英美文学3
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Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) 1792 Shelley was born in an aristocratic family. He was educated at Eton. 1810 18y, he went to Oxford Uni. He attacked war and glorified heroes and heroines of the French revolution. 1811 While in Oxford, he published The Necessity of Atheism in which he doubted the existence of God. As a result,he was expulsed by the university and his conservative father deprived him the heir of Barony and fortune. He went to London where he met Harriet Westbrook who was much younger than him and also came from an aristocratic family. They eloped to Scotland. Poverty finally separated the couple. 1814 He fell in love with Mary Wollstonecraft (daughter of Godwin) and eloped with her to Italy. In Italy, he met Byron with whom he kept a solid friendship. 1816 Harriet committed suicide. Shelley's political enemy attacked him an immoral man. 1818 He exiled himself to Italy and spent the rest of his life there. 1819 Peterloo Massacre happened in Manchester. The event marked a turning point in Shelley's view. Before that, he thought that workers should take up weapons and fights. After the event, he thought they should. Working class's resistance and anti-oppression became a constant theme of him. 1822 At the age of 30, he drowned in a small boat along the coast of Italy. Shelley's Major Works 1813 Queen Mob shows Shelley's social philosophy. 1. He criticizes the rising capitalism and the feudal society. 2. He defends the rights of the labor against their exploiters and oppressors. 3. The story is a fairy tale dream. It's an optimistic poem. Through Queen Mob's words, Shelley shows his philosophy. It's a revolutionary poem in which Shelley declares war on the injustice and violence of the world. (Shelley is a revolutionary poet.) 1819 Prometheus Unbound Prometheus is a god in Greek myth, who steals fire from heaven to help human. Zeus punishes him by hanging him on a cliff and sending eagles to bite his flesh. Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound described how Prometheus steals the fire and his sufferings. At the end, Prometheus reconciled with Zeus. Prometheus Unbound. In Shelley's work Prometheus doesn't comprise with authority (Zeus)。
英美文学选读-阶段测评3成绩:87.5分一、Multiple Choice 共40 题题号: 1 本题分数:2.5 分wrence’s novels( )are generally regarded as his masterpieces.A、The Rainbow,Women in LoveB、The Rainbow,Sons and LoversC、Sons and Lovers,Lady Chatterley’s LoverD、Women in Love,Lady Chatterley’s Lover(P370.para2)劳伦斯的成名作是《儿子和情人》,而其代表作是《虹》和《恋爱中的女人》标准答案:A考生答案:A本题得分:2.5 分题号: 2 本题分数:2.5 分T.S.Eliot’s poem( )is heavily indebted to James Joyce in terms of the stream - of -consciousness technique,also a prelude to The Waste Land.A、“Prufrock”B、“Gerontion”C、The Hollow MenD、Lyrical Ballads(P358.para3)“Gerontion”是一部用戏剧式独白写成的诗歌,是《荒原》的前奏曲,也采用了意识流派的文风。
标准答案:B考生答案:B本题得分:2.5 分题号: 3 本题分数:2.5 分wrence’s autobiographical novel is( ).A、The RainbowB、Women in LoveC、Sons and LoversD、Lady Chatterley’s Lover(P369.para1)劳伦斯的作品大多都是从心理上去探求让人的本能的,同时也反映人性中最内在的东西。
其作品《儿子和情人》真实地反映了自己在童年时期的家庭状况,被视为其半自传体小说。
英美文学选读自考题-3(总分:100.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、Ⅰ.Multiple Choice(总题数:40,分数:40.00)1.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events EXCEPT ______.A. the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureB. the vast expansion of British colonies in North AmericaC. the new discoveries in geography and astrologyD. the religious reformation and the economic expansion(分数:1.00)A.B. √C.D.解析:主要考查的知识点为激发文艺复兴的历史事件。
文艺复兴是由一系列的历史事件激发、推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现,地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。
2.The Petrarchan sonnet was first introduced into England by ______.A. SurreyB. WyattC. BlakeD. Milton(分数:1.00)A.B. √C.D.解析:主要考查的知识点为十四行诗的领导人物。
怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进美国,而萨里引进了无韵体诗,他们共同开创了英国式的十四行诗。
