[0181]《语言学导论》 在线作业及参考答案

语言学导论作业答案第一次作业答案Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?D：MeaningfulnessIf a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______.C：descriptiveThe distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.错误Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.正确Modern linguistics regards the written language as _____.C：secondaryA diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.错误Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.错误Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _____ and meanings.B：soundsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.B：True_____ is the study of meaning in language.D:SemanticsThe branch of linguistic study called _____ is concerned with how speakers use the sentences of a language to achieve effective and successful communication.B:pragmaticsWhen language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas, it serves a _____ function.D:phaticBy _____, we mean language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.C:displacementLanguage serves the ________ function when it is used to express the speaker's feeling or attitude or to arouse a certain feeling or attitude in the hearer.C:emotiveForeign language learners' errors may be caused by ________.D:all the above threeWhich one of the following statements does not account for the primacy of speech over writing in linguistic analysis? _______B:Speech is more complex than writing.A ______ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.C:stem_____ studies the changes in language and language use with respect to social factors.A:Sociolinguistics_____ are produced when the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate ant the back of the throat and the air is allowed to pass through it.C:NasalsOf the following sounds, ______ is a rounded vowel.B: [u:]Which of the following statements is FALSE:A : Language is just for communication.There are ______ morphemes in the word "policemen".B:threeThe syllabic structure of the word "children" is ______.A:CVCCVC第二次作业答案Some languages are inferior, or superior, to other languages.正确答案：错误For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction on the part of adults.正确答案：正确Observations of children in different language areas of the world reveal that the developmental stages are similar, possibly universal, whatever the nature of the input.正确答案：正确Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.正确答案：正确A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.正确答案：错误Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.正确答案：错误The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.正确答案：错误Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages.正确答案：错误Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.正确答案：错误The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.正确答案：正确Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words.正确答案：正确Hyponymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.正确答案：错误“Smog” is a word formed by the word-forming process called acronymy.正确答案：错误Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.正确答案：错误Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.正确答案：错误What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.正确答案：正确The Cooperative Principle is advanced by Paul Grice.正确答案：正确The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by Halliday.正确答案：错误Componential analysis is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.正确答案：正确“alive” and “dead” are complementary antonyms.正确答案：正确第三次作业答案1 Morphemes that may constitute words by themselves are ______. Free morphemes or Content morphemes2 Words which consist more than one free morphemes are called _____. transparent words3 Morphemes that can not occur alone are called _________. bound morphemes4 A ____ is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity Root5 ______ affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to. Inflectional6 An ______ is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Affix7 A ____ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added. Stem8 The word "brunch" is formed by way of _____ from "breakfast" and "lunch". Clipping9 ______ is a branch of linguistics which studies teh internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology10 _______ is the study of teh formation of sentences in a language. Syntax11 The _______ relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent. Paradigmatic 12 "Poor John" and "ran away" are the _____ constituents of the sentence "Poor John ran away". Immediate13 The phrase "on the shelf" is an ______ construction. pp （prepositional phrase）14 Michael A. K. Halliday has developed the ______ grammar. TG15 The transformational-generative grammar was proposed by the American linguist Noam ______. Chomsky in 195716 "WTO" is an ______ made up from teh first letters of the name of the organization "World Trade Organization". Acronyms17 ____ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content. Word第四次作业答案The statement "His car is yellow" entails the statement "He has a car". 正确答案：错误All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. 正确答案：正确In first language acquisition, imitation plays ___. A：a minor role B：a significant role C：a basic role D：no role 正确答案：A_____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A：Words B：Morphemes C：Phonemes D：Sentences 正确答案：BBound morphemes are those that ____. A：have to be used independently B：can not be combined with other morphemes C：can stand as words on their own D：have to be combined with other morphemes 正确答案：DThe meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _____. A：lexical B：morphemic C：grammatical D：semantic 正确答案：CA ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A：back B：central C：front D：middle 正确答案：CSense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. 正确答案：错误The sound /f/ is ____. A：voiced palatal affricate B：voiced alveolar stop C：voiceless velar fricative D：voiceless labiodental fricative 正确答案：DSince /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _____. A：in phonemic contrast B：in complementary distribution C：the allophones D：minimal pair 正确答案：A The assimilati on rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ______. A：identical B：same C：exactly alike D：similar 正确答案：D____ is a voiced alveolar stop. A：/z/ B：/d/ C：/k/ D：/b/ 正确答案：BThe sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A：voiceless B：voiced C：vowel D：consonantal 正确答案：AAccording to Grice’s theory, a conversational implicature arises when the cooperative principle and its maxims are _______. A:strictly observed B:secretly and deliberately violated C:blatantly or apparently violated D:Both A and B 正确答案：CTeaching culture in our language classes can _______. A:get the students familiar with cultural differences B:help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will C:emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices D:All of the above. 正确答案：DWhich of the following statements about machine translation is likely to be wrong? _______. A: Machine translation has always been a chief concern in computational linguistics. B:There are areas where machine translation surpasses human translations. C:Sooner orlater, machine translation will replace human translation completely. D:In some areas, human translations surpasses machine translation. 正确答案：CWhich of the following qualities is not the requirement of a good test? _______. A:Objectivity B:Reliability C:Validity D:Both A and C 正确答案：AMany Chinese English learners may, at the beginning stage, produce “mans” and “photoes” as the plural forms of “man” and “photo”. This is most likely the result of _______ in the process of foreign language learning. A:Negative transfer B:Overgeneralization C:Positive transfer D:mother tongue interference 正确答案：BThe relation between the two words “buy” and “sell” can be described as____. A: gradable antonymy B:converse antonymy C:complementary antonymy D:synonymy 正确答案：B_______are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words. A:Roots B:Stems C:Affixes D:Compounds 正确答案：CThe syllabic structure of the word “achieved” is ______. A:VCCVCC B:VCVCC C:VCVVCVCD:VCCVCVC正确答案：BThe Cooperative Principle that language users are believed to follow was initially proposed by_________. A:Grice B: Austin C:Chomsky D:Saussure 正确答案：ALanguage serves the _______ function when it is used to talk about languageitself. A:recreational B:metalingual C:phatic D:performativ e 正确答案：B。

