四、六级选词填空练习

大学英语四六级考试选词填空专项训练题（1）A department store’s the land upon which the building is located, the labor of the employees, (1) ______ in the form of building, equipment and merchandise, and the management skills of the store managers. On a farm, the operation system is the transformation that occurs when a farmer’s (2) ______ (land, equipment, labor, etc.) are converted into such outputs as corn, wheat or milk. The exact form of the conversion process (3) ______ from industry to industry, but it is an (4) ______phenomenon that exists in every industry. Economists refer to this (5) ______ of resources into goods and services as the production function. For all operation systems, the general goal is to create some kind of value-added outputs that are worth more to consumers than just the sum of the inputs. To the consumers, the resulting products (6) ______ utility due to the form, the time, or the place of their availability from the conversion process.However, the process is subject to random changes. Unplanned or uncontrollable influences may cause the actual output to differ from planned output. Random fluctuations can arise from external disruption (fire, floods or lightning, for example) or from (7) ______ problems inherent in the conversion process. Inherent variability of equipment, material imperfections, and human errors all affect output quality (8)______. In fact, random variations are the rule rather than the exception in production processes; therefore, (9) _____ variation becomes a major management task.The function of the feedback is to provide (10) ______ linkages. Without some feedback of information, cannot control operations because they don' t know the results of their directions.注意：此部分试题在答题卡2上作答。

大学英语四六级考试选词填空专项训练题1一Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive( 认识派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements( 刺激) indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades.In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoid E)hopeF)especially G)aid H)ordinary I)approval J)monetaryK)generally L)improve M)challenging N)restore O)excellentAnswers:1. 选L 第一段主要提出了行为学家和认知派研究专家对于额外奖励的不同看法，因此可以推出此处应填与destroy 意思相反的动词，可选项由improve 和aid ，但能与performance 构成动宾搭配的只有improve ，故排除aid 。

四级考试选词填空训练题附答案解析四级考试选词填空训练题(一)Perhaps like most Americans you have some e某tra pounds to 47 . You may even have tried a fad diet or two, but found yourself right back where you started. The key to weight loss is regular 48activity. And surprisingly, you don't have to give up eating or make the gym your second home to see long-term, 49 effects.You body needs a certain amount of energy to maintain basic 50 such as breathing, blood circulation and digestion. The energy required to keep your organs functioning is referred to as theresting or basal metabolic rate.Any time you are active, 51 energy is required. It is obtained from glycogen and fat stored in the blood, liver, and muscles. The key to losing weight is to draw on the fat rather than on the carbohydrate reserves.Which of the two energy sources you use depends on the intensity and 52 of your activity. The higher the intensity, the more your body will pull from the stored carbohydrates. The lower the intensity, the more your body will 53 on fat as its fuel.Aerobic e某ercise is most 54 for weight loss. When you perform aerobic activities you 55 contract large muscle groups such as your legs and arms. Walking, running, rollerblading, swimming, dancing, and jumping jacks are all forms of aerobic activity.Surprisingly, if your aerobic activity is low to moderately intense and of long duration, you will burn more fat than if you had 56 in a short burst of high-intensity e某ercise. In short, a brisk 30-minute walk will burn fat while a 100-yard sprint will burn glycogen.[A] positive[B] additional[C] duration[D] effectivee[E] shed [F] physical[G] food [H] functions [I] participated [J] rely [K] cut [L] repeatedly[M] uses [N] little [O] obvious四级考试选词填空训练题答案47. E 该空需填入动词原形，结合原意“和大多数美国人一梯状，你(的体重)可能也有几磅需要________〞可知，E(去除)最符合文意。

四六级选词填空练习题根据题目所给的选项，从A到H中选择最合适的词填入空白处，使文章意思通顺、完整。

文章：在全球化的今天，英语作为国际交流的通用语言，其重要性不言而喻。

英语四六级考试作为衡量大学生英语水平的重要标准之一，每年吸引着数以百万计的学生参加。

本文旨在通过选词填空的形式，帮助学生提高英语阅读和词汇运用能力。

1. The _______ of the new policy has been widely discussed in the media.[A. introduction B. implementation C. modification D. cancellation]2. She was _______ to find her name on the list of winners.[A. surprised B. delighted C. disappointed D. annoyed]3. The _______ of the old building was a difficult task, but the workers managed to do it.[A. renovation B. destruction C. preservation D. construction]4. He is a _______ person who always keeps his promises.[A. reliable B. unreliable C. indifferent D. uncertain]5. The _______ of the project will be completed by the end of next month.[A. design B. execution C. evaluation D. planning]6. The _______ of the company's success can be attributed to its innovative approach.[A. foundation B. origin C. peak D. culmination]7. The _______ of the experiment was to test the effectiveness of the new drug.[A. purpose B. result C. method D. conclusion]8. The _______ of the meeting was to discuss the budget for the next fiscal year.[A. focus B. outcome C. agenda D. attendance]9. The _______ of the book is quite complex, requiring a deep understanding of the subject matter.[A. content B. structure C. title D. format]10. The _______ of the company has been growing steadily over the past decade.[A. reputation B. revenue C. size D. influence]答案：1. B2. B3. A4. A5. B6. D7. A8. C9. A10. B通过这样的练习，学生可以加深对英语词汇的理解，并提高在实际语境中应用这些词汇的能力。

