Improving the Fault Tolerance of a Computer System with Space-Time Triple Modular Redundanc

摘要交通违法行为行政处罚以国家强制力作为后盾，是国家行政权的一个重要内容。

德国、奥地利、俄罗斯以及我国台湾地区在行政处罚立法中均引入了过错归责理论，通过确定行为的主观因素，即“故意”或“过失”，全面考虑行为人违法行为时的主观状态，保障行政相对人的合法权益，有效限制行政权的不当实施。

从我国当下行政处罚归责原则的研究来看，存在不同学说，整体研究的不够深入，在具体的实践应用上存在较大争议。

随着我国道路交通车辆及参与者的不断增长，交通违法领域行政处罚不管在数量上还是情形上都有很大变化，在交通违法行政处罚领域实行过错归责原则必定引起强烈反响，能够提升公众交通安全领域的权利保障意识，有效制约交通处罚权的不当实施，并对整个行政处罚领域的归责原则构建产生积极影响。

除了引言和结语，本文共有四个部分。

第一部分对行政处罚归责原则概况进行了全面介绍，系统的阐释了行政处罚归责原则的基本概念、分类，指明行政处罚归责原则研究对于我国行政法发展的重要作用，并从域外国家或有关地区过错归责原则的实践适用研究以及我国行政法归责现状，试图为国内交通违法行政处罚归责原则的研究提供借鉴方向。

第二部分全面分析了过错归责原则在我国交通领域应当适用的理由，为我国交通领域归责原则理论的未来适用指明方向。

从现实情况并结合道路交通安全案例分析，客观归责原则已不再适应我国行政处罚适用现状，不仅会侵害行政相对人利益，也会引发严重社会矛盾；从理论层面讲，我国行政法理念不断发展，“服务论”“控权论”“平衡论”的本质内涵、宪法保障人权的精神期待、行政处罚教育与处罚相结合的实质要求，都呼唤着过错归责的加快出台；从法律溯源角度分析，主观过错归责原则在立法之初便在立法者的考虑之中。

第三部分构思了过错归责在交通行政处罚中的具体适用。

目前，大部分学者在过错归责原则适用机制的研究上，大多停留于过错推定原则。

本章构思在道路交通安全领域，人身罚处罚方面的归责适用严格过错原则，非人身限制性处罚方面适用过错推定原则，并提出交通违法行政处罚应该根据行为人的主观过错设定不同的处罚幅度，构建处罚幅度过错调节机制。

关于容错和容错率的作文英文回答：Fault tolerance refers to the ability of a system to continue functioning properly even in the presence offaults or errors. It is an important concept in various fields, including computer science, engineering, and telecommunications. The purpose of fault tolerance is to ensure that the system remains reliable and available, even when certain components or processes fail.In computer science, fault tolerance is achieved through various techniques such as redundancy and error detection and correction. Redundancy involves having multiple copies of critical components or data, so that if one fails, the system can switch to a backup without any disruption. This can be seen in data storage systems, where data is often replicated across multiple servers. If one server fails, the data can still be accessed from another server.Error detection and correction techniques involve adding extra bits to data to detect and correct errors. For example, in communication systems, checksums or parity bits are used to verify the integrity of transmitted data. If an error is detected, the system can request for retransmission or use error correction algorithms to fix the errors.Another aspect of fault tolerance is the ability to recover from failures. This can be done through techniques such as fault detection, isolation, and recovery. Fault detection involves monitoring the system for any abnormalities or deviations from expected behavior. If a fault is detected, the system can isolate the faulty component or process to prevent it from affecting the rest of the system. Recovery involves restoring the system to a known good state, either by restarting the failed component or switching to a backup.Overall, fault tolerance is crucial in ensuring the reliability and availability of systems. It allows forcontinuous operation even in the presence of faults or errors, minimizing downtime and ensuring a seamless user experience.中文回答：容错指的是系统在发生故障或错误的情况下仍能正常运行的能力。