语言导论试题及答案一、单选题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言导论中，语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 短语D. 句子答案：A2. 下列哪项不是语言的社会功能？A. 信息传递B. 文化传承C. 情感表达D. 个人娱乐答案：D3. 语言的任意性是指：A. 语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系B. 语言符号与其所指对象之间有必然联系C. 语言符号与其所指对象之间有逻辑关系D. 语言符号与其所指对象之间有物理关系答案：A4. 语言的双重性是指：A. 语言的任意性和线性B. 语言的任意性和系统性C. 语言的线性和社会性D. 语言的系统性和社会性答案：A5. 语言的线性是指：A. 语言符号的排列顺序B. 语言符号的排列顺序和组合方式C. 语言符号的排列顺序和意义D. 语言符号的排列顺序和语法规则答案：B6. 语言的系统性是指：A. 语言符号的任意性B. 语言符号的线性C. 语言符号的组合方式D. 语言符号的内部结构和规则答案：D7. 语言的变异性是指：A. 语言随时间而变化B. 语言随地域而变化C. 语言随社会群体而变化D. 所有上述情况答案：D8. 语言的交际功能包括：A. 叙述B. 描述C. 命令D. 所有上述情况答案：D9. 语言的表达功能包括：A. 情感表达B. 思想表达C. 意图表达D. 所有上述情况答案：D10. 语言的元语言功能是指：A. 描述语言本身B. 描述语言的规则C. 描述语言的使用D. 所有上述情况答案：D二、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述语言的创造性。

答案：语言的创造性是指说话者能够根据需要创造新的表达方式来描述新的事物或表达新的思想，而不需要改变语言的基本结构。

2. 描述语言的符号性。

答案：语言的符号性是指语言中的符号（如音素、词、短语等）与其所指对象之间没有直接的物理或自然联系，而是通过社会约定俗成的方式建立起的联系。

3. 举例说明语言的任意性。

答案：语言的任意性可以通过“猫”这个词来说明。

《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)语言学导论练题及答案1. 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学。

它涉及语言的结构、演化、语音、语法、语义、语用等方面的研究。

2. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？- 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知。

