第3章阅读与翻译Text1Preventive MaintenanceNew Words And Expressions adjustment n.调整，调节；校正approach n.方法consistent adj.一致的；前后一贯的，稳定的device n.装置，设备，器件expectancy n.预期，期望inspection n.检查，检验lubricant n.润滑油maintain vt.维护；保持malfunction n.故障，失灵predetermined adj.预定的，推定的preventive adj.预防的；防止的；防护的susceptibility n.敏感性，灵敏度thought-out adj.周密的；周到的vital n.至关重要的wear vt.磨损，损耗suit the need(s)of适合……需要up to由……决定in regard to考虑到break in合用，进入正常阶段wear out磨损，损耗preventive maintenance经常性维护保养periodic checkup定期检查wear factor磨损/损耗因素42end product成品life expectancy预期寿命part replacement零部件更换ExercisesⅠ.Mark the following statements with T(true)or F (false)according to the passage.1.The purpose of preventive maintenance is to suit the needs of production.2.Different printers follow the same standards set for“the best possible condition”of their equipment.3.The more valuable equipment must be considered first in a well thought-out program.4.Regular inspection is not an important concern to the proper maintenance program.5.Like older people need more checkups,old machinery needs frequent inspections.6.The more respect shown for the equipment,the more satisfactory the end product will be.7.With regular machine adjustments,part replacement will increase.8.Regular inspections of machine adjustment will lead to cost saving.Ⅱ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Do people give the same time and effort to all machinery when they work out their maintenance program?2.How do people handle the equipment,which is more sensitive to losing adjustments in their maintenance program?3.How many areas of concern are there in a preventive maintenance program,and what are they?434.What part does inspection play in a maintenance program?5.Does a clean machine give the feeling of producing a high-quality product?6.How do some organizations determine the effective life of a part?Ⅲ.Match the items listed in the following two columns.1.malfunction a.state of being affected or of some specifiedtreatment2.facility b.a substance,as oil or grease,for lessening friction3.susceptibility c.occurring or appearing at regular intervals4.lubricant d.adaptation to a particular condition5.inspection e.the state or quality of anticipating the life of amechanical part6.periodic f.rigid exactness or accuracy7.adjustment g.serving to prevent or hinder8.preventive h.careful or critical examination9.expectancy i.something designed,built or installed to serve aspecific function10.severity j.failure to perform properlyⅣ.Fill in the table below by giving the corresponding translation.English ChineseLubrication schedule经常进行维修保养operator experience磨损因素end product44预期寿命part replacement耐磨损性periodic checkup设备失灵（故障）Ⅴ.Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese given in the brackets.1.This program of preventive maintenance（尚未适应生产需要）.（suit）2.It is（厂家设备是否处在最佳状态）.（up to）3.（关于印刷设备的经常性维修保养），the company decided to hire an experienced operator to perform lubrication.（in regard to）4.More attention must be given to the new machinery（直到新机器开始工作）.（break in）5.The end product is expected to be acceptable（基于对机器故障的定期检查）.（on the basis of）6.A good organization knows the effective life of a part and（就在它磨损掉之前更换）.（wear out）45Text2AmplifierNew Words And Expressionsamplifier n.放大器active device有源器件impedance n.阻抗，电阻抗biasing n.加偏压，偏置，偏压load n.负载ratio n.比值，比率logarithmic adj.对数的decibel n.分贝quiescent adj.安静的；不活动的combination n.组合megahertz n.兆赫present n.存在conduct vt.导通modified adj.改良的，改进的sufficient adj.足够的，充分的exceed vt.超过，胜过；超出parallel adj.平行的multi-stage n.多级configuration n.配置emitter n.发射器complementary adj.互补的stable adj.稳定的，不变的screen n.幕，荧光屏cascade n.串联，级连feedback n.回授，反馈，反应stabilize vt.稳定，安定pproximately adv.近似地，大约response n.作答，回答；响应46monolithic adj.单片的，单块distortion n.畸变，歪曲，弄歪，失真symmetrical adj.对称的，匀称的non-inverting n.同相sink vi.下沉；消沉接收器resistance n.电阻，抵抗；抵制；抵抗力minimize vt.使减到最小harmonics n.谐频，谐波parameter n.参（变）数；参量ExercisesⅠ.Mark the following statements with T(true)or F (false)according to the passage.1.An amplifier is a circuit that provides gain.It receives a low-power input and generates a larger amount of power at the output without an external supply.2.An amplifier arrangement consists of some active device with biasing components,a source of power,and a load.3.In the class A amplifier,the value of bias current is either increased or decreased about its mean value by the input signal.mon emitter amplifier usually called“emitter follower”.V oltage gain just less than unity,high input impedance and low output impedance.5.The amplifiers employ negative feedback to stabilize the gain against variations in device parameters,power supply,and temperature, and to modify input and output impedance.6.Negative feedback reduces internal generated noise and gives wider bandwidth.7.A symmetrical power supply is only positive power supply.8.Distortion may occur in an amplifier as a result of non-linearity.