5GIS中的数据

5g svd算法
5G SVD算法是一种预编码算法，主要用于大规模天线系统中。

SVD算法的主要运算是对信道矩阵进行SVD分解，即：$H = U \sum V^H$，其中，$H = [H_1, H_2, \ldots, H_K]^T$是K行M列的信道矩阵，矩阵U和V都是酉矩阵，E是对角矩阵，其对角线上的值是矩阵H的奇异值。

通过将矩阵V作为发射机的权值矩阵，U作为接收机的权值矩阵，即实现了基于SVD 的波束赋形。

在5G网络中，SVD算法可以用于实现高效的数据传输和信号处理。

它可以利用信道状态信息，通过对信号进行预编码处理，实现信号的定向传输和增强，提高信号的传输质量和可靠性。

此外，SVD算法还可以用于信道估计和干扰抑制等方面，从而提高系统的整体性能和稳定性。

需要注意的是，在实际应用中，SVD算法的实现需要消耗大量的计算资源和存储资源。

因此，需要综合考虑算法的复杂度、计算效率、存储开销和系统性能等方面的因素，选择合适的算法实现方案。

同时，还需要考虑实际应用场景的特点和需求，如信道状态信息的不完全性、信号处理的要求和系统的稳定性等。

5g ss rsrp 指标5G是第五代移动通信技术的缩写，是指在移动通信领域中，提供更高速率、更低延迟和更大连接密度的无线通信技术。

在5G网络中，SS（Synchronization Signal）和RSRP（Reference Signal Received Power）是两个重要的指标，用于评估网络性能和信号质量。

