高级英语第二册 张汉熙版 7-14课课后答案paraphrase 有对照

lesson 11. We're 23 feet above sea level.2. The house has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever caused any damage to it.3. We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.4. Water got into the generator and put it out. It stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out.5. Everybody go out through the back door and run to the cars.6. The electrical systems in the car had been put out by water.7. As John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.8. Oh God, please help us to get through this storm safely.9. Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped.10. Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervous tension caused by the hurricane.lesson 21. The burying-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable.8. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas (for these trips would not be interesting)．10．life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil．11．She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community，that。

第七课aA1…boy and man, I had been through it often before.As a boy and later when I was a grown-up man, I had of- ten travelled through the region.2. But somehow I had never quite sensed its appaling desolation.But somehow in the past I never really perceived how shocking and wretched this whole region was.3….it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke.This dreadful scene makes all human endeavors to advance and improve their lot appear as a ghastly,saddening joke.4.The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grim of the endless mills.The country itself is pleasant to look at, despite the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region.5.They have taken as their model a brick set on end.The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright. / All the houses they built looked like bricksstanding upright.6.This they have converted into a thing of dingy clapboards, with a narrow, low-pitched roof.These brick-like houses were made of shabby,thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope.7.When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring.When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color of a rotten egg.8.Red brick, even in a steel town, ages with some dignity.Red brick, even in a steel town, looks quite respectable with the passing of time. / Even in a steel town, old red bricks stillappear pleasing to the eye.9.I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer.I have given Westmoreland the highest award for ugliness after having donea lot of hard work and research and aftercontinuous praying.10.They show grotesqueries of ugliness that, in retroapect, become almost diabolical.They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that, in looking back, they become almost fiendish and wicked./ When onelooks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre, one feels they must be the work of the devil himself.11.It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces of horror.It is hard to believe that people built such horrible houses just because they did not know what beautiful houses were like.12.on certain levels of the American race, indeed, there seems to be a positive libido for the ugly…People in certain strata of American society seem definite- ly to hunger after ugly things; while in other less Chris- tianstrata, people seem to long for things beautiful. 13.they meet, in some unfathomable way, its obscure and unintelligible demands.These ugly designs, in some way that people cannot un- derstand, satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of this typeof mind.14….they made it perfect in their own sight by putting a completely impossible penthouse, painted a staring yellow, on top ofit.They put a penthouse on top of it, painted in a bright, conspicuous yellow color and thought it looked perfect but they onlymanaged to make it absolutely intolerable.15.out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth.From the intermingling of different nationalities and races in the United States emerges the American race which hatesbeauty as strongly as it hates truth．第八课1….by the very fact of production, he has risen above the animal kingdom…Because of the fact itself that man produces, he has developed far beyond all other animals.2.Work is also his liberator from nature, his creator as a social and independent being.Work also frees man from nature and makes him into a social being independent of nature.3…all are expressions of the creative transformation of nature by man's reason and skill.All the above-mentioned work shows how man has trans formed nature through his reason and skill.4.There is no split of work and play, or work and culture.Therefore pleasure and work went together so did the cultural development of the worker go hand in hand with the workhe was doing.5.Work became the chief factor in a system of “innerwordly asceticiam,”an answer to man's sense of aloneness andisolation.Work became the chief element in a system that preached an austere and self-denying way of life. Work was the only thingthat brought relief to those who felt alone and isolat ed leading this kind of ascetic life.6.Work has become alienated from the working person.In capitalist society the worker feels estranged from or hostile to the work he is doing.7. Work is a means of getting money, not in itself a meaningful human activity.Work helps the worker to earn some money; and earning money only is an activity without much significance or pur pose.8…a pay check is not enough to base one's self-respect on.Just earning some money is not enough to make a worker have a proper respect of himself.9…most industrial psychologists are mainly concerned with the manipulation of the worker's psyche,Most industrial psychologists are mainly trying to manage and control the mind of the worker.10.It is going to pay off in cold dollars and cents to management.Better relations with the public will yield larger profits to management. The management will earn larger profits ifit has better relations with the public.11.But this usefulness often serves only as a rationalization for the appeal to complete passivity and receptivity.The fact that many gadgets are indeed useful is often used by advertisers as a more high-minded cover for what is reallya vulgar, base appeal to idleness and willingness to accept things. 12….he has a feeling of fraudulency about his product and a secret contempt for it.The businessman knows the quality or usefulness of his product is not what it should be. He despises the goods he produces,conscious of the deception involved.第九课1.with a clamor of bells that set the swallows soaring, the Festival of Summer came to the city Omelas.The 1oud ringing of the bells, which sent the frightened swallows flying high, marked the beginning of the Festival ofSummer in Omelas.2…their high calls rising like the swallows' crossing flights over the music and the singing.The shouting of the children could be heard clearly above the music and singing like the calls of the swallows flying byoverhead.3…exercised their restive hoeses befor the race.The riders were putting the horses through some exercises because the horses were eager to start and stubbornly resistingthe control of the riders.4.Given a description such as this one tends to make certain assumptions. After reading the above description the reader is likely to assume certainthings.5.These were not simple folk, not dulcet shepherds, noble savages, bland utopian.The citizens of Omelas were not simple people, not kind and gentle shepherds, not savages of high birth, nor mild idealistsdreaming of a perfect society.6.This is the treason of the artist:a refusal to admit the banality of evil and the terrible boredom of pain.An artist betrays his trust when he does not admit that evil is nothing fresh nor novel and pain is very dull anduninteresting.7.They were mature, intelligent, passionate adults whose lives were not wretched.They were fully developed and intelligent grown-up people full of intense feelings and they were not miserable people.8.Perhaps it would be best if you imagined it your own fancy bids, assuming it will rise to the occasion.Perhaps it would be best if the reader pictures Omelas to himself as his imagination tells him, assuming his imagination willbe equal to the task.9.The faint insistent sweetness of drooz may perfume the ways of the city.The faint but compelling sweet scent of the drug drooz may fill the streets of the city.10.Perhaps it was born defective, or perhaps it has become imbecile through fear, malnutrition, and neglect.Perhaps the child was mentally retarded because it was born so or perhaps it has become very foolish and stupid because offear, poor nourishment and neglect.11.Its habits are too uncouth for it to respond to humane treatment.The habits of the child are so crude and uncultured that it will show no sign of improvement even if it is treated kindly andtenderly.12.Their tears at the bitter injustice dry when they begin to perceive the terrible justice of reality,and to accept it.They shed tears when they see how terribly unjust they have been to the child, but these tears dry up when they realize howjust and fair though terrible reality was.第十课1.The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle aged.At the very mention of this post-war period, middle-aged people begin to think about it longingly.2.The rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable.In any case, an American could not avoid casting aside its middle-class respectability and affected refinement.3.The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian slcial structure,…The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure.4…it was tempted, in America at least, to escape its responsibilities and retreat behind an air of naughty alcoholicsophistication…In America at least, the young people were strongly inclined to shirk their responsibilities. They pretended to beworldly-wise, drinking and behaving naughtily.5.Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit,…The young people found greater pleasure in their drinking because Prohibition, by making drinking unlawful added a senseof adventure.6…our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.Our young men joined the armies of foreign countries to fight in the war. 7…they “wanted to get into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up”.The young people wanted to take part in the glorious ad-venture before the whole war ended.8….they had outgrown towns and families…These young people could no longer adapt themselves to lives in their home towns or their families.9…the returning veteran also had to face…the hypocritical dogoodism of Prohibition,…The returning veteran also had to face Prohibition which the lawmakers hypocritically assumed would do good to thepeople.10.Something in the tension-ridden youth of America had to “give”…(Under all this force and pressure) something in the youth of America, who were already very tense, had to break down.11…it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and “Puritanical”gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center…It was only natural that hopeful young Writers whose minds and writings were filled with violent anger against war,Babbitry, and Puritanical gentility, should come in great numbers to live in Greenwich Village, the traditional artisticcentre.12.Each town had its”fast” set which prided itself on its unconventionality,…Each town was proud that it had a group of wild, reckless people, who lived unconventional lives.第十一课1…below the noisy arguments,the abuse and the quarrels,there is a reservoir of instinctive-feeling…The English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with each other but there still exists a lot of naturalsympathetic feeling for each other.2…at heart they would like to take a whip to the whole idle troublesome mob of them.What the wealthy employers would really like to do is to whip all the workers whom they consider to be lazy andtroublesome people.3….there are not many of these men, either on the board or the shop floor,…There are not many snarling shop stewards in the work-shop, nor are there many cruel wealthy employers on the board ofmanagers (or governing board of a factory).4.It demands bigness, and they are suspicious of bigness.The contemporary world demands that everything be done on a big scale and the English do not like or trust bigness.5.Against this, at least superficially, Englishness seems a poor shadowy show…At least on the surface, when Englishness is put against the power and success of Admass, English ness seems to put up arather poor weak performance.6….while Englishness is not hostile to change, it is deeply suspicious of change for change's sake,…Englishness is not against change, but it believes that changing just for changing and for no other useful purpose to be verywrong and harmful.7.To put cars and motorways before houses seems to Englishness a communal imbecility.To regard cars and motorways as more important than houses seems to Englishness a public stupidity~8.I must add that while Englishness can still fight on, Admass could be winning.I must further say that while Englishness can go on fighting, there isa great possibility of Admass winning.9.It must have some moral capital to draw upon, and soon it may be asking for an overdraft.Englishness draws its strength from a reservoir of strong moral and ethical principles, and soon it may be asking forstrength which this reservoir of principles cannot supply.10.They probably believe, as I do, that the Admass “Good Life” is a fraud on all counts.These people probably believe, as I do, that the 'Good Life' promised by Admass is false and dishonest in all respects.11.They can be found, too-though not in largenumbers because the breed is duing out- among crusty High Tories who avoidthe City and directors' fees.They can be found too though there are not many of them now because these kind of people are dying out -- among the curt,bad-tempered, extremely conservative politicians who refuse to accept high posts in big commercial enterprises.12….they are inept, shiftless, slovenly, messy.They are incompetent, lazy and inefficient, careless and untidy. 13…he will not even find much satisfaction in this scrounging messy existence, which does nothing for a man's self-respect.He will not even find much satisfaction in his untidy and disordered life where he manages to live as a parasite by spongingon people. This kind of life does not help a person to build up any self-respect.14.To them the House of Commons is a remote squabbling-shop.These people think of the House of Commons as a place rather far away where some people are always quarreling andarguing over some small matter.15….heavy hands can fall on the shoulders that have been shrugging away polotics.If a dictator comes to power, these people then will soon learn in the worst way that they were very wrong to ignore politicsfor they can now suddenly and for no reason be arrested and thrown into prison.第十二课1.It is a complex fate to be an American…The fate of an American is complicated and hard to understand.2…they were no more at home in Europe than I was.They were uneasy and uncomfortable in Europe as I was.3.We were both searching for our separate identities.They were all trying to find their own special individualities.4.I do not think that I could have made this reconciliation here.I don't think I could have accepted in America my Negro status without feeling ashamed.5.Europe can be very crippling too…Europe can also have a very frustrating or disabling effect.6…it is easier to cut across social and occupational lines there than it is here.It is easier in Europe for people of different social groups and occupations to intermingle and have social intercourse.7.A man can be as proud of being a good waiter as of being a good actor, and in neither case feel threatened.In Europe a good waiter and a good actor are equally proud of their social status and position. They are not jealous of eachother and do not live in fear of losing their position.8.I was born in New York, but have lived only in pockets of it.I was born in New York but have lived only in some small areas of the city.9.This reassessment, which can be very painful, is also very valuable.The reconsideration of the significance and importance of many things that one had taken for granted in the past can bevery painful, though very valuable.10.On this acceptance, literally, the life of a writer depends.The life of a writer really depends on his accepting the fact that no matter where he goes or what he does he will alwayscarry the marks of his origins.11.American writers do not have a fixed society to describe.American writers live in a mobile society where nothing is fixed, so they do not have a fixed society to describe.12.Every society is really governed by hidden laws, by unspoken but profound assumptions on the part of the people…Every society is influenced and directed by hidden laws, and by many things deeply felt and taken for granted by the people,though not openly spoken about.