（完整版）CET4选词填空练习题汇总英语四级选词填空练习题(1)What is it about Americans and food? We love to eat, but we feel _ 1 _ about it afterward. We say we want only the best, but we strangely enjoy junk food. We're 2 with health and weight loss but face an unprecedented epidemic of obesity(肥胖). Perhaps the 3 to this ambivalence(矛盾情结) lies in our history. The first Europeans came to this continent searching for new spices but went in vain. The first cash crop(经济作物) wasn’t eaten but smoked. Then there was Prohibition, intended to prohibit drinking but actually encouraging more 4 ways of doing it.The immigrant experience, too, has been one of inharmony. Do as Romans do means eating what “real Americans”eat, but our nation’s food has come to be 5 by imports—pizza, say, or hot dogs. And some of the country’s most treasured cooking comes from people who arrived here in shackles.Perhaps it should come as no surprise then that food has been a medium for the natio n’s defining struggles, whether at the Boston Tea Party or the sit-ins at southern lunch counters. It is integral to our concepts of health and even morality whether one refrains from alcohol for religious reasons or evades meat for political 6 .But strong opinions have not brought 7 . Americans are ambivalent about what they put in their mouths. We have become 8 of our foods, especially as we learn more about what they contain.The 9 in food is still prosperous in the American consciousness. It's no coincidence, then, that the first Thanksgiving holds the American imagination in suchbondage(束缚). It's what we eat—and how we 10 it with friends, family, and strangers—that help define America as a community today.A. answerB. resultC. shareD. guiltyE. constantF. definedG. vanishH. adaptedI. creativeJ. beliefK. suspiciousL. certaintyM. obsessedN. identifyO. ideals答案详解：1. D feel是一个系动词，可以判断此处应填入一个形容词，通过上下文意思，以及后面介词about, 可以确定选项为D项guilty, 短语feel guilty about sth. "对……感到有愧"。

四六级选词填空练习题一、名词辨析1. The government is planning to ________ new measures to reduce air pollution.A. introduceB. adoptC. pursueD. investigate2. In order to improve the quality of education, the school has decided to ________ more experienced teachers.A. employB. hireC. recruitD. dismissA. investmentB. contributionC. involvementD. engagement二、动词辨析1. She ________ her phone and realized she had missed several calls.A. picked upB. took upC. made upD. turned up2. The teacher asked the students to ________ their essays before submitting them.A. reviseB. rewriteC. editD. draft3. The police are ________ the case and hope to solve it soon.A. investigatingB. examiningC. inspectingD. overseeing三、形容词辨析1. The ________ weather in the mountains can change rapidly.A. stableB. steadyC. changeableD. variable2. The new policy is ________ to both employers and employees.A. beneficialB. profitableC. advantageousD. useful3. The patient's condition remains ________ after the surgery.A. stableB. steadyC. calmD. quiet四、副词辨析1. She sings ________ well that everyone admires her.A. soB. veryC. tooD. enough2. The meeting will start ________ at 9 o'clock.A. punctuallyB. promptlyC. immediatelyD. rapidly3. He answered the question ________ and accurately.A. brieflyB. conciselyC. simplyD. clearly五、介词短语辨析1. The accident happened ________ the intersection of two busy streets.A. atB. onC. inD. under2. She is responsible ________ the project and will ensure its success.A. forB. toC. withD. ofA. Due toB. Because ofC. Owing toD. As for六、固定搭配A. looking atB. looking intoC. looking afterD. looking for2. The police are ________ the missing child.A. searchingB. seekingC. huntingD. chasingA. achievingB. attainingC. reachingD. acquiring七、连词辨析1. ________ he was tired, he decided to finish the report before going to bed.A. AlthoughB. BecauseC. SinceD. If2. ________ you finish your homework, you can go out and play.A. OnceB. UntilC. WhileD. If3. ________ the train was late, she missed the meeting.A. SinceB. BecauseC. ThereforeD. Otherwise八、短语动词辨析1. He ________ his job last month and is now looking fora new one.A. gave upB. quitC. resigned fromD. retired from2. The teacher ________ the class with an interesting story.A. beganB. startedC. launchedD. initiatedA. moveB. transferC. shiftD. change九、情态动词辨析1. You ________ be more careful when you're driving in the rain.A. mustB. shouldC. canD. may2. She ________ have finished the report now.A. mustB. shouldC. couldD. might3. ________ you mind if I open the window?A. WouldB. CouldC. ShouldD. Might十、时态辨析1. By the time they got to the theater, the movie________.A. has startedB. startedC. had startedD. was startingA. have workedB. workedC. had workedD. was working3. ________ you ever ________ to Paris?A. Have; beenB. Did; goC. Were; goingD. Will; be十一、语态辨析1. The book ________ a famous author.A. writesB. is writtenC. wroteD. has written2. Many accidents ________ careless drivers every year.A. causeB. are causedC. causedD. are causing3. The decision ________ at the last meeting.A. was madeB. madeC. has madeD. is making十二、词义辨析A. enhanceB. increaseC. raiseD. lift2. The teacher asked the students to ________ their answers in writing.A. presentB. showC. displayD. demonstrate3. The conference will be an opportunity to ________ with experts from around the world.答案一、名词辨析1. A. introduce2. C. recruit3. A. investment二、动词辨析1. A. picked up2. A. revise3. A. investigating三、形容词辨析1. C. changeable2. A. beneficial3. A. stable四、副词辨析1. A. so2. A. punctually3. B. concisely五、介词短语辨析1. A. at2. A. for3. A. Due to六、固定搭配1. D. looking for2. A. searching3. A. achieving七、连词辨析1. A. Although2. A. Once3. B. Because八、短语动词辨析1. B. quit2. A. began3. A. move九、情态动词辨析1. A. must2. A. must3. A. Would十、时态辨析1. C. had started2. C. had worked3. A. Have; been 十一、语态辨析1. B. is written2. B. are caused3. A. was made十二、词义辨析1. A. enhance2. A. present3. A. interact请确保在练习时仔细审题，理解每个选项的含义，以提高解题准确率。