3.The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are all the following EXCEPT ______.A. Francis BaconB. Christopher MarloweC. William ShakespeareD. Ben Jonson(分数:1.00)A. √B.C.D.解析:主要考查的知识点为文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家。
英美文学选读英国文学3单元诗歌翻译A Song : Men of England给英格兰人的歌By Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱Men of England, wherefore ploughFor the lords who lay yelow? Wherefore weave with toil and careThe rich robes your tyrants wear?英格兰的人们,凭什么要给蹂躏你们的老爷们耕田种地?凭什么要辛勤劳动纺织不息用锦绣去打扮暴君们的身体?Wherefore feed and clothe and save From the cradle to the graveThose ungrateful drones who would Drain your sweat-nay, drink your blood? 凭什么,要从摇篮直到坟墓,用衣食去供养,用生命去保卫那一群忘恩负义的寄生虫类,他们在榨你们的汗,喝你们的血?Wherefore ,Bees of England, forge Many a weapan, chain, and scourage, That these stingless drones may spoil The forced produce of your toil?凭什么,英格兰的工蜂,要制作那么多的武器,锁链和刑具,使不能自卫的寄生雄蜂竟能掠夺用你们强制劳动创造的财富?Have ye leisure, comfort ,calm,Shelter ,food, love's gentle balm?Or what is it ye buy so dearWith your pain and with your fear?你们是有了舒适,安宁和闲暇,还是有了粮食,家园和爱的慰抚?否则,付出了这样昂贵的代价,担惊受怕忍痛吃苦又换来了什么?The seed ye sow, another reaps;The wealth ye find, another keeps;The robes ye weave, another wears;The arms ye forge, another bears.你们播下了种子,别人来收割;你们找到了财富,归别人占有;你们织布成衣,穿在别人身上;你们锻造武器,握在别人的手。
Summary 3 of English LiteratureCritical Realism:The Victorian PeriodBackground information:•Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.•Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sided and complex, and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people’s life and thought. Great writers and great works abounded.•In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.•Among the famous novelists of the time were the critical realists like Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Charlotte Bronté, Emily Bronté, and Mrs. Gaskell.•While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the eighteenth-century realist novel, they carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society and the defence of the mass. They were all concerned about the fate of the common people.Novels in The Victorian Period•In the last few decades of the Victorian period, there were also George Eliot, the pioneering woman who, according to D.H. Lawrence, was the first novelist that “started putting all the actions inside,” and Thomas Hardy, that Wessex man, who not only continued to expose and criticize all sorts of social iniquities, but finally came to question and attack the Victorian conventions and morals.Charles Dickens•the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age•In his works, Dickens sets out a full map and a large-scale criticism of the nineteenth century England, particularly London.•His best-depicted characters are those innocent and helpless child characters •Representative works:•Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》• A Tale of Two Cities《双城计》•Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》•Hard Times《艰难时事》•David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》•Dombey and Son《董贝父子》•Great Expectations 《远大前程》•Bleak House《荒凉山庄》The Bronté Sisters•The story of the three Bronté sisters, Charlotte (1816~55), Emily (1818~48) and Anne (1818~49), all literary, all talented and all dying young, is one of the saddest pages in the history of English literature.•Charlotte Bronté:•The Professor《教授》Jane Eyre (1847)《简·爱》Shirley《雪莉》Villette《维莱特》•Emily Bronté:•Wuthering Heights (1847)《呼啸山庄》•Anne Grey:Agnes Grey (1847)《艾格尼斯·格雷》Jane EyreJane Eyre, taking the form of autobiographies written by authoritative and reliable narrators, tells a story of a child’s development and maturation.Its popularity and success owns much to its exceptional emotional power. Deep inside Jane we discover Charlotte’s soul.Striking Characteristics of Jane Eyre (1847)1.the first English novel to present the free insurgent (revolting, rebellious) woman;2. Jane a poor but independent woman,her