第十四课1.Nowadays New York is out of phase with American taste…Nowadays New York cannot understand nor follow the taste of the American people.2.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends,…New York boasts that it is a city that resists the prevailing trends (styles, fashion)of America.sitcomes cloned and canned in Hollywood, and the Johnny Carson show live, preempt the airwaves from California.Situation comedies made in Hollywood and the actual performance of Johnny Carson now replace the scheduled radio andTV programs for California.4. it is making something of a comeback as a tourist attraction.New York is regaining somewhat its status as a city that attracts tourists.5.To win in New York is to be uneasy…A person who wins in New York is constantly disturbed by fear and anxiety (because he is afraid of losing what he has wonin the fierce competition).6.nature's pleasures are much qualified in New York.The chance to enjoy the pleasures of nature is very limited.7…the city's bright glow arrogantly obscures the heavens.At night the city of New York is aglow with lights and seems proudly and haughtily to darken the night sky.8.But the purity of a bihemian dedication can be exaggerated.But a pure and wholehearted devotion to a Bohemian life style can be exaggerated.9.In both these roles it ratifies more than it creates.In both these roles of banking and communications head- quarters, New York starts or originates very few things but givesits stamp of approval to many things created by people in other parts of the country.10.The television generation grew up in the insistent presence of hype,…The television generation was constantly and strongly influenced by extravagant promotional advertising.11…those who are writing ambitious novels sustain themselves in the magazines.Authors writing long serious novels earn their living in the meantime by also writing articles for popular magazines.12.Broadway, which seemed to be succuming to the tawdriness of its environment, is astir again.Broadway, which seemed unable to resist the cheap, gaudy shows put on in the surrounding areas, is once again busy andactive.13…he prefers the unhealthy haale and the vitality of urban life.(If you tell a New Yorker about the vigor of outdoor pleasures, he will reply that) he prefers the unhealthy turmoil andanimated life of a city.14.The defeated are not hidden away aomewhere else on the wrong side of town.Those who failed in the struggle of life, the down-and-outs, are not hidden away in slums or ghettoes where other peoplecan't see them.15.The place constantly exasperates, st times exhilarates.New York constantly irritates and annoys very much but at times it also invigorates and stimulates.。

第二课1.The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelictbuilding-lot.The burying-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.2.All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact.All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).3.They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sinkback into the nameless mounds of the graveyard.They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.4. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightningspeed.Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.5.Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.6.every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.7.Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable.8.In a tropical landscape one’s eye takes in everything except the human beings.If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.9.No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas.No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas(for these trips would not be interesting).10.For nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless, backbreaking struggleto wring a little food out of an eroded soil. Life is very hard for ninety percent of the people. With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil.11.She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden.She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community, that she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal.12.People with brown skins are next door to invisible.People with brown skins are almost invisible.13.The splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniformsThe Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies.14.How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?15.Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. Every white man, the onlookers, the officers on their horses and the white N. C. Os.marching with the black soldiers, had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind.第三课1.And it is an activity only of humans.And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings. (Animals and birds are not capable of conversation.)2.Conversation is not for making a point.Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view.3.In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose.In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view.4.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives.People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other’s lives.5.It could still go ignorantly on.The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.6.There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef.These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields; butwhen we sit down at the table to eat. We call their meat beef.7.The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their Frenchagainst his own language.The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.8.English had come royally into its own.The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more.9.The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by thelower classed.The phrase, the King’s English, has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes. The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people.10.Te rebellion against a cultural dominance is still here.There still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.11.There is always a great danger that “words will harden into things for us.”There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent．For example，the word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal. We mustn’t regard the word “dog” as being the animal itself.12.Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s English slips andslides in conversation.Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard, formal English all the time in their conversation.第四课1.And yet the same revolutionary beliet for which our forebears fought is still at issuearound the globe.Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world. 2.This much we pledge---and more.This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.3.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings.4.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.5.Our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced theinstruments of peace.The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.6.To enlarge the area in which its writ may run.We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force.7.Before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity inplanned or accidental self-destruction.Before the terrible forces of destruction, which science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place8.Yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand ofmankind’s final war.Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind's final war.9.So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign ofweakness.So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate) and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness.10.Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do.11.Each generation of American has been summoned to give testimony to its nationalloyalty.Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country's cause).12.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of ourdeeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love.Let history finally judge whether we have done our task welt or not, but our sure reward will be a good con-science for we will have worked sincerely and to the best of our ability.第七课1.Boy and man, I had been through it often before.As a boy and later when I was a grown-up man, I had of- ten travelled through the region.2.But somehow I had never quite sensed its appalling desolation.But somehow in the past I never really perceived how shocking and wretched this whole region was.3.It reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke.This dreadful scene makes all human endeavors to advance and improve their lot appear as a ghastly, saddening joke.4.The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills.The country itself is pleasant to look at, despite the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region.5.They have taken as their model a brick set on end.The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright. / All the houses they built looked like bricks standing upright.6.This they have converted into a thing of dingy clapboards, with a narrow,low-pitched roof.These brick-like houses were made of shabby, thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope.7.When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past allhope or caring.When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color of a rotten egg. 8.Red brick, even in a steel town, ages with some dignity.Red brick, even in a steel town, looks quite respectable with the passing of time. / Even in a steel town, old red bricks still appear pleasing to the eye.9.I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer.I have given Westmoreland the highest award for ugliness after having done a lot of hard work and research and after continuous praying.10.They show grotesqueries of ugliness that, in retrospect, become almost diabolical. They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that, in looking back, they become almost fiendish and wicked./ When one looks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre, one feels they must be the work of the devil himself.11.It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces ofhorror.It is hard to believe that people built such horrible houses just because they did not know what beautiful houses were like.12.On certain levels of the American race, indeed, there seems to be a positive libidofor the ugly.People in certain strata of American society seem definitely to hunger after ugly things; while in other less Christian strata, people seem to long for things beautiful. 13.They meet, in some unfathomable way, its obscure and unintelligible demands. These ugly designs, in some way that people cannot understand, satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of this type of mind.14.They made it perfect in their own sight by putting a completely impossiblepenthouse, painted a staring yellow, on top of it.They put a penthouse on top of it, painted in a bright, conspicuous yellow color and thought it looked perfect but they only managed to make it absolutely intolerable. 15.Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth.From the intermingling of different nationalities and races in the United States emerges the American race which hates beauty as strongly as it hates truth．。

1.We’re elevated 23 feet. =our house has been raised by 23 feet in comparison with the past.2.The place (house) has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered (caused any damage to it)3.We can batten down and ride it out. =we can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane withoutmuch damage.4.The generator was doused, and the lights went out. =water got into the generator and put it out. It stoppedproducing electricity, so the light also went out.5.John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt. =as john watched the water inch its way up thesteps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.6.Janis had just one delayed reaction.=Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervoustension caused by the hurricane.1.and it is an activity only of humans =and conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings2.conversation is not for making a point = conversation is not for persuading others to accept our ideas3.in fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose = in fact, a person who really enjoys and isskilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his viewpoint4.bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’ lives = people who meet each others for a drink in a bar are notintimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed in each others’ life5.it could still go ignorantly on = the conversation could go without anybody knowing who was right or wrong6.there are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef =these animals are called cattle when they are alive andfeeding in the fields; but when we sit down at table to eat we called their meat beef7.the new ruling class had built a cultural barrier him by building their French against his own lg. = the newruling class by using French instead of eg made it difficult for the eg to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers8.eg had come royally into its own =the eg lg received proper recognition and was used by the king once more9.the phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes = the phrase, theking’s eg, has always disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes. The working people very often made fun of the proper and formal lg of the educational people10.the rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there =there still exists in the working people, as in the earlySaxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class11.there is always a great danger that” words will harden into things for us”= there is always a great danger thatwe might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent12.even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s eg slips and slides in conversation = even themost educated and liberated people use non-standard, informal, rather than standard, formal eg in their conversation 13.And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe. =buttoday this issue has not been decided in many countries around the world.14.United, there is little we cannot do in host of cooperative ventures. =bound together we can accomplish a lot ofthings in the variety of joint ventures.15.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. =we will not allow any enemycountry to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.16.Our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace.=theUS is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.17.Before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidentalself-destruction. = before the terrible forces of destruction which science can now release, overwhelm mankind;before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place.18.Yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind’s final war. =yet bothgroups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from an launching mankind’s final war.19.So let us begin anew (once begin), remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness. = andremember that being polite is not a sign of weakness.20.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to leadthe land we love. = our sure reward will be a good conscience and the history finally will judge whether we have done our task well or not. Let us start leading the country we love.21.By the very of production, he has risen above the animal kingdom. = because of the fact itself that man produces,he has developed to a much higher level than or the other animals22.Work is also his liberator from nature, his creator as a social and independent being. =work also frees man andmakes him into a social being independent of nature23.All are expressions of the creative transformation of nature by man’s reason and skill. =no matter when it wasdone or who did it, provides an example of man applying his intelligence and his skill to change nature creatively 24.There is no spilt of work and play, or work and culture. =the worker finds pleasure in his work and through workhe also develops his mind. Therefore, pleasure and work go together and so does the cultural development of the worker and his work.25.Work became the chief factor in a system of “innerwordly asceticism,” an answer to man’s sense of alonenessand isolation.