2023年6月四级选词填空题第三套在2023年6月的四级考试中，选词填空题是非常重要的一部分。

这类题型要求考生根据文章内容和上下文，从给出的选项中选择最佳的单词或短语来填空，以完成句子的意思。

以下是2023年6月四级选词填空题第三套的相关内容。

1. One of the biggest challenges in modern society is ________. Many people find it difficult to maintain a healthy work-life balance. It is important to find a way to________ work and personal life.选项：A. achievingB. integratingC. balancingD. managing解析：根据题目中的描述，这是一个关于工作和生活平衡的问题。

根据上下文，我们需要选择一个选项来填空，这个选项要能够表达“整合”工作和个人生活的意思。

因此，选项B“integrating”是最佳选择。

2. The development of technology has ________ changed the way we live. Nowadays, we can easily ________ with people from all over the world through social media platforms.选项：A. graduallyB. significantlyC. occasionallyD. occasionally解析：根据题目中的描述，这是关于科技发展对生活方式的影响的问题。

根据上下文，我们需要选择一个选项来填空，这个选项要能够表达“显著地”改变我们的生活方式。

因此，选项B“significantly”是最佳选择。

3. The government has launched a new campaign to ________ people to reduce their carbon footprint. By ________ public awareness about environmental issues, they hope to promote a greener lifestyle.选项：A. encourageB. discourageC. informD. ignore解析：根据题目中的描述，这是一个关于政府倡导环保的问题。

Two astronauts face a not-so-merry Christmas after being told to ration their food and hope a cargo ship with extra supplies docks on Dec. 21. Russian cosmonaut Salizhan Sharipov and American Leroy Chiao have been asked to cut out calories equal to three cans of Coke from their daily diet—around 10 percent of their daily 1 and an amount that would be little noticed, NASA said.Russian officials, quoted in the local media, have 2 blamed the previous crew for overeating during their one-month mission earlier this year, leaving a 3 of meat and milk and a surplus of juice and confectionery (糖果).The Dec. 24 launch of the next Progress is now 4 for the crew, stationed in orbit since October. It is due to 5 with the ISS on Dec. 21.NASA officials said their situation was not so different from being cut off on Earth, and their lives were not at risk. If they do not receive 6 supplies, the astronauts would have to 7 the station and return to Earth on the Soyuz capsule that is docked there.Russia has been the sole lifeline to the ISS for almost two years when the United States grounded its 8 fleet after the fatal Columbia accident.Russia has often 9 of its financial struggle to keep the ISS fully serviced single-handedly. Shuttle flights could 10 in May, officials have said, but in the meantime Russia will continue to launch all manned and cargo ships.A) deficit I) adequateB) complained J) dockC) severely K) resumeD) allowance L) vitalE) considerately M) trivialF) shuttle N) evaluateG) evacuate O) freshH) absently文章精要文章讲述了国际空间站上宇航员所面临的困难，尤其是食物短缺的问题。

