Chapter 10 Electronic Business

Chapter2Management Yesterday and Today Historical Background of Management Ancient Management（古代的管理）Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall)Venetians (floating warship assembly lines)Adam Smith（亚当.斯密）Published “The Wealth of Nations” in 1776 Advocated the division of labor (job specialization) to increase the productivity of workers提倡劳动分工（工作专业化）以提高劳动者的劳动生产率Industrial Revolution（工业革命）Substituted machine power for human laborCreated large organizations in need of management创建出需要管理的大型组织Development of Major Management Theories主要管理理论的发展古典方法Scientific Management（科学管理）General Administrative Theory（一般行政管理）定量方法Quantitative Management（定量管理）行为方法Organizational Behavior（组织行为）当代方法Systems Approach（系统方法）Contingency Approach（情境方法）1.Scientific Management科学管理Fredrick Winslow Taylor弗雷德里克·温斯洛·泰勒——The “father” of scientific management科学管理理论之父Published Principles of Scientific Management《科学管理原理》(1911)The theory of scientific managementUsing scientific methods to define the “one best way” for a job to be done:用科学的方法来定义一种完成工作的“最佳方法”：1.Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment.把使用合适的工具和设备的人放在合适的工作上。

Chapter 11.Describe three factors that would cause a company to continue doing business intraditional ways and avoid electronic commerce.Traditional commerce is a better way to sell the items or services when personal selling skills are a factor, as in commercial real estate sales; or when the condition of the products is difficult to determine without making a personal inspection, as in the purchases of high-fashion clothing, antiques, or perishable food products.2.What are transaction costs and why are they important?Transaction costs are the total of all costs that a buyer and seller incur as they gather information and negotiate a purchase-sale transaction.6.How might a manager use SWOT analysis to identify new applications for electroniccommerce in their strategic business units?In SWOT analysis you list strengths and weaknesses of the business unit and then identify opportunities presented by the markets of the business unit and threats posed by the competitors of the business unit. This is accomplished by analyzing all the business operations into value adding activities and supporting activities.7.In about 200 words, explain the difference between language translation and languagelocalization.Language translation is the process of restating some text written in one language in a different language. In other words, to translate is examine some original text, written in what is called the source language, and to write a corresponding text in different language, called the target language, with the goal of preserving the tone and meaning of the original text.Language localization is a translation that considers multiple elements of the local environment, such as business and cultural practices, in addition to local dialect variations in the language. The cultural element is very important since it can affect—and sometimes completely change—the user’s interpretation of text.8.In a paragraph, describe the advantages of a flat-rate telecommunications access systemfor countries that want to encourage electronic commerce.In a flat-rate access system, the consumer or business pays one monthly fee for unlimited telephone line usage. Although many factors contributed to the rapid rise of U.S. electronic commerce, many industry analysts agree that flat-rate access has been one of the most important factors. As more European telecommunications providers have begun to offer flat-rate access, electronic commerce in those countries has increased dramatically.1.You have decided to buy a new laser printer for your home office. List specific activitiesthat you must undertake as you gather information about printer capabilities andfeatures. Use the CompUSA, , Office Depot, OfficeMax, and Staples Web sites to gather information. Write a short summary of the process you undertook so that others who plan to undertake a similar task can use your information.Answers will vary, but should include the following:∙Identify a search engine∙Visit Websites for information on features, attributes and benefits∙Interrogate Websites for additional information∙Place an order∙Inquire about shipping/payment terms2.Choose one of the Web sites listed in the previous question and identify three ways inwhich the company has reduced its transaction costs by using a Web site to provideinformation about printers. List these three transaction cost reduction elements and write a paragraph in which you discuss one transaction cost reduction opportunity that you believe the company missed.Answers will vary, but may include the following:∙Description of the item∙Employees no longer have to search for prices∙Delivery optionsStaples could include informational links such as: laser