- 语法学：研究语言的规则和结构。

- 语义学：研究语言意义的构成和理解。

- 语用学：研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。

- 社会语言学：研究语言与社会的关系。

3. 什么是语言的结构？语言的结构是指语言中各个层次（如语音、词汇、句子等）的组织方式和规则。

4. 语音学研究的是什么？语音学研究语音的产生、传播和感知。

它关注语音的音素、音位、音节以及音系等方面。

5. 语法学研究的是什么？语法学研究语言的规则和结构。

它涉及句子的构成和分析，包括词类、短语、句法关系等。

6. 语义学研究的是什么？语义学研究语言意义的构成和理解。

它关注词汇、句子和篇章层面的语义关系和意义表达。

7. 语用学研究的是什么？语用学研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。

它关注言语行为、话语策略和交际意图等。

8. 社会语言学研究的是什么？社会语言学研究语言与社会的关系。

它探讨语言在不同社会群体中的变化、语言的地位和使用情境等。

9. 语言学在日常生活中的应用有哪些？- 语言教育：帮助人们研究和教授语言。

- 语音技术：开发语音识别和合成等技术。

- 翻译和口译：促进不同语言之间的交流和理解。

- 语言规范：制定语法规则、文字标准等。

- 语义分析：帮助机器理解和处理自然语言。

10. 语言学为理解人类语言能力提供了哪些洞见？语言学研究揭示了语言是人类认知和交流的基本工具，提供了对语言产生、理解、学习和变化的深入认识。

语言导论试题及答案解析一、选择题1. 语言的基本功能是什么？A. 交流思想B. 表达情感C. 记录历史D. 以上都是答案：D2. 下列哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 创造性C. 稳定性D. 可变性答案：C3. 语言学研究的主要对象是什么？A. 语言结构B. 语言使用C. 语言发展D. 所有以上答案：D二、填空题4. 语言的最小意义单位是________。

答案：语素5. 语言的音位系统是由________构成的。

答案：音位6. 语言的语法规则包括词法规则和________。

答案：句法规则三、简答题7. 请简述语言的任意性特征。

答案：语言的任意性是指语言符号与其所代表的对象之间没有必然的、自然的联系，而是一种社会约定俗成的关系。

8. 什么是语境对语言理解的影响？答案：语境是指语言交流发生的社会环境和上下文环境。

语境对语言理解的影响体现在它能够提供额外的信息，帮助听者或读者更准确地理解说话者的意图和话语的含义。

四、论述题9. 论述语言与文化的关系。

答案：语言与文化是相互依存、相互影响的。

一方面，语言是文化的载体，通过语言可以传承和表达文化；另一方面，文化也影响语言的发展和使用，不同的文化背景会产生不同的语言习惯和表达方式。

10. 请分析现代科技对语言发展的影响。

答案：现代科技对语言发展有着深远的影响。

首先，科技的发展促进了语言的传播和交流，如互联网使得语言信息传播速度加快，范围扩大。

其次，科技改变了语言的使用方式，例如语音识别和机器翻译技术的发展，使得语言处理更加高效。

最后，科技还催生了新的语言形式和表达方式，如网络语言和数字媒体语言的出现。

五、案例分析题11. 阅读以下对话，分析其中的语言现象。

- A: “你今天看起来很高兴。

”- B: “是的，我通过了驾照考试。

”答案：这段对话中体现了几个语言现象。

首先是礼貌原则，A通过赞美B来开启对话；其次是话题转换，B通过回答A的问题并提供额外信息来转换话题；最后是语境的利用，B的回答提供了他高兴的原因，这有助于A更好地理解B的情绪状态。

