蛮族入侵中英文对照(按拼音排序)

Here are the list of Blue Turk (Türük / Kök Türük / Gök Türk / Tūjué[T’u-chüeh] 突厥) rulers (note: only the commonly used and commonly known titles are written):Eastern Rulers:1 ) Bumïn Il Qaġan:Years of reign: 551-552.Name: Bumïn or Tümän in Turkic, Tŭmèn (T’u-men) 土門in Chinese.Titles: Bumïn Il Qaġan in Turkic (Bumïn Qaġan in the inscriptions), βwmyn γ'γ'n in Soghdian and Tŭmèn Yīlì Kĕhàn (T’u-men Yi-li K’o-han) 土門伊利可汗in Chinese.2 ) Yĭxījì Qaġan:Years of reign: 552-553.Name: Qara in Turkic, Kēluó (K’o-lo) 科羅in Chinese.Title: Yĭxījì Kĕhàn (Yi-hsi-chi K’o-han) 乙息記可汗in Chinese.3 ) Mùgān Qaġan:Years of reign: 553-572.Title before becoming Qaġan: Yāndū Sìjīn (Yen-tu Ssu-chin) 燕都俟斤(Sìjīn 俟斤= Irkin, a Turkic title) in Chinese.Title of Qaġanship: If Mugan is Turkic, it should be Buqan or Buġan as words in Old Turkic could not start with the sound M; yet, the existence of a word or name in Turkic as Buqan or Buġan is unknown (however, the name of the Blue Turk commander who attacked Crimea was written as Bukhanos Βουχανος in Greek). Mwγ'n γ'γ'n in Soghdian and Mùgān Kĕhàn (Mu-kan K’o-han) 木杆可汗in Chinese.4 ) Tapar/Taspar Qaġan:Years of reign: 572-581.Name: Possibly Tapar in Turkic, T’sp’r (Taspar) in Soghdian.Title: T’sp’r γ'γ'n in Soghdian and Ta/Tuóbō Kěhàn (T’o-bo K’o-han) 佗鉢in Chinese.5 ) Ānluó Qaġan:菴羅:Year of reign: 581Name and title: Ānluó (An-lo) 菴羅in Chinese, but it’s not known whether he got the title Qaġan or not.(Civil War, Qaġanate divided between several rulers, Näväär unifies the state)6 ) Ïšbara Qaġan:Years of reign: 582-587.Name: Nw’’r (Näväär/Ñevar/Nivar) in Soghdian and Shètú (She-t’u) / Niètú (Nie-t’u) 攝圖in Chinese.Titles: Ïšbara Qaġan in Turkic, Nw’’r γ'γ'n in Soghdian, Ĕrfú Kěhàn (Er-fu K’o-han) 爾伏可汗and Shābōlüè Kěhàn (Sha-po-lüe K’o-han) 沙鉢略可汗in Chinese.7 ) Baġa Qaġan:Years of reign: 587-588.Name and title before becoming Qaġan: Possibly Čulluġ in Turkic, Yèhù Chŭluóhòu (Ye-hu Ch’u-lo-hou) 葉護處羅侯(Yèhù葉護= Yabġu, autonomous ruler of a half of the state) in Chinese.Title: Baġa Qaġan in Turkic, Mòhè Kěhàn (Mo-ho K’o-han) 莫賀可汗in Chinese.8 ) Dūlán Qaġan:Years of reign: 588-600.Name: Yōngyúlǘ (Yung-yü-lü) 雍虞閭in Chinese.Title: Dū/Dōulán Kěhàn (Tu/Tou-lan K’o-han) 都蘭可汗in Chinese.9 ) Qĭmín Qaġan:Years of reign: 600-609.Name: Tūlì (T’u-li) 突利in Chinese.Title: Yīlìdou Qĭmín Kěhàn (Yi-li-tou Ch’i-min K’o-han) 伊利(?)啟民可汗in Chinese.10 ) Shĭbì Qaġan:Years of reign: 609-619.Name: Duōjíshì/Doují (Tuo-chi-shih/Tou-chi) 咄吉世in Chinese.Title: Shĭbì Kěhàn (Shih-pi K’o-han) 始畢可汗in Chinese.11 ) Tūlì Qaġan:Years of reign: 619-621.Name: Possibly Čulluġ in Turkic, Chŭluóhòu (Ch’u-lo-hou) 處羅侯in Chinese.Titles: Yabġu Qaġan in Turkic, TūlìKěhàn (T’u-li K’o-han) 突利可汗and YèhùKěhàn (Ye-hu K’o-han) 葉護可汗in Chinese.12 ) Illig Qaġan:Years of reign: 621-630.Name: Duōbì (To-bi) 咄苾in Chinese.Title: Il/Illig Qaġan in Turkic and Xié/Jiélì Kěhàn (Hsieh/Chieh-li K’o-han) 颉利可汗/ 頡利可汗in Chinese.