跨文化交际：英汉语篇中的文化差异32页PPT

例题（33）_______teachers can sit on the desk havi teaching work. A. British B. Chinese C. American D. Japanese
例题（40）The first dish for American and British people is____. A. soup B. fish C. meat D. potato and tomato 例题（41）______people like to eat the amimal’s hearts. A. Chinese B. American C. British D. None of the 例题（43）When you send some expensive presents to American and British people, they receive them_______. A. silently B. without doing and saying anything C. and take them away in silence D. and sing high praise for them in the face of the sender 例题（44）The American and British people are tired of No.______. A. 8 B.4 C.5 D.13 例题（46）Waitresses and waiters in_____usually receive tips(service charge)at shops or restaurants. A. China B. Britain C. America D. all three countries

❖ 西方：天气影响心情
中国：心情不受影响
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交通工具
❖ 经济发展的水平和发展的层次不同。
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处理问题
❖ “不撞南墙不回头” , “不可直中取，只可曲中 求”。
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❖ 西方：率直
对待愤怒
中国：隐忍
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生活方式
❖ 很早实现工业化，注重自我价值实现，人格独立。 ❖ 农业大国，群居意识强，注重集体力量。
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想象中的对方
❖ 清朝的装束，喝的是茶水，吃的是大米饭； ❖ “卓别林”，吃的是火腿，喝的是啤酒。
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❖ 边际效用递减。
时尚
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三餐
❖ 西方：喜欢吃冷餐
中国：喜欢吃热餐
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胃疼时的饮品
❖ 西方：可乐
中国：热茶水
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❖ 西方：白天
沐浴时间
中国：晚上
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心情与天气
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对待孩子
❖ 于丹说“距离和独立是对人格的尊重，这种尊重 即使在最亲近的人中间，也应保有。”
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❖ 团团圆圆
聚会
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❖ 热热闹闹
在餐厅
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❖ 西方：看
旅游
中国：纪录
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排队
❖ “仓廪实而知礼节”，同时也折射出资源的丰裕状况。
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人际关系
❖ “多个朋友多条路”，也反映法律制度的健全与否。
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Leader is always
right!
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Realationship
After meeting,they need work with their fellow.
Western: Like the picture,it's really really simple.
China: On the contrary,ours is very very complex!To be honest,we have to say that relationship play an more important role than others in our life.
skill is important.
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The way to express anger
When they have conflict with their partner,and then they are unsatisfied with their partner.
Western: They will express what he think,even if to do like this might make others feel uncomfortable. China: We won't express our angry easily,because to do this will be regard as being rude.
together.
Western:
They will try their best
to found a method to
solve them.