语言学导论课后答案【篇一：语言学导论复习题】txt>i. blank-filling1. the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronice ______________ linguistic study; the descriptionof a language as it changes through time is a diachronic _____linguistic study. modern linguists tend to prefer a synchronic approach to a diachronic ______ one.2. speech _____ and writing _____ are the two major media oflinguistic communication. modern linguistics regards the speech language as the primary medium of humanlanguage.3. if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive ; if the linguistic study aims to lay downrules for “ correct and standard ” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive _____ .4. langue _____ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.5. language is a system of arbitrary _____ vocal symbolsused for human communication _____ .6. competence ____ can be defined as the ideal user?sknowledge of the rules of his language, and performance can be defined as the actual realization ofthis knowledge in linguistic communication.7. language is arbitrary _____ in the sense that there is nointrinsic 本质的connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.8. the fact that children acquire spoken language before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal .9. language is productive ____ or creative in that its userscan produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.10. language can be used to refer to things which are present or absent, real or imagined matters in the past, present, orfuture, or in far-away places. this is what displacement _____means.11. the study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.12. linguistics can be defined as the systematic ____ studyof language _____ .13. duality of structures is also referred to as double _____articulation 结构双重性________ .ii. multiple choice1. the distinction between langue and parole was made by the swiss linguist ___ in the early 20th century.a. noam. chomskyb. f. de saussurec. charles hockettd. j.r. firth2. the distinction between competence and performance was made by the american linguist ___ in the late 1950?s.a. noam. chomskyb. f. de saussurec. charles hockettd. j.r. firth3. a modern linguist would not prefer to be a(n) ___.a. observerb. analyzerc. judged. recorderii. true or false judgement( ) 1. langue is concrete while parole is abstract. langue is relatively stable whileparole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.( ) 2. similar to saussure, chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is theideal speaker?s performance, not his competence.( ) 3. modern linguistics is prescriptive while traditional grammar is descriptive.( ) 4. modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.( ) 5. traditional grammar forced languages into a latin-based framework. ( ) 6. in modern linguistics, a diachronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a synchronic one.( ) 7. “ language is a system ” means that elements of language are combinedaccording to rules.( ) 8. language is culturally as well as genetically transmitted.( ) 9. linguistics studies not any particular language, but languages in general.( ) 10. in a broad sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistictheories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.( ) 11.a modern linguist is interested in what is said, not in what he thinks ought to be said.keys:i. blank-filling1. synchronic, diachronic, synchronic, diachronic2. speech, writing, speech3. descriptive, prescriptive4. langue, parole5. arbitrary, communication6. competence, performance7. arbitrary8. vocal9. productive10. displacement11. general12. systematic/scientific, language13. double articulationii. multiple choice1. b2. a3. c iii. true or false judgement1. f2. f3. f4. t5. t6. f7. t8. f9. t 10. f11. t2 phonologyi. blank-filling1. phonetics _____ is defined as the study of the phonicmedium of language.2. the three important branches of phonetics are: (1) 发音学articulatory phonetics, which studies how a speakeruses his speech organs to articulate the sounds;(2) 听觉acoustic _____ phonetics, which studies the physicalproperties of speech sounds and (3) 声学acoustic _______ phonetics, which studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.4. vibration of the vocal ______ cords ____ results in aquality of speech sounds called “ voicing ____________ ”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in english.5. there are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. the transcription with letter-symbols only and the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. the former is called broad transcription while the latter is callednarrow ______ transcription.6. the sound [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. in the word pit, the sound[p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. in the case of pit, the [p] sound issaid to be aspirated and in the case of spit, the [p] sound is unaspirated .7. speech sounds in english can be divided into two broad categories: vowels _______________ and consonants _____ .8. when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless ______________________ .9. in terms of manner of articulation the english consonants can be classified into the following types: stops ____________ ,fricatives ______ , affricates _____ , liquids _____ ,nasals ______ , glides ____ . in terms of place of articulation,the english consonants can be classified into the following types: bilabial , labiodental ______ , dental _________ ,alveolar _____ , palatal _____ , velar _____ , glottal _____ consonants.10. english vowels may be distinguished as front ____ ,central _____ , and back _____ according to which part of thetongue is held highest.11. according to the openness of the mouth, we can classify the vowels into: close ______________ vowels, semi close _____vowels, semi open _____ vowels and open ______ vowels.12. vowels can be classified according to the shape of the lips. in english, all the front vowels are uounded _____________ vowels andmost back vowels are rounded _____ .13. the english vowels can be classified according to the length of the sound. the long vowels are all tense ________________vowels and the lax _____ vowels are lax vowels.14. a phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone __________________ in a certainphonetic context.15. the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.16. phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. if they are two distinctive phonemes they are said to form a phonemic contrast . if they are allophones of thesame phoneme, then they are said to be in complementary distribution .17. when two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal __________ pair19. rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential ________________ rules.21. the parts of speech that are normally stressed in an english sentence are nouns __________________ , main ______ verbs,adjectives ____ , adverbs _____ , numerals _____ anddemonstrative _____ pronouns; the other categories of wordslike articles _____ , person _____ pronouns, auxiliary _____verbs, preposition _____ , and conj unctions _____ are usuallynot stressed.25. in english we can produce a sound by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions, the sound thus produced is calleda diphthong _____________________________ .26. speech _____ sounds are sounds that convey meaning inhuman communication.27. ipa is the short form for international _____phonetic _____ alphabet ____ or i _____ p _____association _____ .28. in english glides are sometimes called semivowels _____ .the english glides are _w ____ and ___j ___.29. a phoneme consists of a set of distinctive 与众不同的_____ features. it is just because of these features that a phoneme is capable of distinguishing meaning. ii. multiple choice1. which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?a. phonemeb. stressc. toned. intonation2. the english word that contains a voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop is .a. peakb. speakc. tip c. topic3. chinese is a(n) ___ language.a. intonationb. tonec. pitchd. stress4. the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called _______________________ .a. sequential rulesb. combining rulesc. assimilation rulesd. deletion rules5. which of the following is a minimal pair?a. fear, pearb. put, hutc. bit, beatd. beat, beastiii. true or false judgement( ) 2. linguists are interested in all sounds produced by humans.( ) 3. the “ same” sounds we claim to have heard are in most cases only phonetically similar, but rarely phonetically identical.( ) 4. narrow transcription is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.( ) 6. a phoneme is a phonological unit, it is a unit that is of distinctive value.( ) 7. the location of stress in english does not distinguish meaning.( ) 10. conventionally phonemes are placed within square brackets, and phones in slashes.keys: blank-filling 1.phonetics2. rticulatory, acoustic, auditory4.vocal cords, voicing5.broad, narrow6. aspirated, unaspirated7. vowels, consonants8. voiceless9. stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides; bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal10. front, central, back11. close, semi-close, semi-open, open12. uounded, rounded13. tense, lax14. phone15. allophones16. phonemic contrast, complementary distribution17. minimal pair19.sequential21.nouns, main, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, demonstrative; articles, person, auxiliary, prepositions, conjunctions 25.diphthong26.speech27.international phonetic alphabet, international phonetic association28.semivowels, [w], [j]29.distinctive multiple choice 1-5abbac true or false judgement 2.f 3.t 4.f 6.t 7.f 10.f3. morphologyi. blank filling1. in english, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are sometimes called o class words since we can regularlyadd new words to these classes. the other syntactic categories, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, are sometimes called c class words since new words arenot usually added to them.2. m _____ refers to the study of the internal structure ofw _____ , and the rules by which words are formed.3. the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called m .4. some morphemes occurs only before other morphemes. suchmorphemes are called p _________ ; other morphemes occuronly after other morphemes, such morphemes are called s .5. when some morphemes are conjoined to other morphemes a new word is formed, such morphemes are called d _______________ morphemes.6. bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on are referred to as i ____________________________ morphemes.篇二：《语言学概论》练习题答案】＞一、名词解释1 、语言学：语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展等。

