English for International Politics MajorDr. Yan Ting2014 Fall题型：(考试占40%)1 multiple choice 15*3’=45’2 terminology 三选二10’3 short answer 三选二15’4 reading comprehension 5*3’=15’5 essay 300 words 15’整理内容包括：讲义中只有一两个词的地方进行了扩充，部分问题增加了答案，以及一些较生僻的词汇进行了解释。
祝大家考试顺利，取的好成绩~Introduction●What is politics?1.the exercise of influence by competing individuals and groups to affect theallocation of values and distribution of resources2.According to Lasswell, politics determines “who gets what, when , how and why” .●What is international politics?1.“the decisions of governments concerning their actions toward othergovernments” (Goldstein, 2005, p4)2.International politics as a field--Is a subfield of political science--Issue areas; subfield (including international security; IPE; Diplomacy etc.)3.origin of states: ancient Mesopotamia (between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers)●Trends in international politics1.integrative; disintegrative2.continuity--certain patterns from the past have reappeared: internationalism vsisolationism 3.changes of--types of units (actors): from the single state actors to multiple actors.(International institutions, non-governmental organizations, multinationalcorporations, individuals and other sub-state or trans-state actors are acting as important international actors. )--goals: anti-terrorism; cold war ideology --capabilities: deterrence (# of nukes核武器)● A Framework for International Politics1. Level of analysis --individual level --domestic level --interstate level --global level-- what else? (International system level，including：global level, regional level and interstate level)2. Time sequence--e.g. trade and conflict relationship--remote causes vs. proximatecauses3. Contingent（可能发生的，偶然的）behavior (strategic)●Example: the role of images in world politics1.Schematic（纲要的；示意的；严谨的；有章法的）reasoning: matching what they seewith images in their memories of prototypical（原型的） events and people.--the world in American’s eyes vs. in Chinese eyes2. Attribution bias: the tendency to emphasize situational factors when explaining one’s own behavior while stressing dispositional（意向的，素质上的）factors when explaining the same behavior in others3. Cognitive（认知的，认识的）dissonance（不一致）: The tendency to deny or rationalize away discrepancies（差异）between one’s preexisting beliefs and new information4. The phenomenon of mirror imageTheories of International Politics●Four characteristics of scientific research (KKV,1994)1.the goal is inference（推理，推断）--descriptive （描述的）--causal（因果关系的）2.the procedures are public (replicable)3.the conclusions are uncertain4.the content is the method●Major components of research design(KKV,1994)1. the research question – how to choose?2. the theory (assumptions, model, hypothesis假说，前提)3.the data and the use of data●Major theories of international politics1. realism--key terms: power; sovereignty; anarchy; hegemon; multi-polar--earlier theorists: Sun Tzu; Thucydides; Machiavelli; Thomas Hobbes; Morgenthau;(Realism “is a spectrum of ideas” which revolve around the four centralpropositions of Political Groupism, Egoism, International anarchy and Powerpolitics. Realism is a tradition of international theory centered upon fourpropositions: The international system is anarchic; States are the most important actors; all states within the system are unitary, rational actors; the primary concernof all states is survival.)In summary, realists think that humankind is not inherently benevolent but rather self-centered and competitive. The state is the most important actor under realism.The state emphasizes an interest in accumulating power to ensure security in an anarchic world. A key concept under realism is the international distribution ofpower referred to as system polarity, although all states seek hegemony under realism as the only way to ensure their own security, other states in the system are incentivized to prevent the emergence of a hegemon through balancing.2. Liberalism--key terms: concert of powers; collective goods; reciprocity;interdependence; international regimes--earlier theorists: Locke; Kant; Smith; Cobdon; Wilson(Liberalism is one of the main schools of international relations theory.The central issues that it seeks to address are the problems of achieving lasting peace and cooperation in international relations, and the various methods that couldcontribute to their achievement.Broad areas of study within liberal international relations theory include:1)Institutional peace theory, which attempts todemonstrate how cooperation can be sustained in anarchy, how can theinternational regimes take effect ;2)The democratic peace theory, and, morebroadly, the effect of domestic political regime types and domestic politics oninternational relations;3) The commercial peace theory, arguing that free trade has pacifying effects on the interdependence in international relations. )4) the effect of international organizations on international politics, both in their roleas forums for states to pursue their interests, and in their role as actors in their own right; 5)The role of international law in moderating or constraining state behavior;6)The role of various types of unions in international politics (relations), such ashighly institutionalized alliances (e.g. NATO), confederations, leagues, federations, and evolving entities like the European Union.3. feminism--argument: we can better understand IR by including the roles and effects ofwomen.