printer buying guide or laser printer maintenance.Chapter 21.What were the main forces that led to the commercialization of the Internet?Summarize your answer in about 100 words.The Internet was born out of the need for the U.S. government, specifically the Defense Department, to communicate with its weapons installation distributions all over the world.This idea, in the hands of researchers and scientists evolved even further allowing those researchers the capability to communicate with their colleagues at other universities. As personal computers became more popular and affordable, companies increasingly wanted to construct their own networks. This all led to the dramatic increase in business activity, but the commercialization of the Internet was really spurred by the emergence of the World Wide Web. The software that allowed computers to communicate while on the Internet is still the largest category of traffic today.2.Describe in two paragraphs the origins of HTML. Explain how markup tags workin HTML, and describe the role of at least one person involved with HTML’sdevelopment.SGML is a software language for describing electronic documents and how they should be formatted as well as displayed. This language is the precursor of HTML, which is used by all documents on the Web. Robert Calliau and Tim Berners-Lee independently invented HTML at the CERN research center in Switzerland. HTML’s document type definition is easier for users to learn and use for describing formatting and displaying electronic documents by Meta tag codes.3.In about 200 words, compare the POP e-mail protocol to the IMAP e-mail protocol.Describe situations in which you would prefer to use one protocol or the other andexplain the reasons for your preference.A POP message can tell the e-mail computer to send mail to the user’s computer and to dele teit from the e-mail computer; to send mail to the user’s computer and do not delete it; or simply to ask whether new mail has arrived. IMAP protocol performs the same basic functions as POP, but includes additional features that can instruct the e-mail server to send only selected messages to the client instead of all messages. It also allows the user to view only the headers and the e-mail sender’s name before deciding to download the entire message. One would choose IMAP if they have a need for a more robust system that allows them to access their email from different computers at different times.1.Bridgewater Engineering Company (BECO), a privately held machine shop, makesindustrial-quality, heavy-duty machinery for assembly lines in other factories. It sells its presses, grinders, and milling equipment using a few inside salespeople and telephones.This traditional approach worked well during the company’s start-up years, but BECO is getting a lot of competition from abroad. Because you worked for the company during the summers of your college years, BECO’s president, Tom Dalton, knows you andrealizes that you are Web savvy. He wants to form close relationships with the steelcompanies and small parts manufacturers that are BECO’s suppliers so that h e can tap into their ordering systems and request supplies when he needs them. Tom wants you to investigate how he can use the Internet to set up such electronic relationships. Use the Web and the links in the Online Companion to locate information about extranets and VPNs. Write a report that briefly describes how companies use extranets to link their systems with those of their suppliers, then write an evaluation of at least two companies (using information you have gathered in your Web searches) that could help develop an extranet that would work for Tom. Close the report with an overview of how BECO could use VPN technologies in this type of extranet. The three parts of your reportshould total about 700 words.Responses can vary significantly in this exercise. Any recommendation for systems development should include the infrastructure required to support a supply-chain management extranet, as well as the costs and the anticipated benefits. The infrastructure for a private network requires a TCP/IP network, Web authoring software, and a firewall server. The benefits include lower communication costs, and more timely and accessible information, as well as convenient use.2.Frieda Bannister is the IT manager for the State of Iowa’s Department of Transport ation(DOT). She is interested in finding ways to reduce the costs of operating the DOT’svehicle repair facilities. These facilities purchase replacement parts and repair supplies for all of the state’s cars, trucks, construction machinery, and road maint enanceequipment. Frieda has read about XML and thinks that it might help the DOT send orders to its many suppliers throughout the country more efficiently. Use the Online Companion links, the Web, and your