=work became the chief element in a system that preached an austere and self-denying way of life.Work was the only thing that soothed those who felt alone and isolated because of his ascetic life.26.Work has become alienated from the working person. =work has been separated from the worker and the workeris not interested in it at all. Instead, he feels estranged from it or hostile to it.27.Work is a means of getting money, not in itself a meaningful human activity. =work helps the worker to earnmoney; except this it is not an activity with much significance28. a pay check is not enough to base one’s self-respect on = just earning some money is not enough for a worker toestablish his self-respect29.most industrial psychologists are mainly concerned with the manipulation of the worker’s psyche= mostindustrial psychologists are mainly trying to manage and control the workers’ mind30.it is going to pay off in cold dollars and cents to management=better relations with the public will yield largeprofits to management31.But this usefulness often serves only as a rationalization for the appeal to complete passivity and receptivity=the fact that gadgets are indeed useful is often used by advertisers as a mere “high-minded” cover for the real, vulgar appeal to idleness and submissiveness.32.He has a feeling of fraudulency about his product and a secret contempt for it=the businessman gets theknowledge that the quality of his product doesn’t match what it should be. Conscious of the deception involved, he despises the goods he produces33.the slighted mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged.=at very mention of theTwenties, middle-aged people began to recall it longingly and young people curious and began to ask questions about it34.the rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable= anyway, it was inevitable for America to discardVictorian gentility which upheld the middle-class respectability and affected refinement characteristics of Victorian eg35.The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure=the war onlyhelped to speed up the collapse of the Victorian social structure.36.it was tempted, in America at least, to escape its responsibilities and retreat behind an air of naughtyalcoholic sophistication =in America ,at least, the young people are strongly disposed to escape their responsibilities. They pretend to be wordly-wise and disregard conventional standards of behavior, drinking and breaking the traditional morality naughtily.37.Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit=the young peoplefound more pleasure in drinking because Prohibition made it a kind of adventure.38.our young men began to enlist under foreign flags=our young men joined the foreign armies to fight in the war.39.They “wanted to get up into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up= they wanted to take part in theadventure of war before it ended.40.they had outgrown towns and families=they couldn’t adapt themselves to life in their hometowns and familiesanymore41.The returning veteran also had to face the hypocritical do-goodism of Prohibition=the returning veterans alsohad to face the stupid cynicism shown by the Victorious allies in Versailles who acted just like Napoleon once did.42.sth in the tension-ridden youth of America had to “give”=under this pressure sth in the young people, who werealready very tense, had to break down.43.it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and“Puritanical” gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center=it was only natural the promising young writers whose thoughts extremely opposed war, Babbittry and “Puritanical” gentility, should come in great numbers to live in the Greenwich Village, the traditional culture44.each town had its “fast” set which prided itself on its unconventionality=each town was proud that it has groupof wild unconventional people45.it is a complex fate to be an American=the fate of American is complicated and full of changes and possibilities46.They were no more at home in Europe than I was=all of us felt uneasy in Europe.47.we were both searching for our separate identities= Each of us was trying to find his own set of personalcharacteristics by which his recognizable as a member of some group48.I do not think that I could have made this reconciliation here=I don’t think I could have accepted my status ofbeing a Negro willingly in America49.Europe can be very crippling too=sometimes things in Europe can also be very frustrating50.it is easier to cut across social and occupational lines there than it is here=it is easier to contact with people ofdifferent social status and occupations in Europe than in American51. a man can be as proud of being a good waiter as of being a good actor, and in neither case feel threatened= inEurope a good waiter and actor is equally proud of their social status and jobs. Neither of them envies the other and is not afraid of losing their position52.I was born in New York, but have lived only in pockets of it=I was born in NY, but have lived only in some smallareas of it53.on this acceptance, literally, the life of a writer depends=the life of a writer wholly depends upon whether or nothe accepts he will always carry the marks of the origins54.American writers do no have a fixed society to describe=American writers do not live in the society wherenothing is changed .instead, everything is unchangeable in their society so they do not have a fixed society to write about55.every society is really governed by hidden laws, by unspoken but profound assumptions on the part of thepeople= actually, every society is ruled and influence by hidden laws, and by many people deeply felt and taken for granted by its people, though not openly expressed56.this reassessment, which can be very painful, is also very valuable= the reconsideration of many things that onehad always taken for granted in the past can be very painful, though very valuable57.nowadays New York is out of phase with American taste=nowadays NY is often in disagreement with taste of theAmerican people58.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends=NY even indulged itself infeeling of satisfaction for it can resist the prevailing trends of America59.sitcoms cloned and canned in Hollywood, and the Johnny Carson show live, pre-empt the airwaves fromCalifornia =situation comedy which are similar in content and style are produced in large amounts in Hollywood and the live broadcasting of JC’s talk show dominated the radio and the TV channels of California60.it is making sth of a comeback as a tourist attraction= it is regaining somewhat its status as a tourist attraction61.to win in New York is to be uneasy= to a person who succeeds in NY is disturbed by constant worries that hemight fail someday in the fierce competition62.nature’s pleasures are much qualified in New York =the chances to enjoy the pleasures of nature are very limitedin NY63.the city’s bright glow arrogantly obscures the heavens= the city’s bright lights seem haughtily to make the skydim64.but the purity of a bohemian dedication can be exaggerated=but a wholehearted dedication to art, which isbohemian style can be overstated65.in both these roles it ratifies more than it creates=in these two roles of banking and communications headquarters,NY originates very few things but gives its approval a lot to many things created by other cities66.the television generation grew up in the insistent presence of hype=the generation who grew up watching andenjoying TV was constantly and strongly influenced by exaggerated ads67.those who are writing ambitious novels sustain themselves on the magazines=writers who are creatingchallenging novels make their living in the same time by writing articles for popular magazines68.Broadway, which seemed to be succumbing to the tawdriness of its environment, is astir again.=Broadway,which seemed to give in to the flashy shows put on in the surrounding areas, become active again69.he prefers the unhealthy hassle and the vitality of urban life=he likes the unhealthy turmoil and livelyatmosphere of a city more70.the defeated are not hidden away somewhere else on the wrong side of town=the people who failed in thestruggle of life are not hidden away in slums where other people can not see them71.The place constantly exasperates, at times exhilarates.= NY constantly irritates the people living here butoccasionally it stimulates them。

Lesson 11. We're elevated 23 feet. (para3)We're 23 feet above sea level.2. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. (para 3) The house has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever caused any damage to it.3. We can batten down and ride it out. (para 4)We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.4. The generator was doused, and the lights went out. (para 9)Water got into the generator and put it out. It stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out.5. Everybody out the back door to the cars! (para 10)Everybody go out through the back door and run to the cars.6. The electrical systems had been killed by water. (para 11)The electrical systems in the car had been put out by water.7. John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt. (para17)As John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.8. Get us through this mess, will you? (para17)Oh God, please help us to get through this storm safely.9. She carried on alone for a few bars; then her voice trailed away. (para 21) Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped.10. Janis had just one delayed reaction. (para 34)Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervous tension caused by the hurricane.Lesson 21. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelictbuilding-lot. (para2)The burying-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on whicha building was going to be put up.2. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact. (para3)All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).3. They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard. (para3)They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.4. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lighting speed. (para9)Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.5. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews. (para10) Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.6. …every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury. (para10)Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.7. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous. (para16)However, a white -skinned European is always quite noticeable.8. In a tropical landscape one’s eye takes in everything except the human beings. (para16)If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.9. No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas. (para17)No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poorslum areas (for these trips would not be interesting)．10. …for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless, back-breaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil. (para17)life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil．11．She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden.(para19)She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community，that she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal．12. People with brown skins are next door to invisible. (para21)People with brown skins are almost invisible．13．Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms,… (para23) The Senegalese soldiers were wearing ready-made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well-built bodies．14. How long before they turn their guns in the other direction? (para25)How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us? 15．Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind.(para26)Every white man，the onlookers，the officers on their horses and the white N.C.Os. marching with the black soldiers，had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind．Lesson 31．And it is an activity only of human. (para1)And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings．(Animals and birds are not capable of conversation．) 2．Conversation is not for making a point. (para2)Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view．3．In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. (para2)In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view．4．Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives. (para3)People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other's lives．5. …it could still go ignorantly on… (para6)The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong．6．There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). (para9)These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields；but when we sit down at the table to eat．we call their meat beef．7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. (para11)The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers．8．English had come royally into its own. (para13)The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more．9. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. (para15)The phrase，the King's English，has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes．The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people．10. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there. (para15)There still exists in the working people，as in the early Saxon peasants，a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class．11. There is always a great danger that “words will harden into things for us.” (para18)There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent．For example，t he word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal．We mustn't regard the word “dog” as being the animal itself．12. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s English slips andslides in conversation. (para18)Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard，formal English all the time in their conversation．Lesson 41. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe... (para2)Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world.2. This much we pledge—and more. (para5)This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.3. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. (para6) United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings.4. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. (para9)We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.5. …our last best hope in an age wh ere the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace… (para10)The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.6. …to enlarge the area in which its writ may run… (para10)We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force.7. …before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction… (para11)Before the terrible forces of destruction, which science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned orbrought about by an accident, takes place8. …yet both racing to alte r that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind’s final war… (para13)Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind's final war.9. So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness,… (para14)So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate) and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness. 10. Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do.11. …each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. (para21)Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country's cause).12. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of ourdeeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love,… (para27)Let history finally judge whether we have done our task welt or not, but our sure reward will be a good con-science for we will have worked sincerely and to the best of our ability.Lesson 71. …boy and man, I had been through it often before. (para1)As a boy and later when I was a grown-up man, I had often travelled through the region.2. But somehow I had never quite sensed its appalling desolation. (para1)But somehow in the past I never really perceived how shocking and wretched this whole region was.3. … it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke. (para1) This dreadful scene makes all human endeavors to advance and improve theirlot appear as a ghastly, saddening joke.4. The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills. (para3) The country itself is pleasant to look at, despite the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region.5. They have taken as their model a brick set on end. (para3)The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright. / All the houses they built looked like bricks standing upright.6. This they have converted into a thing of dingy clapboards, with a narrow, low-pitched roof. (para3)These brick-like houses were made of shabby, thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope.7. When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring. (para4)When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color of a rotten egg.8. Red brick, even in a steel town, ages with some dignity. (para4)Red brick, even in a steel town, looks quite respectable with the passing of time. / Even in a steel town, old red bricks still appear pleasing to the eye.9. I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer. (para5)I have given Westmoreland the highest award for ugliness after having done a lot of hard work and research and after continuous praying.10. They show grotesqueries of ugliness that, in retrospect, become almost diabolical. ( para5)They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that, in looking back, they become almost fiendish and wicked. When one looks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre, one feels they must be the work of the devil himself.11. It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces of horror. (para6)It is hard to believe that people built such horrible houses just because theydid not know what beautiful houses were like.12. On certain levels of the American race, indeed, there seems to be a positive libido for the ugly,… (para7)People in certain strata of American society seem definitely to hunger after ugly things; while in other less Christian strata, people seem to long for things beautiful.13. They meet, in some unfathomable way, its obscure and unintelligible demands. (para7)These ugly designs, in some way that people cannot understand, satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of this type of mind.14. …they made it perfect in their own sight by putting a completely impossible penthouse, painted a staring yellow, on top of it. (para8)They put a penthouse on top of it, painted in a bright, conspicuous yellow color and thought it looked perfect but they only managed to make it absolutely intolerable.15. Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth. (para9) From the intermingling of different nationalities and races in the United States emerges the American race which hates beauty as strongly as it hates truth．最新文件仅供参考已改成word文本。