characterization relentlessly true to realitydetails true to life3.the story told in the first person with terrific intensity;4. intense feelings;5. simple but telling language full of emotion;6.Gothic elements: grim aspect, sardonic/satiric temper of Mr. Rochester.Writing Style in Jane EyreJane Eyre is written in the first person (“I”) which functions as follows:1. indicates the characteristic of autobiography.2. is favorable to reveal intense, fierce and sharp feelings directly and powerfully.3. provides full and complete thoughts of the whole event and the other characters from the angle of vision of the narrator.4. makes the work consistent and tends to give authority and credibility to the narrative.The use of verbs, adjectives and adverbs reinforces the strength of emotions. It makes the sentence more intense and reflects the sharp anguish and inner struggles of the characters. While reading, we can’t help temporarily identifying ourselves with the characters. It proves especially in Jane’s declaration.Wuthering HeightsSignificance of the novelWuthering Heights is Emily Brontë’s only novel. First published in 1847, the name comes from the house which is one of the three main settings in the book. A posthumous second edition was edited by her sister Charlotte.The novel was not welcomed at that time but was spoken highly of now. Some peopleagreed that Wuthering Heights’s originality and achievement exceeded her sisters Charlotte and Anne's works.Wuthering Heights has given rise to many adaptations, including several films, radio and television dramatizations, as well as a hit song by Kate Bush.Emily Brontë's novel tells the tale of Catherine and Heathcliff, their haunting love for one another, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them both.The story of revenge and love helps reveal the weaknesses in human nature: hatred, jealousness and selfishness. When confronting with maltreatment and oppression, human beings will struggle so fiercely and bravely for freedom and dignity. Under the influence of the outer environmental factors, material wealth, social status, love and hatred, human nature is likely to be twisted and distorted. Although love and hatred were settled down with death of the three main characters in Wuthering Heights, the sense and sensibility of human nature never rest, contradicting human’s thinking and decision making, and revealing the weaknesses of every single detriment of human nature.The theme of the novelThe novel is a riddle which means different things to different people.From the social point of view,it is a story about a poor man abused,betrayed & distorted by his social betters because he is a poor nobody.As a love story, this is one of the most moving:the passion between Heathcliff and Catherine proves the most intense,the most beautiful & at the same time the most horrible passion ever to be found possible in human beings.The structure of the novelThe novel has a unique structure:the story is told through independent narrators unidentical with the author,whose personality is therefore completely absent from the book. The story is told mainly by Nelly,Catherine's old nurse,to Mr. Lockwood,a temporary tenant at Grange. The latter too gives an account of what he sees at Wuthering Heights. And part of the story is told through Isabella's letters to Nelly. While the central interest is maintained,the sequence of its development is constantly disordered by flashbacks. This makes the story all the more enticing and genuine. George Eliot 乔治·艾略特(1819~1880)•Eliot initiates a new type of realism and sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the naturalistic and psychological novel.•Her novels mostly describing rural life dealt with moral problems and contained psychological studies of character.•Representative works:•Adam Bede《亚当·贝德》•Middlemarch《弥都玛契镇》•Silas Marner《织工马南传》•The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代•Novelist and poet, one of the representatives of English critical realism at the turn of the 19th century.