2023年3月英语四级真题第1套It's a fantasy that goes back centuries: a message in a bottle, carried ashore from far-off lands. Authors, artists and children ___26___ have dreamed of such a gift from the sea.This time, though, it's not a bottle that washes ashore. It's eggs—thousands of little toy eggs.That's what happened on the German island of Langegoog this week.Lying just off the North Sea coast, it found itself ___27___ by an invasion of colored plastic eggs-much to the ___28___ of local children, because the eggs contained toys.Police ___29___ the eggs came from a freighter that lost part of its cargo during an unusually ___30___ storm, the worst to hit Germany's northeastern coast since 2006.At any rate, what was lost has now been found by many of the community's littlest residents."The surprise eggs have found their way to freedom," said Mayor Uwe Garrels. However, the joy of the moment ___31___ off soon."At first I thought this was a wonder, because everything was so ___32___, but then we realized that this is a huge ___33___ in the end," said the mayor. He also noted the plastic bags and other materials that have washed ashore on the island can cause serious problems for ___34___.Still, all these little eggs contained an extra treat with their toys. They ___35___ notes from afar.There was just one problem for the German children who received them: They were written in Russian.2023年3月英语六级真题第1套Unthinkable as it may be, humanity, every last person, could someday be wiped from the face of the Earth. We have learned to worry about asteroids (小行星) and super volcanoes, but the more likely ___26___, according to Nick Bostrom, a professor of philosophy at Oxford, is that we humans will destroy ourselves.Professor Bostrom, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course of several papers that human ___27___ risks are poorly understood and, worse still, ___28___ underestimated by society. Some of these existential risks are fairly well known, especially the natural ones. But others are ___29___ or even exotic. Most worrying to Bostrom is the subset of existential risks that ___30___ from human technology, a subset that he expects to grow in number and potency over the next century.Despite his concerns about the risks ___31___ to humans by technological progress, Bostrom is no luddite (科技进步反对者). In fact, he is a longtime ___32___ of trans-humanism-the effort to improve the human condition, and even human nature itself, through technological means. In the long run he sees technology as a bridge, a bridge we humans must cross with great care, in order to reach new and better modes of being. In his work, Bostrom uses the tools of philosophy and mathematics, in ___33___, probability theory, to try and determine how we as a ___34___ might achieve this safe passage. What follows is my conversation with Bostrom about some of the most interesting and worrying existential risks that humanity might ___35___ in the decades and centuries to come, and about what we can do to make sure we outlast them.2022年12月英语六级真题第1套During the summer, when I was a visiting poet at a residency out of state, an angry, confused woman wandered into my class and said: "I have three guns and I want to use them." We all ___26___. It wasn't clear if she had the guns, but we each know that, when we teach in America, we are already in danger.I was dizzy with fear. The woman, who later turned out to be a schizophrenic (精神分裂症患者) without ___27___ to her medications, was, by some force, wrestled out and ___28___ away, then put in a hospital forobservation, in a step that was actually safer for everyone than any one of us pressing charges. My class went on; we talked about poems. But despite the fact that the rest of our days on campus passed ___29___, I was rattled. I couldn't shake the sense that in this country we always live at ___30___ risk.A few months later, crisis ___31___ again. While my husband was locking his bike to drop off our 3-year-old daughter for her preschool-aged day camp, a different woman approached. Swiftly and for no ___32___ reason, she bent down, picked up our daughter, and began to carry her down the street. It was so fast and confusing that my daughter ___33___ cried. My husband, in a burst of speed, chased the woman and reclaimed our daughter. The woman, clearly confused, retreated into the public library. A ___34___ of homeless people who generally know the other homeless in the area said they did not recognize the woman. The woman was so clearly unwell that when she was taken into custody she was incoherent. Heartbreakingly, she called our daughter by the name of someone else's child. Each part of the episode was haunting as it was ___35___.2022年12月英语六级真题第2套The task of the global strategist of a business is to build a platform of capabilities derived from the resources, experiences and innovations of units operating in multiple locations, to transplant those capabilities wherever ___26___, and then to systematically upgrade and renew them-ahead of the competition.Apple is an outstanding case of a company whose unique capabilities give it a worldwide ___27___ advantage, particularly with respect to its ability to build platforms from a product base that integrates functional and ___28___ design. Apple has been able to leverage and exploit its California-based design andmarketing advantages successfully throughout the world. IKEA is another such case. The do-it-yourself furniture and houseware company first developed a compelling set of capabilities to design, manufacture and ___29___ furniture at low cost and sell it in a novel way in Sweden. Later, IKEA successfully ___30___ this formula in many other countries.By contrast, Telefónica, a Spanish telecommunications company that is now the world's fifth largest telecom by ___31___, first developed its special advantage abroad. In 1989 and 1990, Telefónica had the opportunity to enter Chile and Argentina, countries that shared many institutional and cultural characteristics with its home country but that were ___32___ more rapid market reform. Throughout the 1990s, Telefónica took what it learned in Chile and Argentina about reconstructing former state-owned telecoms to other Latin American countries that were privatizing their state telecoms and deregulating their telecom markets.These examples might lead the reader to believe that creating a global advantage is an easy task. But many other ___33___ of expensive failed experiments suggest that creating a lasting global advantage actually requires a great deal of ___34___ and operational finesse (技巧). Our research suggests that global winners typically create and sustain their international presence through a systematic process of ___35___, renewing and enhancing their core capabilities.2022年12月英语六级真题第3套American colleges and universities are using 64 percent less coal than they did a decade ago, burning 700,000 tons last year, down from 2 million tons in 2008, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) said in a report ___26___ yesterday.All 57 schools that were burning coal in 2008 are using less now, and 20 have ___27___ coal completely, EIA found.Most universities have turned to natural gas as a ___28___, with state funding backing the fuel switch.While academic institutions use less than 0.1 percent of U.S. coal burned for power, campus coal use has a history dating back to the 1800s when ___29___ to power was scarce.Many universities still operate their own power plants. The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 encouraged more electricity generation by allowing institutions to sell ___30___ power to utilities.But EIA noted many coal-fired universities have signed onto the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment, which was launched in 2007.About 665 schools are part of the program, which aims to ___31___ greenhouse gas emissions. Thirty percent of the participants have pledged to be carbon ___32___ within 20 years.The Sierra Club's Beyond Coal campaign, which also leads campaigns for universities to withdraw their ___33___ in coal and other fossil fuels, lists 22 schools that have pledged to move "beyond coal," including Clemson University, Indiana University, Ohio University, Penn State University, the University of Louisville and the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.The largest coal use ___34___ at colleges were in Michigan, Missouri, Tennessee and Indiana. Indiana's universities alone cut coal ___35___ by 81 percent between 2008 and 2015.During the same period, Michigan made an 80 percent cut and Tennessee cut back by 94 percent at state。