library to conduct research on the use of XML in state, local, and federal government operations. Provide Frieda with a report of about 1000 words that includes sections that discuss what XML is and explain why XML shows promise for the ordering application Frieda envisions. Your report should also identify other DOT business processes or activities that might benefit from using XML. Thereport should also include a summary of the main disadvantages of using XML today for integrating business transactions. End the report with a brief summary of how the W3C Semantic Web project results might help the DOT operate more efficiently in the future.Responses should include the following points:▪XML uses markup tags to describe the meaning or semantics of the text.▪XML records are embedded in HTML documents.▪With XML, tags can be created that identify all the record details for the ordering application that Frieda envisions.▪The extensibility of XML is also its weakness. Sharing data across organizations means that the organizations must use the same tag na mes. For example, Frieda’s organizationmight create a tag called "PurchaseOrderNumber", and one of her suppliers might call the same item "OrderNum".▪The W3C Semantic Web will allow XML tags to be read by software agents, which will result in better, less-timely searching on the Web for information. This would allow theDOT to research pricing, availability, etc. of parts from suppliers.Chapter 31.Write a paragraph in which you describe the conditions under which a Web site canhope to become profitable if it relies exclusively on advertising revenue. In a secondparagraph, provide an example of a company not mentioned in the chapter that is using the advertising-supported model and that is likely to be successful in the long run.Explain why you think it will succeed.A Web site that relies exclusively on advertising revenues must contend with two majorproblems. First, no consensus has emerged on how to measure and charge for site views and the second problem is that very few Web sites have sufficient numbers of visitors to interest large advertisers. To be successful using the advertising-supported revenue model exclusively,a Web site must be large search engine, because they generate sufficient traffic to be profitable.Another alternative is to become a site that targets niche markets, for example employment-advertising sites.2.Describe two possible service-for-fee offerings that might become available tousers of Internet-enabled wireless devices (such as PDAs or mobile phones) in the near future. Write one paragraph for each service in which you outline the profit potential and risk of losses for each.Two possible fee-for-service offerings that might become available are medical and legal services. The profit potential for these services would be higher than the traditional brick and mortar services offered. There are limitations placed on these services because of licensure issues and dispensing legal and medical advice over the Internet is still a major hurdle. As technology and the Internet mature, it will be possible to offer these services offer the Internet.3.In two paragraphs, explain why a customer-centric Web site design is soimportant, yet is so difficult to accomplish.An important part of a successful electronic business operation is a Web site that meets the needs of potential customers. It is a significant challenge however, to design an effective website that introduces the company to different audiences (shareholders, the financial community, suppliers, potential alliance partners, potential customers, current customers and so on) with very different interests.4.Many real estate agents today have Web sites that list the properties they have for sale.These agents also advertise the properties in classified newspaper ads and sometimes in television ads. Write three paragraphs in which you briefly describe the things that realestate agents can best accomplish through (1) their Web sites, (2) mass media advertising, and (3) personal contact.Responses may be similar to the following:Web sites: Offer mortgage loan seekers online credit review and decisions within minutes.Mass media advertising: Offer property listings.Personal contact: Provide more detailed information about the property and about obtaining mortgages,1.Evaluate the usability of two Web sites that sell large-screen televisions. A list of links tocompanies that sell this product is included in the Online Companion for this exercise, but you may use other sites if you wish. In your evaluation, compare the sites on how easy it is to learn about the product and purchase the product. Your report shouldinclude a section of about 200 words in which you describe the criteria you used in your evaluation, a section of about 300 words that summarizes your findings, and