cuisine [kwɪˈziːn] n. 烹饪，烹调法 multitude [ˈmʌltɪtuːd] n. 大量，多数；群众，人群a multitude of大批的，众多的 availability [əˌveɪləˈbɪləti] n. 可用性；有效性；实用性 respectively [rɪˈspektɪvli] adv. 分别地；各自地，独自地 cucumber [ˈkjuːkʌmbər] n. 黄瓜；胡瓜sea cucumber海参 abalone [ˌæbəˈloʊni] n. 鲍鱼 scallop [ˈskæləp] n. 扇贝，干贝 stew [stuː] v. （肉、水果等食物）炖，焖 n. 炖煮的菜肴 roast [roʊst] v. 烘，烤（肉等）；（食物）烤 fry [fraɪ] v. 油炸，油煎n. 油炸食品；炒杂烩菜；炸薯条quick fry爆，stir-fry炒，dry-fry干煸， shallow fry煎炸, deep fry油炸 crystallize [ˈkrɪstəlaɪz] v. 使结晶；明确；做成蜜饯；具体化 carp [kɑːrp] n. 鲤鱼；抱怨；鲤科属鱼 braise [breɪz] vt. 炖；煨n. 文火炖熟的肉
耳white fungus银耳 • wax [wæ ks] n. 蜡；蜡状物vt. 给…上蜡vi. 月亮渐满；增大
• gourd [ɡʊrd,ɡɔːrd] n. 葫芦，葫芦属植物 wax gourd（= winter melon）冬瓜 • tender [ˈtendər] adj. 温柔的；（食物）柔软的，嫩的；疼痛的；（植物）脆弱的 • umami [uːˈmɑːmi] n. （食物的）鲜味adj. 鲜味的 • diverse daɪˈvɜːrs] adj. 不同的，相异的；多种多样的，形形色色的 • delicacy [ˈdelɪkəsi] n. 美味；佳肴；微妙；精美；敏锐；世故，圆滑 • shellfish [ˈʃelfɪʃ] n. 甲壳类动物；贝类 • turtle [ˈtɜːrtl] n. 龟，甲鱼；海龟 • mushroom [ˈmʌʃrʊm,ˈmʌʃruːm] n. 蘑菇，伞菌；蘑菇形物体；暴发户 • shoot [ʃuːt] vt./n. 射击，射中；拍摄；发芽bamboo shoot竹笋 leek shoot 韭黄 • apricot [ˈæprɪkɑːt,ˈeɪprɪkɑːt] n. 杏，杏子；杏树；杏黄色preserved apricot杏脯 • Buddha [ˈbuːdə,ˈbʊdə] n. 佛陀；佛像 • oyster [ˈɔɪstər] n. 牡蛎，蚝；沉默寡言的人oyster sauce 蚝油 • lychee ['litʃi] n. 荔枝；荔枝树（等于litchi或lichi） • dainty [ˈdeɪnti] adj. 美味的；讲究的；秀丽的；挑剔的n. 美味 • sauté [ˈsəʊteɪ] v. 煸；嫩煎

Text study: Passage 1 Transport in China (P. 197)
The first metro system in China began operation in Beijing in 1971 and the Tianjin Metro followed in 1984. The rapid growth of China’s economy since the late 1980s has created a surge ([sɜːdʒ] 激增) in
Section A Traffic and Transport in China
New Words & Expressions in Passage 1
expansion [ɪk'spænʃn] n. 膨胀；扩展；扩充 comprehensive [ˌkɑːmprɪ'hensɪv] adj. 全面的；广泛的；综合的；理解的 civil ['sɪvl] adj. 公民的；文明的；国内的；民用的；民事的 aviation [ˌeɪvi'eɪʃn] n. 航空；飞机制造业civil aviation民用航空 express [ɪk'spres] n. 快车；快递；专使adj. 明确的；急速的；直接的vt. 表达；表示； 挤压出；快递express highways高速公路 expressway 高速公路 electrified [ɪ'lektrɪfaɪd] adj. 电气化的 metro ['metroʊ] n. 地铁 rapid ['ræpɪd] adj. 短时间发生的；急速的；迅速的；快的；险峻的 exceed [ɪk'siːd] v. 超过；超出 project ['prɑːdʒekt] n. 计划；工程；项目；课题v. 计划；预计；设计；放映；投射 subway ['sʌbweɪ] n. 地铁；地下通道 surge [sɜː(r)dʒ] v.浪涌；激增；汹涌；涌动n. 激增；突发；大量；一大批 urban ['ɜː(r)bən]adj.城市的；都市的；城镇的；都市音乐的 prompt [prɑːmpt] adj. 迅速的；敏捷的；立刻的vt. 激起；促进；推动；提示 in operation在运转；生效；在运行 construction [kən'strʌkʃn] n. 施工；建筑；建立；建造under construction在建设中；施工中