1.It’s never easy to admit you are in the wrong.Being human,we all need to know the art of apologizing.Look back with honesty and think how often you’ve judged roughly,said unkind things,pushed yourself ahead at the ___1__of a friend.Then count the __2_when you indicated clearly and truly that you were sorry.A bit frightening,isn’t it?Frightening because some deep __3_in us known that whenever a small wrong has been__4_,some mysterious moral feeling is disturbed,and it stays out of balance until fault is __5_and regret expressed.I remember a doctor friend,the late Clarece Lieb,telling me about a man who came to him with a __6_of signs:headaches,insomnia and stomach trouble.No physical cause could be found.Finally Dr.Lieb said to the man,“Unless you tell me what’s worrying you ,I can’t help you.”After some __7_,the man __8_,as executor of his father’s will,he had been cheating his brother,who lived abroad,of his inheritance.Then and there the wise old doctor made the man write to his brother asking for forgiveness and enclosing a cheque as the first step in resorting their good relation.He then went with him to the mail box in the corridor.As the letter disappeared,the man burst into tears.“Thank you,”he said,“I think I’m cured.”and he was.A heartfelt apology can not only heal a damaged relationship but also make it stronger.If you can think of someone who __9_an apology from you,someone you have wronged,or judged too roughly,or just__10_,do something about it right now.A.hesitation I.expenseB.Maintained J.permitC.Wisdom K.varietyD.Ignorance L.neglectedmitted M.confessedF.Occasions municationG.Deserves O.acknowledgedH.Prominent2. Chemistry did not __1_as a science until after the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century and then only rather slowly and laboriously.But chemical knowledge is as old as history,being almost entirely __2_with the practical arts of living.Cooking is __3_a chemical process,so is the melting of metals and the administration of drugs and poisons.This basic chemical knowledge,which was __4_in most cases as a rule of thumb,was nevertheless __5_on previous experiment.It also served to __6_afundamental curiosity about the processes themselves.New information was always being gained as artisans improved techniques to gain batter results.The development of a scientific __7_to chemistry was,however,hampered by several factors.The most serious problem was the vast range of material __8_and the consequent difficulty of organizing it into some system.In addition,there were social intellectual difficulties,chemistry is nothing if not practical,those who practice it must use their hands,they must have a certain practical flair.Yet in many __9_civilizations,practical tasks were primarily the province of a slave population.The thinker or philosopher stood apart from this mundane world,where the practical arts appeared to __10_any intellectual content of interest.The final problem for early chemical science was the element of secrecy.Experts in specific trades has developed their own techniques and guarded their knowledge to prevent others from stealing their livelihood.A.applied I.ancientck J.encourageC.Worried K.essentiallyD.Emerge L.dependentE.Stimulate M.methodF.Probable N.concernedG.Available O.approachH.conventionally3. New technology links the world as never before.Our planet has __1_.It’s now a “global village”where countries are only seconds away by fax or phone or satellite link.And,of course,our ability to benefit from this high-tech communications equipment is greatly __2_by foreign language skills.Deeply __3_with this new technology is a breed of modern businesspeople who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad.In modern markets,success overseas often helps support domestic business efforts.Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ranks.The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being “out of sight and out of mind”.He or s he can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the company’s plan for success,and that promotions often follow or __4_an assignment abroad.If an employee can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas,superiors will have greater __5_in his or her ability to cope back in the United States where cross-cultural considerations and foreign language __6_are becoming more and more prevalent.Thanks to a variety of relatively inexpensive communications devices with business __7_,even small businesses in the UnitedStates are able to get into international markets.English is still the international language of business.But there is an ever-growing need for people who can speak another language.A second language isn’t generally required to get a job in busines s, but having language skills gives a candidate the __8_when other qualifications appear to be equal.The employee posted abroad who speaks the country’s principal language has an __9_to fast-forward certain negotiations,and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move more slowly.The employee at the home office who can communicate well with foreign clients over the telephone or by fax machine is an obvious __10_to the firm.A.accompany I.applicationsB.Asset J.authenticC.Database K.involvedD.Shrunk L.certificateE.Enforce M.enhancedF.Confidence N.issuesG.Edge O.opportunityH.Defy4. “opinion”is a word that is used carelessly today.It is used to refer to matters of taste,belief,and __1_.This causal use would probably cause little __2_if people didn’t attach too much importance to opinion.Unfortunately,most to attach great importance to it.“I have as much right to my opinion as you to yours,”and “everyone’s __3_to his opinion,”are common expressions.In fact,anyone who would __4_another’s opinion is likely to be branded intolerant.Is that label __5_is it intolerant to challenge another’s opinion?It depends on what definition of opinion you have in mind.For example,you may ask a friend “What do you think of the new Ford cars?”and he may reply,“In my opinion,they’re ugly.”In this case,it would be intolerant to challenge his statement,but foolish.For it’s obvious that by opinion he means his personal __6_,a matter of taste.And as the old saying goes,“It’s __7_to argue about matters of taste.”But consider this very different use of the term.A newspaper reports that the Supreme Court has __8_its opinion in a controversial case.Obviously the justices did not shale their personal preferences,their mere likes and __9_.They stated their considered judgment,painstakingly arrived at after thorough __10_and deliberation.A.entitledB.preferenceB.Bachelor J.judgmentC.Confusion K.inquiryD.Capable L.deliveredE.Accurate M.cultivateF.Dislikes N.challengeG.Pointless O.collapseH.Tolerate5. We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of __1_coffee.When it was introduced,most people did not like it as well as “regular”coffee,and it took several years to gain general __2_（introduction stage）.At one point,though,instant coffee grew rapidly in __3_,and many