Ⅱ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What are the basic functions of the amplifier?472.Why it is more convenient to express gain in logarithmic units decibel then expressions of gains as ratios?3.According to the means of the biasing arrangement and the position of the quiescent operating point,how many operation methods of amplifiers have?4.What are the amplifier configurations by using the bipolar transistor?5.What are the reasons that the amplifiers employ negative feedback?6.What is the main difference between the class A and the class B amplifier?7.What is the main reason of the distortion in an amplifier?8.What is the use of heat sink in the TDA2020IC?Ⅲ.Match the items listed in the following two columns.1.amplifier a.to change or improve something make it moreacceptable2.modify b.the return back into a system of part of what itproduces3.configuration c.firmly fixed or not likely to move or change4.stable d.an electrical device which makes sounds louder5.feedback e.the particular arrangement or pattern of a groupof related things6.distortion f.an increase in something such as size,weight oramount7.resistance g.a set of facts or a fixed limit which establishes orlimits how something can or must happen or be48done8.parameter i.the degree to which a substance prevents theflow of an electric current through it:9.gain j.in an electrical system,an electrical devicewhich takes power,or the electrical power putinto the system10.load k.the change something from its usual,original,naturalⅣ.Fill in the table below by giving the corresponding translation.Ⅴ.Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese given in the brackets.1.The particular advantage offered by bipolar transistor amplifier is（小的输入电压可以产生较大的电压输出）.（produce）2.In the common emitter amplifier,（发射结正偏，集电结反偏）.（bias）3.The majority amplifiers employ negative feedback（用49于抵消元件参数的改变稳定放大倍数）.（stabilize）4.In the class B transistor amplifier,the transistor（只在信号半周导通，在另半周截止）.5.The amplitude distortion（是由于放大电路的非线性引起的）.（cause）50Text3Operational AmplifierNew Words And Expressionsfraction n.小部分；片断；分数millivolt n.毫伏transfer characteristic转移特性，传输特性saturate vt.使饱和offset n.偏移量potentiometer n.电位计，分压计trim out整理，修整null adj.无效力的，无效的，等于零的constant-current source恒流源complementary adj.互补的；互相补足的straightforward adj.正直的，坦率的，简单的，直接了当的drift n.漂流物，漂移diffuse vt.&vi.使（热）散开tolerance resistors容差电阻ExercisesⅠ.Mark the following statements with T(true)or F (false)according to the passage.1.the op-amp must be provided with both a positive and negative power supply2.The open loop voltage gain A vol is typically1000dB.3.The open loop voltage gain A vol is a small differential input is required to cause a small output change.4.if the inverting input is held at zero volts and the non-inverting input level made+0.1mV,then the output will go positive to nearly +10V.5.With any DC coupled amplifier the drift of the output signal mustbe kept to a high value.6.Drift is defined as any change in output voltage when the input is short-circuit or otherwise held at zero.7.Two of the major causes of drift are temperature changes causing the V BE of transistors to alter by about–2mV per℃,and power supply voltage changes.8.The voltage follower has only50%negative feedback.Ⅱ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.what is an op-amp?2.Are the two input terminals of an op-amp the non-inverting input marked+,and the inverting input marked–.?3.what’s the typical transfer characteristic of an op-amp?4.How must the op-amp be so that the output can swing circling zero?5.what are two of the major reasons of the drift?6.what is the great advantage of the differential arrangement?Ⅲ.Match the items listed in the following two columns.1.Fraction a.An instrument for measuring an unknownvoltage by comparison to a standard voltage.2.saturate b.Forming or serving as a complement;3.offset c.One that amplifies,enlarges,or extends.4.potentiometer d.a very small piece or amount5.null e.Something that lessens or absorbs the shock ofan impact.plementary f.to fill completely7.Drift g.Having no legal force or invalid8.amplifier h.Of,relating to,situated at,or forming a limit,aboundary,an extremity,or an end.9.buffer.i.To be carried along by currents of air or water10.terminal j.to make up for or balanceⅣFill in the table below by giving the corresponding translation.English Chinesedifferential amplifier分压计transfer characteristicfeedback loop缓冲器loop voltage输入线路short-circuit闭环inverting amplifierⅤ.Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese given in the brackets.1.Amplifiers.（对不同的电压作出反映）（…respond...to...）2.,（我们在实际生活中测量电压时）a potentiometer always occurs some“offset”.（…in practice…）3.By using a differential input stage,（两个晶体管平衡地连接在了一起）.（…be collected together…）4.In this experience,（同级信号应用到了两个输入端）.（…be applied to…）5.At this time a fraction of the output signal（…be fed back…）.（反馈到了倒相输入端）6.The output is connected back directly to the inverting input，（…in other words…）（换句话说输出端紧联着输入端）．Text4The Logic GateNew Words And Expressionsdiscrete adj.分立的，不连续的complementary adj.补充的，补足的，互补的multiplexer n.多路（复用）器，数据选择器respectively adv.各自地，分别地random logic随机逻辑mainstay n.支柱，中流砥柱integrated injection logic集成注入试逻辑电路Schottky肖特基势垒器件fan-in扇入系数，输入端数noise immunity抗干扰度，抗噪声性power consumption电力消耗，功率消耗ambient temperatures adj.周围的n.周围环境stray capacitance寄生电容，杂散电容exponentially adv.指数地，幂数地dissipation n.消散，分散，耗散，耗费propagation delay传输延迟时间，传送延迟enhancement n.提高，增强static adj.静的，静态的，静电fan-out输出，输出端数ExercisesⅠ.Mark the following statements with T(true)or F (false)according to the passage.1.Discrete component logic is nowadays very common.2.Emitter-coupled logic is available for very fast applications.3.Transistor-transistor logic(TTL)and complementary metal oxide semiconductor(COMS)families provide both small-scale integrated(SSI)devices and medium-scale integrated(MSI)devices.4.Some LSI devices employ other forms of logic that are used for the simpler circuits.5.The standard TTL logic,known as the54/74series,has a poor noise immunity and a rather high power consumption.6.The74series designed for commercial applicants and can operate at ambient temperatures of up to90℃.7.The complementary metal-oxide semiconductor or COMS logic family offers the desirable features of very low power dissipation and good noise8.Very often protective diodes are connected between the input terminals and earth to increase the possibility of the device being damaged by static charges produced by handling.Ⅱ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.what’s the most popular logic families?2.what does The terms SSI and MSI refer to?3.why does the great popularity of this logic family arise?4.Some LSI devices employ other forms of logic that are not used for the simpler circuits.What are they?5.Does the54series primarily intend to military application?6.what does the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor or COMS logic family offer?Ⅲ.Match the items listed in the following two columns.1.discrete a.The act of dissipating or the condition of havingbeen dissipated.2.multiplexer b.Having no motion;being at rest;quiescent.3.mainstay c.Surrounding;encircling4.dissipation d.A small electronic device containing a semicon-ductor and having at least three electrical contacts,used in a circuit as an amplifier,a detector,or aswitch.5.enhancement e.Constituting a separate thing;distinct6.static f.The condition of being full of or beyond satis-faction;satiety.7.transistor g.Of,relating to,or designating a storage systemof data-processing computers in which it ispossible to store instructions or quantities inmore than one position.8.ambient h.A two-terminal semiconductor device used chie-fly as a rectifier.9.saturation i.The process of improving a computer systemby adding or replacing elements.10.diode j.A chief supportⅣ.Fill in the table below by giving the corresponding translation.English Chinese monolithic integrated circuit晶体管逻辑emitter-coupled logic微处理器output impedancecollector-emitter输出器电压protective diodesmetal-oxide semiconductor逻辑状态Ⅴ.Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese given in the brackets.1.we talked about two subjects（前一例子是晶体管逻辑，后一例子是连接发射器逻辑）.（…the former and…the latter…）2.the use of large-scale integration devices.（已经导致了对随意逻辑更少地使用）.（…lead…to…）3.The logic family offers fairly high speed,（另外，它既经济又易于获取各种资源）．（…in a ddition…）4.The standard TTL logic,,has a poor noise immunity and a rather high power consumption.（是人们所熟知的54/74级数）（…known…as…）5.If the base current is large enough,（它会驱动T2进入饱和状态）．（…drive…into…）6.In integrated circuit,.（有的电路是串联，有的是并联）．（…in series…in parallel…）Text5Modern Control SystemNew Words And Expressionsanalogy n.类似，类推，模拟digital adj.数字的，数位的，手指的n.数字，数字式steering n.操纵，掌舵，指导hydraulic adj.水力的，水压的tactile adj.触觉的，有触觉的，能触知的n.触觉型actuator n.制动器，传动装置：制动器。