❖ 中国人的饮食强调感性和艺术性，追求饮食的口味感觉，而不注意食物的营 养成分。
❖ The Chinese diet emphasize perceptual and artistic quality, the pursuit of the diet taste feeling, and do not pay attention to the nutrition of food.
Prayer
❖ 还有不同文化中不同的祷告仪式。 ❖ There are different culture in different prayer.
Different culture in different prayer.
❖ 东西方文化中不同的葬礼仪式
❖ Different in the form of a funeral. Chinese usually took the form of weeping mourners.Americans are in a manner of silence to honor.
2.Eat
❖ 西方人认为在吃东西时发出声音是不合适的。但是，在亚洲地区吃东 西发出声音则被看做是对厨师的赞赏和满足。
❖ In life some minor a neglected social practice can also be seen as the differences in Western culture.For example, Westerners think the sound while eating is not appropriate. But eat in Asian the sound is considered to the cook, appreciation and satisfaction.

Etiquette culture （礼仪文化） --- Addressing（称呼）
2、Addressing the superior or elders
（称呼上级或者长辈）
In China： “title +surname”（头衔+姓）
Westerner：calling directly, namely, even first names(直呼姓名）
中西文化差异 cultural differences
Content (目录)
1、Food and tableware culture （餐桌文化） 2、Etiquette culture （礼仪文化） 3、Number and color differences （数字与
颜色不同） 4、Wedding differences（婚礼文化） 5、Education differences （教育）
White（白色）
In China
Death （死亡） Failure （失败） Decay (腐朽) Surrender (投降)
In western country
Elegance（高雅） Purity（纯洁） Integrity （正直） Honesty （诚实）
Lucky numbers（幸运数字）
大家学习辛苦了，还是要坚持
继续保持安静
Chinese tableware（中国餐具）
chopsticks（筷子） spoon（汤勺） bowl（碗）
Western tableware（西方餐具）
knife（刀） fork（餐叉） glass（酒杯） napkin（餐巾纸）
1、Greeting （打招呼） 2、Addressing （称呼） 3、Compliments and Response （称赞与回答） 4、Asking Personal Affairs （询问私人问题）

In Chinese culture, praises and compliments have a wider range. It is the same with the American culture that for abilities and achievements, also other serious praise, only those people with the talent evaluation(称赞) ability can praise others. Older can praise young man, but this is only an encouragement, not really compliments on their abilities and achievements. Meanwhile, the younger can praise the older and the lower can praise the superior(地位高的), but this is just a compliment， and this is flattering(谄媚 的) more to those complimented. Therefore, in our daily life, we have a lot of praises for other people's abilities and achievements but they have different meanings on different occasions(场合), not only serious praises, but also a compliment to make the relationship closer.

.
20
• 习语的凝固性
• 又称为习语的固 • 不能把
定性，与中国汉 语的成语一样，
• rain cats and dogs (倾盆大雨)
它的词、形式、 结构都是固定的， 不能被更改、替 换。例如：
•
改成
rains dogs cats或
and
• rain a cat and a
dog 等形式。
.
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上想到他性格豪爽，脾气暴躁的形象，“林
黛玉”英语中也有就代表弱不禁风，多头善
感的形象。但在西方文化中就仅仅是个人名。
在英语中，也有一些出自文学作品和历史事
件的人名或地名，具有其独有的特殊内涵意
义，如Cinderella(指不受重视的人或部门，
或指有才干但一时未受赏识的人)，Shylock
（指心肠狠毒、唯利是图的小人），地名
数字13：在西方文化中，普遍被认为是不吉祥的数字。但 在我国传统文化中，不具有这些内涵意义。
数字9：在中国传统文化中，就是历代君王都推崇的数字， 皇帝穿九龙袍，京城建九个城门，宫殿的台阶也是九层或 九的倍数。但在英语中nine却. 没有这样的文化内涵。 10
中国古代的文学作品中许多专有名词具有丰
富的文化内涵，比如人们一说“张飞”就马
.
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习语
naked truth
kill the goose that laid the golden eggs
sour grapes bell the cat
cat’ paw
意义
原原本本的事实， 赤裸裸的事实 杀鸡取卵 涸泽而鱼
聊以自慰的话 替别人冒风险 被别人利用的人
the lion’s share .