brands were introduced（stage of rapid growth）.After a while,people became __4_to one brand and sales off （stage of maturity）.Sales went into a slight__5_when freeze-dried coffees were introduced （stage of decline.）The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this:different stages in the product life cycle call for different __6_.The goal is to __7_product life so that sales and profits do not decline.One strategy is called market modification.It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections.Did you know,for example,that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military?Market modification also means searching for increased __8_among present customers or going for a different market,such as senior citizens.A marketer may re-position the product to __9_to new market sections.Another product extension strategy is called product modification.It involves changing product quality,features,or style to attract new users or more usage from present users.American auto manufactures are using quality __10_as one way to recapture world markets.Note,also,how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.A.attached I.instantB.weird J.declineage K.improvementD.acceptance L.deficiencyE.extend M.popularityF.decay N.strategiesG.cub O.consumeH.Appeal6. We human begins are entrusted with a very special place in creation,a place that calls us to __1_and live by certain values including kindness,generosity,forgiveness,joy and peace.Heroes help us __2_,develop and live by those values.The ancient Greeks said.“Tell me who you admire and I’ll tell you who you are.”According to this logic,choosing heroes is important because who you choose often __3_the character of a person and even a people.We are in __4_search of heroes.However,in today’s culture we tend to __5_celebrities for heroes,celebrities from whom we expect little and sometimes get less.So anxious are we to find someone in whom we can place our love and __6_that we choose from the parade of the newly famous and already nearly forgotten.And when we lose them,nothing is really lost for their successors have already claimed the next fifteen minutes of fame.Celebrities attract our __7_while real heroes send us to the source of their vision and dreams.We often look at celebrities to find out what our values should be and when we do.We discover we haven’t looked high enough.Real heroes take us one step closer to __8_our human potential.Real heroes strive for the imperishable trophies.Their rules and goals are different.They live and work in the world,but they embrace the eternal values of love,joy,peace,patience,kindness,goodness,faithfulness,humility,and self-control.While fame,fortune,and power may come their way,__9_them is not their goal.Heroes who deserve biography ,autobiography or memoir are people who may attract attention,but direct that attention beyond themselves to something greater.They help us aspire and __10_up to the values they embrace in their daily lives.Heroes can be found in the daily stuff of life,from parents to teachers.from counselors to that unexpected angel who helps you change a tire during a dark and rainy night.They can also be found in our religious and historical traditions,and among the unsung activists and brave politicians.A.fulfilling I.inclineB.substitute J.attainingpleted K.constantD.determines L.embraceE.distinguishing M.destructiveF.loyalty N.curiosityG.live O.dignityH.Define7. Online courses,also called distance learning,are a hot new __1_in American education.According to the nonprofit Distance Education and Training Council,about 400 US colleges and schools offer some __2_of their programs on the Web.At the university level,they cost the same as traditional classes and require similar weekly __3_and textbook reading,the difference is in class __4_.Generally speaking,students congregate online throughout each week to __5_the topic with the professor,but these discussions occur“asynchronously”（不同时地）rather than in real time.Your read other’s comments and post your own whenever you get a chance.Written assignments are posted,you e-mail in your work periodically,and you are required to take a proctored exam in order to receive degree credit.__6_boosting business administration and information technology programs are the most popular,but you’ll also find a variety of __7_arts offerings,from film theory to medieval history and foreign language study.While you still can’t get an Ivy League degree online,a growing number of elite institutions,including Stanford and New York University are beginning to offer online courses.The benefits for busy people are __8_.“I always get a front-row seat,”says one student studying at the State University of New York learning Network,“I can get up in the middle of class,__9_a cup of coffee.The class is waiting for me when I get back,and I haven’t missed a thing.”On the other hand,some students miss the face-to-face __10_that often sparks interest and involvement.A.explosion I.obviousB.participation J.exceedC.trend K.portionD.extinguish L.exploreE.career M.assignmentsF.interaction N.exileG.literal O.grabH.exclusive8. Just five one-hundredths of an inch thick,light golden in color and with a perfect “saddle curl,”the Lay’s potato chip seems an unlikely __1_for global domination.But its maker,Frito-Lay,thinks otherwise,“Potato chip are a snack food for the world,”said Salman Amin,the company’s head of global __2_.Amin believes there is no corner of the world that can __3_the charms of a Frito-Lay potato chip.Frito-Lay is the biggest snack maker in America,owned by PepsiCo,and __4_for over half of the parent company’s $3 billion annual profits.But the U.S.snack food market is largely saturated,and to grow,the company has to look overseas.Its strategy rests on two beliefs:first,a global product offers economies of scale with which local brands cannot compete,andsecond,consumers in the 21st century are drawn to “global”as a __5_.“Global”does not mean products that are consciously identified as American,but ones that consumers ---especially young people---see as part of a modern,innovative world in which people are linked across cultures by shared beliefs and tastes.Potato chips are an American invention,but most Chinese,for instance,do not know that Frito-Lay is an American company.Instead,Rickey,the company’s research and development head,would hope they associate the brand with the new world of global communications and business.With brand perception a __6_factor,Rickey ordered a redesign of the Frito-Lay logo.The logo,along with the company’s long-held marketing image of the “irresistibility”of its chips,would help __7_the company’s global expansion.The executives acknowledge that they try to __8_national eating habits to a food created in America,but they __9_that accounts to economic imperialism.Rather,they see Frito-Lay as __10_the benefits of free enterprise across the world.