standardshardingalgorithm的用法-回复"Standard Sharding Algorithm" refers to a method used in databases to horizontally partition data across multiple instances or nodes. This algorithm is commonly used in distributed systems to improve scalability, manage large datasets, and enhance performance. In this article, we will explore the usage of the "Standard Sharding Algorithm" in detail, providing a step-by-step analysis of its implementation and benefits.1. Introduction to Sharding:Sharding is a technique used in database management systems (DBMS) to divide a large dataset into smaller, more manageable parts called shards. Each shard is essentially a subset of the data and can be stored on a separate server or node. Sharding allows for concurrent access to these shards, increasing read and write throughput and enabling scalability.2. Exploring the "Standard Sharding Algorithm":The "Standard Sharding Algorithm" is a commonly used method for dividing data into shards. It follows a consistent approach, ensuring balanced distribution of data and efficient query execution. The algorithm consists of the following steps:Step 1: Determine Sharding KeyThe sharding key is a column or a combination of columns that uniquely identify each record in the database. It is used to determine the shard placement for each data item. The selection of an appropriate sharding key is crucial to ensure even distribution and efficient query execution.Step 2: Define Sharding StrategyThe sharding strategy determines how the sharding key is used to distribute data across shards. There are various strategies, such as range-based, hash-based, or list-based sharding. Each strategy has its trade-offs in terms of distribution, query performance, and ease of management.Step 3: Partition DataIn this step, the database is partitioned into smaller subsets based on the selected sharding strategy. The sharding algorithm determines which shard each data item belongs to based on its sharding key value. This ensures that each shard contains a subset of records that can be efficiently managed and queried.Step 4: Shard PlacementNext, the shards need to be distributed across multiple nodes or servers. The sharding algorithm ensures equitable distribution of the shards, optimizing resource utilization and load balancing. This step is crucial to ensure efficient and scalable access to the sharded data.Step 5: Shard ManagementShard management involves monitoring and maintaining the sharded environment. It includes tasks such as load balancing, shard replication for high availability, and failover mechanisms. The algorithm provides guidelines for efficiently managing shards, ensuring reliable access to data.3. Benefits of the "Standard Sharding Algorithm":There are several benefits associated with using the "Standard Sharding Algorithm" in database management:Improved Scalability:By distributing data across multiple shards, the algorithm enables horizontal scalability. Each shard can be stored on a separate node, allowing for parallel processing and increased throughput. As thesize of the database grows, additional nodes can be added to accommodate the increased workload.Enhanced Performance:Sharding ensures that each shard contains a subset of data, reducing the overall data volume accessed during queries. This localized data access results in faster query execution times. Furthermore, sharding allows for parallel query execution across multiple shards, boosting overall system performance.Increased Fault Tolerance and Availability:Sharding facilitates replication of shards across multiple nodes. This redundancy enhances fault tolerance as the failure of a single node does not result in data loss. Additionally, the algorithm provides mechanisms for automatic failover and load balancing, ensuring continuous availability of the sharded data.Optimized Resource Utilization:By distributing data across multiple nodes, the algorithm enables efficient utilization of system resources. Each node only needs to handle a subset of data, reducing memory footprint and improving query response times. This ensures that the system can scalewithout compromising performance.Conclusion:The "Standard Sharding Algorithm" is a powerful technique for horizontally partitioning data in distributed systems. By following a set of steps, it effectively divides data into manageable subsets, distributing them across multiple nodes or servers. This algorithm offers numerous benefits, including improved scalability, enhanced performance, increased fault tolerance, and optimized resource utilization. Implementation of the "Standard Sharding Algorithm" can greatly enhance the performance and scalability of databases, making it a popular choice for managing large datasets in distributed environments.。

品质类英语作文万能模板英文回答：In the realm of quality, there exists a comprehensive framework that encompasses various dimensions and elements. These dimensions and elements are often interconnected and interdependent, forming a holistic approach to assessing and improving the overall quality of products, services, or processes.The first dimension revolves around the concept of performance. Performance encompasses the extent to which a product, service, or process meets predefined requirements and expectations. It involves assessing the efficiency, accuracy, reliability, and durability of the offering.The second dimension pertains to features. Features encompass the specific characteristics and attributes that distinguish one offering from another. They can include tangible elements, such as design, functionality, andmaterials, as well as intangible elements, such as brand reputation, customer service, and warranty.The third dimension revolves around reliability. Reliability refers to the consistency and predictability of a product, service, or process over time. It encompasses factors such as robustness, fault tolerance, and theability to operate under various conditions.The fourth dimension pertains to conformance. Conformance assesses the extent to which a product, service, or process adheres to established standards, specifications, and regulatory requirements. It involves ensuring adherence to industry best practices, quality control processes, and safety protocols.The fifth dimension encompasses the concept of aesthetics. Aesthetics pertain to the sensory appeal and pleasing qualities of a product, service, or process. They can include elements such as visual appeal, tactile characteristics, and ergonomic design.The sixth dimension revolves around usability.Usability assesses the ease of use, ease of learning, and overall user experience associated with a product, service, or process. It encompasses factors such as intuitive interface, clear instructions, and accessibility fordiverse users.By carefully considering these six dimensions, organizations can develop a comprehensive understanding of the quality of their offerings. Through continuous improvement efforts, they can enhance performance, features, reliability, conformance, aesthetics, and usability, resulting in superior products, services, or processes that meet or exceed customer expectations.中文回答：品质评价是一个复杂而全面的体系，它包含多个维度和要素。