•As a transitional writer, he is intellectually advanced and emotionally traditional. In him we see the influence from both the past and the modern.•Hardy’s novels are all Victorian in date. Most of them are set in Wessex, the fictional primitive and crude rural region.•They are known for the vivid description of the vicissitudes of people who live in an agricultural setting menaced by the forces of invading capitalism.•Representative works:•Desperate Remedies《计出无奈》•Far From the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》•Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》•Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》•The Return of the Native《还乡》•Under the Greenwood Tree《绿荫下》Key wordscritical realismnaturalismfatalismtragedyWessex novelsJude the ObscureTess of the d'Urberville sWriting Style of HardyLanguage FeatureHardy is noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic flavor, so he is also called local-colorist. Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure are the most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realistic w riter.Fatalism is the idea that things will happen the way it comes out, regardless of what we intend to happen.Fatalism is a philosophical doctrine stressing the subjugation of all events or actions to fate.As a genre, naturalism emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circumstances. At bottom, life was shown to be ironic, even tragic.Man is a "victim of forces over which he has no control," according to Hardy, life is "so sad, so strange, so mysterious and so inexplicable."characteristics of naturalistic writingfirm belief in heredity and social environmentnature indifferent to human struggleuncouth or sordid subject matterpervasive pessimism /determinisma surprising twist at the end of the storydetachment from the storystark exposure of the dark harshness of life (including poverty, racism, violence, prejudice, disease, corruption, prostitution, and filth)focus on human vice and miseryWessex novelsBecause most of Hardy's novels took place in the "partly-real, partly-dream" county Wessex, his novels were called Wessex novels.Fatalism in Tess of the D’UrbervillesTragic coincidencesTess’s identification with the d’Urbervilles clanThe death of the horseTess’s wedding with AngelThe missed letterReturn of AngelToo lateAnalysis of Tess:Attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century.A most bitter cry of protest and denunciation of the society.Naturalistic tendencyFatalismInterpretation of the last paragraph:“Justice”was done, and the President of the Immortals, in Aeschylean phrase, had ended his sport with Tess. And the d’Urberville knights and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing. The two speechless gazers bent themselves down to the earth, as if in prayer, and remained thus a long time, absolutely motionless: the flag continued to wave silently. As soon as they had strength they arose, joined hands again, and went on.Put in the quotation marks, Hardy’s justice is quite ironic, just as the Greek tragedian Aeschylus’s view of the divine justice done to Prometheus who stole fire for the benefit of the people. Although it is quite controversial whether Tess has done benefit for the public, there no doubt that her story is a tragic one. Firstly, her fate is determined from the very beginning of the story; it is a sport or game of the president of gods. Indeed, Tess’ story is a long series of accidents. Had she not killed the horse by accident or she was not so responsible and loyal to her family, Tess could not have listened to her mother so obediently and set her foot on a doomed path. Secondly, Tess’story is tragic in that she lives in a corrupted and corrupting society. People, like the rich nobleman Alec, can easily get away with his crime of