大学网络与继续教育学院课程考试试题卷类别：网教专业：英语 20 年6月课程名称【编号】：语言学导论【0181】 A卷大作业满分：100分（要求：学生必须按各大题的答题要求，完成全部题目）Ⅰ. For each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or would best complete the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (20%)1. ________ refers to the language user’s underlying knowledge about the systemof rules of his language.A. RegisterB. PerformanceC. CompetenceD. Dialect2. “classmate” is a _______.A. compoundB. phraseC. derivativeD. morpheme3. The function of the sentence “I promise to come on time tomorrow” is mainly_______.A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic4. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless stop? _______.A. [d]B. [p]C. []D. []5. “-ed” and “-s” are ______ because they do not help to form new words.A. free morphemesB. inflectional morphemesC. derivative morphemesD. roots 6. Systemic-functional grammar has been developed by _______.A. GriceB. AustinC. ChomskyD. Halliday7. The syllabic structure of the word “studied” is ______.A. CCCCVVCB. CCCCVCC. CCCVVCD. CCVCVC8. ______ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have thesame form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. The study of meaning in context is called _______.A. pragmaticsB. sociolinguisticsC. applied linguisticsD.semantics10. _______ means that certain authorities, such as the government, choose aparticular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language testingB. Language changeC. Language planningD. Language transferⅡ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. Write True or False on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)11. Diachronic linguistics studies language development or change over time.12. Ultimate constituents are constituents directly below the level of aconstruction.13. Standard dialect is a particular variety of a language, which is used by aparticular social class.14. Compounds are words that are formed by joining two or more words.15. Transformational-Generative grammar was first proposed by P. H. Grice.16. To linguists, no languages are superior to any other languages.- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -。