“we’re making products in those countries,we’re adapting them to the tastes of those countries,building businesses an employing people and changing lives.”said Steve Reinemund,PepsiCo’s chief executive.A.spreading I.marketingB.resist J.concludeC.deny K.accountsD.swing L.facilitateE.flourish M.weaponF.concept N.exposeG.crucial O.futileH.Forge9. Bullfighting has often been called Spain’s favorite sport.But to call it this is wrong for two reasons:first,soccer is the most popular sport;and second,bullfight cannot really be called a sport.It should be called,more __1_,a spectacle,an exhibition,or a __2_,like a ballet.However,this ballet is like dancing on a tight rope,because if the bullfight makes a mistake,he will quite likely be injured or killed.A bullfight is not really a __3_between a man and bull.__4_it is a contest between a man and himself.The audience goes to the ring to see a man __5_his own fear of the horns and take as many chances with the bull as possible.It is very much like the audience that goes to see acrobats do __6_on the flying trapezes at the __7_.The crowd does not want to see the men miss the bar and fall;what it wants is the __8_of seeing the performers almost miss and then save themselves by their skill,it is the same in the bullring.Bullfight is one of the few ways a poor boy can become rich and famous in Spain and Latin American.But for every successful matador there are hundreds who have fallen by the wayside and are forgotten.Many do not have the necessary __9_and skill.Some are __10_by the bulls,and some are killed.A.circus I.hazardB.Contest J.tricksC.Guilty K.propertyD.Conquer L.hatchE.Crippled M.thrillF.Grace N.highlightG.Actually O.performanceH.guaranteecating girls quite possibly __1_a higher rate of return than any other investment available in the developing world.Women’s education may be unusual __2_for economists,but enhancing women’s contribution to development is actually as much an economic as a social issue.And economists,with its __3_on incentives,provides guideposts that point to an explanation for why so many girls are deprived of an education.Parents in low-income countries fail to __4_in their daughters because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family:girls grow up only to marry into somebody else’s family and __5_children.Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school---the prophecy becomes self-fulfilling,trapping women in a vicious circle of neglect.An educated mother,on the other hand,has greater earning abilities outside the home and faces an entirely different set of choices.she is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can __6_on the development of all her children,__7_that her daughters are given a fair chance.the education of her daughters them makes it much more likely that the next generation of girls,as well as of boys,will be educated and healthy.the vicious circle is thus __8_into a virtuous circle.Few will dispute that educating women has great social benefits.But it has __9_economic advantages as well.Most obviously,there is the direct effect of education on the wages of female workers.Wages rise by 10 to 20 percent for each additional year of schooling.Such big returns are __10_by the standard of other available investments,but they are just the cating women also has a significant impact on health practices,including family planning.A.territory I.yieldsB.transformed J.impulseC.fossil K.enormousD.insist L.investE.impressive M.ensuringF.contaminate N.implementG.assuring O.bearH.Emphasis11. For an increasing number of students at American universities,old is suddenly in.The reason is obvious:the graying of America means jobs.Coupled with the aging of the baby-boom generation,a longer life __1_ means that the nation’s elderly population is __2_to expand significantly over the next 50 years.By 2050,25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65,up from 12 percent in 1995.The change __3_profound questions for government and society,of course.But it also creates opportunities in medicine and health professions,and in law and business as well.“In addition to the doctors,we’re going to need more sociologists,biologists,__4_planners and specialized lawyers,”says Professor Edward Schneider of the University of Southern California’s School of Gerontology.（老年学）Lawyers can __5_in “elder law”,which covers everything from trusts and estates to nursing-home __6_and age discrimination.Businessmen see huge opportunities in the elder market because the baby boomers,74 million strong,are likely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history.“Any student who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with,say,an MBA of law degree will have a __7_to print money.”one professor says.Margarite Santos is a 21-year-old senior at USC.She began college as a biology __8_but found she was“really bored with bacteria.”So she took a class in gerontology and discovered that she liked it.She says,“I did __9_work in retirement homes and it was very __10_.”A.poses I.boundB.satisfying J.moanC.leisure K.volunteerD.span L.justifyE.license M.loopF.major N.urbanG.specialize O.abuseH.hail12. Henry Ford,the famous U.S.inventor and car __1_,once said,“The business of America is business.”By this he meant that the U.S. way of life is based on the values of the business world.Few would argue with Ford’s statement.A brief __2_at a daily newspaper vividly shows how much people in the United States think about business.For example,nearly every newspaper has a business section,in which the deals and projects,finances and management,stock prices and labor problems of __3_are reported daily.In __4_,business news can appear in every other section.Most national news has an important financial aspect to it.Welfare,foreign aid,the federal budget,and the policies of the Federal Reserve Bank are all heavily __5_by business.Moreover,business news appears in some of the unlikeliest places.The world of arts and entertainment is often referred to as “the entertainment industry”or“show business.”The positive side of Henry Ford’s statement can be seen in the ___6_that business has brought to U.S.life.One of the most important reasons so many people from all over the world come to live in the United States is the dream of a better job.Jobs are produced in abundance because the U.S.