impregnating and abandoning a lower-class girl while the victim is left laughed at and despised for something that is not her fault. Such a gentleman as Angel Clare, though he claims to serve the good and will of man, he can not accept his poor wife. He says one thing and does the other. As a matter of fact, both of them represent the unfair and hypocritical Victorian society, one way or the other.Poetry in the Victorian Period•The poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and new ways of expression. Among those famous experimental poets was Robert Browning, who is acknowledged by many as the most original poet of the time.•Browning’s name is often associated with the term “dramatic monologue.”Although it is not his invention, it is in his hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity and perfection. “Pippa Passes” (“皮帕经过”), “My Last Duchess”(“我的前公爵夫人”) and The Ring and the Book (《指环与书》) are some of his best-known monologues.•Other poets like Alfred Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, Gerald Manley Hopkins, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and his talented sister Christina Rossetti all made their respective attempts at poetic innovations and helped open up new ways for the twentieth-century modern poetry.Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生(1809~1892)•the most representative poet of theVictorian period•His poetry is rich in poetic images and melodious language, and noted for its lyrical beauty and metrical charm.•Tennyson’s poems voice the doubt and the faith, the grief and the joy of the English people in an age of fast social change.•In Memoriam《悼念》: Tennyson’s greatest work, one of the best elegies in English literature.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality and spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming new century.。
1. The English great writer Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1343 and died in 1400. His moststories.artistic achievement.3. The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work and the greater part of it was written inand Langland.of his today, such as its work and play, its deeds and dreams, its fun and sympathy.Heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. The rhyme is always masculine. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Legend of Good Women and the Canterbury Tales.1.Why is the Knight first in the General Prologue to tell a tale in Canterbury Tales?Key:Before the pilgrims tell their tales, Chaucer introduces their condition according to profession, degree and appearance. At that time, the upper class or nobility is represented chiefly by the Knight and his Squire, which means that the Knight has the highest degree among the pilgrims.They are noble for their chivalry and this knight is a truly perfect gentle knight, who is respected and admired.The Knight tells his tragic love story which was treasured by people at that time. So the Knight is the first to tell a tale. This shows the social class at that time.Secondly, according to Chaucer’s description, the Knight is in the front of the other entire persons.2.What is Chaucer’s contribution to the English language?Key:(1) Chaucer’s language is vivid and exact. His words are easy to understand.(2) He introduced from France the “heroic couplet” to English poetry.(3) Though influenced by French and Italian literature models, Chaucer is the first poet to write in English vernacular, now called Middle English, which bear a close visual resemblance to the English written and spoken today. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.How did Chaucer’s creative works reflect the changes of the English society in the second half of the 14th century? How much was Chaucer influenced by foreign authors such as Dante or Boccaccio? What are some of the significances of such influences?Key:(1) At that time, the feudal system had already begun to crumble. His work, for the first time in English literature, created a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. For example, his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury who are from all walks of life. His characterization is very vivid and the true side of society at that time is revealed.