我们来了解一下SS指标。

SS是5G网络中的同步信号，用于同步和定位用户设备。

通过SS，用户设备可以获取5G基站的信息并进行连接。

SS指标的重要性在于，它能够确保设备与基站之间的同步，保证通信的可靠性和稳定性。

接下来，我们来介绍一下RSRP指标。

RSRP是指参考信号接收功率，用于衡量用户设备接收到的参考信号的强度。

RSRP的数值越大，代表信号强度越好。

RSRP的测量范围一般为-140dBm到-44dBm，其中-44dBm表示最强的信号强度，而-140dBm表示最弱的信号强度。

在5G网络中，SS和RSRP这两个指标密切相关。

SS信号的质量直接影响到RSRP的数值。

当SS信号强度较强时，RSRP数值通常也较高，表示信号质量良好，用户设备可以获得更快的数据传输速率和更稳定的连接。

然而，由于无线信号受到环境因素的影响，SS和RSRP的数值也会出现波动。

例如，当用户设备处于信号覆盖较差的区域时，SS信号强度较弱，RSRP数值较低，可能会导致数据传输速率下降或连接不稳定。

此时，需要采取相应的措施来改善信号质量，例如调整设备位置、增加信号增强器等。

SS和RSRP的指标还可以用于评估网络的覆盖范围和容量。

通过对SS和RSRP的测量和分析，可以确定网络中的弱信号区域和拥塞区域，进而采取相应的优化措施，提高网络的覆盖范围和容量。

5G网络中的SS和RSRP指标是衡量信号质量和网络性能的重要指标。

通过对这两个指标的监测和分析，可以优化网络性能，提高用户体验。

同时，对于网络运营商和设备厂商来说，也可以根据SS和RSRP的指标，进行网络规划和优化，以提供更好的网络服务。

时事热点 2022年中考英语阅读理解专题05 5G时代Passage 1（2021·内蒙古通辽市·中考真题）Whether from news reports or social media articles, you may know that 5G is coming.5G is the 5th generation network. It is a new network after 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G. It can connect everyone and everything together. 5G networks will cover many cities in China soon. 5G means super-fast data speed. One can download a two-hour movie for fewer than 10 seconds, and it is making our lives more and more convenient.5G will make self-driving cars possible. For safety, self-driving cars need super-fast data transmission (传输）to communicate with their nearby environment. 5G is just what makes self-driving cars achieve this. Even airplanes will become “smart” in the near future. Passengers will be able to use 5G networks in the air to connect to the Internet and can order for food and drinks.5G will be a big help for students who take online classes. Many people live in poor areas in the world where there are no schools. But with 5G, this will change. Students all over the world will be able to see places like the Great Wall without leaving their rooms.It will be also easier for doctors to treat patients remotely by 5G. It means caring for patients from far away.The facts listed above are only a part of what 5G will make possible and popular. Just as in the early days of the Internet in the 1990s, few could see how it could change our life and the world. The same will surely be true of 5G. With 5G, many things do not seem like dreams any more. Now let’s get ready to say goodbye to 4G and welcome the coming of 5G.1．How long may it take to download a two-hour movie with 5G?A．15 seconds. B．8 seconds. C．10 minutes. D．2 hours.2．The underlined word “remotely” means “________” in Chinese.A．快速地B．高效地C．远程地D．科学地3．5G will make the following things more and more popular EXCEPT ________.A．self-driving cars B．”smart” airplanes C．online classes D．hospitals without doctors4．About 5G, ________ is NOT mentioned in the passage.A．to be used freely B．super-fast data speedC．to connect everyone and everything together D．to make life more convenient than 4G5．From the last paragraph, we can know that ________.A．4G is no more used in our daily life nowB．the writer is worried about the coming of 5GC．with 5G, some of our dreams will come true for sure one dayD．in the 1990s, all the people believed that the Internet would change our lifePassage 2（2021·四川达州市·中考真题）In 1987 a small company named Huawei was started in Shenzhen. After more than 30 years of development, the company has now beaten Apple and become the world’s second largest make r of smartphones. It has also become t he world’s supplier (供应者) of 5G. In China and even in the world, Huawei is a wonder. Although it started producing mobile phones not many years ago, it has become one of the most famous phone companies.But recently, Huawei faces some difficulties. The US government made a law to stop its sales in America. American officials said Huawei gave information that it collected to the Chinese government. At the same time, the US government planned to stop selling parts and services to Huawei. They believed that Hu awei’s business would be hurt this way.“We have never received such a request from the Chinese government and we have never tried to get into other systems to collect information,” Ren Zhengfei, Huawei’s president said. “The law would have little effect o n our company. Huawei has enough ability to deal with the problems,” Ren added.In an interview several years ago, Ren Zhengfei said, “I started Huawei with only £4000 at the beginning, but now it has become a 100 billion company. The experience was not as romantic as you imagine.”Facing the law of the US, Huawei is growing. Huawei’s smartphone sales around the world rose 50 percent compared with a year earlier in the first three months of 2019. At the same time, sales from both Samsung and Apple fell. So far Huawei has grown into the world’s largest telecommunication equipment supplier (供应商),selling in 170 countries. It may beat Samsung as the largest smartphone maker in the near future.6．How many kinds of smartphones are mentioned in total in this passage?A．One. B．Two. C．Three. D．Four.7．Which of the following sentences is TRUE according to the passage?A．Huawei collected the information for the Chinese government.B．Ren Zhengfei started Huawei with only £4000 in 1987.C．Huawei has beaten Samsung, a South-Korea phone maker so far.D．Huawei has developed its business smoothly.8．What does the underlined word “romantic” in Paragraph 4 mean in Chinese?A．浪漫的B．现实的C．成功的D．麻烦的9．The last paragraph mainly tells us ________.A．Huawei has become one of the most famous phone companies.B．Huawei has become the largest maker of smartphones in the world.C．Huawei has got into some systems of the US.D．