(in 630, Táng [T’ang] 唐Dynasty destroys the Eastern Qaġanate)13 ) Dabu Qaġan: Rebellious.Years of reign: 630-638.Title: Dabu Kěhàn (Ta-pu K’o-han) (?)(?)可汗in Chinese.14 ) Yugu Šad:Years of reign: 638-639.Title: Yugu Shè(Yü-ku She) (?)(?)殺in Chinese (Shè殺= Šad, a Turkic title used for general governors).15 ) Yiminishusilipi Qaġan: Brought by the Táng (T’ang) 唐Dynasty to the leadership of the Blue Turks who were settled in China.Years of reign: 641-643.Name: Simo (Ssu-mo) (?)(?) in Chinese.Title: Yiminishusilipi Kěhàn (Yi-mi-ni-shu-ssu-li-p’i K’o-han) (?)(?)(?)(?)(?)(?)(?)可汗in Chinese.16 ) Yizhu Chebi Qaġan: Rebellious.Years of reign: 638/639-648/650.Name: Hubo (Hu-po) (?)(?) in Chinese.Titles: Chebi (Ch’e-pi) (?)(?) in Chinese in the beginning, later acquired the title Yizhu Chebi Kěhàn (Yi-chu Ch’e-pi K’o-han) (?)(?)(?)(?)可汗in Chinese.17 ) Āshǐnà Nizäk Bäg Qaġan: Rebellious.Years of reign: 679-680.Name: Probably Nizäk Bäg in Soghdian-Turkic, ĀshǐnàNíshúfú(A-shih-na Ni-shu-fu; Āshǐnà阿史那was the ruling tribe of this empire) 阿史那泥熟匐in Chinese. The Chinese form of Soghdian Nîzäk is Níshú (Ni-shu) 泥熟; whereas Fú匐might have been used for Turkic Bäg (Chieftain).18 ) Āshǐnà Fúniàn Qaġan: Rebellious.Year of reign: 681.Name: Āshǐnà Fúniàn (A-shih-na Fu-nien) 阿史那伏念in Chinese.19 ) Iltiriš Qaġan: Rebellious but successful.Years of reign: 682-691.Name: Qutluġ in Turkic, Āshĭnà Gǔduōlù (A-shih-na Ku-do-lu) 阿史那骨咄祿in Chinese. Titles: QutluġQaġan and IltirišQaġan in Turkic, Xié/JiédiēlìshīKěhàn (Hsieh/Chieh-tie-li-shih K’o-han) 頡跌利施可汗and Gǔduōlù Kěhàn (Ku-to-lu K’o-han) 骨咄祿可汗in Chinese.20 ) Qapġan Qaġan:Years of reign: 691-716.Title before becoming Qaġan: There are view about this being Bögü or Bäg Čor in Turkic, but I support the Bäg Čor theory; Mòchuò (Mo-ch’o) 默啜in Chinese.Titles of Qaġanship: Bögü Qaġan and Qapghan Qaġan in Turkic, Mòchuò Kěhàn (Mo-ch’o K’o-han) 默啜可汗in Chinese.21 ) Inäl Qaġan:Year of reign: 716.Name: Might be Bögü in Turkic, Fújù (Fu-chü) 匐俱in Chinese.Title: Inäl Qaġan (according to one view, Ini Il-Qaġan; but I support the Inäl Qaġan theory) in Turkic, Yíniè Kěhàn (Yi-nie K’o-han) 移涅可汗in Chinese.22 ) Bilgä Qaġan:Years of reign: 716-734.Name: Mòjílián (Mo-chi-lien) 默棘連in Chinese.Title: Bilgä Qaġan in Turkic and Píjiā Kěhàn (P’i-chia K’o-han) 毗伽可汗in Chinese.23 ) Yīrán Qaġan:Years of reign: 734-740.Title: Yīrán Kěhàn (Yi-jan K’o-han) 伊然可汗in Chinese.24 ) Täŋri Qaġan:Years of reign: 740-741.Title: Täŋri Qaġan in Turkic and Cheng/Dēnglì Kěhàn 登利可汗in Chinese.25 ) (name and title unknown; one of Bilgä Qaġan's sons)26 ) (name and title unknown; one of Bilgä