导言一、填空题1．语言学是研究语言的科学，语言是语言学的研究对象。

语言学的基本任务是研究语言的规律，使人们懂得关于语言的理性知识。

2. 中国、印度、希腊—罗马是语言学的三大发源地。

3、我国传统语文学包括文字、音韵、训诂等三门分支学科，合称“小学”。

4.人类对语言的研究大体上可分为语文学阶段、历史比较语言学阶段、结构主义语言学阶段、形式语言学阶段、交叉语言学阶段。

5．在19世纪逐步发展和完善起来的历史比较语言学不但宣告语言学的真正独立，而且为普通语言学的研究奠定了基础。

6.普通语言学的奠基人物是索绪尔和洪堡特。

前者所著的《普通语言学教程》在语言学发展史上起到了划时代的作用。

7.结构主义语言学派可以分为三派，它们分别是布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国结构主义学派。

8.形式语言学的主要代表人物是乔姆斯基，他认为对语言进行描写和分析的目的在于研究人的语言生成能力。

他的目标是建立一个能产生所有句子的语法系统。

9.新时期语言学的最大特点是交叉性和边缘性。

10．文言是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为文言文。

11.研究语言的结构，主要是研究语音、语汇（词汇、语义）和语法三个部分。

12.运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为编码、发送、传递、接收、解码五个阶段。

二、判断题1．综合各种语言学的基本研究的成果，归纳成语言的一般规律，这是具体语言学的任务。

（×）2．世界上有几千种语言，有些语言的研究已经比较深入，大部分语言的研究还很不够，甚至还没有人去研究。

（√）3．语言学既是一门古老的科学，又是一门年轻的科学；既与社会科学有密切的关系，又与自然科学有密切的关系。

（√）4.布龙菲尔德是美国结构主义语言学代表人物之一，其代表著作是《普通语言学教程》。

（×）三、名词解释1.语言：是一个以语音为物质外壳、以语词为建筑材料、以语法为结构规律而构成的音义结合的符号系统，是人类特有的、最重要的交际工具和思维工具。

2.语言学：是以人类语言作为研究对象的科学，基本任务就是研究语言的规律，即研究语言的性质、作用、结构，语言的发展变化，使人们懂得有关语言的理性知识，从而提高学习语言和运用语言的水平。