Huawei is full of hope and must succeed in the future.Passage 3（2021·广东广州市·秀全中学九年级一模）Some people like the freedom of driving their own cars. But others find driving to be inconvenient or even dangerous. Fortunately, the driverless cars we've seen in movies and TV shows are on the way here.The first driverless car to hit the screen was Herbie, a cute talking car from the 1968 comedy The Love Bug. Herbie could drive by himself and even talk to his human friends He didn't have any advanced technology—just magic.KITT was another driverless car that appeared on the 1980s TV show Knight Rider. KITT used advanced Al to drive itself and help its rider Michael Knight catch criminals.While the driverless cars of today can't talk to us, they do have many similarities to the ones we've seen onscreen. Nearly every major car company is working on their own autonomous, vehicle（A V）. Tesla, for example. has developed a driver-assistance system for its cars called Tesla Autopilot.Tesla Autopilot can complete many of the tasks hat human drivers usually do. It can make sure that your car is centered in the correct lane, as well as park itself and stop if it thinks that a crash might happen. However, it is not fully self-driving.Google's sister company Waymo seems to be leading the way in the AV area. Its self-driving cars are already being used for taxi services in the US city of Phoenix. It is the only self-driving car service that operates without human backup drivers. It uses common cameras as well as laser radar to determine distance, which allows the cars to get around without risk of crashing.Although companies are making great progress in developing A V. there is still a lot of work to be done. Year after year, companies promise that fully self-driving cars will become widely available. But nearly all of these promises have fallen through.One of the problems is that designing a self-driving car that is safe and easy to use is much harder than people realize. Self-driving cars have to analyze millions of data-points in order to prevent accidents and choose the correct route. Humans are used to doing this—but designing an Al that can work like human mind to make a decision quickly is very difficult.However, as new technologies like 5G develop, fully self-driving cars will come closer to reality.10．What were Herbie and KITT?A．They were interesting TV shows. B．They were driverless cars onscreen.C．They were cars using advanced AI D．They were owners of driverless cars11．Tesla Autopilot can________.A．talk to his human friends clearly B．stop to avoid a crash happeningC．do all the tasks as human drivers D．fly for a short while if necessary12．What does "It" in Paragraph 6 refer to?A．The company of Google. B．The US city of Phoenix.C．The self-driving car service D．A car with backup drivers.13．How might the future of the fully self-driving cars be according to the passage?A．It will be too hard to design a self-driving car that is safe and easy to useB．Designing an Al that can make a decision like human mind is impossible.C．Fully self-driving cars that are widely used must come to reality years later.D．New technologies will speed up the development of fully self-driving cars.Passage 4（2021·陕西宝鸡市·九年级一模）If you look at the top of you r phone, you’ll usually see a little symbol that says 3G or 4G. The “G” stands for the “generation” of y our mobile network. But the symbols will become things of the past after 5G networks fully arrive.Shanghai vice-mayor Wu Qing made the first 5G video call on a Huawei Mate X Smartphone. Shanghai has also become the first city in China to start testing 5G networks. About 100 times faster than 4G networks, 5G will let people download and upload data faster than ever before. But 5G won’t just bring faster m obile Internet. People can use it for many other things as well.For example, 5G will help to make self-driving cars safer. Today’s self-driving test cars have oneproblem-when they found something in front, that is too late to stop at once. When the car “sees” something in front, it sends this information to a data center and receives instructions. However, it will be some time before it sends and receives this information. With this kind of lag(滞后), the cars might crash because they don’t receive instruction in time. With 5G, this lag will be greatly lowed, making the cars safer.5G could also be used to power the Internet of Things(IOT), that is, a large online network that connects all things and people. Fast Internet speeds will be the key to developing this technology. The IOT could be used in a lot of ways. For example, with IOT, your refrigerator could automatically place an order online for eggs when it finds that there are no eggs left inside.14．According to the passage, people in Shanghai ________.A．have used 5G networks B．have tested 5 in Nokia CompanyC．have tested 5G networks under the leadership of Wu D．have succeeded in working by 5G15．The writer uses self-driving cars as an example to ________.A．explain how 5G’s fast speed can be helpful B．warn about dangers of self-driving carsC．explain how self-driving cars work D．tell us the reason why Shanghai people like to use self-driving by 5G16．What can we infer(推测) according to the passage?A．5G is widely used in China now. B．5G networks will make our lives more convenient. C．There are no symbols at the top of our phones. D．5G can’t be faster than 4G.17．The last paragraph tells us IOT means________.A．a robot that can do houseworkB．an online store where you can buy everythingC．a large online network that connects things and peopleD．5G can give us free eggs when we have no eggs in our refrigeratorsPassage 5（2021·江苏九年级一模）Do you know 5G? It is the fifth generation of mobile network technology. These new networks are coming.China just issued commercial licenses （发放商用牌照）for 5G on June 6, 2020. This means that China’s telecom companies were soon able to offer 5G networks for mobile phone users.Each mobile network generation is faster and more powerful than the one before it. 1G let us talk to each other. 