Qaġan's sons)27 ) Qutluġ Yabġu:Years of reign: 741-742.Title: Qutluġ Yabġu in Turkic and Gǔduōlù Yèhù (Ku-to-lu Y e-hu) 骨咄祿葉護in Chinese.28 ) Ozmïš Qaġan:Years of reign: 742-744.Title before becoming Qaġan: Ozmïš Tigin.Title of Qaġanship: Ozmïš Qaġan (some people read this as Özmiš but it is written Ozmïšin the inscriptions) in Turkic and WūsūmĭshīKěhàn (Wu-su-mi-shih K’o-han) 烏蘇米施可汗in Chinese.29 ) Báiméi Qaġan:Years of reign: 744-745.Title: Báiméi Kěhàn (Pai-mei K’o-han) 白眉可汗in Chinese; it might be Aqqaš Qaġan in Turkic because Báiméi 白眉means White Eyebrowed in Chinese, but we have no written evidence.Western Rulers:1 ) Istämi Yabġu: Not independentYears of Yabġuship: 552-576.Name: Istämi in Turkic inscriptions; Silziboulos ΣΙΛΕΙΒΟΥΛΟΣ/ Σιλδιβουλοσ, DizaboulosΓΙΕΑΒΟΥΛΟΣ / Γιδαβουλοσ, Stembis ΣΤΔΜΒΙΣ / Στεμβισ in Greek; Sinjibûﻮﺒﺠﻨﺴin Arabic and Shìdiănmì (Shih-tien-mi) 室點蜜/ Shìdìmĭ (Shih-ti-mi) 室帝米in Chinese.Titles: Istämi Yabġu in Turkic (Istämi Qaġan in the inscriptions) and ShìdiănmìYèhù(Shih-tien-mi Ye-hu) 室點蜜葉護in Chinese.2 ) Tardu Yabġu/Qaġan:Mostly accepted as independent, some say it's his successor who made the Western Qaġanate independent.Years of reign: 576-603.Name: Tardu in Turkic and Soghdian, Dátóu (T a-t’ou) 達頭in Chinese.Titles: Tardu Yabġu/Qaġan in Turkic, Dátóu Kěhàn (Ta-t’ou K’o-han) 達頭可汗and BùjiāKěhàn (Pu-chia K’o-han) 步迦可汗in Chinese.3 ) Chŭluó Qaġan:Years of reign: 603-611.Name: Hésànà (Ho-sa-na) 曷薩那in Chinese.Title: Níjuē Chŭluó Kěhàn (Ni-chüeh Ch’u-lo K’o-han) 泥撅處羅可汗in Chinese.4 ) Shèguì Qaġan:Years of reign: 611-618.Title: Shèguì Kěhàn (She-kui K’o-han) 射匱可汗in Chinese.5 ) Tǒng Yabġu Qaġan:Years of reign: 618-630.Title: Tǒng Yèhù Kěhàn (T’ung Y e-hu K’o-han) 統野護可汗in Chinese.(Rulers after these are vassals of Táng [T’ang] 唐Dynasty; civil war starts)6 ) Baġatur Küllüg Sìpí Qaġan:Year of reign: 630.Titles before becoming Qaġan: Baġatur in Turkic which is Mòhèduō (Mo-ho-to) 莫賀咄in Chinese and Yǎngsù Tèjìn (Yang-su T’e-chin) 鞅素特靳(Tèjìn 特靳= Tigin, prince). Titles of Qaġanship: Mòhèduō Qūlì Sìpí Kěhàn (Mo-ho-to Ch'ü-li-ssu-p'i K’o-han; Qūlì屈利= Küllüg [Famous]) 莫賀咄屈利俟毗可汗, Hou Qūlìpí Kěhàn (Hou Ch'ü-li-p'i K'o-han) (?)屈利毗可汗or Sì Qūlìsìpí Dūlù (Ssu Ch'ü-li-ssu-p'i Tu-lu) 俟屈利俟毗都陸in Chinese7 ) Yĭpí Bōluó Sì Yabġu Qaġan:Years of reign: 630-633.Title before becoming Qaġan: Xi/Tielì Tèjìn (Hsi/li T'e-chin) 咥利特靳in Chinese.Title of Qaġanship: Yĭpí Bōluó Sì/Lü Yèhù Kěhàn (Yi-p'i Po-lo Ssu Ye-hu K’o-han) 乙毗鉢羅肆葉護可汗in Chinese.8 ) Tarduš Qaġan:Years of reign: 633-634.Name: Nîzäk in Soghdian, Níshú (Ni-shu) 泥孰in Chinese.Title: Tarduš Qaġan in Turkic, Duōluó Kěhàn (T o-lo K’o-han) 咄羅可汗in Chinese.9 ) Ïšbara İltiriš Qaġan:Years of reign: 634-638.Title before becoming Qaġan: Toŋa Šad in Turkic, Tóng’éShè(T’ung-e She) 同俄殺in Chinese.Title of Qaġanship: Ïšbara İltirišQaġan in Turkic, ShābōluóDie/XilìshīKěhàn (Sha-po-lo Tie/Hsi-li-shih K’o-han) 沙鉢羅咥利失可汗in Chinese.