--schools: difference feminism; liberal feminism; postmodern feminism; (discuss: Hua Mulan)4. constructivism (post-modernism) --key terms: social construct; ideas--influenced by critical theory: Habermas (1984); Frankfurt school (1920s, aim is to critique and change society not merely understand it)--power revolves around actors’ abilities through debate about values to persuade others to accept their ideas--leading political scientist: Alexander Wendt (1999)(In the discipline of international relations, constructivism is the claim thatsignificant aspects of international relations are historically and sociallyconstructed, rather than inevitable consequences of human nature or otheressential characteristics of world politics. According to Wendt, the structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces, and that the identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature)5．Marxist theory--key terms: class conflict; bourgeoisie, proletarian; means of production;twin problem of overproduction and underconsumption--related theories: dependency theory, world-system theory (Wallerstein 1988)--Overemphasize economics and highlight the role of corporations,transnational movements and other non-state actors●Criteria to judge the quality of a theory1.Clarity清晰度: well-specified cause-and-effect relationship; logical hypothesis;2.Parsimony简洁: a good theory simplifies reality (contain all of the relevantfactors without becoming excessively complex)3.explanatory power: a good theory has empirical support4.Prescriptive规定的，惯例的 richness: provides policy recommendations.6. Falsifiability可证伪性: a good theory can be proven wrongrealism●Classical realism1.all realists rely heavily on the concepts of power, rationality and the balanceof power.2.the concept of national interest: statesman “think and act in terms of interestdefined as power” (Morgenthau 1948:5)3.International conflict results from human nature.4.the concept of balance of power: situation of equilibrium均势 as well as to anysituation in which power struggles take place.●neorealism1.anarchy (self-help) vs. hierarchy等级制度2.like units; worry about survival3.relative gains新现实主义vs. absolute gains新自由主义(dependence vs.interdependence)4.distribution of power●criticism on realism1.classical realism vs. neorealism （权利是目的还是手段；国家层次还是体系层次）2. the realm领域 of economics (low politics)3.the realm of domestic politics4.big powers, middle powers, and small powers5.fungibility可替代性 of powersliberalism and constructivism1.“realism and liberalism are consistent with the assumption that most state behavior can be interpreted as rational” (Keohane, p729). What else in common?2. what is unique and different for liberalism?-- the politics of interdependencea. definition: “situations characterized by reciprocal effects among countries oramong actors in different countries”b. complex interdependence: “a situation among a number of countries in whichmultiple channels of contact connect societies-- internat ional regimes: “governing arrangements that affect relationships ofinterdependence”1.origin: structurationist and symbolic interactionist sociology--first image (individual and human nature), second image (nation state), and third image (international system)2. path dependence3. argument:--fundamental principle of constructivism: people act toward objects, including other actors, on the basis of the meanings that objects have for them (Wendt, p396-7) --second principle: the meanings in terms of which action is organized arise out of interaction (p 403)4. problems:--(how to know) identity and ideas--(how to explain) changeSoft power●Joseph Nye1.Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University2.1977-1979, Deputy to the Undersecretary of State for Security Assistance,Science, and Technology3.Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs & chairman ofthe National Intelligence Council (Clinton Administration)4.Academic: complex interdependence, soft power, smart power5.Quotes: “China still has large areas of underdevelopments. And per capita income is a bettermeasure of the sophistication of the economy. And that the Chinese wo n’t catch up or pass the Americans until somewhere in the latter part, after 2050, of this century … We don’t have to fear the rise of China or the return of Asia.”●1. Rise and Fall of US? (Paul Kennedy)a. economic and military highly correlated in the rise/fall.b. expanding strategic commitments →increases in military expenditures→2. long-term decline3. Nye: US is “bound to lead”●Definition:1. Power: power is the ability to influence the behavior of others to get theoutcomes you want.2. Soft power: the ability to attract and co-opt rather than coerce, use force orgive money as a means of persuasion.●Sources of soft power●China’s soft power1. The concept of “state soft power” by former president Hu Jintao onNov. 