modbus-rtu冗余机制-回复Title: Redundancy Mechanism in MODBUS RTU: Ensuring a Reliable Communication NetworkIntroduction:In the realm of industrial control systems, communication protocols play a pivotal role in ensuring the efficient and reliable transmission of data between devices. One such protocol is MODBUS RTU (Remote Terminal Unit), which has become widely adopted due to its simplicity, robustness, and cost-effectiveness. However, to maintain critical operations and prevent downtime, it is essential to implement a redundancy mechanism within the MODBUS RTU system. This article will provide a step-by-step guide, delving into the various aspects of redundancy in MODBUS RTU communication.1. Understanding MODBUS RTU:MODBUS RTU is a serial communication protocol that operates on a master-slave architecture. In this setup, a master device initiates communication by sending requests to one or more slave devices,which respond sequentially. The protocol uses standard binary encoding and operates over RS-485 or RS-232 physical layers, making it highly versatile for industrial applications.2. Why is Redundancy Essential in MODBUS RTU?Redundancy refers to the inclusion of backup components and mechanisms in a system to ensure uninterrupted functionality in the event of a failure. In the context of MODBUS RTU, redundancy becomes crucial due to the potential risks associated with failure of communication channels, devices, or power disruptions. By implementing redundancy, the system can switch to alternate components to maintain seamless communication and prevent costly downtime.3. Types of Redundancy in MODBUS RTU:a. Physical Redundancy:Physical redundancy involves duplicating critical components, such as communication interfaces, power supplies, and cables, to ensure the availability of backup devices. For example, redundant RS-485 communication links can be established between the master andslave devices, providing an alternate pathway in case of communication failures.b. Device Redundancy:Device redundancy refers to the presence of backup slave devices that can seamlessly take over communication duties in the event of a primary device failure. Redundant slave devices can be connected in parallel, and the master device can monitor their availability and switch between them as needed.c. Power Redundancy:Power disruptions can significantly impact the performance of a MODBUS RTU system. Implementing power redundancy involves utilizing dual power supplies with automatic failover. In case of a power failure, the redundant power supply immediately takes over, ensuring uninterrupted operation.4. Fault-Tolerant Architectures:To enhance the fault tolerance of a MODBUS RTU system, certain architectures can be implemented:a. Dual-Homed Redundancy:This architecture involves connecting the master device with two independent networks of slave devices. In case of a communication failure on one network, the master device can seamlessly switch to the other network to ensure uninterrupted data transmission.b. Hot Standby Redundancy:In a hot standby setup, two redundant master devices are connected in parallel to the slave devices. One master device actively communicates with the slaves, while the other remains on standby. If the active master device fails, the standby device immediately takes over to resume communication with the slave devices.5. Network Monitoring and Failover:To ensure seamless failover in a redundant MODBUS RTU system, continuous network monitoring is essential. By monitoring the availability and performance of communication links, the master device can detect failures and initiate failover procedures. Failover mechanisms can include switching to redundant devices, rerouting communication via alternate paths, or triggering automatic alarmsystems to notify administrators.Conclusion:In today's industrial landscape, ensuring reliable communication between devices is crucial to maintaining efficient operations. The inclusion of redundancy mechanisms in a MODBUS RTU system provides an additional layer of protection against potential failures, minimizing downtime and preventing costly disruptions. By implementing physical redundancy, device redundancy, power redundancy, fault-tolerant architectures, and robust network monitoring, organizations can establish a highly resilient MODBUS RTU network capable of withstanding various challenges.。