(Civil war, the Qaġanate is divided into two)10 ) Yĭpí Tarduš Qaġan:Years of reign: 638-642.Title before becoming Qaġan: Yugu Shè (?)(?)殺in Chinese.Title of Qaġanship: Tarduš Qaġan in Turkic, Yĭpí Duōluó Kěhàn (Yi-p’i To-lo K’o-han) 乙毗咄羅可汗in Chinese.11 ) Yiqulishi Yĭpí Qaġan:Years of reign: 639-640.Title: Yiqulishi Yĭpí Kěhàn (Yi-ch’ü-li-shih Yi-p’i K’o-han) (?)(?)(?)(?)乙毗可汗in Chinese.12 ) Baġatur Yĭpí Yabġu Qaġan:Years of reign: 640-641.Title: Mòhèduō Yĭpí Yèhù [Mo-ho-to Yi-p’i Ye-hu] 莫賀咄乙毗葉護in Chinese.13 ) YĭpíÏšbara Qaġan:Years of reign: 641-642.Title before becoming Qaġan: Biheduo Yèhù (Pi-ho-do Y e-hu) (?)(?)(?)葉護in Chinese. Title of Qaġanship: YĭpíShābōluóKěhàn (Yi-p’i Sha-po-lo K’o-han) 乙毗沙鉢羅可汗in Chinese.14 ) Yĭpí Shèguì Qaġan:Years of reign: 642-649.Title: Yĭpí Shèguì Kěhàn (Yi-p’i She-kui K’o-han) 乙毗射匱in Chinese.15 ) Ïšbara Qaġan:Years of reign: 651-656.Name: Āshǐnà Hèlǔ (A-shih-na Ho-lu) 阿史那賀魯in Chinese.Title: Ïšbara Qaġan in Turkic and ShābōluóKěhàn (Sha-po-lo K’o-han) 沙鉢羅可汗in Chinese.16 ) Xīngxīwáng Qaġan and Jìwǎngjué Qaġan: Puppet qaġans appointed by the Táng (T’ang) 唐Dynasty of China. They had civil war between each other.Years of reign: 651-667.Names: Xīngxīwáng Qaġan's name is ĀshǐnàMíshe (A-shih-na Mi-she) 阿史那彌射in Chinese, Jìwǎngjué Qaġan's name is Āshǐnà Bùzhēn (A-shih-na Pu-chen) 阿史那步真in Chinese.Titles: ĀshǐnàMíshe’s 阿史那彌射title is Xīngxīwáng Kěhàn (Hsing-hsi-wang K’o-han) 興昔亡可汗in Chinese, ĀshǐnàBùzhēn’s 阿史那步真title is JìwǎngjuéKěhàn (Chi-wang-chüeh K’o-han) 繼往絕可汗in Chinese.17 ) Āshǐnà Yuánqìng and Jiézhōng Shìzhŭ Qaġan:Years of reign: 667-692.Names: Yuánqìng’s name is ĀshǐnàYuánqìng (A-shih-na Yüan-ch’ing) 阿史那元慶in Chinese, Jiézhōng's name is Buli Húsèluó (Pu-li Hu-se-lo; Buli = Turkic Böri [Kurt]) (?)(?)斛瑟羅.Titles: Húsèluó’s title is Jiézhōng Shìzhŭ Kěhàn (Chieh-chung Shih-chu K’o-han) 竭忠事主可汗in Chinese.18 ) First On Oq Qaġan: RebelliousYears of reign: 677-679.Name: Tuizi (T’ui-tzu) 俀子in Chinese.Title: On Oq Qaġan in Turkic and Shíxìng Kěhàn (Shih-hsing K’o-han) 十姓可汗in Chinese.19 ) Second On Oq Qaġan:Years of reign: 704-716.Name: Āshǐnà Huáidào (A-shih-na Huai-tao) 阿史那懷道in Chinese.Title: On Oq Qaġan in Turkic and Shíxìng Kěhàn (Shih-hsing K’o-han) 十姓可汗in Chinese.20 ) Āshǐnà Xiàn: Even though he did not acquire the title Qaġan, he was sent by China to rule over the On Oq, people of the Western Blue Turk Qaġanate.Years of service: 705-717.Name: Āshǐnà Xiàn (A-shih-na Hsien) 阿史那獻in Chinese.20 ) Third On Oq Qaġan:Year of reign: 739.Name: Āshǐnà Xīn (A-shih-na Hsin) 阿史那昕in Chinese.Title: On Oq Qaġan in Turkic and Shíxìng Kěhàn (Shih-hsing K’o-han) 十姓可汗in Chinese.。