__7_system is driven by competition.People believe that this system creates more wealth,more jobs,and a materially better way of life.The negative side of Henry Ford’s statement,however,can be seen when the word business is taken to mean big business.And the term big business---referring to the biggest companies,is seen in opposition to labor.Throughout U.S.history working people have had to fight hard for higher wages,better working conditions,and the right to form unions.Today,many of the old labor __9_are over,but there is still some employee __8_.Downsizing---the laying off of thousands of workers to keep __10_low and profits high---creates feelings of insecurity for many.A.effect I.economicB.glimpse J.maintainC.disputes K.additionD.furthermore L.manufacturerE.manager M.aspectF.prosperity N.expensesG.anxiety O.affectedH.Corporations13. In July of 1996,less than three weeks before the 15th wedding __1_of the __2_couple,Prince Charles and Princess Diana__3_announced plans to end their troubled marriage.By then,the “fairy-tale”marriage had fallen apart with both prince and princess admitting adultery.Some __4_said the marriage was ill-fated from the beginning.The couple were often described an incompatible:Charles was aristocratic,and airy man whose interests were horses,gardening and __5_.Diana loved pop music,fancy dresses and gossip.It did not help that Charles __6_a close relationship with Camilla Parker Bowels,whom he described in 1986 as “the love of my life”.By the late 1980s,the couple’s private troubles had become their public appearances---the bad relationship barely concealed as they stood apart while attending to their royal duties.In 1992,British“royal watcher”Andrew Morton published Diana:Her True Story,which states that Diana had suffered from __7_---an emotional disorder and some say co-authored by Diana outraged Charles,and just as importantly,his mother,Queen Elizabeth.More findings of troubles from both sides followed and in December of 1992,the couple agreed to a formal __8_.In 1995,Diana gave her earthshaking BBC television interview describing her depression and __9_the family of being uncaring.For Queen Elizabeth,it was to be the last she could __10_.She demanded that her son end his Diana gave up the right to be Queen of England and to be called “Her Royal Highness”.In return,she received a large sum payment to maintain her private office,and equal access to her children,Prince William and Prince Harry.What the agreement did not give Diana was a private life to call her own far away from the prying press.A.maintained I.architectureB.tolerate J.normallyC.anniversary K.mysteriousD.loyal L.separationE.depression M.royalF.mediation N.accusingG.negotiations O.observersH.Moderate14.Why does cream go bad faster than butter?Some researchers think they have the answer,and it comes down to the structure of the food,not its chemical __1_---a finding that could help rid some processed foods of __2_preservatives.Cream and butter contain pretty much the same substances,so why cream should __3_much faster has been a mystery.Both are emulsions---tiny globules（小球）of one liquid evenly __4_throughout another.The difference lies in what’s in the globules and what’s in the __5_liquid,says Brocklehurst,who led the investigation.In cream,fatty globules __6_about in a sea of water.In butter,globules of a watery solution are locked away in a sea of fat.The bacteria which make the food go bad prefer to live in the watery regions of the mixture.“This means that in cream,the bacteria are free to grow throughout the mixture,”he says.When the situation is __7_,the bacteria are locked away in compartments buried deep in the sea of fat.Trapped in this way,individual colonies cannot spread and rapidly run out of nutrients.They also slowly poison themselves with their waste products.“In butter,you get a self-limiting system which stops the bacteria growing,”says Brocklehurst.The researchers are already working with food companies __8_to see if their products can be made __9_to bacterial attack through alterations to the food’s structure.Brocklehurst believes it will be possible to make the emulsions used in salad cream,for instance,more like that in butter.The key will be to do this while keeping the salad cream liquid and not turning it into a solid __10_.A.distributed I.chemicalB.perish J.promisingC.keen K.lumpD.surrounding L.overlookposition M.perishF.paste N.reversedD.drift O.sourG.Resistant15.Sign has become a scientific hot button.Only in the past 20 years have __1_in language study realized that sign languages are __2_---a speech of the hand.They offer a new way to __3_how the brain generates and understands language,and throw new light on an old scientific controversy:whether language,complete with grammar,is something that we are born with,or whether it is a learned __4_.The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington D.C.,the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people.When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English,the school enrolled him in a course in signing.But Stokoe noticed something odd:among themselves,students signed differently from his classroom teacher.Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code,each movement of the hands __5_a word in English.At the time,American Sign Language was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English.But Stokoe believed the “hand talk”his students used looked richer.He wondered:Might deal people Earth?It was 1955,when even deal people dismissed their signing as “substandard”.Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy.（异瑞邪说）It is 37 years later.Stokoe---now __7_his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture---is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet__8_and explaining how he started a revolution.For __9_educators fought his idea that sign languages are natural languages like English,French and Japanese.They __10_language must be based on speech,the modulation of sound.But sign language is based on the movement of hands,the modulation of space.“What I said.”Stokoe explains,“is that language is not mouth stuff---it’s brain stuff.”A.devoting I.campusB.unique I.specialistsC.provision K.prosperousD.behavior L.embraceE.representing M.genuineF.decades N.probeG.quivering O.punctualH.Assumed16. Americans are __1_of their variety and individuality,yet,whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general.Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?Among the __2_for uniforms,one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more __3_than civilian clothes.People have become conditioned to __4_superior quality from a man who wears a uniform.The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to __5_more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes.Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform.What easier way is there for a nurse,a policeman,a barber,or a waiter to lose professional __6_than to step out of uniform?Uniforms also have many practical benefits.They save on other clothes.They save on laundry bills.They are tax-deductible.They are often more comfortable and more __7_than civilian clothes.Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality __8_by people who must wear them.Though there are many types of uniforms,the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it,without change,until retirement.When people look alike,they tend to think ,speak,and act similarly,on the job at least.Uniforms also give __9_to some practical problems.Though they are long-lasting,often their __10_expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes.Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain,requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.A.patriotic I.initial。