U91)a man who became constantly preoccupied by the moral weaknesses of mankind2)Mark Twain first observed and absorbed the new American experience, and then introduce it to the world in his books or lectures.3)In his new profession he could meet people of all kinds.4)With no money and a frashated feeling, he accepted a job as reporter with Territorial Enterprise in Virginia City, ...5)Mark Twain began working hard to became well known locally as a newspaper reporter and humorist.6)and when California makes a plan for a new surprise, the solemn people in other states of the U.S. smile as usual, making a comment "that's typical of California"7)The man who had made the world laugh was himself consumed by bitterness.U101)We have some clever and unexpected tactics and we will surprise them in the trial.2)The case had come down upon me unexpectedly and violently.3)The fundamentalists believe in a word-for-word acceptance of what is said in the Bible.4)that all life had developed gradually from a common original organism5)Let's accuse Scopes of teaching evolution and let the court decide whether he is breaking the law or not.6) People from the nearby mountains, mostly fundamentalists, came to support Bryan against those professors, scientists, and lawyers who came from the northern big cities and were not fundamentalists.7)As my father complained angrily, "That' s no jury at all. "8)He is here because unenlightenment and prejudice are widespread and unchecked.9)People had to pay in order to have a look at the ape and to consider carefully whether apesand humans could have a common ancestry.10)and the crowd, who were mainly fundamentalists, took his words showing no fear as if they were prayers, interrupting frequently with "Amen"U121)who looked deadly serious, never laughed2)Sometimes old Jules, or his son Lazarus, would get involved in a rough, noisy quarrel or fight on a Saturday night after much drinking of liquor.3)She often missed her classes and had little interest in schoolwork.4)I only knew her as a person who would make other people feel ill at ease.5)She lived and moved somewhere within my range of sight (Although I saw her, I paid little attention to her).6)If my mother had to make a choice between Grandmother Macleod and Piquette, she would certainly choose the latter without hesitation, no matter whether the latter had nits or not.7)Normally, she was a defensive person, and her face was guarded as if it was wearing a mask. But when she was saying this, there was an expression of challenge on her face, which, for a brief moment, became unguarded and unmasked. And in her eyes there was a kind of hope which was so intense that it filled people with terror.8)She looked a mess, to tell you the truth; she was a dirty, untidy woman, dressed in a very careless way.9)She was brought in court several times, because she was drunk and disorderly as one could expect.U131)cutting their way into the international shipping trade by charging much less freight rate than the Western shipping companies2)who are determined to take the biggest share of the trade3)Britain has important interests in these trade routes.4) They make it more difficult to make a large amount of money when economic conditions are favorable.5)But they make it easier to survive when economic conditions are unfavorable.6)More and more oil tankers the world over lay idle.7)Much of the fleet carries goods between foreign countries.8)British companies are doing much business on the line between Japan and Australia.9)Developing countries consider a merchant navy very important because it is a sign of their economic power, so after they have set up a national airline, the next thing they would like to have is a merchant fleet.10)Neither the growth in Russia's trade nor that in world trade would demand such a rapid development of Russia's cargo-liner fleet.11)These ships would certainly make it possible for she Soviet Union to exert its influence on countries far away from its territory.12)When these smaller shipping companies go bankrupt, a big part of the few old industries that have been doing well and earning huge profits will close down.U141)Compared with the British vessel which had gone through many a battle and weathered the storm, the Augusta which was new and clean and which carried King seemed to be from another world.2)A group of British navy men were cleaning the deck in a spirited way.3)His visits to London and Moscow were widely covered by newspapers all over the world.4)He's having the best time of his life, sir.5) The Russians will fight on. And it will be difficult for them to manage to carry on the fight.6) Hopkins extended one of his weak and feeble hands and used his thin bony fingers to countthe things the British wanted to have.7)But it will make it difficult for the Americans to reject their second demand.8)Their empire is very weak in that area (in Asia).9)The British will also try, subtly but hard, to reach an agreement that the U.S. should give more and earlier assistance to Britain than to Russia.10)The two leaders made their handshake last longer than usual to give photographers time to take pictures. At the same time they smiled and greeted each other.11)Somehow Roosevelt looked just a little more of a Number One Man.12)Pug was more familiar with the crippled President than the one on the front-pages standing upright.13)Throughout the talk of big imaginary plans ... one pitiful item appeared again and again.14)If Russia was defeated, Hitler might try to conclude the war successfully with a large-scale airborne attack on England.15)It was rather risky and daring (sportsmanlike) of Churchill to give the German soldiers a good chance to attack him on the high seas.16)We would have to be careful not to make excessive use of those good angels, otherwise they would refuse to protect US.17)There are too many claims on the limited naval force so we are badly in need of destroyers for escorts on our way back.18)We could do with two more destroyers on the escort force on our return journey.19)Victor Henry could be vaguely aware of a feeling of helplessness which was difficult to perceive but which permeated the place.20)They were over conscious of their country's plight.21)Their conversation showed that they were not sure of the American aid though they felt a little hopeful.22)There in the Soviet Union things are going badly for the Russians.23)You may experience some adventure during the voyage.24)The film was interesting but without any important meaning.25)For Victor Henry, it was an embarrassing half hour.26)The declaration is in high-sounding words, but contains nothing substantial in terms of aid to Britain by the United States.27)There was clear cut condemnation of the Nazi regime, but no promise of more U.S. aid.28)I would think the Roosevelt-Churchill conference might have decided on more things than that.29)Pug thought it better to give a clear, direct answer. Ambiguity would not bring any good, only more illusions and disappointments.30)Lend-Lease is no hard work, it just means the American people will have more jobs and earn more money.U151)The Colonel，an Empire builder who is not too disgustingly aggressive，sometimes tries to talk to me about public affairs．2)Or maybe my suppressed inclination has been brought out under Laura's unintentional influence．3)I was as puritanical as a Pharisee and I viewed with contempt all those who lived a less practical life than my own and regarded them as inhabitants on the moon．4)Just imagine how I have changed now．Here I stand。

Lesson OneFace to Face with Hurricane CamilleI. Las Vegas. Las Vegas city is the seat of Clark County in South Nevada. In 1970 it had a population of 125,787 people. Revenue from hotels, gambling, entertainment and other tourist-oriented industries forms the backbone of Las Vegas's economy, Its nightclubs and casinos are world famous. The city is also the mercial hub of a ranching and mining area. In the 19th century Las Vegas was a watering place for travelers to South California. In 1.855-1857 the Mormons maintained a fort there, and in 1864 Fort Baker was built by the U. S. army. In 1867, Las Vegas was detached from the Arizona territory and joined to Nevada. <from The New Columbia Encyclopedia > Ⅱ. 1. He didn' t think his family was in any real danger, His former house had been demolished by Hurricane Betsy for it only stood a few feet above sea level. His present house was 23 feet above sea level and 250 yards away from the sea. He thought they would be safe here as in any place else. Besides, he had talked the matter over with his father and mother and consulted his longtime friend, Charles Hill, before making his decision to stay and face the hurricane.2. Magna Products is the name of the firm owned by John Koshak. It designed and developed educational toys and supplies.3. Charlie thought they were in real trouble because salty water was sea water. It showed the sea had reached the house and they were in real trouble for they might be washed into the sea by the tidal wave. 4. At this Critical moment when grandmother Koshak thought they might die at any moment, she told her husband the dearest and the most precious thing she could think of. This would help to encourage each other and enable them to face death with greater serenity.5.John Koshak felt a crushing guilt because it was he who made the final decision to stay and face the hurricane. Now it seemed they might all die in the hurricane.6.Grandmother Koshak asked the children to sing because she thought this would lessen tension and boost the morale of everyone.7.Janis knew that John was trying his best to fort and encourage her for he too felt there was a possibility of their dying in the storm.Ⅲ.1.This piece of narration is organized as follows. .introduction, development, climax, and conclusion. The first 6 paragraphs are introductory paragraphs, giving the time, place, and background of the conflict-man versus hurricanes. These paragraphs also introduce the characters in the story.2. The writer focuses chiefly on action but he also clearly and sympathetically delineates the characters in the story.3. John Koshak, Jr. , is the protagonist in the story.4. Man and hurricanes make up the conflict.5. The writer builds up and sustains the suspense in the story by describing in detail and vividly the incidents showing how the Koshaks and their friends struggled against each onslaught of the hurricane.6. The writer gives order and logical movement to the sequence of happenings by describing a series of actions in the order of their occurrence.7. The story reaches its climax in paragraph 27.8. I would have ended the story at the end of Paragraph 27,because the hurricane passed, the main characters survived, and the story could e to a natural end.9. Yes, it is. Because the writer states his theme or the purpose behind his story in the reflection of Grandmother Koshak: "We lost practically all our possessions, but the family came through it. When I think of that, I realize we lost nothing important. Ⅳ.1. We' re 23 feet above sea level.2. The house has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever caused any damage to it.3. We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.4. Water got into the generator and put it out. It stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out.5. Everybody go out through the back door and run to the cars.6. The electrical systems in the car had been put out by water.7. As John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.8. <>h God,please help us to get through this storm safely.9. Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped.10. Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervous tension caused by the hurricane.Ⅴ.See the translation of the text.Ⅵ.1. main: a principal pipe or line in a distributing system for water, gas, electricity, etc.2.sit out: stay until the end of3 e by;<American English> pay a visit 4.blow in：burst open by the storm.5.douse:put out<a light,fire,generator.etc.>quickly by pouring water over it6.kill：<American English>to cause<an engine-etc．>to stop 7．swath：the space covered with one cut of a scythe;a long strip 0r track 0f any kind 8．bar：a measure in music；the notes between two vertical lines 0n a music sheet9．1ean—to：a shed or other small outbuilding with a sloping roof．the upper end of which rests against the wall of another building 1 0．Seabee：a member of the construction battalions of the Civil Engineer Corps of the U．S．Navy,that build harbor facilities,airfields,etc．Seabee stands for CB, short for Construction Battalion．Ⅶ．1．destroy一词最为常见,主要强调破坏的力度之大和彻底,一般不带感情或修辞色彩. demolish和raze通常用于巨大物体,如大型建筑物等.demolish常用引申义,指任何复合体的被毁,如demolish a theory with a few incisive ments.意即"用几句锋利的评语推翻某种理论".而raze几乎无一例外地用于指建筑物的被毁.annihilate在这些词中所表示的损坏程度最为强烈,字面意思是"化为乌有",但实际上往往用于指对人或物的严重损伤.如说annihilate an enemy force,是指使敌军遭到重创,不仅没有还手之力.而且没有招架之功.如说annihilate one’s opponent in a debate,是指彻底驳倒对手.2.decay常指某物自然而然地逐渐衰败腐化.如：His teeth have begun to decay．<他的牙齿开始老化变坏.> rot指有机物质,如蔬菜等因菌毒感染而腐败变质,如：rotting apples<烂了的苹果>.spoil用于非正式文体,常指食物变质.如：Fish spoils quickly in summer.<鱼在夏天极易变质.>molder用于指物体缓慢、逐步地腐朽.如：Old buildings molder away．<老房子渐渐腐烂了.>disintegrate意指把某物从整体变为碎片或一个个部分.如：rocks disintegrated by frost and rain<被霜和雨蚀裂成碎块的岩石>.depose指将物质分解为其构成成分.如：Water call be depose<be deposed>into hydrogen and oxygen．<水可分解成氧和氧.>该词还可用来替代rot,使语气略显委婉.Ⅷ.1. television = tele + vision, a bining form "tele-" plus a noun "vision". Further examples, telegram, telephone, telescope, telegraph, telemunication, telecast, etc. 2. northwestward = north + west + ward or northwest + ward. "-ward" is a suffix meaning "in a <specific> direction or course". Further examples :eastward. westward. backward, upward, inward, outward, seaward, home-ward. etc. 3. motel = motorist + hotel, a blend word formed by bining parts of other words. Further examples: smog = smoke + fog. smaze = smoke + haze, brunch = breakfast + lunch, moped = motor + pedal, galumph = gallop = triumph, etc. 4. bathtub=bath + tub, a pound word formed by bining two nouns. Further examples: bathrobe, bathroom. bedroom, roommate, butterfly, dragonfly, foot ball. housekeeper, etc. 5. returnees=return + ees, a verb plus a noun forming suffix "-ee" designating a person in specified condition. Further examples: employee, refugee, retiree, examinee, escapee, nominee, interviewee, divorcee. IX. 1. "lash" as in ""'Camille lashed northwestward across tile gulf of Mexico". A vivid way to say "strike with great force".2. "pummel" as in "It was certain to pummel Gulfport..."Because the 'word is originally applied to human beings, meaning "beat repeatedly with the fists".3. "whip" as in "Wind and rain now whipped the house". Because it is more vivid than "fall heavily on".4. "kill" as in "the electrical systems had been killed by water". Because it leaves a deeper impression on the readers than "stop" does.5. "inch one' s way" as in "Water inched its way up the steps …" It makes the readers also see clearly that wate r was rising little by little.6. "bother" as in "no hurricane has ever bothered it". It virtually means "do damage to" here.7."lap" as in "John watched the water lap at the steps…", meaning "extend beyond some limit" or, in fact, "rise slowly".8. "skim" as in "the hurricane ... lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air", which gives the readers a deep impression of how strong the wind was.9. "seize" as in "It seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank 1and dumped it 3ymiles away". It seemed as if the hurricane had a very strong and large hand.10. "crack" and "snap" as in "Telephone poles and 20-inch thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them", providing the readers with a vivid picture of winds blowing violently.X. Simile: 1. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. <paring the passing of children to the passing of buckets of water in a fire brigade when fighting a fire> 2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. <paring the sound of the wind to the roar of a passing train> Metaphor : 1. We can batten down and ride it out. <paring the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea> 2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. <Strong wind and rain was lashing the house as if with a whip.> Personification : 1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. <The hurricane acted as a very strong person lifting something heavy and throwing it through the air.> 2. It seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3 1/2miles away. <The hurricane acted as a very strong man lifting something very heavy and dumping it 3 1/2 miles away.>. Ⅺ.Elliptical and short simple sentences generally increase the tempo and speed of the actions being described. Hence in a dramatic narration they serve to heighten tension and help create a sense of danger and urgency. For examples see the text, paragraphs 10-18 and 21-26.Ⅻ. The topic sentence of paragraph 1 is "John Koshak, Jr. ,knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad. " This idea is developed or supported by facts or reasons showing how John Koshak, Jr. , knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad．The last sentence introduces some other characters in he story and serves as a transition to the next important point in the story—why John KoshakJr．,decided not to abandon his home．ⅩⅢ．在给出答案之前,首先将该题中的几个语法术语解释一下.The sentence fragment：片断句.一个合乎语法的完整句子必须具有主语和谓语这两种基本成分.从结构上来说,它应该是可以独立运用的语言单位.片断句是指像短语、从句、同位语以与其他诸如此类不能够独立使用的语言单位.写作时若错误地使用标点符号．将这类不能独立使用的语法结构当成句子分列出来,那便叫做片断句,练习中的第1、第3和第4句就是这样的非完整句,即片断句.The run—on sentence:误用逗号连接句.该断句的地方没有正确地使用标点符号断句,而将两个或两个以上结构上各自独立完整而又互不从属的句子融合在一起成为一个不合语法、结构松散的句子称融合句.如果两个完整的句子中间只用逗号隔开而被错误地并成一个句子,这种句子便叫误用逗号连接句,练习中的第2句即是.The dangling modifier：垂悬修饰语.由非谓语动词<分词、动名词、不定式>组成的短语若使用不当,与其所修饰的成分没有实质上的联系,这种结构便叫垂悬修饰语.垂悬修饰语并非语法上的错误,只是修辞上的毛病,但仍应避免使用这样的结构,尤其是不要使用那些会产生歧义、引起误解的垂悬修饰语.练习中的第5、6、7、8句均含垂悬修饰语.The illogical or faulty parallelism：误用平行句法.误用平行句法指用平行结构来表达并非平行的思想内容.这是应该避免的修辞上的毛病.不能将which或who引导的从句用and 与主句相联.关联连词<both…and,either…or等>只能用于联接句中起同一语法作用的平行成分.练习中的第9、10、11、12句都是误用平行结构的例句.The shift in point of view：角度转换.不必要的甚至错误的角度转换是应该避免的.若非必须如此.一般不由主动语态转换成被动语态.人称与单复数也不应随便转换.练习中的第13、14、15句都是角度转换的例子.练习中的错句可改正如下：The basketball game was canceled because half of the players were in bed with flu．These snakes are dangerous.However,mostsnakes are quite harmless．3．Looking out toward the horizon,she Saw only the old cabin in which Mary was born,a single cottonwood that had escaped the drought and the apparently boundless expanse of sunburned prairie．4．We knew that although the documents have been stolen they have not yet been seen by a foreign agent．5．Last year,after I had graduated from high school．my father put me to work in his office．6．To appreciate the poem,one must read it aloud．7．1 missed that film because l had to stay home to help my mother wash clothes last Sunday．8．Driving across the state,one saw many beautiful lakes．9．Unselfish people are not only happier but also more successful．1O．I finally realized that my daydreaming was not making me beautiful and slender or bringing me friends．11．He is a man of wide experience and also of great popularity among the farmers．12．I am interested in electronics,which is a new field and which offers interesting opportunities 10 one who knows science．13．We carefully swept the room and dusted the furniture and the shelves.14．If one’s mouth is dry,one should eat a lump of sugar or chew gum．15．You must make yourself interesting to the group that listens23 to you and is constantly trying to detect your mistakesⅪV. Omitted.XV.Gale Kills PeopleFour people got killed when a gale swept across several parts of South England and Wales yesterday. A school boy of ten was struck by flying debris and lost his life when the roof of a prefabricated classroom was blown off and the walls caved in. The boy was one of seventy children being led to safety. When the teacher saw the roof beginning to lift, he asked his pupils to follow him to a safe place. Unfortunately, the boy was killed. Another two children were taken to hospital with slight injury. A woman, aged 81, was killed when a chimney, dislodged by a strong wind, fell through the roof of her home. Another woman, a resident on the first floor of a building, was also killed outright by the falling masonry. Some residents were taken to hospital and the rest evacuated. A driver met his death near a filling station when his car ran into a tree that had fallen across the road.Lesson Two MarrakechⅠ . Marrakech: in west central Morocco, at the Northern foot of the high Atlas, 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief seaport. The city renowned for leather goods, is one of the principal mercial centers of Morocco. It was founded in 1062 and was the capital of Morocco from then until 1147 and again from 1550 to 1660. It was captured by the French in 1912, when its modern growth began. It has extremely hot summers but mild winters. Yearly rainfall is 9 inches and limited to winter months. The city was formerly also called Morocco. Morocco: Located in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco is the farthest west of all the Arab countries. Rabat is the capital. The estimated population in 1973 was 15,600,000. About 2000 B.C. it was settled by Berber tribes, who have formed the basis of the population ever since. The Arabs invaded Morocco in the 7thcentury, bringing with them Islam. From the end of the 17thcentury until the early 19th century Morocco was almost entirely free from foreign influence. But in 1912, a Franco- Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones. It gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional monarchy in 1957. Morocco is a member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the Organization of African Unity. Moroccans are mainly farmers <70%>who try to grow their own food. They often use camels, donkeys and mules to pull their plows. In the south a few tribesmen still, wander from place to place in the desert. Ⅱ.1. Here are five things he describes to show poverty- <a> the burial of the poor inhabitants <b>an Arab Navvy, an employee of the municipality, begging for a piece of bread <c>the miserable lives of the Jews in the ghettoes~ <d>cultivation of the poor soil; <e> the old women carrying fire wood.2. See paragraphs 1 and 2.3. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating thepeople in the colonies as animals instead of as human be rags. 4. Medieval ghettoes were probably like the Jewish quarters in Marrakech--overcrowded, thousands of people living in a narrow street, houses pletely windowless, and the whole area dirty and unhygienic. 5. If Hitler were here, all the Jews would have been massacred. 6. Those who work with their hands are partly invisible. It’s only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. The people are not treated as human beings, and it is on this fact that all colonial empires are in reality founded. 7. See paragraph 18. 8. The old woman was surprised because someone was taking notice of her and treating her as a human being. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say, as a beast of burden. 9, Every white man thought. "How much longer can we go on kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?" They knew they could not go on fooling these black people any longer. Some day they would rise up in revolt and free themselves.Ⅲ. 1. Yes, it is. In this essay Orwell denounces the evils of colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies. 2. He manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery, first, through the appropriate use of words second, through the clever choice of the scenes he describes; third, through the tone in which he describes these scenes and finally, by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handling of the donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings. 3. Because that shows the cruel treatment the donkeys receive evokes a greater feeling of sympathy in the breasts of the white masters than the miserable fate of the people. This contrast have on the reader an effect that the people are not considered nor treated as human beings. 4. Paragraphs 4-7 could as well e after 8-15 as before. Other groups of paragraphs could be rearranged. This indicates that the whole passage is made up of various independent examples or illustrations of the people's poverty and suffering. The central theme--all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact--gives unity and cohesion to the whole essay. 5. This essay gives a new insight into imperialism. Yes, he has succeeded in showing that imperialism is an "evil thing". 6. Orwell is good at the appropriate use of simple but forceful words and the clever choice of the scenes he describes. His lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details efficiently conveyed to the readers the central idea "all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact", the fact that the people are not considered or treated as human beings.IV. 1. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up. 2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals <by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings>. 3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name. 4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making. 5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited. 6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford. 7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable. 8. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings. 9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas <for these trips 42V．Ⅵ．Ⅶ. would not be interesting>．10．life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil．11．She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the munity,that.she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal．12．People with brown skinsare almost invisible．13．The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies．14．How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?. 15．Every white man,the onlookers,the officers on their horses and the white N．C．Os．marching with the black soldiers,had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind．Ⅴ.See the translation of the text．Ⅵ.1．chant：words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice 2．navvy：abbreviation of "navigator",a British word meaning an unskilled laborer,as on canals,,roads,etc．3．Stow：put or hide away in a safe place 4．warp：bend,curve,or twist out of shape 5．self-contained：self—sufficient；having within oneself or itself all that is necessary 6．wretched：poor in quality,very inferior 7．mummified：thin and withered,looking like a mummy 8．reach—me—down：<British colloquialism>second—hand or ready—made clothing 9．charger：a horse ridden in battle or on paradeⅦ．cry指因痛苦、忧伤或悲哀而发出悲切的声音,并伴以流泪.weep更具体,强调流泪；sob指呜呜咽咽、一吸一顿地哭泣；wail指无法抑制悲哀而拖长声调痛哭；whimper43 指像受惊的小孩一样声音压抑地、时断时续地哭；moan 则指因悲伤或痛苦而低声地、拖长声调地哀叹. 2．mania本指狂郁精神病所表现出的症状,具体表现为喜怒无常,时哭时笑,行为不能自制；delirium指暂时性精神极端错乱<如酒醉发烧时>,具体表现为烦躁不安、语无伦次和产生幻觉；frenzy是非医学用语,指狂暴不能自制. hysteria在精神病学上指心因性紊乱,表现为容易激动、焦躁不安、感官和运动功能紊乱以与不自觉地模拟眼瞎、耳聋等.用于引申义时,mania指对于某事的爱好达到狂热的程度,成为癖好,如a mania for drinking<嗜酒>；delirium 指极度兴奋,如a delirium of joy<狂喜>；hysteria 指强烈的、不可控制的感情爆发,如：She laughed and cried in her hysteria．<她又是笑又是哭,感情难以控制.>. 3．flash指突发的、短暂而耀眼的闪光；gleam指黑暗中闪现出的一束稳定的光线；sparkle指星星点点的闪光；glitter 指由物体反射出的星星点点的闪光；glisten指外部亮光反射于沾水的平面上而显出的光亮；shimmer指由微波荡漾的水面反照出的柔和的闪光.Ⅷ．1．burying—ground<verbal noun in—ing + noun>：drinking cup, hiding place,diving board,waiting room,freezing point, carving knife,writing desk,typing paper,swimming suit 2．gravestone<noun +noun>：oilwell,silkworm,shirt—sleeves,girl—friend,gaslight,bloodstain,frogman,win—dow—pane 3．mid—air<adjective +noun>：half—brother,black—market, half—pay.darkroom,madman,double—talk,hothouse, handy man 4．orercrowding<adverb +verbal noun in—ing>：dry-cleaning,overeating,oversleeping,deep—freezing, underpricing, underrating,down—grading,up—dating 5．nine—tenths<adj．from a cardinal number +noun,from an44ordinal number> : one-fifth, two-sixths, three-eighths, one-ninthIX. 1. "thread" as in "The little crowd of mourners...threaded their way across the market… ", indicating that the market was so crowded that the crowd could hardly pass through. 2. "rise", "sweat", "starve", and "sink" as in "They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard"-", giving a deep impression of how these people live a short and miserable life. 3. "sidle" as in "An Arab navvy working on the path nearby lowered his heavy hoe and sidled slowly towards us", showing clearly how a shy man walked carefully. 4. "grope" as in "Even a blind man .'. heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand", presenting a clear picture of a blind man desiring to get a cigarette. 5. "mummify" as in "All of them are mummified with age and the sun "--", a forceful word indicating what a miserable state those women are in.6. "hobble" as in"'" the file of old women had hobbled past the house with their firewood "'", indicating that these women could not walk properly because of the heavy load they were carrying. 7. "tip" as in """ its master tips it into theditch """, showing how casually a master deals with his dead dog which has served him devotedly.8. "stow" as in "I tore off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some secret place under his rags", designating how much the poor navvy treasured that piece of bread.Ⅹ.1.After the British army had lost all its equipment at Dunkirk, there was only a single armored divison left to protect the home island. 2. Although the dry prairie land will drift away in dust storms, it is still being plowed for profitless wheat farming. 3. If the educational program is to succeed, it has to have more than mere financial support from the government. 4. They have wasted their natural resources, which they should have protected and conserved. 5. Soon other settlers were ing in over the first rough trail which the Caldwell family had opened. 6. The Smithsonian Institute is constantly working, with little or no publicity, for a better understanding of nature for man's benefit. 7. Queen Mary was easily shaken by passions--passions of love and of hatred and revenge. 8. For a few days I dreaded opening the door of his office. 9. Concealed by the fog of early dawn, I crawled out and made my way to the beach. 10. Leaving the door of the safe unlocked and taking the leather bag of coins, I walked down the street toward the bank.Ⅺ.1."Life on the farm is an eternal battle against nature" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity. It is a bad piece of writing. The writer of this paragraph has pletely forgotten what he had started out to say. Instead of being an "eternal battle", life in this paragraph be-es a pleasant and exciting experience--which it probably is, but that is not what the writer set out to prove. "There are three reasons why I like Japanese food" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity because the writer introduces facts and ideas irrelevant to the topic stated in his opening sentence, e. g. "However, most Japanese love rice. One of my Japanese friends has at least two bowls of rice at every meal. " and "Also, from the male point of view, Japanese restaurants are attractive for another reason--the beautiful little doll-like waitresses, who bow and smile shyly as they serve your food. Ⅻ. pulled, feel, goes, went, e, fe11, altered, paralyzed seemed, sagged, slobbered, settled, imagined, fired, collapse, climbed, drooping, did, jolt, knock, falling, tower, reaching, trumpeted, came, shakeⅩⅢ. Omitted. ⅪⅤ. Shack Dwellers in Old ShanghaiAt the edge of Old Shanghai, there were some areas neglected by the splendid city: they were desolate, dirty, and lay humbly at the foot of high-rise factory chimney. From the point of view of the city residents, these places were not suit- able for men. There, however, did live crowds of creature called human beings. They dwelled in the shacks they built themselves. A shack was made up of mud and dried hay--the former being the ponent of walls and the latter being the roof. Usually there was a small door with a thin wooden board and seldom was there any window. One could easily touch the roof with his hand. The shack was small and dim, thus the door was seldom kept closed. When it rained or blew, there was no more difference inside than outside. How did they manage to live? Some of them were road builders: they dug hard with a pickaxe, pulled a huge stone roller to flatten the road, or dug gutters underground all the day. Some made a living by wheelbarrow. With a load of nearly 500 kilogrammes, they pushed forward sweating all over. Some dragged their rickshaws. And among those shack dwellers were many industrial workers, male and female. When a child grew to be thirteen, he or she started to work in a factory. In short, the vast majority of the people did toil but got a slight gain.Lesson Three Pub Talk and the King’s EnglishⅠ . 1. Carlyle : Thomas Carlyle <1795-1881>, English essayist and historian born at Ecclefechan, a village of the Scotch lowlands. After graduating from the University of Edinburgh, he rejected the ministry, for which he had been intended, and determined to he a writer of hooks. In 1826 he married Jane Welsh, a well-informed and ambitious woman who did much to further his career.。