• Different Approaches to Authority: Chinese culture respects hierarchy and tradition, while Western culture emphasizes equality and challenges authority.
目录
• Differences in social etiquette between China and the West
• Differences in thinking styles between China and the West
• Differences in Chinese and Western Languages and Writing
Comparison of Chinese and Western Values
• Differences in Priorities: Chinese culture emphasizes collectivism and interpersonal harmony, while Western culture emphasizes individualism and personal freedom.
目录
• conclusion
01
introduction
Theme Introduction
Theme
This speech will focus on the differences between Chinese and Western cultures, exploring how these differences influence people's values, behaviors,

• privilege [ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ] n. 特权；优待vt. 给予…特权；特免 • prevalence [ˈprevələns] n. 流行；普遍；广泛 • girdle [ˈɡɜːrdl] n. 腰带；围绕物；妇女紧身褡 vt. 围绕；绕…而行；用带子捆扎 • keep abreast of 与……并驾齐驱；了解……的最新情况 • combat [ˈkɑːmbæt] n. 战斗；搏斗；争论，反对v. 与……战斗；防止 • advocate [ˈædvəkeɪt; ˈædvəkət] v. 提倡，拥护；为……辩护n. 拥护者；辩护者；
We put on formal wear and suddenly we become extraordinary.
On the days when you feel low and invisible, why not try this on
for size: imagine you are wearing a fantastic tailored tuxedo or a stunning (极有魅力的) formal gown. And then proceed with your
Lead-in:
Read the following quote and see which Chinese saying you can think of.
“What is it about wearing a tuxedo or that little black dress, that
makes us feel confident, beautiful, splendid, even invincible?
Text study: Passage 1 Traditional Chinese Clothes (P. 34)

具体来说，语言障碍主要包括以下两个方面：
1. 非母语交际者的语言障碍：在跨文化交际中，很多人会面临非 母语交际的挑战。这意味着他们需要面对不同的语言、词汇、语 法、发音等问题，这些因素都可能导致语言障碍。因此，为了解 决这个问题，非母语交际者需要不断地学习和提高语言技能，例 如多听多说多读多写、学习俚语、口音和文化知识等。
文化背景对交流的影响
1. 社交礼仪：不同文化背景下的社交礼仪和行为表达方式差异很大，比如西方人讲话时习惯用手势， 而中国人可能会觉得这些动作过多、不正式；日本和韩国的传统礼仪非常注重面子和尊重，对年长 者和上级的行为尤其要恭敬，但在一些西方国家这种表现可能会被认为是过分客气、不自然。 2. 措辞与语言：文化背景不同导致措辞和语言上的差异，比如英语国家对于语言的直白、幽默和轻 松比较开放，但亚洲国家则有很多文化忌讳和语言禁忌。此外，各种语言还存在文化背景的色彩， 比如英语国家里有很多表达自由、独立和个性价值的词汇，而在中国社会里则强化集体荣誉和群体 意识，这导致交流中很容易出现歧义和误解。
Cultural Diversity and Globalization Trends
文化差异与交流挑战
1. 语言障碍。不同国家和地区的人口使用的语言和方言不同，即使使用相同 的语言，口音、语速、词汇和用法都可能存在差异，这可能导致交流上的困 难和误解。此外，不同语言和文化中的说法、俚语、谚语等也会导致交流上 的难点。
文化差异&nbsp
文化差异是跨文化交际中最重要的挑战之一。其中，语言差异是最为明显、 也最为普遍的一种。在进行跨文化交际时，人们很容易会遇到词汇和语法不 同、口音和语调不同等问题，这需要交际双方进行有效的沟通和理解，学会 互相尊重和包容对方的语言特点，以达到有效的交流目的。