a section of about 100 words in which you present your conclusion.Criteria that can be used to evaluate the Web sites include:∙Clarity of product information∙Prices relative to other online merchants∙Overall look and design∙Charges stated clearly before order submission∙Variety of shipping options∙Shipping chargesChapter 41.In about 600 words, explain the differences between customer acquisition and retentionand outline two marketing strategies that would help a company accomplish each ofthese two objectives. Be sure to present facts and logical arguments that support the use of each strategy for each objective.Customer retention is about making sure existing customers keep buying from you. On the Net, customer retention also means making sure your site visitors keep returning. Customer acquisition implies attracting new visitors to your Web site.2.Select a retail store with which you are familiar that has a Web site on which it sellsproducts or services similar to those it sells in its physical retail stores. Explore the Web site and examine it carefully for features that indicate the level of service it provides.Using your experience in the physical store and your review of the Web site, write a200-word evaluation of the company’s touchpoint consiste ncy.Responses will vary but a review should consider the following:The goal of providing the same quality of service is known as touchpoint consistency. The five levels are: awareness (customers who recognize the name of the company or its products), exploration (potential customers learning more about a company’s products and services), familiarity (customers who have completed several transactions and are aware of company policies), commitment (customers with preferences for the product; these customers are loyal and are willing to tell other potential customers), and separation (customers that are leaving, or separating, from the company for any reason).3.Many people have strong negative reactions to pop-up, pop-behind, interstitial, and richmedia ads. Write a 200-word letter to the editor of an Internet industry magazine inwhich you explain, from the advertiser’s viewpoint, why these ads can be effectiveadvertising media.Responses will vary, but the students might discuss how pop-behind ads remain visible after the browser has closed and keeps that information fresh in the user’s mind. In addition, a good point to bring up is that unlike pop-up ads, they do not cover the browser window.1.Visit the RedEnvelope Web site to examine how that company implements occasionsegmentation. Write a report of no more than 200 words in which you describe two clear examples of occasion segmentation on the site.Answers will vary, but Red Envelope has a section that displays various holidays, such as spring, Easter, and birthdays. Students should discuss the details of these different occasions.2.Marti Baron operates a small Web business, The Cannonball, that sells parts, repair kits,books, and accessories to hobbyists who restore antique model trains. Many model train hobbyists and collectors have created Web sites on which they share photos and other information about model trains. Marti is interested in creating an affiliate marketing program that would allow those hobbyists to place links on their sites to TheCannonball and be rewarded with commissions on sales that result from visitorsfollowing those links. Examine the services offered by Be Free, Commission Junction, LinkShare, and any other affiliate program brokers you can find on the Web.Recomme nd at least one affiliate program broker that would be a good fit for Marti’s business. In about 500 words, explain your recommendation. Be sure to consider thecharacteristics of Marti’s business in your analysis.The students should search different program brokers and try to find one that already deals in hobbies and collectibles. Be Free would be a good fit, since it caters to smaller businesses and is scalable as well.。

Management Glindex(Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter)(Eighth Edition)（英汉对照）管理学原理双语组编写2007年3月Chapter 1 Management and Organizations1、Manager：管理者Someone who works with and through other people by coordinating their work activities in order to accomplish organizational goals .管理者是这样的人，他通过协调其他人的活动达到与别人一起或者通过别人实现组织目标的目的。

2、First-line managers :基层管理者Managers at the lowest level of the organization who manage the work of nonmanagerial e mployees who are involved With the production or the organization’s products是管理着非管理人员所从事的生产和提供组织产品的工作，是最低层的管理者3、Middle managers :中层管理者Mangers between the first-line level and the top level of the organization who manage the work of first-line managers处于基层和高层之间，管理着基层管理者。

4、Top manager :高层管理者Managers at or near the top level of the organization who are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the goals and plans that affect the entire organization.处于或接近组织顶层，承担着制定广泛的组织决策,为整个组织制定计划和目标的责任。