Lesson 21. But my father was deeply attracted to it precisely because of its unexplored, uncultivated natural state, and the challenge.2. As a little girl, l believed my father's words, and was genuinely afraid of the possible disaster --if we didn't hurry up, the day would catch us and terrible things might happen.3. ...Occasionally the law officers would make some effort without real earnest to investigate Watson and to bring him to court, but there seemed to be little concrete evidence to prove that he was responsible for certain illegal activities.4. The control Watson had over this section of Florida was much similar to the dishonest or illegal activities of the law-enforcing officials and governors which Florida witnessed in the 20th century.5. Before the family built their own house, they lived in a shabby cabin at Gopher Key, close to the merciless Walton. The author uses an understatement -not the most gracious of living quarters -to describe their shabby, temporary home.6. We had abundant food on the island, and even the meals enjoyed by King Richard, who was famous for his love of food, couldn't possibly compare with ours. The tone shows the content of the author with the adequate supply of food on the island.7. Although it was very hot outside in the sun, we were happy to be dismissed from my mother's sessions indoors. We would have to read and write with her every day no matter what the weather was like.Lesson 41. The impact of Mike's leaving on my life was beyond my imagination. I didn't expect that Mike's leaving would have such a tremendous power that it would change the meaning of my existence completely. All my thoughts were about loss of Mike.2. At that time, we were young mothers, and we were supposed to lead a terribly busy life full of confusion and bewilderment caused by giving birth to and raising babies. And our minds were supposed to be fully occupied by how to feed the babies and things like that. However, in the midst of all this we still felt the need to discuss some of the important thinkers of our time like Simone de Beauvoir and Arthur Koestler and T. S. Eliot’s sophisticated work "The Cocktail Party".3. 1 would be frightened, and my fear was not caused by my neighbors' visibly hostile and violent way of life, but by a kind of formless and hidden emptiness and meaninglessness of human existence. What happened around me was totally irrelevant to me, and I feel very isolated and alienated.4. She did not ask me abut my new life, either out of subtle consideration for my feeling about this sensitive subject or out of disapproval of my new life style.5. 1t would be a morally low thing, an indecent thing to commit infidelity in the house of a friend.6. 1 knew that he was a person who had experienced the worst in life, the hardest experience a person might have to endure.7. They experienced the worst together and they knew what it was like and understood the meaning of that experience. Such an experience posed the gravest test to people. If they stood the test, their friendship or marriage would be strengthened, and a sacred bondage would be formed between them. But if they failed the test, their relationship would be broken and they would be driven apart.8. 1f they acted on love, they would take risks. They wouldn't do that or go further in their relationship, but they would rather let their love remain as a sweet trickle, which would flow on gently and permanently, and as an underground resource, which would never be fully tapped but would never go dry.Lesson 61. The raising of a pig is like a tragedy, because it always ends in the killing of the pig, and the set pattern一buying, raising and butchering一is strictly followed in most terms. The killing, deliberately planned and efficiently carried out, is the most serious type of murder, yet, whether pigs should be killed and meat served has never been questioned.2. A pig couldn't ask for any better living conditions; at least no pig has ever complained.3. . .. since a pig is, like a child, always hungry, the whole family would be worried when it refuses to eat.4. Fred was quite exited about the event. He was down at the pigpen all the time. Because of his swollen joints, he moved about unsteadily. His face set ap.art the grass along the fence as he moved about. He was like a doctor, with his Jong, drooping ears dangling like a stethoscope, and he scrabbled on the ground as if he were prescribing some medicine.5. When things were ready for the closing of the pig, Fred became even more excited. With short legs and a long body, it managed to get through the fence and acted as if it was taking charge of the medical treatment.6. . . . 0ur procession was a serious and efficient one. Fred, who acted as the pallbearer, walked unsteadily in the back, though he was not qualified for that function. The sorrow of losing a family member was shown clearly in his face. The autopsy of the body's inwards was done right at the side of the grave. The intestines at the pig were first thrown into the grave, so the pig could lie exactly on those things that caused his death.7. . . . 1f a pig dies before he is supposed to, it is a serious matter for the whole community to remember. The whole community would share the sadness for his death.8. The purpose of this essay is to show that l am sorry for what has happened to my pig, since 1 have failed to raise the pig and cannot provide a reason why it didn't grow the way other pigs have grown,9. The pig's grave in the woods doesn't have a tombstone, but whenever somebody wants to visit it, Fred will show the way. I know Fred and I will often visit it, separate or together, when we need to ponder over problems or when we are depressed. And these days will be like memorial days, with the only difference of not hoisting the national flag.Lesson 91. This is perhaps because they only have places of birth, but not places where they feel at home and which they identify themselves with. But these girls are strongly influenced by their hometown, and the influence stays with them forever even after they leave their hometown.2. The brown girls try hard to repress their emotions and passions. However, these natural human emotions cannot be wiped out totally. Sometimes they will emerge and burst out. And they will develop, become stronger and stay with them So whenever and wherever this funk bursts out, the brown girls will do their best to stifle it.3. 1f his needs were physical, she could meet them. She could make him comfortable and give him enough or even more than enough to satisfy his physical needs.4. Geraldine had seen black girls like Pecola at many places and many times in the past.5. 0n the one hand, they (girls like Pecola) were ignorant and uncomprehending. They did not ask question why their lives were so miserable. On the other hand, as they were poverty-stricken and practically had nothing, their eyes revealed their desire for anything that could make their lives easier.6. 1n the eyes of these girls one can see that they were in despair, without any hope for the future, and that their life was nothing but a waste.7. As the girls were growing into young women, they had never worn girdles to make their figure look slimmer, and thus more elegant; and when the boys grew up, they just began to wear their caps with the bills turned backward to indicate that they had become adults.Lesson 101.As Saint George is a hero, the patron of arms, symbolizing chivalry, his image often appears on banners,and his name is often mentioned in the speeches of politicians (politicians often pay lip service to him).Saint George is used as a symbolic figure for political purposes. But John Bull is the tradesman and he delivers the goods we need in our daily life while making money at the same time.2.The English public schools have four unique features. First, all boys live in boarding houses. Second, sportsand games are organized and compulsory as part of the school curricula. Third, older students have special duties to help control younger students while the latter must do jobs for the former. Lastly, great emphasis is placed on good form and team spirit. These features enable the public school students to have disproportionately great influence.3.Pay attention to my use of the word "bankrupt", a word related to business. This reveals my identity as amember of the commercial nation, who would be careful and sensible enough to avoid any risks of failing to pay their debts.4.But my friend expressed his views as a member of the Oriental countries. They are nourished by a traditionof great generosity and richness, which is different from the English tradition of middle-class prudence.5.In this aspect, true love is different from material things such as clay or even gold which can be divided andtaken away. Yet, if we share true love, it will never diminish.6.In the above anecdote, I have become an example of the Englishmen for the moment. That put me in a highposition which makes me dizzy and is unfamiliar to me. I will now come down from that height and return to my role as your commentator on the characteristics of the Englishman.7.The Englishman's nervous system acts promptly and feels slowly. The combination of the two qualities isuseful, and anyone who has this combination is mostly likely to be brave.8.As literature is based on national character, there must be in the English nature hidden resources of passionthat have produced the great romantic literature we see.9.That kind of criticism is just like Bernard Shaw's attacks. It is nothing new and I'm used to these tricks andjokes; they won't do any harm to me.10.The Englishmen think they have a tolerant and humorous attitude toward criticism. In fact it is not so,because their attitude is limited by uncomfortable laughter, which indicates that beneath the surface of their tolerant humorous attitude they are uneasy. When they try to be humorous and brush aside criticism, they would titter and guffaw. Such uncomfortable laughter is a sign of uneasiness.11.1I have already made all my opinions known to you. What is said is said, and being diplomatic cannotunsay what has been said.。

Lesson OneFace to Face with Hurricane CamilleI. Las Vegas. Las Vegas city is the seat of Clark County in South Nevada. In 1970 it had a population of 125,787 people. Revenue from hotels, gambling, entertainment and other tourist-oriented industries forms the backbone of Las Vegas's economy, Its nightclubs and casinos are world famous. The city is also the mercial hub of a ranching and mining area. In the 19th century Las Vegas was a watering place for travelers to South California. In 1.855-1857 the Mormons maintained a fort there, and in 1864 Fort Baker was built by the U. S. army. In 1867, Las Vegas was detached from the Arizona territory and joined to Nevada. <from The New Columbia Encyclopedia > Ⅱ. 1. He didn' t think his family was in any real danger, His former house had been demolished by Hurricane Betsy for it only stood a few feet above sea level. His present house was 23 feet above sea level and 250 yards away from the sea. He thought they would be safe here as in any place else. Besides, he had talked the matter over with his father and mother and consulted his longtime friend, Charles Hill, before making his decision to stay and face the hurricane.2. Magna Products is the name of the firm owned by John Koshak. It designed and developed educational toys and supplies.3. Charlie thought they were in real trouble because salty water was sea water. It showed the sea had reached the house and they were in real trouble for they might be washed into the sea by the tidal wave. 4. At this Critical moment when grandmother Koshak thought they might die at any moment, she told her husband the dearest and the most precious thing she could think of. This would help to encourage each other and enable them to face death with greater serenity.5.John Koshak felt a crushing guilt because it was he who made the final decision to stay and face the hurricane. Now it seemed they might all die in the hurricane.6.Grandmother Koshak asked the children to sing because she thought this would lessen tension and boost the morale of everyone.7.Janis knew that John was trying his best to fort and encourage her for he too felt there was a possibility of their dying in the storm.Ⅲ.1.This piece of narration is organized as follows. .introduction, development, climax, and conclusion. The first 6 paragraphs are introductory paragraphs, giving the time, place, and background of the conflict-man versus hurricanes. These paragraphs also introduce the characters in the story.2. The writer focuses chiefly on action but he also clearly and sympathetically delineates the characters in the story.3. John Koshak, Jr. , is the protagonist in the story.4. Man and hurricanes make up the conflict.5. The writer builds up and sustains the suspense in the story by describing in detail and vividly the incidents showing how the Koshaks and their friends struggled against each onslaught of the hurricane.6. The writer gives order and logical movement to the sequence of happenings by describing a series of actions in the order of their occurrence.7. The story reaches its climax in paragraph 27.8. I would have ended the story at the end of Paragraph 27,because the hurricane passed, the main characters survived, and the story could e to a natural end.9. Yes, it is. Because the writer states his theme or the purpose behind his story in the reflection of Grandmother Koshak: "We lost practically all our possessions, but the family came through it. When I think of that, I realize we lost nothing important. Ⅳ.1. We' re 23 feet above sea level.2. The house has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever caused any damage to it.3. We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.4. Water got into the generator and put it out. It stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out.5. Everybody go out through the back door and run to the cars.6. The electrical systems in the car had been put out by water.7. As John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.8. <>h God,please help us to get through this storm safely.9. Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped.10. Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervous tension caused by the hurricane.Ⅴ.See the translation of the text.Ⅵ.1. main: a principal pipe or line in a distributing system for water, gas, electricity, etc.2.sit out: stay until the end of3 e by;<American English> pay a visit 4.blow in：burst open by the storm.5.douse:put out<a light,fire,generator.etc.>quickly by pouring water over it6.kill：<American English>to cause<an engine-etc．>to stop 7．swath：the space covered with one cut of a scythe;a long strip 0r track 0f any kind 8．bar：a measure in music；the notes between two vertical lines 0n a music sheet9．1ean—to：a shed or other small outbuilding with a sloping roof．the upper end of which rests against the wall of another building 1 0．Seabee：a member of the construction battalions of the Civil Engineer Corps of the U．S．Navy,that build harbor facilities,airfields,etc．Seabee stands for CB, short for Construction Battalion．Ⅶ．1．destroy一词最为常见,主要强调破坏的力度之大和彻底,一般不带感情或修辞色彩. demolish和raze通常用于巨大物体,如大型建筑物等.demolish常用引申义,指任何复合体的被毁,如demolish a theory with a few incisive ments.意即"用几句锋利的评语推翻某种理论".而raze几乎无一例外地用于指建筑物的被毁.annihilate在这些词中所表示的损坏程度最为强烈,字面意思是"化为乌有",但实际上往往用于指对人或物的严重损伤.如说annihilate an enemy force,是指使敌军遭到重创,不仅没有还手之力.而且没有招架之功.如说annihilate one’s opponent in a debate,是指彻底驳倒对手.2.decay常指某物自然而然地逐渐衰败腐化.如：His teeth have begun to decay．<他的牙齿开始老化变坏.