三模冗余c语言设计英文回答：Three-mode redundancy is a design concept in C language that aims to improve the reliability and fault tolerance of a system. It involves creating three independent copies of a critical component or module of the system and comparing their outputs to ensure consistency and accuracy.The idea behind three-mode redundancy is that if one copy of the component fails or produces incorrect results, the other two copies can still provide the correct output. This redundancy helps to mitigate the impact of hardware or software failures and increases the overall reliability of the system.To implement three-mode redundancy in C language, you can use techniques such as code replication and voting. Code replication involves creating three separate copies of the critical component and running them independently.Voting is the process of comparing the outputs of the three copies and selecting the output that is consistent across all copies.Here's an example to illustrate how three-mode redundancy can be implemented in C language:c.#include <stdio.h>。

容错（Fault-tolerance）Spark Streaming的容错包括了三个地⽅的容错：1、Executor失败容错：Executor的失败会重新启动⼀个新的Executor，这个是Spark⾃⾝的特性。

如果Receiver所在的Executor失败了，那么Spark Streaming会在另外⼀个Executor上启动这个Receiver(这个Executor上可能存在已经接收到的数据的备份)2、Driver失败的容错：如果Driver失败的话，那么整个Spark Streaming应⽤将会全部挂掉。

所以Driver端的容错是⾮常重要的，我们⾸先可以配置Driver端的checkpoint，⽤于定期的保存Driver端的状态；然后我们可以配置Driver端失败的⾃动重启机制(每⼀种集群管理的配置都不⼀样)；最后我们需要打开Executor端的WAL机制3、⼀个Task失败的容错：Spark中的某个Task失败了可以重新运⾏，这个Task所在的Stage失败的话呢，也可以根据RDD的依赖重新跑这个Stage的⽗亲Stage，进⽽重新跑这个失败的Stage，在实时计算的过程，肯定不能容忍某个Task的运⾏时间过长，Spark Streaming对于某个运⾏时间过长的Task会将这个Task杀掉重新在另⼀个资源⽐较充⾜的Executor上执⾏。

这个就是利⽤了Spark的Task调度的推测机制。

Executor失败容错Driver失败容错checkpoint机制：定期将Driver端的信息写到HDFS中1、configuration （配置信息）2、定义的DStream的操作3、没有完成的batches的信息1、设置⾃动重启Driver程序standalone、yarn以及mesos都⽀持2、设置hdfs的checkpoint⽬录streamingContext.setCheckpoint(hdfsDirectory)3、在driver端使⽤正确的API来达到Driver的容错，需要写代码import org.apache.spark.storage.StorageLevelimport org.apache.spark.streaming.{Seconds, StreamingContext}import org.apache.spark.{SparkConf, SparkContext}/*** WordCount程序，Spark Streaming消费TCP Server发过来的实时数据的例⼦：** 1、在master服务器上启动⼀个Netcat server* `$ nc -lk 9998` (如果nc命令⽆效的话，我们可以⽤yum install -y nc来安装nc)** 2、⽤下⾯的命令在在集群中将Spark Streaming应⽤跑起来* spark-submit --class com.twq.wordcount.JavaNetworkWordCount \* --master spark://master:7077 \* --deploy-mode cluster \* --driver-memory 512m \* --executor-memory 512m \* --total-executor-cores 4 \* --executor-cores 2 \* /home/hadoop-twq/spark-course/streaming/spark-streaming-basic-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar*/object NetworkWordCount {def main(args: Array[String]) {val checkpointDirectory = "hdfs://master:9999/user/hadoop-twq/spark-course/streaming/chechpoint"def functionToCreateContext(): StreamingContext = {val sparkConf = new SparkConf().setAppName("NetworkWordCount")val sc = new SparkContext(sparkConf)// Create the context with a 1 second batch sizeval ssc = new StreamingContext(sc, Seconds(1))//创建⼀个接收器(ReceiverInputDStream)，这个接收器接收⼀台机器上的某个端⼝通过socket发送过来的数据并处理val lines = ssc.socketTextStream("master", 9998, StorageLevel.MEMORY_AND_DISK_SER_2)// 提⾼数据块的⾼可⽤性，备份两份，但会占⽤⼀定的内存 //处理的逻辑，就是简单的进⾏word countval words = lines.flatMap(_.split(" "))val wordCounts = words.map(x => (x, 1)).reduceByKey(_ + _)//将结果输出到控制台wordCounts.print()ssc.checkpoint(checkpointDirectory)ssc}// 代码val ssc = StreamingContext.getOrCreate(checkpointDirectory, functionToCreateContext _)//启动Streaming处理流ssc.start()//等待Streaming程序终⽌ssc.awaitTermination()}}设置⾃动重启Driver程序standalone :在spark-submit中增加以下两个参数：--deploy-mode cluster--superviseyarn :在spark-submit中增加以下⼀个参数：--deploy-mode cluster在yarn配置中设置yarn.resourcemanager.am.max-attempsmesos :Marathon 可以重启 Mesos应⽤接收到的数据丢失的容错checkpoint机制：定期将Driver端的DStream DAG信息写到HDFS中（写内存和写磁盘同时进⾏）利⽤WAL恢复数据的配置1、设置hdfs的checkpoint⽬录streamingContext.setCheckpoint(hdfsDirectory)2、打开WAL的配置sparkConf.set(“spark.streaming.receiver.writeAheadLog.enable”, “true”)3、Receiver应该是reliable的当数据写完了WAL后，才告诉数据源数据已经消费对于没有告诉数据源的数据，可以从数据源中重新消费数据4、取消掉in-memory数据备份使⽤StorageLevel.MEMORY_AND_DISK_SER来存储数据源，已经写⼊磁盘，没必要备份到其他executor上内存中，进⽽节省空间接收到的数据不管是备份到其他 Executor还是保存到HDFS上，都会给数据源发送回执，假设没有发送回执，重新消费没有发送回执的数据，进⽽保证数据不会丢失，eg： KafkaReliable Receiver :当数据接收到，并且已经备份存储后，再发送回执给数据源Unreliable Receiver :不发送回执给数据源当⼀个task很慢的容错。