10, 20062. “State cultural soft power” in the report of 17th Congress of CPC3．Soft power in East AsiaBrief international history*Why study history1.history provides a record in which patterns are visible2.decision makers are generally familiar with history, and their decisions often reflect that familiarity3.assume history can teach us lessons for future--by understanding why particular choices were made--and by understanding why other choices, leading to alternative histories, were not made*Note: distinction between what is known when decision is made and what is known later is important element in judging the past and evaluatingarguments about the futureRecommended: Yuen Foong KHONG. Analogies at War: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam Decisions of 1965. Princeton New Herseyt Univ. Press. 1992,*1400s*Collapse of the Byzantine Empire (1453)*Holy Roman Empire (800)*Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)*Rise of Russia (1547)*1500s*Protestant Reformation (1517 Martin Luther-1648)*Rise of Ottoman Empire (1453- 1922)*Search for sea routes from Europe to Asia*1600s*The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)*treaty of Westphalia*English Civil War (1642-1648)*1700s*War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)*seven Years’ War and associated British-French War (1754-1763)*American Revolutionary War (1776-1783)*1800s*Napoleonic wars*Concert of Europe*British colonialism*Wars for German unificationa.Seven Weeks War (1866)b.Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)*1900s*World War I (1914-1918)*Interwar period*World War II (1939 -1945)*Cold War (1945-1990)*Turkey and Greece*Truman Doctrine (March 12, 1947): the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Sovietsphere.*Cuban Missile Crisis*Korean War*Vietnam War (Dienbianphu 1954; Tonkin 1965; Tet offensive 1968)*Arab-Israeli Wars*1948 War of Independence*1956 Suez Canal War*1967 Six Day War*1973 Yom Kippur War*1982 War*Post-cold war*Soviet breakup and NATO expansion*Gulf War, 1990-1991*Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Syria*War against terror*Historical trends?*Facts about today’s ChinaForeign policy-making I: rational choice approach●Allison, Graham. 1971. Essence of Decision. Boston: Little, Brown●purposes of foreign policy-making studies:description; explanation; prediction; evaluation; recommendation●Allison’s Foreign policy-making models:1.rational policy modelanizational process model3.bureaucratic politics model●rational policy modelanizing concepts:--national security and national interests are the principal categories in which strategic goals are conceived--various courses of action provide the spectrum范围 of options--the relevant consequences constitute benefits and costs in terms of strategic goals and objectives--rational choice is value-maximizing2.general proposition: an increase in the cost of an alternative reduces thelikelihood of that alternative being chosen.3.how to explain Cuban missile crisis in this model?●Organizational process model4.definition: deliberate choices of leaders are outputs of large organizationsfunctioning according to standard patterns of behavior--standard operating procedures (SOP)-- organizational parochialism狭隘主义 (information, recruitment, tenure终身职位, rewards and pressures)2. proposition: if a nation performs an action today; its organizational componentsmust yesterday have been performing an action only marginally differentfrom this action.3.how to explain Cuban missile crisis in this model?●Bureaucratic politics model1.definition: government behavior can be understood as outcomes of bargaininggame--players position hierarchically within the government; they are not amonolithic整体的 group--competitive games2.proposition:” where you stand depends on where you sit”; chiefs (president)and Indians (staffers)3.how to explain Cuban missile crisis in this model?Critiques on Allison’s model (Bender and Hammond 1992)Foreign policy-making II: cognitive approach●Prospect theory1. Theory--framing phase: during this phase, information is received and processed in a way that places emphasis on whether the domain is of losses or gains.--evaluation phase: people tend to be risk-seeking in the domain of losses and risk-averse in the domain of gains2. Empirical evidence:-- How prospect theory is applied in Iran hostage crisis in 1979? (McDermott, 1992) --Proofs from laboratory experiments3. Critiques on prospect theory:--lack of a theory of framing--do not specify how risk-seeking and risk-averse--how to distinguish from expected utility theory-- how about other factors that affects risk propensities: personality, culture and politics●Other psychological factors on foreign decision-making: presidential style--cognitive style: way president wants information network organized, openness to information and advice--sense of efficacy功效: interests focus on foreign policy making, nature of agenda, involvement in foreign policy making--general operating goal of the leader--willingness to tolerate conflict--preferred strategies for resolving conflict--preferences for pro-active vs. reactive policy-making--etc.