chapter1True/FalseIndicate whether the statement is true or false.____ 1. IBM defines electronic business as "the transformation of key business processes through the use of Internet technologies."____ 2. A transaction is an exchange of value.____ 3. A transaction always has one or more activities associated with it, and an activity will always be related toa transaction.____ 4. Transferring funds, placing orders, sending invoices, and shipping goods to customers are all types of activities or transactions.____ 5. Business-to-consumer electronic commerce occurs when a person sells an item through a Web auction site to another person.____ 6. The U.S. government is one of the largest EDI trading partners in the world.____ 7. Firms such as Wal-Mart and General Electric have been pioneers in using EDI to improve their purchasing processes and their relationships with suppliers.____ 8. A value added network (VAN) is an independent firm that offers connection and EDItransaction-forwarding services to buyers and sellers engaged in EDI.____ 9. The increase in broadband connections in homes is a key element in the B2C component of the second wave.____ 10. In some cases, business processes use traditional commerce activities very effectively, and technology cannot improve upon them.____ 11. The skills of merchandising and personal selling can be easy to practice remotely.____ 12. A small-denomination item is a product or service that is hard to distinguish from the same product or services provided by other sellers.____ 13. An outsourcing profile is the collection of attributes that affect how easily a product can be packaged and delivered.____ 14. An airline ticket is an excellent example of an item with a high value-to-weight ratio.____ 15. A product that has a strong brand reputation is easier to sell over the Web than an unbranded item.____ 16. Electronic commerce provides buyers with an easy way to customize the level of detail in the information they obtain about a prospective purchase.____ 17. Electronic commerce reduces the speed and accuracy with which businesses can exchange information.____ 18. Electronic payment can be easier to audit and monitor than payment made by check.____ 19. The legal environment in which electronic commerce is conducted is full of clear and concise laws.____ 20. Economists use a formal definition of a market that includes two conditions: first, the potential sellers of a good come into contact with potential buyers and second, that a medium of exchange is available.____ 21. Most economists agree that markets are weak and ineffective mechanisms for allocating scarce resources. ____ 22. Businesses and individuals can use electronic commerce to reduce transaction costs by improving the flow of information and increasing the coordination of actions.____ 23. Sellers and buyers in commodity markets experience significant transaction costs.____ 24. Using the value chain reinforces the idea that electronic commerce should be a business solution, not technology implemented for its own sake.____ 25. Researchers estimate that about 20 percent of the content available on the Internet today is in English. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____ 26. Consumer shopping on the Web is often called ____.a. B2B c. B2Gb. B2C d. e-business____ 27. The group of logical, related, and sequential activities and transactions in which businesses engage are often collectively referred to as business ____.a. services c. logisticsb. processes d. communications____ 28. Some researchers define a fourth category of electronic commerce called ____, which includes individuals who buy and sell items among themselves.a. C2C c. C2Bb. B2B d. B2C____ 29. Electronic funds transfers are also called ____.a. wire transfers c. money transfersb. business transfers d. telephone transfers____ 30. Businesses that engage in EDI with each other are called ____.a. buyers c. suppliersb. sellers d. trading partners____ 31. A(n) ____ is an independent firm that offers connection and transaction-forwarding services to buyers and sellers engaged in EDI.a. VAN c. ERPb. EFT d. LAN____ 32. The ____ began conducting several long-term research projects in 2000 to study the growth of the Internet and its effects on society.a. Safeway project c. Virtual projectb. Pew Internet & American Life Project d. Tesco project____ 33. ____ is a good example of a company that sells its products to other businesses rather than to consumers.a. c. b. d. Intel____ 34. Which of the following statements is correct?a. The Internet technologies used in the first wave of electronic commerce were slow andinexpensive.b. In the second wave of electronic commerce, Internet technologies are being integrated intoB2B transactions and internal business processes by using bar codes and scanners to trackparts, assemblies, inventories, and production status.c. In the first wave of electronic commerce, radio-frequency devices and smart cards werecombined with biometric technologies.d. The use of e-mail in the second wave was used as a tool for relatively unstructuredcommunication.