office hours.B．Give employees a pay raise.C．Adopt flexible work patterns.D．Reduce their staff's workload.语篇解读：数字技术，特别是电子邮件和智能手机，使得人们可以在家远程办公。

专题三完形填空【考情展示·考向预测】(对应学生用书第54页)技法1| 利用上下文暗示解题在多数空白前后的上下文中，会出现或多或少的设空依据，就是所谓的“伏笔”或“暗示”。

学生在阅读过程中会根据这些伏笔或暗示，或顺势对下文进行推测，或逆向对上文进行推导，心中往往能预判出答案，并且在阅读过程中对预判答案不断进行修正。

[例1](2017·浙江6月卷)Alia Baker is a librarian in Iraq.Her library used to be a 36 place for all who loved books and liked to share knowledge.They 37 various matters all over the world.When the war was near，Alia was 38 that the fires of war would destroy the books，which are more 39 to her than mountains of gold.36.A.meeting B.workingC.personalD.religious37.A.raised B.handledC.reportedD.discussed38.A.worried B.angryC.doubtfulD.curious39.A.practical B.preciousC.reliableD.expensive解析：根据后面的for all who loved books and liked to share knowledge可知，她的图书馆是那些喜爱读书且喜欢分享知识的人集会(meeting)的地方；人们在图书馆相聚，讨论(discussed)世界上发生的各种事情；根据前面的When the war was near 可知，艾丽娅担心(worried)战火会把这些书毁掉；根据后面的to her than mountains of gold可知，艾丽娅认为这些书比金山更要珍贵(precious)。

新高考英语应用文写作提分技能(模板+素材+策略)基础话题之生态与环保距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。

以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的新高考英语读后续写技巧与训练，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。

在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。

英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。

越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。

另附靠前30天复习方法。

【素材集锦】[常用词语]be threatened with extinction濒临灭绝global warming 全球(气候)变暖explode激增climate change气候变化pay debts缴付债款white pollution白色污染the protection of the environment环境保护oil erosion水土流失air pollution空气污染our earth, our habitat, our home我们的地environmental degradation环境恶化endangered animals濒危动物only one earth, care and share只有一个地---一起关心，共同分享a food chain食物链affect影响nature conservation自然保护environment friendly环保的save our sea拯救我们的海洋water: vital resources for life 水:生命的重要源泉develop renewable resource开发可再生资源conserve natural habitats保护天然栖息地the variety of life forms生命种类的多样性conserve energy节能bring. .. to extinction使.....灭绝contribute to有助于come to an end结束hold/keep sth. in check控制prey on/upon捕食have an impact on对.....有影响die out灭绝volunteer自愿做under threat受到威胁[常用句子]1. Many people worry that our energy will run out if we use it in an unchecked way.许多人担心，如果不控制能源的使用的话,我们的能源很快将被耗尽。

类型7| 社会生活(对应学生用书第78页)(2015·江苏高考卷)Freedom and ResponsibilityFreedom's challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic.We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.Some 2，500 years ago Greece discovered freedom.Before that there was no freedom.There were great civilizations，splendid empires，but no freedom anywhere.Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies，one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.In Greece，in Athens(雅典)，a little city in a little country，there were no helpless masses.And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed，and the unwritten，which must be obeyed if free men live together.They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert.The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted.A man was free if he wasself-controlled.To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom.They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair.Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens，not because it was forced on him from the outside，but because the city was his pride and his safety.The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves andwould take responsibility for the state.But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers.It cannot be discovered once for all.If people do not prize it，and work for it，it will go.Constant watch is its price.Athens changed.It was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance，a spiritual change which affected the whole state.It had been the Athenian's pride and joy to give to their city.That they could get material benefits from her never entered their minds.There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer who paid her citizens for doing her work.Now instead of men giving to the state，the state was to give to them.What the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them; and with this as the primary object，ideas of freedom and self­reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing.Athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share.Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility.There_could_be_only_one_result．If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good，they would cease to be free.Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom.It is to be had on no other terms.Athens，the Athens of Ancient Greece，refused responsibility; she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.But，“the excellent becomes the permanent，”Aristotle said.Athens lost freedom forever，but freedom was not lost forever for the world.A great American，James Madison，referred to：“The capacity(能力)of mankind for self-government.” No doubt he had not an idea that he was speaking Greek.Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind，but once man has a great and good idea，it is never completely lost.The Digital Age cannot destroy it.Somehow in this or that man's thought such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action.One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action only sure that it will do so sometime.65．What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A．Countries where their people need help.B．Powerful states with higher civilization.C．Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.D．Governments ruled with absolute power.66．People believing in freedom are those who________．A．regard their life as their own businessB．seek gains as their primary objectC．behave within the laws and value systemsD．treat others with kindness and pity67．What change in attitude took place in Athens?A．The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.B．The Athenians no longer took pride in the city.C．The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.D．The Athenians looked on the government as a business.68．What does the sentence “There could be only one result.” in Paragraph 5 mean?A．Athens would continue to be free.B．Athens would cease to have freedom.C．Freedom would come from responsibility.D．Freedom would stop Athens from self­dependence.69．Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?A．The author is hopeful about freedom.B．The author is cautious about self­government.C．The author is skeptical of Greek civilization.D．The author is proud of man's capacity.70．What is the author's understanding of freedom?A．Freedom can be more popular in the digital age.B．Freedom may come to an end in the digital age.C．Freedom should have priority over responsibility.D．Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述了自由和责任的关系。

专题二阅读七选五题型最新，老师讲得最少[2017年全国卷考情导向][真题例释](2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you're trying to get work done. 36 ，there are several ways to handle things.Let's take a look at them now.37 ．Tell the person you're sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.When people try to interrupt you，have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that you'll find them then. 38 ．It can help to eliminate(消除)future interruptions.When you need to talk to someone，don't do it in your own office. 39 ，it's much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.If you have a door to your office，make good use of it. 40 ．If someone knocks and it's not an important matter，excuse yourself and let the person know you're busy so they can get the hint(暗示)that when the door is closed，you're not to be disturbed.A．If you're busy，don't feel bad about saying noB．When you want to avoid interruptions at workC．Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goesD．If you're in the other person's office or in a public areaE．It's important that you let them know when you'll be availableF．It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt youG．Leave it open when you're available to talk and close it when you're not【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。

类型3| 科普知识(对应学生用书第62页)(2017·江苏高考卷)Before birth ，babies can tell thedifference between loud sounds and voices.They can evendistinguish their mother's voice from that of a femalestranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birdscould rule_the_roost ．As recently reported in The Auk ：Ornithological Ad v ances ，some mother birds may teach theiryoung to sing even before they hatch(孵化)．New-born chickscan then imitate their mom's call within a few days of entering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer ，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia ，and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again whilehatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched ，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers —a sound that served as their regular “feed me ！” call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds ，the researchers sought the red ­backed fairy wren ，another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes.A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks ，ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby red­backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies' begging calls.In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom's voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的)strengths of children to parents.An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.“As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？”Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”58．The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “________”．A．be the worst B．be the bestC．be just as bad D．be just as good59．What are Kleindorfer's findings based on?A．Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.C．The data collected from Queensland's locals.D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.60．Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which________．A．can receive quality signals B．are in need of trainingC．fit the environment better D．make the loudest call【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普类的说明文。