●Three styles (Johnson, 1974)--formalistic style: Truman, Eisenhower, Nixon, and Reagan--collegial style: Kennedy, Carter, Bush senior--competitive style: Franklin RooseveltArmed conflict in 21st century● A distinction: crisis, dispute, conflict, and war1. A crisis: “a threat to one or more basic values, along with an awareness of finite timefor response to the value threat, and a heightened probability of involvement inmilitary hostilities” (Brecher and Wilkenfeld 2000, 3).--Non-violent act (verbal, political, economic, external change) --Non-violentmilitary act - show of force, war maneuvers策略, etc.--Indirect violent act – revolt背叛，造反，起义 in another country, violent act directed at ally, friendly state, or client state;--Violent act - border clash, military invasion, war, etc.2. A dispute:“a set of interactions between or among states involving threats to usemilitary force, displays of military force, or actual uses of military forces”(Gochman and Maoz 1984, 586).-threat to use force, display of force, use of force, and war.3.War: war should be overt公开的，明显的, organized use of military force betweensovereign states and involve more than 1,000 battle deaths (Jones, Bremer, and Singer 1996).●Theories about war1.individual level--U (war)>U(peace) vs. deviation from偏离 rationality--diversionary use of war--nationalism and ethnic hatred2. domestic level--characteristics of states or society (aggressive capitalism; shame culture)3. interstate level--hegemon and revisionist state--contiguity接近，关系密切--famine4.global level--cycles theories vs. obsolescence过时，废弃 of war--power distribution●Typology of international conflicts1.over tangible material interests--territorial--control of government--economic2.over less-tangible goods--ethnic--religious: fundamentalism--ideological●Other conflicts:1.civil war2.war against terror--definition: political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.--state-sponsored terrorismSome concepts: hegemonic war, total war, limited war●Determinants of war1.Contiguity and distance-Contiguous接触的，邻近的 if two states are either sharing a land boundary or separated by less than 150 miles of water-geographic distance between two states’ capitals,2.Regime type (democracy)-democratic peace theory3.Alliances-mutual defense pacts公约，条约, neutrality agreements, and ententes协约4. Distribution of power (relative power)-each state’s share of the interstate system’s total military, industrial anddemographic resources5.Trade6.International OrganizationsInternational institutions●Review of liberal institutionalism vs. realism1. agreements:--treat states as rational egoists (rationalistic, utilitarian)--agreements cannot be hierarchically enforced (anarchy)--cooperation will occur if states have significant common interests2. differences:--assumptions (when the theory works)--international institutions are powerhouse or independently influential?--the divide between security vs. political economy--relative gains and international cooperation--the future of NATO, EU etc.●World order1. states usually do follow orders.2. Hegemon and international law (Dutch, free passage on open sea, airline communication; internet)●international norms: expectations held by state leaders about normal internationalrelations (moral)●international organizations: institutions are concrete, tangible structures with specificfunctions and missions1.intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)--EU, ASEAN (regional); UN, OPEC (global)--Efficiency problem2.nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)--NGOs tend to be more specialized in function than IGOs--International Olympic Committee; Green peace; church●The United Nations1.UN charter: equal; sovereignty; independence and territorial integrity; internationalobligations2.UN benefits: symbol; forum; mechanism for conflict resolution; developmentassistance; information and data--collective security: the banding together of the world’s st ates to stop an aggressor (chapter 7)3. UN structure: Figure7.1 (Goldstein 2005, p.261)--security council: permanent members (5) /nonpermanent members (10); veto power; chairperson; military staff committee; contending for new permanent seats;peace-keeping--secretariat--general assembly: ECOSOC--autonomous agencies: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); WHO;FAO; UNESCO; IMF; WTO; World Bank●United Nations Reforms1. Evaluation and Attitudes--Role of UN: instrumental / monitory /coordinative / leading?--Issue of Priority: security / economy / human rights / environment / others?--Intervening Domestic Affairs: suitable/ not suitable / contingent /others?--Peacekeeping: necessary / being controlled by big powers / not effective2.Problems and Reform Proposals--Security council reform: expand / maintain / adjustment / ....--Preference for Non-permanent members: Japan, Germany, India, Brazil--FinanceSource: A Survey and Analysis of Attitudes of College Students toward Reform ofthe UN, World Economics and Politics, 2005.5: 26-30●European Union (EU)--The EU is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe--The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries ( France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg) in 1951 and 1958, respectively. The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993--the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank, the European Parliament, etc.