2G let us send messages. 3G gave us data and the Internet. And 4G made all of thes e things faster. What’s special about 5G?5G has a very short delay between sending and receiving information. Now, 4G takes about 100 to 200 milliseconds（毫秒）to send and receive data. But 5G will get it down to 1 millisecond or less—this is almostreal-time.This big change will not only make our mobile Internet faster, but also deeply change dur lives. Read on to find out how.5G+entertainment5G networks are about 100 times faster than 4G. This means you can download a movie in seconds using 5G. Also, virtual reality （VR）games will become more popular with 5G. The short delay of 5G will make the games feel even more real.5G+transportation5G will also bring us safer self-driving cars. These cars can send signals （信号）to each other. They also talk to traffic lights and road sensors （传感器）. 5G will allow cars to react even faster than human drivers.5G+smart homes5G also makes the Internet of things possible. Internet of things is a large network that connects everything to the Internet. Smart homes are part of it. For example, your toaster can automatically（自动地）start making breakfast after your alarm rings. And if its sensor feels the air becoming dry, a smart sprinkler could water your plants by itself.18．What does the underlined word “delay” in Paragr aph 4 probably mean in Chinese?A．传输B．延时C．断开D．卡顿19．5G will change people’s lives in many ways EXCEPT ________.A．entertainment B．transportation C．smart homes D．health20．What’s the main idea of the passage?A．Mobile phone users can use 5G networks.B．Each mobile network generation has their own advantages.C．5G will change our lives in many ways.D．5G will bring us safer self-driving cars.Passage 6（2021·湖北随州市·九年级一模）Whether from news reports or social media articles, you may know that 5G is coming.5G is the 5th generation network. It is a new network(网络) after 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G and it can connect everyone and everything together. 5G networks will cover many cities in China soon. 5G means super-fast data(数据) speed, one can download a two-hour movie for fewer than 10 seconds, and it is making our lives more and more convenient.5G will make self-driving cars possible. For safety, self-driving cars need super-fast data transmission(传输) to communicate with their nearby environment. 5G is just what makes self-driving cars achieve this. Even airplanes will become “smart” in the near future. Passengers will be able to use 5G networks in the air to connect t o the Internet or place orders for food and drinks.5G will be a big help for students who take online classes. Many people live in poor areas in the world where there are no schools. But with 5G, this will change. Students all over the world will be able to see places like the Great Wall without leaving their rooms.It will be also easier for doctors to treat patients remotely by 5G. It means caring for patients from far away.The facts listed above are only a part of what 5G will make possible and popular. Just as in the early days ofthe Internet in the 1990s, few could see how it could change the world. The same will surely be true of 5G. With 5G, many things do not seem like dreams anymore. Now let’s get ready to say goodbye to 4G and welcome the coming of 5G.21．How long may it take to download a two-hour movie with 5G?A．15 seconds. B．8 seconds. C．10 minutes. D．2 hours.22．The underlined word “remotely” means ________ in Chinese.A．快速地B．高效地C．远程地D．科学地23．5G will make the following things more and more popular EXCEPT ________.A．self-driving cars B．“smart” airplanes C．online classes D．hospitals without doctors 24．About 5G, ________ is NOT mentioned in the passage.A．to be used freely B．super-fast data speedC．to connect everyone and everything together D．to make life more convenient than 4GPassage 7（2021·广东河源市·九年级一模）Nowadays, 5G may be one of the hottest topics. After 3G and 4G, 5G (from “the fifth-generation mobile networks”) becomes the latest generation of mobile communications. China announced the start of 5G in 2019 and now we can use 5G in many cities. As we can see, 5G has brought some great changes.As a result of the increased size of networks, data transfer (数据传递) becomes much faster. 5G is 10 to 100 times faster than the speed of the 4G network. It may make many new uses possible. For example, you candownl oad a film in just 3 seconds. This used to take a few minutes with a 4G network. What’s more, there will be enough capacity (容量) for everyone to chat online and watch movies on their phones. Scientists say 5G will help the development of self-driving cars and the “5G man-like robot” as well. Most importantly, 5G will help us build the Internet of Things ( IoT, 物联网).For example, on a hot summer day, you could turn on your air conditioning with IoT before you go home. All of these things need very fast Internet speeds. 5G will be the key.Our technology seems to develop so fast. Some big companies like Huawei and Samsung have started to produce 5G products. 5G technology will make some amazing cha nges. Let’s wait and see what it will bring. 25．From the first paragraph, we know that ________.A．3G, 4G and 5G are the newest generations of mobile communicationsB．5G has become real and brought some great changesC．China was the earliest country to announce the start of 5GD．people now use 5G and will use 6G next year26．The underlined word “announced” probably means ________ in Chinese in this passage.A．通知B．计划C．研发D．宣布27．Data transfer becomes much faster because ________.A．the size of networks is increasedB．5G is used in many citiesC．some big companies have started to produce 5G productsD．5G man-like robots will be built28．________ with 5G.A．Man-like robots will be invented B．