(2) Dante and Boccaccio not only had direct influence on Chaucer’s poem in form and content, but also on his values. Since then, his literary activities turned into an active and creative phase which is marked by his two long poems, The House of Fame and Troilus and Criseyde. Chaucer mainly wrote three longer poems using the heroic stanza of seven lines. From the perspective ofnewly citizen class, he held positive attitude towards love and individual happiness and rejected feudalism and religious abstinence.(3) Chaucer’s poetry paves the way for the literature of English Renaissance. Chaucer’s poem marks a new step in the author’s progress to maturity and is distinguished for its profound delineation of characters and truthful description of human relations. Chaucer chose the metrical poetry which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse. He did much in making the dialect of London.。
英美文学赏析
学院: 外国语学院,英语系学号: 2011200815
姓名: 张芳
班级: 2011级6班
Student Name: Zhang Fang
Student ID: 2011200815
Course Name: American Literature
Teacher’s Name: Liu Fengshan
Date: 1.03 2015
从《雾都孤儿》看仁爱思想
摘要:《雾都孤儿》是英国作家狄更斯于1838年出版的写实小说。
以雾都伦敦为背景,讲述了一个孤儿悲惨的身世及遭遇,主人公奥立弗在孤儿院长大,经历学徒生涯,艰苦逃难,误入贼窝,又被迫与狠毒的凶徒为伍,历尽无数辛酸,最后在善良人的帮助下,查明身世并获得了幸福。
本论文分别从写作背景,人物分析,社会背景中阐述了作者揭露许多当时的社会问题及资产阶级的金钱世界,如救济院、童工、以及帮派吸收青少年参与犯罪等
关键字:雾都孤儿资产阶级主题仁爱思想
1.作者简介:
狄更斯是十九世纪英国文坛上一位杰出的批判现实主义的小说家。
他本人出生在十九世纪英国的一个贫穷家庭,亲身经历了当时英国社会的生活压迫。
在他的大部分作品当中,都充满了对他当时所处的那个英国社会制度时代的不公的强烈批判。
揭露腐败和贫穷,讽刺伪善与官僚主义在他的作品中屡见不鲜。
《雾都孤儿》是他的早期作品,同时也是他最杰出的作品之一,反映了19世纪初叶英国残酷的社会现实,揭示了无情的吃人剥削的资本主义制度。
2. 写作背景:
雾都孤儿产生于英国维多利亚时期,是英国历史上最光辉灿烂的时段。
初期,英国面临着飞速的经济发展及严重的社会问题。
大工业革命高潮迭起,各种科技发明与技术创新为国家经济带来新生力量。
但在这繁荣与财富下掩盖的是工人阶级的贫困与不幸,为了谋生连妇女和儿童都要受雇到艰险肮脏的工厂矿山去卖苦力。
狄更斯广泛描写了19世纪英国维多利亚时代的社会生活,揭露了资产阶级金钱世界的种种罪恶《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯第一部动人的社会小说。
这时他虽然还没有认识到社会罪恶的根源,但通过孤儿奥列佛的遭遇揭开了处于社会
底层的人们哀苦无告的生活画面。
3.人物分析:
小说中主人公的分类在小说中,人物丰富各异。
《雾都孤儿》中主人公的英文名字为Oliver Twist,而Twist其英文意思是“扭曲,曲折,使苦恼”,这暗示着主人公Oliver的一生很坎坷,要经历很多的痛苦。
在这个对社会进行抗议的情节剧式的小说中,奥利弗被当作一个主人公,其目的不是要触动我们的文学敏感性,而是要打动我们的情感。
《雾都孤儿》中的人物可以分为两个阵营——天使阵营和魔鬼阵营,整部小说在菩恶人物的对抗中展开。
孤儿奥立弗出身贫寒却天性善良,没有受过正规教育却彬彬有礼,十分有教养。
而这样一个可爱的男孩一出生面对的则是饥饿、贫困、孤苦伶仃、恶人作对。
在育婴所里,可伶的孩子整日食不果腹,还要承受种种虐待;在济贫民里,奥立弗过着饥寒交迫的生活,仅仅因为多要一点粥就被作威作福的教区干事说得罪不可赦;在棺材铺里,奥立弗受到学徒诺亚的嫉妒与侮辱;在伦敦贼窟,奥立弗遭到贼首费金等人的多次陷害,险些丧命。
就像童话中的正面人物总要遭到女巫、恶人、妖魔的迫害一样,小说中奥立弗一直有恶人相对。
而这个不幸的孩子历经磨难却秉性不移,始终保留着善良的天性,一心向善,最终苦尽甘来,在善良人们的帮助下迎来了新生。
《雾都孤儿》)成功塑造了一批恶人形象,包括作威作福的教区干事班布尔,嫉妒蛮横的棺材铺伙计诺亚,彪悍凶狠的塞克斯,恶贯满盈的贼首费金,自甘堕落的小偷,以及劣性不改的蒙克斯等。
与此同时,小说也塑造了一批教苦教难的善良人物:温情的老绅士布朗娄、热心的梅丽太太、美丽善良的露丝小姐、乐于助人的斯本医生、年轻热情的哈里先生、良心未泯的女孩南西等。
小说中善恶人物营垒清晰,对抗激烈尖锐,正如童话中助天使与魔鬼的较量,是一场正义与邪恶之战。
狄更斯对主人公奥立弗的形象塑造表现出明显的童话色彩。
小奥立弗从小生活在济贫院,并没有受到良好的教育,而他身上却丝毫没有一点恶习,相反具有善良的美德和良好的教养,即使身处贼库他都能沽身自好,出淤泥而不染。
这显然是虚幻而不真实的,而小说中资产阶级形象朗塑造更是充满幻想。
仁爱的布朗娄先生、梅丽太太和有着天使般面容和心灵的露丝小姐,他们用慷慨博大的爱拯
救水深火热中的奥立弗,让身处险境的小孤儿一次次转危为安。
这里根本看不到资产阶级的自私与贪婪,有的只是贫苦孤儿的救世主,把人类美德镶于一身的完美人物。
从人物的勾画中我们能看到当时的资产阶级的社会背景充满了金钱利益,种族歧视的现象。
4.主题:仁爱思想
狄更斯通过《雾都孤儿》塑造了小奥利弗的形象,整部小说揭露各种丑陋的嘴脸及残酷的社会现实,表现了难能可贵的仁爱思想。
然后,由于时代及阶级等原因受限,导致狄更斯的仁爱思想具有一定的局限性。
首先,狄更斯将导致整个社会人情冷淡的根源归结于一部人及新济贫法上。
作者认为小奥利弗的悲惨是由于济贫院的干事们造成的,没有触及到整个资产阶级制度上。
在这点上,狄更斯倡导的仁爱思想过于单纯。
其次,狄更斯认为仁爱是社会万能的解药。
所有的问题都可以通过心怀仁爱之心来解决,小奥利弗最后皆大欢喜的结局是因为满怀慈善之心的布朗洛搭救。
但当时的伦敦除了存在一个小奥利弗外,还有千千万万的跟小奥利弗有同等遭遇的人们,不可能每个人都能遇到同样善心的人来搭救。
对于这一点,狄更斯并没有提出实质性的良药。
最后,狄更斯仍然对资产阶级存有一丝幻想,认为他们能够解救劳苦大众。
在小说中布朗洛老绅士和露丝小姐等人都是资产阶级的代表,作者一味的为他们歌功颂德,却忽略了资产阶级的本质。
总结:从对《雾都孤儿》的分析,我们可以结论此部作品它描写了善于恶、美与丑、正义与邪恶的斗争,赞扬了人们天性中的正直和善良,也揭露抨击了当时英国慈善机构的虚伪和治安警察的专横。
同时,作品又带有浓厚的浪漫主义情调,充满着人道主义的情怀。
尤其是他的仁爱思想为后世的人有很大影响。
参考文献
[1] [英]查尔斯·狄更斯.《雾都孤儿》[M].盛世教育西方名著翻译委员会译.
上海:上海世界图书出版公司,2011.
[2] 苗旸.《雾都孤儿》中的人物分析[J].考试周刊,2010(12):30-31
[3] Oliver Twist.外语教学与研究出版社[C]
[4] 王佩兰,马茜等主编.英国文学史及作品选读.东北师范大学出版社,1992.。