●North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)--NATO is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed in 1949. During the Cold War, most of Europe was divided between NATO and its rivalry Warsaw Pact. After Cold War, NATO has started its eastward expansions which are strongly opposed by Russia.--currently 28 members and headquartered in Brussels.●Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)--ASEAN was established by the governments of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand in 1967 to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development and to promote peace and security in Southeast Asia.●Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim countriesthat seeks to promote free trade and economic cooperation throughout the Asia-Pacific region.--Established in 1989; annual APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting●BRIC is a grouping acronym首字母缩略词that refers to the countries of Brazil,Russia, India and China, which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development. A related acronym is BRICS which includes South Africa.●Group of Eight (G8) is a forum for the governments of eight of the world's largesteconomies (Russia was excluded from the forum in 2014 due to Crimea crisis so the group now comprises seven nations plus the EU). The forum originated with a 1975 summit among France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, thus leading to the name Group of Six or G6. The summit became known as the Group of Seven or G7 the following year with the addition of Canada. In 1997, Russia was added to group which then became known as the G8.●The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is an intergovernmental mutual-security organisation which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Except for Uzbekistan, the other countries had been members of the Shanghai Five, founded in 1996; after the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the members renamed the organisation. The SCO is primarily centered on its member nations' Central Asian security-related concerns, often describing the main threats it confronts as being terrorism, separatism and extremism.●Realist view of international institutions:--Mearsheimer (1995, p.8)’s definition of institutions: a set of rules that stipulate规定 the ways in which states should cooperate and compete with each other.Views:--for realists, institutions are essentially “arenas for acting out power relationships.” (Evans and Wilson, 1992, p.330)--e.g. NATO was essentially an American tool for managing power in the face of the Soviet threat●Institutionalist theories1.why institutions?a.liberal institutionalism:--mainly applies to the political economy (Mearsheimer 1995, p.16)--institution’s role in prevent cheating; issue-linkage; information; reduce transaction costs. Vs. relative gainsb.collective security theory (Woodrow Wilson)--the theory recognizes that military power is a central fact of life in international and the key to enhancing stability is the proper management of military powerc.critical theory--critical theorists aim to transform the international system into a “world society,”where states are guided by “norms of trust and sharing.”d.historical institutionalism, rational choice institutionalism, sociological institutionalism(Hall and Taylor 1999)2. Institutional Effects:--Monika Bauhr and Naghmeh Nasiritousi. 2012. How Do International Organizations Promote Quality of Government? Contestation, Integration, and the Limits of IOPower, International Studies Review,14. 4: 541-566--John R. Oneal and Bruce Russett. 1999. The Kantian Peace: The Pacific Benefits of Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations, 1885-1992, worldPolitics 52: 1-37Globalization●Definition of globalization: “the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life” (Held et. al1999, p.2)●Three forms of globalization1.economic globalization →cause of inequality2.cultural globalization →Americanization vs. diversity3.political globalization●Realities against globalization1.rivalries among great powers have most certainly not disappeared.2.wars within states are on the rise3.realist geo-political factors both domestic and abroad shape foreign policies--xenophobia对外国人的憎恶，陌生恐怖; economic grievance不满，委屈;transnational ethnic solidarity--transnational terrorism●China's Xiaowan dam, the world's tallest, poses a huge challenge to the Mekong river basin countries.●Views against globalization1. globalization is neither inevitable nor irresistible (Hoffmann 2002)2. monopolies垄断 (MNC) exploit rather than benefit people abroad →race to the bottom3. globalization increases poverty, literacy, gender equality, cultural autonomy, and diversity4. offshore outsourcing – migration of jobs overseas.●Who are against globalization?1.left-wing students2.blue-collar unions3.environmentalists。