Self-driving cars will be seenC．The Internet of Things will be built D．The electronic keys will be found29．The passage is mainly about _________.A．the speed of 5G networks B．the great changes 5G will bringC．the building of IoT D．the use of 5G in different countriesPassage 8（2020·浙江八年级月考）As we know, the time of 5G technology（技术）is coming. Recently, there's a lot of information about 5G. But what is this technology and how might it bring to our lives?What is 5G?5G means the fifth generation（第五代）mobile networks（网络）, a better technology than 4G. And we know, 4G comes after 3G and makes the network run faster than 3G.When will 5G come to our life?Before we can all use 5G, there must be a new system（系统）for 5G to work. In the USA, some cities will first use 5G this year. Experts say it will take a few more years or even longer to reach every place. In China, a few cities are using 5G now. And more and more cities will join this group: Next year, 5G will become national, even in the countryside.What can 5G do?Experts say 5G will help to build future "smart cities" with the help of sensor networks（传感器网络）. Such networks will be able to help the police with the traffic. They can help us know what’s happening in our homes when we are at work. They can even help to made it possible for doctors to perform an operation（手术）far away.________In the future, more information and more kinds of information will be travelling across 5G networks. Much of the information could be about persons, businesses or government organization（政府组织）. So we can see the wider （更广泛地）use of a 5G network means any mistake of the system would cause serious results. Then they may bring problems of public security（安全）and world economic（经济）activity.30．According to the passage, 5G is ________.A．a kind of phone B．a kind of computer C．a kind of network D．a kind of website（网站）31．The underlined word “They” refers to ________.A．Experts B．The police C．Doctors D．The networks32．Which of the following is NOT mentioned about “smart cities” in this passage?A．House building. B．Traffic. C．Home security. D．Operations.33．The underlined word “national” in the passage means “________” in Chinese.A．民族的B．国立的C．全国性的D．普通的34．Which sentence is the best for the place ________A．Who will use 5G? B．Why will 5G be popular?C．How will people use 5G? D．What are the security problems?Passage 9（2020·浙江杭州市·九年级月考）China is running ahead in 5G. In March, 2019, the Shanghai Hongqiao Railway Station became the world's first 5G railway station. Now, it takes only 20 seconds to download a long movie there.We are moving closer and closer to the 5G world. However, the new technology is still strange to most of us.What is 5G, after all? At first, 5G is fast. 5G will be much faster than today's 5G networks. The first 5G modem of the IT Company Qualcomm supports speeds of up to 5 gigabytes per second. Most of us have never experienced anything close to that speed. And we are only talking about the first generation of modems(调制解调器) . Future models are likely to be even faster.But 5G is not all about speed. Have you ever been to a large event where your data connection slowed down? That is because 4G networks can only support a certain number of devices(装置) per square kilometer. 5G network will be able to do much better. They can support up to a million devices per square kilometer.Now, you begin to understand why 5G is a huge change over 4G. The technology is not just for the smart phones. It has a strong influence on every connected device. With 5G, self-driving cars will be able to communicate with the world around them as quickly as possible. Wearables, PCs and smart home devices will be able to improve as well.Are you looking forward to that 5G world now?35．Each of the following is mentioned about 5G EXCEPT___________.A．the first "5G railway station" in the worldB．the speed of using 5G to downloadC．the country that runs ahead in 5GD．the way of 5G spreading36．Paragraph 4 shows the advantage of 5G by_____________.A．using different adviceB．comparing 5G with 4GC．showing some data of 5G networksD．explaining the condition of different areas37．How many fields of using 5G does the passage tell us?A．Three. B．Four. C．Five. D．Six.38．From the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A．5G technology is closer and closer to us.B．5G self-driving cars will be cheaper than any other cars.C．IT company Qualcomm produced the first generation of 5G modems.D．5G networks can support up to a million devices every square kilometer.Passage 10（2020·湖南张家界市·九年级一模）China is running ahead in 5G. In March, 2019, the Shanghai Hongqiao Railway Station became world's first "5G railway station". Now, it takes only 20 seconds to download along movie there.We are moving closer and closer to the 5G world. However, the new technology is still strange to most of us. What is 5G, after all? At first, 5G is fast. 5G will be much faster than today's 4G networks!The first 5G modem (猫，调制解调器) of the IT company Qualcomm supports speeds of up to 5 Gigabytes (千兆字节) per second. Most of us have never experienced anything close to that speed. And we are only talking about the first generation (一代) of 5G modems. Future models are likely to be even faster.But 5G is not all about speed. Have you ever been to a large event where your data (数据) connection slowed down? That is because 4G networks can only support a certain number of devices (设置) per square meter. 5G networks will be able to do much better. They can support up to a million devices per square kilometer.Now, you begin to understand why 5G is a huge change over 4G. The technology is not just for the smart phones. It has a strong influence(影响) on every connected device. With 5G, self-driving cars will be able to communicate with the world around them as quickly as possible. Wearables, Pcs and smart home devices will be able to improve as well.Are you looking forward to that 5G world now?39．