容错容错率作文素材英文回答：Resilience and fault tolerance are important conceptsin various fields, including engineering, technology, and even personal development. In simple terms, resilience refers to the ability to recover quickly from difficulties or setbacks, while fault tolerance refers to the ability to continue functioning even in the presence of faults or errors.In engineering, resilience is a crucial factor in designing systems that can withstand unexpected events or failures. For example, in the field of civil engineering, buildings and structures are designed to be resilient to natural disasters such as earthquakes or hurricanes. This means that even if the structure is damaged, it can still remain standing and provide a safe environment for the occupants.Similarly, in the field of technology, fault tolerance is essential in ensuring the reliability and availability of computer systems. For instance, in a data center, multiple servers are often deployed to handle the workload. If one server fails, the workload can be automatically transferred to other servers without any interruption in service. This fault-tolerant design ensures that users can continue to access the system without experiencing any downtime.In personal development, resilience plays a vital role in overcoming challenges and achieving success. Life isfull of ups and downs, and being resilient allows us to bounce back from failures or setbacks. For instance, if I fail an exam, I can choose to view it as a learning opportunity and use it as motivation to study harder for the next one. This positive mindset and resilience will ultimately lead to personal growth and success.中文回答：容错和容错率是各个领域中重要的概念，包括工程、技术甚至个人发展。