例如，汉语中的“炕”，“牌楼”，“饺子”，“油 条”，“旗袍”，“长衫”，“中山装”，“唐装”都具有 中国特色，其承载的文化的独特性不能替代，在英译时属词 汇空缺，现在翻译时都可用汉语拼音来译。但其承载的中国 文化很难再现，比如“元宵”音谐“圆宵”有“团圆之夜” 的寓意。再以“粽子”为例，即使西方人吃过粽子，也很难 联想到中国古代伟大诗人屈原投江殉国的历史渊源。
从中国的地理位置来看，地大物博，幅员辽阔，汉语中的“黔驴技 穷”，“人心齐，泰山移”，“不到黄河心不死”，“不到长城非好 汉”，“福如东海，寿比南山”都体现了中国特有的地域色彩。
相比之下，英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业较发达，反映在语言中 就出现了许多与海洋，船和水有关的短语。如：”all at sea”(不知所 措），“burn one’s boats”(破釜沉舟）， “sail before the wind”(顺 风航行） “keep one’s head above the water”(奋力图存）等。
汉英语言的文化差异
英语学习是跨语言（cross-linguistic),跨文化 （cross-cultural)，跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。 不仅仅是不同语言之间的转换过程，而且也是反映不 同社会特征的文化转换过程，所以语言可以称为文化 的使者。
What is culture? 根据《辞海》的解释，文化有广义和狭义之分。 “从广义上来说，指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造 的物质财富的总和。从狭义来说，指社会的意识形态， 以及与之相适应的制度和组织机构。文化是一种历史 现象，每个社会都有与其相适应的文化。”从文化的 范围来划分，文化又分为生态文化，语言文化，宗教 文化，物质文化和社会文化。
而海洋型文化的人们航海业，渔业，造船业发达如英国 是岛国，故英语中不乏与海洋事业有关的用法，如， “Hoist your sail when the wind is fair.” “In a calm sea, every man is a pilot.” “A small link will sink a great ship.”

Something about western families




Western families advocate equality in daily life. The husband and the wife usually have an equality voice in decision-making, and on certain matters, the children, too, have a vote. In the western, most old people do not live with their children or relatives. If they have enough money they will buy house or apartments in places where other old people live .If they do not healthy and strong enough to live alone, they would rather live in nursing houses for old people than be taken by their children. Therefore they want to stay young because youth stands for hope and energy, they do not like to grow old because they will not gain honor, respect or attention as old people .
2..Addressing

In China, the surname comes first and then the given name. While westerners names are written and spoken with the given name first and the family name last.

packages that would be displayed in plain sight
of Saudi women and children. Consequently, to
satisfy Saudi customs officials, the entire
shipment of men’s briefs had to be sent back to
12 Your site here
2. Negotiating Attitude
Win/Lose
❖Distributive bargain ❖Confrontational process ❖Incompatible goals
Win/Win
❖Integrative bargain ❖Celebrative/problemsolving process ❖Compatible goals
2) What do you think would be a proper way to package the underwear in order to be accepted by Saudi Arabians?
10 Your site here
III. The Top Ten Ways Culture Affects Negotiating Style
4. Conclusion
2 Your site here
I. Defining Intercultural Negotiation
❖Negotiation ❖Intercultural Negotiation
❖ Moran & Stripp (1991)
3 Your site here

In ancient China, jiu was once regarded as a sacred liquid and was used only when sacrificial offerings were made to Heaven and Earth or ter, along with the development of zymotechnics ([ˌzaɪməʊ'teknɪks] 酿 造 法 ) and brewery ([ˈbru:əri] 酿酒厂), jiǔ became an ordinary drink. It appeared in almost all social activities, including birthday parties for seniors, wedding feasts and sacrificial ceremonies. No banquet would be complete without it, since a toast could seal a deal, send prayers for the troops in battle as well as express a wish for the health and happiness of families and friends... (Para. 2)
It is often translated into English as "wine", which misstates its
current usage. In present-day Mandarin, jiǔ most commonly
refers to pure alcohol, hard liquors, and strong rice wine, while