> rot指有机物质,如蔬菜等因菌毒感染而腐败变质,如：rotting apples<烂了的苹果>.spoil用于非正式文体,常指食物变质.如：Fish spoils quickly in summer.<鱼在夏天极易变质.>molder用于指物体缓慢、逐步地腐朽.如：Old buildings molder away．<老房子渐渐腐烂了.>disintegrate意指把某物从整体变为碎片或一个个部分.如：rocks disintegrated by frost and rain<被霜和雨蚀裂成碎块的岩石>.depose指将物质分解为其构成成分.如：Water call be depose<be deposed>into hydrogen and oxygen．<水可分解成氧和氧.>该词还可用来替代rot,使语气略显委婉.Ⅷ.1. television = tele + vision, a bining form "tele-" plus a noun "vision". Further examples, telegram, telephone, telescope, telegraph, telemunication, telecast, etc. 2. northwestward = north + west + ward or northwest + ward. "-ward" is a suffix meaning "in a <specific> direction or course". Further examples :eastward. westward. backward, upward, inward, outward, seaward, home-ward. etc. 3. motel = motorist + hotel, a blend word formed by bining parts of other words. Further examples: smog = smoke + fog. smaze = smoke + haze, brunch = breakfast + lunch, moped = motor + pedal, galumph = gallop = triumph, etc. 4. bathtub=bath + tub, a pound word formed by bining two nouns. Further examples: bathrobe, bathroom. bedroom, roommate, butterfly, dragonfly, foot ball. housekeeper, etc. 5. returnees=return + ees, a verb plus a noun forming suffix "-ee" designating a person in specified condition. Further examples: employee, refugee, retiree, examinee, escapee, nominee, interviewee, divorcee. IX. 1. "lash" as in ""'Camille lashed northwestward across tile gulf of Mexico". A vivid way to say "strike with great force".2. "pummel" as in "It was certain to pummel Gulfport..."Because the 'word is originally applied to human beings, meaning "beat repeatedly with the fists".3. "whip" as in "Wind and rain now whipped the house". Because it is more vivid than "fall heavily on".4. "kill" as in "the electrical systems had been killed by water". Because it leaves a deeper impression on the readers than "stop" does.5. "inch one' s way" as in "Water inched its way up the steps …" It makes the readers also see clearly that wate r was rising little by little.6. "bother" as in "no hurricane has ever bothered it". It virtually means "do damage to" here.7."lap" as in "John watched the water lap at the steps…", meaning "extend beyond some limit" or, in fact, "rise slowly".8. "skim" as in "the hurricane ... lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air", which gives the readers a deep impression of how strong the wind was.9. "seize" as in "It seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank 1and dumped it 3ymiles away". It seemed as if the hurricane had a very strong and large hand.10. "crack" and "snap" as in "Telephone poles and 20-inch thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them", providing the readers with a vivid picture of winds blowing violently.X. Simile: 1. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. <paring the passing of children to the passing of buckets of water in a fire brigade when fighting a fire> 2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. <paring the sound of the wind to the roar of a passing train> Metaphor : 1. We can batten down and ride it out. <paring the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea> 2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. <Strong wind and rain was lashing the house as if with a whip.> Personification : 1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. <The hurricane acted as a very strong person lifting something heavy and throwing it through the air.> 2. It seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3 1/2miles away. <The hurricane acted as a very strong man lifting something very heavy and dumping it 3 1/2 miles away.>. Ⅺ.Elliptical and short simple sentences generally increase the tempo and speed of the actions being described. Hence in a dramatic narration they serve to heighten tension and help create a sense of danger and urgency. For examples see the text, paragraphs 10-18 and 21-26.Ⅻ. The topic sentence of paragraph 1 is "John Koshak, Jr. ,knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad. " This idea is developed or supported by facts or reasons showing how John Koshak, Jr. , knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad．The last sentence introduces some other characters in he story and serves as a transition to the next important point in the story—why John KoshakJr．,decided not to abandon his home．ⅩⅢ．在给出答案之前,首先将该题中的几个语法术语解释一下.The sentence fragment：片断句.一个合乎语法的完整句子必须具有主语和谓语这两种基本成分.从结构上来说,它应该是可以独立运用的语言单位.片断句是指像短语、从句、同位语以与其他诸如此类不能够独立使用的语言单位.写作时若错误地使用标点符号．将这类不能独立使用的语法结构当成句子分列出来,那便叫做片断句,练习中的第1、第3和第4句就是这样的非完整句,即片断句.The run—on sentence:误用逗号连接句.该断句的地方没有正确地使用标点符号断句,而将两个或两个以上结构上各自独立完整而又互不从属的句子融合在一起成为一个不合语法、结构松散的句子称融合句.如果两个完整的句子中间只用逗号隔开而被错误地并成一个句子,这种句子便叫误用逗号连接句,练习中的第2句即是.The dangling modifier：垂悬修饰语.由非谓语动词<分词、动名词、不定式>组成的短语若使用不当,与其所修饰的成分没有实质上的联系,这种结构便叫垂悬修饰语.垂悬修饰语并非语法上的错误,只是修辞上的毛病,但仍应避免使用这样的结构,尤其是不要使用那些会产生歧义、引起误解的垂悬修饰语.练习中的第5、6、7、8句均含垂悬修饰语.The illogical or faulty parallelism：误用平行句法.误用平行句法指用平行结构来表达并非平行的思想内容.这是应该避免的修辞上的毛病.不能将which或who引导的从句用and 与主句相联.关联连词<both…and,either…or等>只能用于联接句中起同一语法作用的平行成分.练习中的第9、10、11、12句都是误用平行结构的例句.The shift in point of view：角度转换.不必要的甚至错误的角度转换是应该避免的.若非必须如此.一般不由主动语态转换成被动语态.人称与单复数也不应随便转换.练习中的第13、14、15句都是角度转换的例子.练习中的错句可改正如下：The basketball game was canceled because half of the players were in bed with flu．These snakes are dangerous.However,mostsnakes are quite harmless．3．Looking out toward the horizon,she Saw only the old cabin in which Mary was born,a single cottonwood that had escaped the drought and the apparently boundless expanse of sunburned prairie．4．We knew that although the documents have been stolen they have not yet been seen by a foreign agent．5．Last year,after I had graduated from high school．my father put me to work in his office．6．To appreciate the poem,one must read it aloud．7．1 missed that film because l had to stay home to help my mother wash clothes last Sunday．8．Driving across the state,one saw many beautiful lakes．9．Unselfish people are not only happier but also more successful．1O．I finally realized that my daydreaming was not making me beautiful and slender or bringing me friends．11．He is a man of wide experience and also of great popularity among the farmers．12．I am interested in electronics,which is a new field and which offers interesting opportunities 10 one who knows science．13．We carefully swept the room and dusted the furniture and the shelves.14．If one’s mouth is dry,one should eat a lump of sugar or chew gum．15．You must make yourself interesting to the group that listens23 to you and is constantly trying to detect your mistakesⅪV. Omitted.XV.Gale Kills PeopleFour people got killed when a gale swept across several parts of South England and Wales yesterday. A school boy of ten was struck by flying debris and lost his life when the roof of a prefabricated classroom was blown off and the walls caved in. The boy was one of seventy children being led to safety. When the teacher saw the roof beginning to lift, he asked his pupils to follow him to a safe place. Unfortunately, the boy was killed. Another two children were taken to hospital with slight injury. A woman, aged 81, was killed when a chimney, dislodged by a strong wind, fell through the roof of her home. Another woman, a resident on the first floor of a building, was also killed outright by the falling masonry. Some residents were taken to hospital and the rest evacuated. A driver met his death near a filling station when his car ran into a tree that had fallen across the road.Lesson Two MarrakechⅠ . Marrakech: in west central Morocco, at the Northern foot of the high Atlas, 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief seaport. The city renowned for leather goods, is one of the principal mercial centers of Morocco. It was founded in 1062 and was the capital of Morocco from then until 1147 and again from 1550 to 1660. It was captured by the French in 1912, when its modern growth began. It has extremely hot summers but mild winters. Yearly rainfall is 9 inches and limited to winter months. The city was formerly also called Morocco. Morocco: Located in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco is the farthest west of all the Arab countries. Rabat is the capital. The estimated population in 1973 was 15,600,000. About 2000 B.C. it was settled by Berber tribes, who have formed the basis of the population ever since. The Arabs invaded Morocco in the 7thcentury, bringing with them Islam. From the end of the 17thcentury until the early 19th century Morocco was almost entirely free from foreign influence. But in 1912, a Franco- Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones. It gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional monarchy in 1957. Morocco is a member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the Organization of African Unity. Moroccans are mainly farmers <70%>who try to grow their own food. They often use camels, donkeys and mules to pull their plows. In the south a few tribesmen still, wander from place to place in the desert. Ⅱ.1. Here are five things he describes to show poverty- <a> the burial of the poor inhabitants <b>an Arab Navvy, an employee of the municipality, begging for a piece of bread <c>the miserable lives of the Jews in the ghettoes~ <d>cultivation of the poor soil; <e> the old women carrying fire wood.2. See paragraphs 1 and 2.3. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating thepeople in the colonies as animals instead of as human be rags. 4. Medieval ghettoes were probably like the Jewish quarters in Marrakech--overcrowded, thousands of people living in a narrow street, houses pletely windowless, and the whole area dirty and unhygienic. 5. If Hitler were here, all the Jews would have been massacred. 6. Those who work with their hands are partly invisible. It’s only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. The people are not treated as human beings, and it is on this fact that all colonial empires are in reality founded. 7. See paragraph 18. 8. The old woman was surprised because someone was taking notice of her and treating her as a human being. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say, as a beast of burden. 9, Every white man thought. "How much longer can we go on kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?" They knew they could not go on fooling these black people any longer. Some day they would rise up in revolt and free themselves.Ⅲ. 1. Yes, it is. In this essay Orwell denounces the evils of colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies. 2. He manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery, first, through the appropriate use of words second, through the clever choice of the scenes he describes; third, through the tone in which he describes these scenes and finally, by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handling of the donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings. 3. Because that shows the cruel treatment the donkeys receive evokes a greater feeling of sympathy in the breasts of the white masters than the miserable fate of the people. This contrast have on the reader an effect that the people are not considered nor treated as human beings. 4. Paragraphs 4-7 could as well e after 8-15 as before. Other groups of paragraphs could be rearranged. This indicates that the whole passage is made up of various independent examples or illustrations of the people's poverty and suffering. The central theme--all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact--gives unity and cohesion to the whole essay. 5. This essay gives a new insight into imperialism. Yes, he has succeeded in showing that imperialism is an "evil thing". 6. Orwell is good at the appropriate use of simple but forceful words and the clever choice of the scenes he describes. His lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details efficiently conveyed to the readers the central idea "all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact", the fact that the people are not considered or treated as human beings.IV. 1. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up. 2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals <by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings>. 3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name. 4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making. 5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited. 6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford. 7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable. 8. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings. 9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas <for these trips 42V．Ⅵ．Ⅶ. would not be interesting>．10．life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil．11．She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the munity,that.she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal．12．People with brown skinsare almost invisible．13．The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies．14．How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?. 15．Every white man,the onlookers,the officers on their horses and the white N．C．Os．marching with the black soldiers,had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind．Ⅴ.See the translation of the text．Ⅵ.1．chant：words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice 2．navvy：abbreviation of "navigator",a British word meaning an unskilled laborer,as on canals,,roads,etc．3．Stow：put or hide away in a safe place 4．warp：bend,curve,or twist out of shape 5．self-contained：self—sufficient；having within oneself or itself all that is necessary 6．wretched：poor in quality,very inferior 7．mummified：thin and withered,looking like a mummy 8．reach—me—down：<British colloquialism>second—hand or ready—made clothing 9．charger：a horse ridden in battle or on paradeⅦ．cry指因痛苦、忧伤或悲哀而发出悲切的声音,并伴以流泪.weep更具体,强调流泪；sob指呜呜咽咽、一吸一顿地哭泣；wail指无法抑制悲哀而拖长声调痛哭；whimper43 指像受惊的小孩一样声音压抑地、时断时续地哭；moan 则指因悲伤或痛苦而低声地、拖长声调地哀叹. 2．mania本指狂郁精神病所表现出的症状,具体表现为喜怒无常,时哭时笑,行为不能自制；delirium指暂时性精神极端错乱<如酒醉发烧时>,具体表现为烦躁不安、语无伦次和产生幻觉；frenzy是非医学用语,指狂暴不能自制. hysteria在精神病学上指心因性紊乱,表现为容易激动、焦躁不安、感官和运动功能紊乱以与不自觉地模拟眼瞎、耳聋等.用于引申义时,mania指对于某事的爱好达到狂热的程度,成为癖好,如a mania for drinking<嗜酒>；delirium 指极度兴奋,如a delirium of joy<狂喜>；hysteria 指强烈的、不可控制的感情爆发,如：She laughed and cried in her hysteria．<她又是笑又是哭,感情难以控制.>. 3．flash指突发的、短暂而耀眼的闪光；gleam指黑暗中闪现出的一束稳定的光线；sparkle指星星点点的闪光；glitter 指由物体反射出的星星点点的闪光；glisten指外部亮光反射于沾水的平面上而显出的光亮；shimmer指由微波荡漾的水面反照出的柔和的闪光.Ⅷ．1．burying—ground<verbal noun in—ing + noun>：drinking cup, hiding place,diving board,waiting room,freezing point, carving knife,writing desk,typing paper,swimming suit 2．gravestone<noun +noun>：oilwell,silkworm,shirt—sleeves,girl—friend,gaslight,bloodstain,frogman,win—dow—pane 3．mid—air<adjective +noun>：half—brother,black—market, half—pay.darkroom,madman,double—talk,hothouse, handy man 4．orercrowding<adverb +verbal noun in—ing>：dry-cleaning,overeating,oversleeping,deep—freezing, underpricing, underrating,down—grading,up—dating 5．nine—tenths<adj．from a cardinal number +noun,from an44ordinal number> : one-fifth, two-sixths, three-eighths, one-ninthIX. 1. "thread" as in "The little crowd of mourners...threaded their way across the market… ", indicating that the market was so crowded that the crowd could hardly pass through. 2. "rise", "sweat", "starve", and "sink" as in "They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard"-", giving a deep impression of how these people live a short and miserable life. 3. "sidle" as in "An Arab navvy working on the path nearby lowered his heavy hoe and sidled slowly towards us", showing clearly how a shy man walked carefully. 4. "grope" as in "Even a blind man .'. heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand", presenting a clear picture of a blind man desiring to get a cigarette. 5. "mummify" as in "All of them are mummified with age and the sun "--", a forceful word indicating what a miserable state those women are in.6. "hobble" as in"'" the file of old women had hobbled past the house with their firewood "'", indicating that these women could not walk properly because of the heavy load they were carrying. 7. "tip" as in """ its master tips it into theditch """, showing how casually a master deals with his dead dog which has served him devotedly.8. "stow" as in "I tore off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some secret place under his rags", designating how much the poor navvy treasured that piece of bread.Ⅹ.1.After the British army had lost all its equipment at Dunkirk, there was only a single armored divison left to protect the home island. 2. Although the dry prairie land will drift away in dust storms, it is still being plowed for profitless wheat farming. 3. If the educational program is to succeed, it has to have more than mere financial support from the government. 4. They have wasted their natural resources, which they should have protected and conserved. 5. Soon other settlers were ing in over the first rough trail which the Caldwell family had opened. 