Each of the following is mentioned about 5G EXCEPT________.A．the first place where 5G is used in the worldB．the speed of using 5G to downloadC．the way of 5G spreading40．Paragraph 4 shows the advantages of 5G by________.A．using different adviceB．comparing 5G with 4GC．some data of 5G networks41．How many fields of using 5G does the passage tell us?A．Three. B．Four. C．Five42．From the passage, which of the following is NOT TRUE?A．5G technology is closer and closer to us.B．5G self-driving cars will be cheaper than any other cars.C．IT company Qualcomm produced the first generation of 5G modems.43．What's the best title for the passage?A．What's 5G? B．How is 5G used? C．Is 5G good or bad?Passage 11（2020·浙江温州市·九年级其他模拟）If you look at the top of your phone ,you'll usually see a little symbol that says 3G or 4G. The "G" stands for the "generation" of your mobile network.But these symbols will become things of the past after 5G fully arrives.On March 30th, 2019, Shanghai vice-mayor Wu Qing made the first 5G video call on a Huawei Mate X smartphone, CGTN reported.Shanghai has also become the first city in China to start testing 5G networks.Monaco became the first country in Europe to use a next-generation 5G mobile phone network based on technology from Chinese company Huawei.It sound s obvious, but it’s important to understand just how much faster 5G is compared to current 4G speeds. 5G will not only be many, many times faster than your existing connection, it will be greatly faster than the broadband connection you have at home.Now, 4G takes about 100 to 200 milliseconds* to send and receive data.But 5G will get it down to 1 millisecond or less.This big change will not only make our mobile Internet faster. It can be used in many other ways as well.For example,5G will help to make self-driving cars safer.Today's self ﹣driving test cars have one problem ﹣lag.When the car"sees"an obstacle*, it sends this information to a data center and receives instructions. However, it takes time to send and receive this information. With this kind of lag, the cars might crash because they don't receive instructions in time. With 5G, this lag will be greatly lowered, making the cars safer,according to CNN.5G could also be used to power the Internet of Things (IOT). This refers to a large online network that connects all things and people.Fast Internet speeds will be the key to developing this technology. For example, with IOT under 5G, your fridge could automatically* place an order online for eggs when it finds that there are no eggs left inside.All in all, 5G will shape every type of technology that it touches. And you won't have to wait too long for that to happen. Though we’ve seen a lot of positive progress just in the last year, we still have a long way to go before 5G is anywhere near as common as 4G is right now.44．From Paragraph ②, we can know that _______.A．5G is widely used in ShanghaiB．it took lots of efforts to test 5GC．China and Monaco is working on its 5G networksD．5G would make it possible to take videos45．The underlined word "lag" probably means " _______" in Chinese.A．延迟B．迷路C．暂停D．耗电46．The fridge is mentioned to _______.A．describe the importance of IOTB．encourage people to try the new productC．introduce how to use the Internet of ThingsD．show 5G would make IOT more powerful47．Which of the following would be the best title of the passage？A．Can 5G Go Far？B．How is 5G Changing Our Life？C．5G is on the WayD．China is Leading the World in 5GPassage 12（2020·全国九年级专题练习）5G is literally making our lives faster.You might feel annoyed when it takes too long to connect to your online study system. But that could soon be a thing of the past. Since China started 5G commercialization (商用) in June 2019, many Chinese companies havestarted to provide 5G services. With growing investment (投资) and enthusiasm (热情) among consumers and companies, China has kept its role as a global 5G leader, said GSMA, an international association of mobile operators, in a report released on March 17.The report predicts that 5G will be used for almost half of the country’s mobile connec tions with 460 million users by 2025. It will surpass (超过) other leading 5G markets such as Japan, South Korea and the US.China has done a lot to develop this technology. The Chinese government cut costs for infrastructure construction (设施建设) and gave financial (经济的) support to the industry. About 130,000 5G base stations had been built by the end of 2019, according to Xinhua.China built its first 5G industrial park in Shanghai on March 12. Forty-two companies agreed to invest at the park’s opening ceremony (开幕式). It will focus on using 5G technology to develop automobiles (汽车), smart manufacturing (智能生产) and data ports (通信端口).China also leads the way in developing 5G-enabled devices (设备). Huawei Technologies Co Ltd, for example, developed eight new 5G smartphones in 2019. It also made baseband chips (基带芯片) and tablets (平板电脑) with 5G technology.“China’s 5G industry has been a key driver (引擎) of economic (经济的) growth, creating a new generation (代) of digital consumers (数字消费者) ,” said Mats Granryd, director general of GSMA．48．What can 5G services bring to users?A．It’s cheaper than 4G services.B．It offers better connection speeds.C．It makes devices smarter.D．It is easier to use than 4G.49．According to GSMA, China________.A．plays a leading role in developing 5G technologyB．has surpassed Japan in developing 5G technologyC．has the largest 5G market in the worldD．has spent too much time developing 5G50．What does the Chinese government have to do with 5G?A．It started to build 5G base stations on March 12.B．It doesn’t know whether 5G will succeed.。