Orbix 6.3.9 CORBA Tutorial: C++Micro FocusThe Lawn22-30 Old Bath RoadNewbury, Berkshire RG14 1QNUKCopyright © Micro Focus 2017. All rights reserved.MICRO FOCUS, the Micro Focus logo, and Micro Focus product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of Micro Focus Development Limited or its subsidiaries or affiliated companies in the United States, United Kingdom, and other countries. All other marks are the property of their respective owners.1/10/17iiContentsGetting Started with Orbix (1)Creating a Configuration Domain (1)Setting the Orbix Environment (9)Hello World Example (10)Development from the Command Line (11)Index (17)Orbix CORBA Tutorial for C++ iiiiv Orbix CORBA Tutorial for C++Getting Started withOrbixYou can use the CORBA Code Generation Toolkit to develop an Orbixapplication quickly.Given a user-defined IDL interface, the toolkit generates the bulkof the client and server application code, including makefiles. Youthen complete the distributed application by filling in the missingbusiness logic.Creating a Configuration DomainThis section describes how to create a simple configurationdomain, simple, which is required for running basicdemonstrations. This domain deploys a minimal set of Orbixservices.PrerequisitesBefore creating a configuration domain, the following prerequisitesmust be satisfied:•Orbix is installed.•Some basic system variables are set up (in particular, theIT_PRODUCT_DIR, IT_LICENSE_FILE, and PATH variables).Fore more details, please consult the Installation Guide.LicensingThe location of the license file, licenses.txt, is specified by theIT_LICENSE_FILE system variable. If this system variable is notalready set in your environment, you can set it now.StepsTo create a configuration domain, simple, perform the followingsteps:1.Run itconfigure.2.Choose the domain type.3.Specify service startup options.4.Specify security settings.5.Specify fault tolerance settings.6.Select services.7.Confirm choices.8.Finish configuration.Orbix CORBA Tutorial for C++ 1Run itconfigureTo begin creating a new configuration domain, enter itconfigureat a command prompt. An Orbix Configuration Welcome dialogbox appears, as shown in Figure1.Select Create a new domain and click OK.Figure 1:The Orbix Configuration Welcome Dialog Box2 Orbix CORBA Tutorial for C++Orbix CORBA Tutorial for C++ 3Choose the domain typeA Domain Type window appears, as shown in Figure 2.In the Configuration Domain Name text field, type simple . Under Configuration Domain Type , click the Select Services radiobutton.Click Next> to continue.Figure 2:The Domain Type Window4 Orbix CORBA Tutorial for C++Specify service startup optionsA Service Startup window appears, as shown in Figure 3.You can leave the settings in this Window at their defaults.Click Next> to continue.Figure 3:The Service Startup WindowOrbix CORBA Tutorial for C++ 5Specify security settingsA Security window appears, as shown in Figure 4.You can leave the settings in this Window at their defaults (no security).Click Next> to continue.Figure 4:The Security Window6 Orbix CORBA Tutorial for C++Specify fault tolerance settingsA Fault Tolerance window appears, as shown in Figure 5.You can leave the settings in this Window at their defaults.Click Next> to continue.Figure 5:The Fault Tolerance WindowSelect servicesA Select Services window appears, as shown in Figure 6.In the Select Services window, select the following services and components for inclusion in the configuration domain: Location , Node daemon , Management , CORBA Interface Repository , CORBA Naming , and demos .Click Next> to continue.Confirm choicesYou now have the opportunity to review the configuration settings in the Confirm Choices window, Figure 7. If necessary, you can use the <Back button to make corrections.Figure 6:The Select Services WindowClick Next> to create the configuration domain and progress to the next window.Finish configurationThe itconfigure utility now creates and deploys the simpleconfiguration domain, writing files into the OrbixInstallDir /etc/bin , OrbixInstallDir /etc/domain , OrbixInstallDir /etc/log , and OrbixInstallDir /var directories.If the configuration domain is created successfully, you should see a Summary window with a message similar to that shown in Figure 8.Figure 7:The Confirm Choices WindowClick Finish to quit the itconfigure utility.Setting the Orbix EnvironmentPrerequisitesBefore proceeding with the demonstration in this chapter you need to ensure:•The CORBA developer’s kit is installed on your host.•Orbix is configured to run on your host platform.•Your configuration domain is set (see “Setting the domain”).The Administrator’s Guide contains more information on Orbix configuration, and details of Orbix command line utilities.Figure 8:Configuration SummaryNote:OS/390, both native and UNIX system services, donot support the code generation toolkit and distributed genies. For information about building applications in anative OS/390 environment, see the readme files and JCLthat are supplied in the DEMO data sets of your iPortal OS/390 Server product installation.Setting the domainThe scripts that set the Orbix environment are associated with a particular domain , which is the basic unit of Orbix configuration. See the Installation Guide , and the Administrator’s Guide forfurther details on configuring your environment.To set the Orbix environment associated with the domain-namedomain, enter:WindowsUNIXconfig-dir is the root directory where the Appliation ServerPlatform stores its configuration information. You specify this directory while configuring your domain. domain-name is the name of a configuration domain.Hello World ExampleThis chapter shows how to create, build, and run a complete client/server demonstration with the help of the CORBA code generation toolkit. The architecture of this example system is shown in Figure 9.The client and server applications communicate with each other using the Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP), which sits on top of TCP/IP. When a client invokes a remote operation, a requestmessage is sent from the client to the server. When the operation returns, a reply message containing its return values is sent back to the client. This completes a single remote CORBA invocation.All interaction between the client and server is mediated via a set of IDL declarations. The IDL for the Hello World! application is:> config-dir \etc\bin\domain-name _env.bat% . config-dir /etc/bin/domain-name _envFigure 9:Client makes a single operation call on a server//IDLinterface Hello {string getGreeting();};The IDL declares a single Hello interface, which exposes a single operation getGreeting(). This declaration provides a language neutral interface to CORBA objects of type Hello .The concrete implementation of the Hello CORBA object is written in C++ and is provided by the server application. The server could create multiple instances of Hello objects if required. However, the generated code generates only one Hello object.The client application has to locate the Hello object—it does this by reading a stringified object reference from the file Hello.ref . There is one operation getGreeting() defined on the Hellointerface. The client invokes this operation and exits.Development from the Command LineStarting point code for CORBA client and server applications can also be generated using the idlgen command line utility.The idlgen utility can be used on Windows and UNIX platforms.You implement the Hello World! application with the following steps:1.Define the IDL interface , Hello .2.Generate starting point code .3.Complete the server program by implementing the single IDL getGreeting() operation.4.Complete the client program by inserting a line of code to invoke the getGreeting() operation.5.Build the demonstration .6.Run the demonstration .Define the IDL interfaceCreate the IDL file for the Hello World! application. First of all, make a directory to hold the example code:WindowsUNIXCreate an IDL file C:\OCGT\HelloExample\hello.idl (Windows) or OCGT/HelloExample/hello.idl (UNIX) using a text editor.Enter the following text into the file hello.idl :This interface mediates the interaction between the client and the server halves of the distributed application.