6. The Smithsonian Institute is constantly working, with little or no publicity, for a better understanding of nature for man's benefit. 7. Queen Mary was easily shaken by passions--passions of love and of hatred and revenge. 8. For a few days I dreaded opening the door of his office. 9. Concealed by the fog of early dawn, I crawled out and made my way to the beach. 10. Leaving the door of the safe unlocked and taking the leather bag of coins, I walked down the street toward the bank.Ⅺ.1."Life on the farm is an eternal battle against nature" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity. It is a bad piece of writing. The writer of this paragraph has pletely forgotten what he had started out to say. Instead of being an "eternal battle", life in this paragraph be-es a pleasant and exciting experience--which it probably is, but that is not what the writer set out to prove. "There are three reasons why I like Japanese food" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity because the writer introduces facts and ideas irrelevant to the topic stated in his opening sentence, e. g. "However, most Japanese love rice. One of my Japanese friends has at least two bowls of rice at every meal. " and "Also, from the male point of view, Japanese restaurants are attractive for another reason--the beautiful little doll-like waitresses, who bow and smile shyly as they serve your food. Ⅻ. pulled, feel, goes, went, e, fe11, altered, paralyzed seemed, sagged, slobbered, settled, imagined, fired, collapse, climbed, drooping, did, jolt, knock, falling, tower, reaching, trumpeted, came, shakeⅩⅢ. Omitted. ⅪⅤ. Shack Dwellers in Old ShanghaiAt the edge of Old Shanghai, there were some areas neglected by the splendid city: they were desolate, dirty, and lay humbly at the foot of high-rise factory chimney. From the point of view of the city residents, these places were not suit- able for men. There, however, did live crowds of creature called human beings. They dwelled in the shacks they built themselves. A shack was made up of mud and dried hay--the former being the ponent of walls and the latter being the roof. Usually there was a small door with a thin wooden board and seldom was there any window. One could easily touch the roof with his hand. The shack was small and dim, thus the door was seldom kept closed. When it rained or blew, there was no more difference inside than outside. How did they manage to live? Some of them were road builders: they dug hard with a pickaxe, pulled a huge stone roller to flatten the road, or dug gutters underground all the day. Some made a living by wheelbarrow. With a load of nearly 500 kilogrammes, they pushed forward sweating all over. Some dragged their rickshaws. And among those shack dwellers were many industrial workers, male and female. When a child grew to be thirteen, he or she started to work in a factory. In short, the vast majority of the people did toil but got a slight gain.Lesson Three Pub Talk and the King’s EnglishⅠ . 1. Carlyle : Thomas Carlyle <1795-1881>, English essayist and historian born at Ecclefechan, a village of the Scotch lowlands. After graduating from the University of Edinburgh, he rejected the ministry, for which he had been intended, and determined to he a writer of hooks. In 1826 he married Jane Welsh, a well-informed and ambitious woman who did much to further his career.。

1.We’re elevated 23 feet. =our house has been raised by 23 feet in comparison with the past.2.The place (house) has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered (caused any damage to it)3.We can batten down and ride it out. =we can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane withoutmuch damage.4.The generator was doused, and the lights went out. =water got into the generator and put it out. It stoppedproducing electricity, so the light also went out.5.John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt. =as john watched the water inch its way up thesteps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.6.Janis had just one delayed reaction.=Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervoustension caused by the hurricane.1.and it is an activity only of humans =and conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings2.conversation is not for making a point = conversation is not for persuading others to accept our ideas3.in fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose = in fact, a person who really enjoys and isskilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his viewpoint4.bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’ lives = people who meet each others for a drink in a bar are notintimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed in each others’ life5.it could still go ignorantly on = the conversation could go without anybody knowing who was right or wrong6.there are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef =these animals are called cattle when they are alive andfeeding in the fields; but when we sit down at table to eat we called their meat beef7.the new ruling class had built a cultural barrier him by building their French against his own lg. = the newruling class by using French instead of eg made it difficult for the eg to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers8.eg had come royally into its own =the eg lg received proper recognition and was used by the king once more9.the phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes = the phrase, theking’s eg, has always disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes. The working people very often made fun of the proper and formal lg of the educational people10.the rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there =there still exists in the working people, as in the earlySaxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class11.there is always a great danger that” words will harden into things for us”= there is always a great danger thatwe might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent12.even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s eg slips and slides in conversation = even themost educated and liberated people use non-standard, informal, rather than standard, formal eg in their conversation 13.And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe. =buttoday this issue has not been decided in many countries around the world.14.United, there is little we cannot do in host of cooperative ventures. =bound together we can accomplish a lot ofthings in the variety of joint ventures.15.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. =we will not allow any enemycountry to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.16.Our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace.=theUS is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.17.Before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidentalself-destruction. = before the terrible forces of destruction which science can now release, overwhelm mankind;before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place.18.Yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind’s final war. =yet bothgroups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from an launching mankind’s final war.19.So let us begin anew (once begin), remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness. = andremember that being polite is not a sign of weakness.20.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to leadthe land we love. = our sure reward will be a good conscience and the history finally will judge whether we have done our task well or not. Let us start leading the country we love.21.By the very of production, he has risen above the animal kingdom. = because of the fact itself that man produces,he has developed to a much higher level than or the other animals22.Work is also his liberator from nature, his creator as a social and independent being. =work also frees man andmakes him into a social being independent of nature23.All are expressions of the creative transformation of nature by man’s reason and skill. =no matter when it wasdone or who did it, provides an example of man applying his intelligence and his skill to change nature creatively 24.There is no spilt of work and play, or work and culture. =the worker finds pleasure in his work and through workhe also develops his mind. Therefore, pleasure and work go together and so does the cultural development of the worker and his work.25.Work became the chief factor in a system of “innerwordly asceticism,” an answer to man’s sense of alonenessand isolation.=work became the chief element in a system that preached an austere and self-denying way of life.Work was the only thing that soothed those who felt alone and isolated because of his ascetic life.26.Work has become alienated from the working person. =work has been separated from the worker and the workeris not interested in it at all. Instead, he feels estranged from it or hostile to it.27.Work is a means of getting money, not in itself a meaningful human activity. =work helps the worker to earnmoney; except this it is not an activity with much significance28. a pay check is not enough to base one’s self-respect on = just earning some money is not enough for a worker toestablish his self-respect29.most industrial psychologists are mainly concerned with the manipulation of the worker’s psyche= mostindustrial psychologists are mainly trying to manage and control the workers’ mind30.it is going to pay off in cold dollars and cents to management=better relations with the public will yield largeprofits to management31.But this usefulness often serves only as a rationalization for the appeal to complete passivity and receptivity=the fact that gadgets are indeed useful is often used by advertisers as a mere “high-minded” cover for the real, vulgar appeal to idleness and submissiveness.32.He has a feeling of fraudulency about his product and a secret contempt for it=the businessman gets theknowledge that the quality of his product doesn’t match what it should be. Conscious of the deception involved, he despises the goods he produces33.the slighted mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged.=at very mention of theTwenties, middle-aged people began to recall it longingly and young people curious and began to ask questions about it34.the rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable= anyway, it was inevitable for America to discardVictorian gentility which upheld the middle-class respectability and affected refinement characteristics of Victorian eg35.The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure=the war onlyhelped to speed up the collapse of the Victorian social structure.36.it was tempted, in America at least, to escape its responsibilities and retreat behind an air of naughtyalcoholic sophistication =in America ,at least, the young people are strongly disposed to escape their responsibilities. They pretend to be wordly-wise and disregard conventional standards of behavior, drinking and breaking the traditional morality naughtily.37.Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit=the young peoplefound more pleasure in drinking because Prohibition made it a kind of adventure.38.our young men began to enlist under foreign flags=our young men joined the foreign armies to fight in the war.39.They “wanted to get up into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up= they wanted to take part in theadventure of war before it ended.40.they had outgrown towns and families=they couldn’t adapt themselves to life in their hometowns and familiesanymore41.The returning veteran also had to face the hypocritical do-goodism of Prohibition=the returning veterans alsohad to face the stupid cynicism shown by the Victorious allies in Versailles who acted just like Napoleon once did.42.sth in the tension-ridden youth of America had to “give”=under this pressure sth in the young people, who werealready very tense, had to break down.43.it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and“Puritanical” gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center=it was only natural the promising young writers whose thoughts extremely opposed war, Babbittry and “Puritanical” gentility, should come in great numbers to live in the Greenwich Village, the traditional culture44.each town had its “fast” set which prided itself on its unconventionality=each town was proud that it has groupof wild unconventional people45.it is a complex fate to be an American=the fate of American is complicated and full of changes and possibilities46.They were no more at home in Europe than I was=all of us felt uneasy in Europe.47.we were both searching for our separate identities= Each of us was trying to find his own set of personalcharacteristics by which his recognizable as a member of some group48.I do not think that I could have made this reconciliation here=I don’t think I could have accepted my status ofbeing a Negro willingly in America49.Europe can be very crippling too=sometimes things in Europe can also be very frustrating50.it is easier to cut across social and occupational lines there than it is here=it is easier to contact with people ofdifferent social status and occupations in Europe than in American51. a man can be as proud of being a good waiter as of being a good actor, and in neither case feel threatened= inEurope a good waiter and actor is equally proud of their social status and jobs. Neither of them envies the other and is not afraid of losing their position52.I was born in New York, but have lived only in pockets of it=I was born in NY, but have lived only in some smallareas of it53.on this acceptance, literally, the life of a writer depends=the life of a writer wholly depends upon whether or nothe accepts he will always carry the marks of the origins54.American writers do no have a fixed society to describe=American writers do not live in the society wherenothing is changed .instead, everything is unchangeable in their society so they do not have a fixed society to write about55.every society is really governed by hidden laws, by unspoken but profound assumptions on the part of thepeople= actually, every society is ruled and influence by hidden laws, and by many people deeply felt and taken for granted by its people, though not openly expressed56.this reassessment, which can be very painful, is also very valuable= the reconsideration of many things that onehad always taken for granted in the past can be very painful, though very valuable57.nowadays New York is out of phase with American taste=nowadays NY is often in disagreement with taste of theAmerican people58.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends=NY even indulged itself infeeling of satisfaction for it can resist the prevailing trends of America59.sitcoms cloned and canned in Hollywood, and the Johnny Carson show live, pre-empt the airwaves fromCalifornia =situation comedy which are similar in content and style are produced in large amounts in Hollywood and the live broadcasting of JC’s talk show dominated the radio and the TV channels of California60.it is making sth of a comeback as a tourist attraction= it is regaining somewhat its status as a tourist attraction61.to win in New York is to be uneasy= to a person who succeeds in NY is disturbed by constant worries that hemight fail someday in the fierce competition62.nature’s pleasures are much qualified in New York =the chances to enjoy the pleasures of nature are very limitedin NY63.the city’s bright glow arrogantly obscures the heavens= the city’s bright lights seem haughtily to make the skydim64.but the purity of a bohemian dedication can be exaggerated=but a wholehearted dedication to art, which isbohemian style can be overstated65.in both these roles it ratifies more than it creates=in these two roles of banking and communications headquarters,NY originates very few things but gives its approval a lot to many things created by other cities66.the television generation grew up in the insistent presence of hype=the generation who grew up watching andenjoying TV was constantly and strongly influenced by exaggerated ads67.those who are writing ambitious novels sustain themselves on the magazines=writers who are creatingchallenging novels make their living in the same time by writing articles for popular magazines68.Broadway, which seemed to be succumbing to the tawdriness of its environment, is astir again.=Broadway,which seemed to give in to the flashy shows put on in the surrounding areas, become active again69.he prefers the unhealthy hassle and the vitality of urban life=he likes the unhealthy turmoil and livelyatmosphere of a city more70.the defeated are not hidden away somewhere else on the wrong side of town=the people who failed in thestruggle of life are not hidden away in slums where other people can not see them71.The place constantly exasperates, at times exhilarates.= NY constantly irritates the people living here butoccasionally it stimulates them。