5G SON（自组织网络）标准是5G网络的一个重要组成部分，它是一种自配置、自优化和自修复的网络技术，旨在提高5G网络的可靠性和效率。

在5G SON标准中，有以下关键技术和指标：
1.自配置：5G SON可以自动配置网络参数、网络资源和信令流程，以减少人工干预和配置时间。

2.自优化：5G SON可以自动调整网络参数、优化网络性能，提高网络覆盖、容量和用户感知。

3.自修复：5G SON可以自动检测和修复网络故障，提高网络的可靠性和稳定性。

此外，5G SON标准还包括以下关键技术指标：
1.自动化程度：5G SON的自动化程度越高，就越能够提高网络的效率、可靠性和灵活性。

2.部署时间：5G SON的部署时间越短，就越能够快速地提供网络服务。

3.资源利用率：5G SON的资源利用率越高，就越能够降低网络的运营成本。

4.网络性能：5G SON的网络性能包括覆盖、容量、延迟、可靠性等，这些指标都是衡量5G SON
质量的重要指标。

总之，5G SON标准是一种重要的5G技术，它可以提高网络的效率、可靠性和灵活性，降低网络的运营成本，为用户提供更好的网络体验。

一、概述系统信息在小区范围内的所有U E进行广播，目的是告诉U E网络接入层和非接入层的公共信息，以便用户在发起呼叫之前了解网络的配置情况。

非接入层的信息包括运营商信息、C N域信息等；接入层信息包括小区信息、信道信息、小区选择/重选信息等。

启用系统信息获取流程的时机：1.小区选择（开机）和小区重选后；2.切换完成之后；3.从其他R A T进入N R后；4.重新进入覆盖区域；5.接收到系统信息改变的通知；6.收到指示出现E T W S通知、U T C以及系统信息超过最长有效期系统信息分为最小系统信息（M i n i m u m S I）和其它系统信息（O t h e r S I）两部分。

最小系统信息周期性广播，包括M I B和S I B1，是最基本的信息。

主系统信息块（M I B）总是通过B C H信道以80m s为周期发送，在80m s 内重复发送多次。

S I B1通过D L-S C H信道周期发送，修改周期为160m s，在修改周期内可重复多次（默认重复周期20m s）。

其它系统信息包括所有没有在最小系统信息中广播的系统信息，可以广播下发（i d l e/i n a c t i v e）、也可以通过R R C专用信令下发（c o n n e c t e d），可以周期广播、也可以基于U E请求下发（即o n d e m a n d发送方式）。

二、系统消息获取流程N R系统消息获取流程：M I B是最基本和最常用的系统消息，映射到B C C H，在B C H上发送S I B1作为一条单独的消息映射到B C C H，在D L_S C H上传输，调度信息包含在M I B之中。

而L T E中S I B1采用固定周期发送，每20m s发送一次，重复发送4次即每80m s由M A C层调度一次。

S I B2~S I B x我们统称为O S I（其他系统消息）S I B1中，如果存在没有进行广播的S I B x的调度信息，U E需要根据需求发送S I请求，以便获取相应S I。

5G NR 中的CI意义在LTE中，同步基于主同步信号（PSS）和辅同步信号（SSS）。

存在用于初始下行同步的三个PSS序列和168个SSS序列，总共产生504个组合。

除了同步之外，这504个值还用作PCI，用于测量报告和其他流程，以识别LTE RRC规范中的小区。

除了LTE中504个PCI以5ms的周期从PSS/SSS获得外，以下标识还用于识别无线协议中网络的不同部分。

所有这些参数在SIB1中以80ms的周期和20ms的重复传输：1.PLMN标识列表，该列表包含以下元素，最大大小为6个条目●PLMN identity (24bits)●C ell reserved for operator use (1 bit)2.全球 Cell ID，包含●PLMN Identity (24bits)●Cell ID (28bits).3.TAC，以SIB1传输（16bits）●用于NAS协议，用于TAC管理。