> mkdir C:\OCGT\HelloExample % mkdir -p OCGT/HelloExample//IDLinterface Hello {string getGreeting();};Generate starting point codeGenerate files for the server and client application using the CORBA Code Generation Toolkit.In the directory C:\OCGT\HelloExample (Windows) orOCGT/HelloExample (UNIX) enter the following command:This command logs the following output to the screen while it is generating the files:You can edit the following files to customize client and server applications:Client:client.cxxServer:server.cxxHelloImpl.hHelloImpl.cxxComplete the server programComplete the implementation class, HelloImpl , by providing the definition of the HelloImpl::getGreeting() function . ThisC++ function provides the concrete realization of theHello::getGreeting() IDL operation.idlgen cpp_poa_genie.tcl -all hello.idlhello.idl:cpp_poa_genie.tcl: creating it_servant_base_overrides.h cpp_poa_genie.tcl: creating it_servant_base_overrides.cxx cpp_poa_genie.tcl: creating HelloImpl.hcpp_poa_genie.tcl: creating HelloImpl.cxxcpp_poa_genie.tcl: creating server.cxxcpp_poa_genie.tcl: creating client.cxxcpp_poa_genie.tcl: creating call_funcs.hcpp_poa_genie.tcl: creating call_funcs.cxxcpp_poa_genie.tcl: creating it_print_funcs.hcpp_poa_genie.tcl: creating it_print_funcs.cxxcpp_poa_genie.tcl: creating it_random_funcs.hcpp_poa_genie.tcl: creating it_random_funcs.cxxcpp_poa_genie.tcl: creating MakefileEdit the HelloImpl.cxx file, and delete most of the generated boilerplate code occupying the body of theHelloImpl::getGreeting() function. Replace it with the line of code highlighted in bold font below:The function CORBA::string_dup() allocates a copy of the "Hello World!" string on the free store. It would be an error to return a string literal directly from the CORBA operation because the ORB automatically deletes the return value after the function has completed. It would also be an error to create a copy of the string using the C++ new operator.Complete the client programComplete the implementation of the client main() function in the client.cxx file. You must add a couple of lines of code to make a remote invocation of the getGreeting() operation on the Hello object.Edit the client.cxx file and search for the line where the call_Hello_getGreeting() function is called. Delete this line and replace it with the two lines of code highlighted in bold font below:The object reference Hello1 refers to an instance of a Hello object in the server application. It is already initialized for you.//C++//File ’HelloImpl.cxx’...char *HelloImpl::getGreeting() throw(CORBA::SystemException){char * _result;_result = CORBA::string_dup("Hello World!");return _result;}...//C++//File: ‘client.cxx’...if (CORBA::is_nil(Hello1)){cerr << "Could not narrow reference to interface " << "Hello" << endl;}else{CORBA::String_var strV = Hello1->getGreeting();cout << "Greeting is: " << strV << endl;}...A remote invocation is made by invoking getGreeting() on the Hello1 object reference. The ORB automatically establishes a network connection and sends packets across the network to invoke the HelloImpl::getGreeting() function in the server application.The returned string is put into a C++ object, strV , of the type CORBA::String_var . The destructor of this object will delete the returned string so that there is no memory leak in the above code.Build the demonstrationThe Makefile generated by the code generation toolkit has a complete set of rules for building both the client and server applications.To build the client and server complete the following steps:1.Open a command line window.2.Go to the ../OCGT/HelloExample directory.3.Enter:WindowsUNIXRun the demonstrationRun the application as follows:1.Run the Orbix services (if required).If you have configured Orbix to use file-based configuration, no services need to run for this demonstration. Proceed to step 2.If you have configured Orbix to use configuration repository based configuration, start up the basic Orbix services.Open a DOS prompt in Windows, or xterm in UNIX. Enter:Where domain-name is the name of the configuration domain.2.Set the Application Server Platform’s environment.3.Run the server program.Open a DOS prompt, or xterm window (UNIX). From the C:\OCGT\HelloExample directory enter the name of the> nmake% make -estart_domain-name _services> domain-name _envexecutable file—server.exe (Windows) or server (UNIX).The server outputs the following lines to the screen:The server performs the following steps when it is launched:♦It instantiates and activates a single Hello CORBA object.♦The stringified object reference for the Hello object is written to the local Hello.ref file.♦The server opens an IP port and begins listening on the port for connection attempts by CORBA clients.4.Run the client program.Open a new DOS prompt, or xterm window (UNIX). From the C:\OCGT\HelloExample directory enter the name of theexecutable file—client.exe (Windows) or client (UNIX).The client outputs the following lines to the screen:The client performs the following steps when it is run:♦It reads the stringified object reference for the Hello object from the Hello.ref file.♦It converts the stringified object reference into an object reference.♦It calls the remote Hello::getGreeting() operation by invoking on the object reference. This causes a connection to be established with the server and the remote invocation to be performed.5.When you are finished, terminate all processes.Shut down the server by typing Ctrl-C in the window where it is running.6.Stop the Orbix services (if they are running).From a DOS prompt in Windows, or xterm in UNIX, enter:The passing of the object reference from the server to the client in this way is suitable only for simple demonstrations. Realistic server applications use the CORBA naming service to export their object references instead.Initializing the ORBWriting stringified object reference to Hello.ref Waiting for requests...Client using random seed 0Reading stringified object reference from Hello.ref Greeting is: Hello World!stop_domain-name _servicesIndexAApplicationrunning14CClientgenerating12implementing13Code generation toolkitidlgen utility12cpp_poa_genie.tcl12HHello World! example10MMemory managementstring type13OObject referencepassing as a string11SServergenerating12implementing12Services14, 15string_dup()13String_var14Orbix CORBA Tutorial for C++ 1718 Orbix CORBA Tutorial for C++。