____ 35. A(n) ____ is a set of processes that combine to yield a profit.a. value system c. shipping profileb. industry value chain d. business model____ 36. A(n) ____ is a specific collection of business processes used to identify customers, market to those customers, and generate sales to those customers.a. industry value chain c. revenue modelb. strategic alliance d. value-added network____ 37. The combination of store design, layout, and product display knowledge is called ____.a. business process c. merchandisingb. business transaction d. service____ 38. The return-on-investment numbers are difficult to calculate for investment in electronic commerce because ____.a. the costs and benefits are hard to quantifyb. information technology is difficult to acquirec. sale/purchase prices are unstabled. the workforce keeps changing____ 39. ____ are the total of all costs that a buyer and a seller incur as they gather information and negotiate a purchase-sale transaction.a. Purchase costs c. Transaction costsb. Sale costs d. Hardware costs____ 40. One significant component of ____ can be the investment a seller makes in equipment or in the hiring of skilled employees to supply the product or service to the buyer.a. economic costs c. SWOT analysisb. transaction costs d. retention costs____ 41. The practice of an existing firm replacing one or more of its supplier markets with its own hierarchical structure for creating the supplied product is called ____.a. marketing process c. vertical integrationb. market integration d. horizontal integration____ 42. Many ____, such as wheat, sugar, and crude oil, are still traded in markets.a. commodities c. productsb. integrated items d. transactions____ 43. In a(n) ____, companies coordinate their strategies, resources, and skill sets by forming long-term, stable relationships with other companies and individuals based on shared purposes.a. market economic structure c. business modelb. value system d. network economic structure____ 44. Strategic partnerships occurring between or among companies operating on the Internet are called ____.a. strategic alliances c. virtual companiesb. economic structure d. virtual partnerships____ 45. ____ organizations are particularly well suited to technology industries that are information-intensive.a. Network c. Hierarchicalb. Retailing d. Manufacturing____ 46. As more people participate in a network, the value of the network to each participant increases. This is known as the ____.a. law of diminishing returns c. listing effectb. network effect d. fax effect____ 47. A way of organizing the activities that each strategic business unit undertakes to design, produce, promote, market, deliver, and support is known as a(n)____.a. supply chain c. value chainb. supply group d. value group____ 48. Porter uses the term ____ to describe the larger stream of activities into which a particular business unit's value chain is embedded.a. business strategy c. business integrationb. value system d. collaboration____ 49. SWOT is the acronym for ____.a. supply, wealth, occupations, and threatsb. supply, weaknesses, opportunities, and testingc. strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threatsd. strengths, wealth, occupations, and testing____ 50. In the mid-1990s, ____ used a SWOT analysis to create a strong business strategy that has helped it become a strong competitor in its industry value chain.a. HP Computer c. Dell Computerb. Acer Computer d. NEC Computer。

xxxx学院期中测试课程：电子商务专业英语姓名：学号：班级：一、单词/词组英汉互译(本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分)。

transaction: 交易供应商：supplier wholesaler：批发商commission: 佣金原材料：raw material value chain：价值链specification: 规格虚拟的： virtual enrich：使丰富ultimate:最终的诈骗：fraud 排名：rankingsolution: 解决方案使命：mission considerable：相当大的stocking trading:股票交易盈利模式：revenue model 志愿者：volunteerunique: 唯一的购物车：shopping cart conversion rate：转化率boost: 提高执行： execute 开始生效：kick inbear with: 忍受目标市场：targeted market comprehensive: 综合的two-way interaction：双向互动努力、尽力： endeavor 宽带：broadband二、名词解释，请对以下名词/短句用英文进行解释说明（本题共6道，每个5分，共30分）。