Chapter 4 MorphologyWhat is morphology?The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.Words are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with meaning.Morphology is defined as the study of the internal structur e and the formation of words.Morphemes and allomorphsThe smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme.A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.“zero” form of a morpheme and suppletivesSome countable n ouns do not change form to express plurality. Similarly, some regular verbs do not change form to indicate past tense. In these two cases, the noun or verb contains two morphemes, among which there is one “zero form” of a morpheme.Some verbs have irreg ular changes when they are in past tense. In this case, the verbs also have two morphemes. Words which are not related in form to indicate grammatical contrast with their roots are called suppletives.Free and bound morphemesSome morphemes constitut e words by themselves. These morphemes are called free morphemes.Other morphemes are never used independently in speech and writing. They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words. These morphemes are called bound morphemes. The distinct i on between a free morphemes and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.Free morphemes are the roots of words, while bound morphemes are the affixes (prefixes and suffixes).Inflexional and derivational morpheme sInflexional morphemes in modern English indicate case and number of nouns, tense and aspect of verbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs.Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words. English affixes a re divided into prefixes and suffixes.Some languages have infixes, bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes.The process of putting affixes to existing forms to create new words is called derivation. Words thus formed are called derivatives.Conclusion: classification of morphemesMorphemesFree morphemesBound morphemesInflexionalDerivational: affixesPrefixes: -s, -’s, -er, -est, -ing, -ed, -sSuffixesFormation of new wordsDerivationDerivation forms a wo rd by adding an affix to a free morpheme.Since derivation can apply more than once, it is possible to create a derived word with a number of affixes. For example, if we add affixes to the word friend, we can form befriend, friendly, unfriendly, friendliness, unfriendliness, etc. This process of adding more than one affix to a free morpheme is termed complex derivation.Derivation does not apply freely to any word of a given category. Generally speaking, affixes cannot be added to morphemes of a different language origin.Derivation is also constrained by phonological factors.Some English suffixes also change the word stress.CompoundingCompounding is another common way to form words. It is the combination of free morphemes. The majority of E nglish compounds are the combination of words from the three classes –nouns, verbs and adjectives – and fall into the three classes.In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components.ConversionConversion is the process putting an existing word of one class into another class.Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.ClippingClipping is a process that shortens a pol y syllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.Clipped words are initially used in spoken English on informal occasions.Some clipped words have become widely accepted, and are used even in formal styles. For example, the words bus (omnibus), vet (veterinarian), gym (gymnasium), fridge (refrigerator) and fax (facsimile) are rarely used in their complete form.BlendingBlending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. For example, smog (smoke + frog), brunch (a meal in the middle of morning, replacing both breakfast and lunch), motel (motor + hotel). There is also an interesting word in the textbook for junior middle school students –“plike” (a kind of machine that is like both a plane and a bike).Back-formationBack-formation is the process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix. For example, the word televise is back-formed from television. Originally, the word television is formed by putting the prefix tele- (far) to the root vision (viewing). At the same time, there is a suffix –sion in English indicating nouns. Then people consider the –sion in the word television asthat suffix and drop it to form the verb televise.Acronyms and abbreviationsAcronyms and abbrevia tions are formed by putting together the initial letters of all words in a phrase or title.Acronyms can be read as a word and are usually longer than abbreviations, which are read letter by letter.This type of word formation is common in names of org anizations and scientific terminology.EponymsEponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places. For example, the word sandwich is a common noun originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling.CoinageCoinage is a process of inventing words not based on existing morphemes.This way of word formation is especially common in cases where industry requires a word for a new product. For example, Kodak and Coca-cola.For more detailed explanation to the ways of word formation, see my notes of Practical English Grammar.转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/M/Linguistics/86983.html Chapter 3 PhonologyWhat is phonology?Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.Phonology and phonetics are two studies different in perspectives, which are concerned with the study of speech sounds.Phonology focuses o n three fundamental questions.What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language? What sounds vary in what ways in what context?What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?Pho nemes and allophonesA phoneme is a distinctive, abstract sound unit with a distinctive feature.The variants of a phoneme are termed allophones.We use allophones to realize phonemes.Discovering phonemesContrastive distribution – phonemesIf sounds appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in minimal pairs and minimal sets.A minimal pair consists of two words that differ by only one sound in the same position.Minimal sets are more than two words that are distinguished by one segment in the same position.The overwhelming majority of the consonants and vowels represented by the English phonetic alphabet are in contrastive distribution.Some sounds can hardly be found in contrastive distribution in English. However, these sounds are distinctive in terms of phonetic features. Therefore, they are separate phonemes.Complementary distribution – allophonesSounds that are not found in the sam e position are said to be in complementary distribution.If segments are in complementary distribution and share a number of features, they are allophones of the same phoneme.Free variationIf segments appear in the same position but the mutual subs titution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.Distinctive and non-distinctive featuresFeatures that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, and features do not, non-distinctive features.Distinc tive features in one language may be non-distinctive in another.Phonological rulesPhonemes are abstract sound units stored in the mind, while allophones are the actual pronunciations in speech.What phoneme is realized by what allophones in what specific context is another major question in phonology.The regularities that what sounds vary in what ways in what context are generalized and stated in phonology as rules.There are many phonological rules in English. Take the following ones as exam ples.[+voiced +consonant] – [-voiced]/[-voiced +consonant]_[-voiced +bilabial +stop] – unaspirated/[-voiced +alveolar +fricative]_Syllable structureA syllable is a phonological unit that is composed of one or more phonemes.Every syllable h as a nucleus, which is usually a vowel.The nucleus may be preceded by one or more consonants called the onset and followed by one or more consonants called the coda.Sequence of phonemesNative speakers of any language intuitively know what sounds can be put together.Some sequences are not possible in English. The impossible sequences are called systematic gaps.Sequences that are possible but do not occur yet are called accidental gaps.When new words are coined, they may fill some accident a l gaps but they will never fillsystematic gaps.Suprasegmental featuresFeatures that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental features.These features are distinctive features.StressStress is the perceived prominence of one or more syllabic elements over others in a word.Stress is a relative notion. Only words that are composed of two or more syllables have stress. If a word has three or more syllables, there is a primary stress and a sec ondary stress.In some languages word stress is fixed, i.e. on a certain syllable. In English, word stress is unpredictable.IntonationWhen we speak, we change the pitch of our voice to express ideas.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distin guish utterance meaning.The same sentence uttered with different intonation may express different attitude of the speaker.In English, there are three basic intonation patterns: fall, rise, fall-rise.ToneTone is the variation of pitch to disting uish words.The same sequence of segments can be different words if uttered with different tones.Chinese is a typical tone language.-转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/M/Linguistics/86123.html Chapter 2 PhoneticsWhat is phonetics?Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.Sub-branches of phoneticsArticulatory phonetics – the production of speech soundsAcoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech soundsAuditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech soundsThe speech organsWhere does the air stream come from?From the lungWhat is the function of vocal cords?Controlling the air streamWhat are the cavities?O ral cavityPharyngeal cavityNasal cavityTranscription of speech soundsUnits of representationSegments (the individual sounds)Phonetic symbolsThe widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.In more detailed transcripti o n (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions.Description of speech soundsDescription of English consonantsGeneral feature: obstructionCriteria of conson ant descriptionPlaces of articulationManners of articulationV oicing of articulationPlaces of articulationThis refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.Bilabial: [p] [b] [m] [w]Labiodental: [f] [v]Interdental: [ ] [ ]Alveolar: [t] [d] [s] [z] [l] [n] [r]Palatal: [ ] [ ] [t ] [d ] [j]Velar: [k] [g] [ ]Glottal: [h]Manners of articulationThis refers to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.Stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]Fricatives: [s] [z] [ ] [ ] [f] [v] [ ] [ ] [h]Affricates: [t ] [d ]Liquids: [l] [r]Glides: [w] [j]Nasals: [m] [n] [ ]V oicing of articulationThis refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.V oiced soundsV oiceless soundsDescription of English vowelsGeneral feature: without obstructionCriteria of vowel descriptionPart of the tongue that is raisedFrontCentralBackExtent to which the tongue rises i n the direction of the palateHighMidLowKind of opening made at the lipsPosition of the soft palateSingle vowels (monophthongs) and diphthongsPhonetic features and natural classesClasses of sounds that share a feature or features a re called natural classes.Major class features can specify segments across the consonant-vowel boundary.Classification of segments by features is the basis on which variations of sounds can be analyzed.第三章“词汇”问题和练习1. 解释下列术语语素复合词屈折变化词缀派生词词根语素变体词干粘着语素自由语素词位词汇语法词词汇词封闭类开放类混成法借词混合借词转移借词缩略语脱落逆构词法同化异化俗词源2. 给下列词加上适当的否定前缀a. removable m. syllabicb. formal n. normalc. practicable o. workabled. sensible p. writtene. tangible q. usualf. logical r. thinkableg. regular s. humanh. proportionate t. relevanti. effective u. editablej. elastic v. mobilek. ductive w. legall. rational x. discreet3. 语素被定义为表达和内容关系的最小单位。