宽容待人的名言英文宽容待人的名言英文原谅，不过是将遗憾悄悄掩埋；忘记，才是最深刻彻底的宽容。

下面是小编收集整理的宽容待人的名言英文，希望对您有所帮助！1、没有宽宏大量的心肠，便算不上真正的英雄。

——俄·普希金Not generous heart， not real hero。

2、最高贵的复仇之道是宽容。

——雨果The noblest vengeance is to forgive。

3、能容小人，方成君子。

——冯梦龙Can let person， is a gentleman。

4、没有宽宏大量的心肠，便算不上真正的英雄。

——普希金Not generous heart， not real hero。

5、尽量宽恕别人，而决不要原谅自己。

——西拉斯Try to forgive others， but never forgive myself。

6、宽恕一个敌人要比宽恕一个朋友容易。

——布菜克Forgive an enemy than to forgive a friend。

7、宽宏精神是一切事物中最伟大的。

——欧文Generous spirit are the greatest of all things。

8、唯宽可以容人，唯厚可以载物。

——薜渲Only can allowing people wide， only thick can slide。

9、遇方便时行方便，得饶人处且饶人。

——吴承恩Meet a convenient single， is set in place and set。

10、正义之神，宽容是我们最完美的所。

——屠格涅夫The god of justice， tolerance is we have the most perfect。

11、得放手时须放手，可饶人处且饶人。

——沈采When have to let go， please let go， can be set in place and set。