1、electronic businessElectronic Business, commonly referred to as "e-commerce" or "e-business",may be defined as the utilization of information and communication technologies(ICT) in support of all the activities of business.2、B2BBusiness-to-Business (B2B)is a term commonly used to describe commerce transactions between businesses like the one between a manufactuer and a wholesaler or a wholesaler and a retailer,i.e.,and both the buyer and the seller are business entity.3、advantages of internet auctionConvenience flexibility economical to operate increased reach4、domain nameA unique address on the Internet, like .my, where clients or potential customers can find your business.5、affiliate marketingAffiliate marketing is one of the oldest forms of marketing, and Internet has brought new life to this old standby（备用品）. With affiliate marketing, influencers promote other people's products and get a commission every time a sale is made or a lead is introduced.6、SEMSearch engine marketing (SEM) is a form of Internet marketing that involves the promotion of websites by increasing their visibility in search engine results pages (SERPs) primarily through paid advertising.三、段落翻译，请把下面的英文段落翻译成中文（本题共1道，共10分）。

RCEP协议全⽂（附下载）来源：国际法务（ID：GlobePlay）11⽉15⽇，区域全⾯经济伙伴关系协定（RCEP）正式签署。

成员国包括东盟10国与中国、⽇本、韩国、澳⼤利亚、新西兰。

RCEP是全球最⼤的⾃贸协定，15个成员国总⼈⼝、经济体量、贸易总额均占全球总量的约30%。

本⽂前部分是东盟官⽹的RCEP相关介绍，后半部分是新西兰外贸部⽹站所附的该协议（⽬录序⾔+全⽂下载⽅式）。

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) ABOUTCountries in East Asia region have thriving trade and economic relations with each other through free trade agreements. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has free trade agreements with six partners namely People’s Republic of China (ACFTA), Republic of Korea (AKFTA), Japan (AJCEP), India (AIFTA) as well as Australia and New Zealand (AANZFTA).In order to broaden and deepen the engagement among parties and to enhance parties’participation in economic development of the region, the leaders of 16 participating countries established the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). The RCEP was built upon the existing ASEAN+1 FTAs with the spirit to strengthen economic linkages and to enhance trade and investment related activities as well as to contribute to minimising development gap among the parties.In August 2012, the 16 Economic Ministers endorsed the Guiding Principles and Objectives for Negotiating the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. The RCEP negotiations were launched by Leaders from 10 ASEAN Member States (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam) and six ASEAN FTA partners (Australia, People’s Republic of China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand) during the 21st ASEAN Summit and Related Summits in Phnom Penh, Cambodia in November 2012.The objective of launching RCEP negotiations is to achieve a modern, comprehensive, high-quality, and mutually beneficial economic partnership agreement among the ASEAN Member States and ASEAN’s FTA partners. The RCEP negotiations commenced in early 2013. COVERAGE AREASThe RCEP negotiation includes: trade in goods, trade in services, investment, economic and technical cooperation, intellectual property, competition, dispute settlement, e-commerce, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and other issues.WHAT RCEP MEANS FOR BUSINESSESRCEP has the potential to deliver significant opportunities for businesses in the East Asia region, given the fact that the 16 RCEP participating countries account for almost half of the world’s population; contribute about 30 per cent of global GDP and over a quarter of world exports. RCEP will provide a framework aimed at lowering trade barriers and securing improved market access for goods and services for businesses in the region, through: Recognition to ASEAN Centrality in the emerging regional economic architecture and the interests of ASEAN’s FTA partners in enhancing economic integration and strengthening economic cooperation among the participating countries;Facilitation of trade and investment and enhanced transparency in trade and investment relations between the participating countries, as well as facilitation of SMEs’ engagements in global and regional supply chains; andBroaden and deepen ASEAN’s economic engagements with its FTA partners.RCEP recognises the importance of being inclusive, especially to enable SMEs leverage on the agreement and cope with challenges arising from globalisation and trade liberalisation. SMEs (including micro-enterprises) make up more than 90% of business establishments across all RCEP participating countries and are important to every country’s endogenous development of their respective economy. At the same time, RCEP is committed to provide fairregional economic policies that mutually benefit both ASEAN and its FTA partners.