RRC或其他无线协议不使用。

4.CSG标识，在SIB1中传输（27bits）在NR中，系统应能够提供更大的容量。

很多时候，这被称为容量增加了10000倍。

这将需要非常小的小区，在密集的城市部署中，典型的500米站间距将显著缩减，尤其是在提供高容量的频率层。

此外，新频谱的大部分将在高频下可用，这些高频将驱动到墙壁和其他阴影物体穿透损失高的微站。

然而，支持高速场景（例如火车和汽车）非常重要，因此覆盖层将引入可能重叠高密度区域的大型小区，从而导致不同小区大小的显著混合。

如果考虑一些非常密集的区域，如北上广深一线城市DBC，可以估计一些最坏情况估计。

一个最坏情况估计可能表明，可能有20个宏站小区/km2，以及多达40000-80000个微站小区/km2，平均大小分别为100m2或50m2。

估算的依据是，1km2的室外用地有4km2的室内空间，平均每栋建筑8层，50%的土地用于建筑。

尽管上述计算非常简单，不能直接反映任何实际的网络部署，但它让我们大致了解了我们可能预见的未来网络。

在5G协议中，存在各种字段和数值，这些字段和数值用于定义和描述5G网络中的数据传输和通信特性。

这些字段数值包括但不限于以下内容：1. Protocol Configuration Options (PCO)：用于指示UE和网络之间的协议配置。

2. 5G-S-TMSI：5G-S-TMSI是5G系统中的临时移动站识别符，用于在UE和网络之间进行通信。

3. 5G-GUTI：5G-GUTI是5G系统中的全局唯一临时UE 识别符，用于在UE和网络之间进行通信。

4. SUPI：SUPI是5G系统中的用户永久标识符，用于标识UE的唯一性。

5. SUCI：SUCI是5G系统中的用户临时标识符，用于在UE和网络之间进行匿名通信。

6. 5G-RANAP Cause：5G-RANAP Cause字段用于表示RAN和核心网之间的错误原因。

7. 5G-NAS Cause：5G-NAS Cause字段用于表示UE和核心网之间的错误原因。

8. 5G-MM Cause：5G-MM Cause字段用于表示UE和网络之间的错误原因。

9. 5G-NGAP Cause：5G-NGAP Cause字段用于表示RAN 和核心网之间的错误原因。

10. PDU Session ID：PDU Session ID用于标识UE和网络之间的PDU会话。

11. 5G-Container：5G-Container字段用于封装和传输UE 和网络之间的NAS消息。

12. 5G-Security-Context：5G-Security-Context用于存储UE和网络之间的安全上下文信息。

13. 5G-Count：5G-Count用于存储UE和网络之间的加密和完整性保护计数器。

14. 5G-Key-Set-Identifier：5G-Key-Set-Identifier用于标识UE和网络之间的密钥集标识符。

15. 5G-Subscriber-Profile-Identifier：5G-Subscriber-Profile-Identifier用于标识UE的用户配置文件标识符。

5g pss时域数据值English Answer:Introduction:The fifth-generation (5G) wireless technology is expected to revolutionize the way we communicate and connect with the world. One of the key features of 5G is the use of more advanced modulation techniques, such as Phase Shift Keying (PSK). PSK is a digital modulation technique that uses the phase of a carrier signal to represent digital data. In this article, we will discuss the time-domain data values of 5G PSK signals.Time-Domain Data Values of 5G PSK Signals:The time-domain data values of a 5G PSK signal are the values of the signal at specific points in time. These values can be used to represent the digital data that is being transmitted. The time-domain data values of a 5G PSKsignal are typically represented as a sequence of binary values, with each value representing a bit of data.The time-domain data values of a 5G PSK signal can be calculated using the following equation:v(t) = A cos(2πf0t + φ)。

IAB-DU户面数据回传的IP流量通过BAP子层通过无线回传路由。

BAP子层在TS 38.340[31] 中指定。

具体如下：•在下行(DL)上层数据包由BAP子层在IAB-donor-DU处封装，并在目标IAB节点处解封装。

•在上行(UL)上层数据包在IAB-node被封装，在IAB-donor-DU 被解封装。

•IAB-donor-CU和IAB-donor-DU之间的IAB特定传输在TS38.401[4]中指定。

在BAP子层数据包根据BAP路由ID进行路由，该路由ID包含在BAP头中。

当数据包从上层到达时，BAP标头被添加到数据包中，而当数据包到达其目标节点时，BAP标头被剥离。

数据包的BAP路由ID的选择由IAB-donor-CU配置。

BAP路由ID由BAP地址和BAP 路径ID组成，其中BAP地址表示数据包在BAP 子层上的目的节点，BAP路径ID表示数据包到该目的地应遵循的路由路径。

为了路由的目的每个IAB-node和IAB-donor-DU都进一步配置了一个指定的BAP地址。

a.在数据包路径的每一跳IAB节点检查BAP标头中携带的BAP路由ID中的数据包BAP地址，以确定数据包是否已到达其目的地，即是否与IAB节点的BAP地址匹配。

如果数据包尚未到达目的地，IAB节点会根据BAP标头中携带的BAP路由和它从IAB-donor方接收到的路由配置来确定下一跳回程链路，称为出口链路。

b.对于每个数据包，IAB节点进一步确定指定出口链路上的出口BHRLC信道。

对于从上层到达的数据包，指定的出口BH RLC通道由IAB-donor-CU配置，它基于上层流量说明符。

由于每个BH RLC信道都配置了QoS信息或优先级，因此BH-RLC信道选择有助于在BH 上进行特定于流量的优先级划分和QoS实施。

对于F1-U流量，可以将每个GTP-U隧道映射到一个专用的BH RLC信道，或者将多个GTP-U隧道聚合到一个公共BH RLC信道。