语言导论试题及答案详解# 语言导论试题及答案详解一、选择题1. 语言的定义是什么？- A. 一种交流工具- B. 一种文化现象- C. 一种社会习俗- D. 一种自然现象答案： A. 一种交流工具详解：语言是用于交流思想、感情和信息的工具，它是人类社会中最重要的交流方式之一。

2. 以下哪项不属于语言的基本功能？- A. 信息传递- B. 情感表达- C. 社会控制- D. 艺术创作答案： D. 艺术创作详解：艺术创作虽然可以利用语言作为媒介，但它本身并不构成语言的基本功能。

语言的基本功能包括信息传递、情感表达和社会控制。

二、填空题1. 语言学可以分为多个分支，包括语音学、语法学、语义学、______和______。

- 答案：语用学；社会语言学详解：语用学研究语境对语言使用的影响，社会语言学研究语言与社会结构和文化的关系。

2. 语言的演变是一个______的过程，受到多种因素的影响，包括社会变迁、文化接触等。

- 答案：动态详解：语言不是静态的，它随着时间和社会的发展而不断变化。

三、简答题1. 简述语音和音位的区别。

答案：语音是语言中的声音现象，包括所有可能的声音。

音位则是特定语言中能够区分意义的最小声音单位。

例如，在英语中，/p/和/b/是两个不同的音位，因为它们可以改变单词的意义（如“pat”和“bat”）。

详解：语音是物理现象，音位是抽象概念，它们在特定语言中具有区分意义的功能。

2. 描述语言习得的关键阶段。

答案：语言习得通常包括几个关键阶段：咿呀学语期、单词语期、双词语期、电报句期和完全句期。

每个阶段都是儿童语言能力发展的自然过程。

详解：咿呀学语期是儿童发出无意义的声音；单词语期是儿童开始使用单个词汇；双词语期是儿童开始组合两个词汇表达简单的意思；电报句期是儿童使用简短的句子，省略了某些语法元素；完全句期是儿童能够使用完整的句子表达复杂的意思。

四、论述题1. 论述语言多样性的重要性。

答案：语言多样性是文化多样性的重要组成部分。