协议：REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTTABLE OF CONTENTSPreambleChapter 1 Initial Provisions and General DefinitionsChapter 2 Trade in GoodsChapter 3 Rules of OriginAnnex 3A (Product-Specific Rules)Annex 3B (Minimum Information Requirements)Chapter 4 Customs Procedures and Trade FacilitationAnnex 4A (Period of Time to Implement the Commitments)Chapter 5 Sanitary and Phytosanitary MeasuresChapter 6 Standards, Technical Regulations, and Conformity Assessment Procedures Chapter 7 Trade RemediesAnnex 7A (Practices Relating to Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty Proceedings) Chapter 8 Trade in ServicesAnnex 8A (Financial Services)Annex 8B (Telecommunications Services)Annex 8C (Professional Services)Chapter 9 Temporary Movement of Natural PersonsChapter 10 InvestmentAnnex 10A (Customary International Law)Annex 10B (Expropriation)Chapter 11 Intellectual PropertyAnnex 11A (Party-Specific Transition Periods)Annex 11B (List of Technical Assistance Requests)Chapter 12 Electronic CommerceChapter 13 CompetitionAnnex 13A (Application of Article 13.3 (Appropriate Measures against Anti-Competitive Activities) and Article 13.4 (Cooperation)to Brunei Darussalam)Annex 13B (Application of Article 13.3 (Appropriate Measures against Anti-Competitive Activities) and Article 13.4 (Cooperation)to Cambodia)Annex 13C (Application of Article 13.3 (Appropriate Measures against Anti-Competitive Activities) and Article 13.4 (Cooperation)to Lao PDR)Annex 13D (Application of Article 13.3 (Appropriate Measures against Anti-Competitive Activities) and Article 13.4 (Cooperation)toMyanmar)Chapter 14 Small and Medium EnterprisesChapter 15 Economic and Technical CooperationChapter 16 Government ProcurementAnnex 16A (Paper or Electronic Means Utilised by Parties for the Publication of Transparency Information)Chapter 17 General Provisions and ExceptionsChapter 18 Institutional ProvisionsAnnex 18A (Functions of the Subsidiary Bodies of the RCEP Joint Committee)Chapter 19 Dispute SettlementChapter 20 Final Provisions---------------------------------------Annex I Schedules of Tariff CommitmentsAnnex II Schedules of Specific Commitments for ServicesAnnex III Schedules of Reservations and Non-Conforming Measures for Services and InvestmentAnnex IV Schedules of Specific Commitments on Temporary Movement of Natural Persons PREAMBLEThe Parties to this Agreement,RECALLING the Joint Declaration on the Launch of Negotiations for the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership adopted by the Heads of State or Government of the Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (hereinafter referred to as “ASEAN” in this Agreement) and Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea, and New Zealand at Phnom Penh, Cambodia on 20 November 2012 which endorsed the Guiding Principles and Objectives for Negotiating the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership;DESIRING to broaden and deepen economic integration in the region, strengthen economic growth and equitable economic development, and advance economic cooperation, through this Agreement, which will build upon existing economic linkages among the Parties;ASPIRING to strengthen their economic partnership to create new employment opportunities, raise living standards, and improve the general welfare of their peoples;SEEKING to establish clear and mutually advantageous rules to facilitate trade and investment, including participation in regional and global supply chains;BUILDING upon their respective rights and obligations under the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization done at Marrakesh on 15 April 1994, and the existing free trade agreements between the Member States of ASEAN and their free trade partners, namelyAustralia, China, Japan, Korea, and New Zealand;TAKING ACCOUNT OF the different levels of development among the Parties, the need for appropriate forms of flexibility, including provision for special and differential treatment, especially for Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Viet Nam as appropriate, and additional flexibility for Least Developed Country Parties;CONSIDERING the need to facilitate the increasing participation of Least Developed Country Parties in thisAgreement so that they can more effectively implement their obligations under this Agreement and take advantage of the benefits from this Agreement, including expansion of their trade and investment opportunities and participation in regional and global supply chains; RECOGNISING that good governance and a predictable, transparent, and consistent business environment will lead to the improvement of economic efficiency and the development of trade and investment;REAFFIRMING the right of each Party to regulate in pursuit of legitimate public welfare objectives;RECOGNISING that the three pillars of sustainable development are interdependent and mutually reinforcing, and that economic partnership can play an important role in promoting sustainable development; andFURTHER RECOGNISING the positive effect that regional trade agreements and arrangements can have in accelerating regional and global trade and investment liberalisation, and their role in strengthening the open, free, and rules-based multilateral trading system,。