历史上民族的读法历史上民族的读法有很多种，根据不同的语言和文化背景，可以有不同的发音。

以下是一些常见民族的中文读法：1. 中国族群：- 汉族（hàn zú）- 蒙古族（měng gǔ zú）- 维吾尔族（wéi wú ěr zú）- 藏族（zàng zú）- 彝族（yí zú）- 壮族（zhuàng zú）- 苗族（miáo zú）- 布依族（bù yī zú）- 朝鲜族（cháo xiǎn zú）- 侗族（dòng zú）- 羌族（qiāng zú）- 畲族（shē zú）2. 东亚族群：- 日本人（rì běn rén）- 韩国人（hán guó rén）- 越南人（yuè nán rén）3. 南亚族群：- 印度人（yìn dù rén）- 斯里兰卡人（sī lǐ lán kǎ rén）4. 西亚族群：- 阿拉伯人（ā lā bó rén）- 波斯人（bō sī rén）5. 欧洲族群：- 英国人（yīng guó rén）- 德国人（dé guó rén）- 意大利人（yì dà lì rén）- 法国人（fǎ guó rén）- 葡萄牙人（pú táo yá rén）- 荷兰人（hé lán rén）- 俄罗斯人（é luó sī rén）6. 非洲族群：- 纳米比亚人（nà mǐ bǐ yà rén）- 摩洛哥人（mó luò gē rén）- 尼日利亚人（ní rì lì yà rén）7. 美洲族群：- 美国人（měi guó rén）- 加拿大人（jiā ná dà rén）- 墨西哥人（mò xī gē rén）需要注意的是，由于每个国家或地区的语言和拼音系统不同，虽然是相同的民族名称，读音可能会有所差异。

女人身体器官衰老速度排行第一名:肠道。

你有没有想到，这个盘绕长达5-6米的家伙竟然是你衰老最开始的地方。

的确如此，因为肠道是我们身体里重要的消化吸收系统，营养从这里吸收，毒素、垃圾从这里排出。

人体90%的疾病与肠道不洁有关，1天不排便等于吸3包烟。

肠道衰老带来的最直接的问题就是便秘，肠道中最高能积存约6.5公斤的宿便，大量的宿便堵塞在肠道里，使得毒素、垃圾无法及时排出甚至被肠道当做“营养”重新吸收，于是导致肤色晦暗、斑痘丛生、口臭熏人。

专家建议:1、每周食用高纤维食物2-3 次。

米糠和麦棣中的膳食纤维含量最高，它们可促进大肠的蠕动,缩短食物在大肠里停留的时间，防治便秘:另一方面它们能像海绵一样，吸附肠道内的有毒物质，并及时排出体外，减少肠道对废毒物质的吸收。

2、肠道SPA。

也叫大肠水疗，是经常便秘者改善肠道空间清洁度的有效方法。

、第二名:胸部。

完美坚挺的胸部才是一个女人性感的标志,25岁，胸部开始出现了衰老的征兆，当然也有地心引力的影响，会慢慢开始下垂，而如果不注意胸部的保健,还可能患上乳腺增生、乳腺癌等疾病。

专家建议:1、好的内衣能将你的胸部最高点向上提。

2、永远记得乳房是女性最脆弱的部位，即便是和他水乳交融之际，也不能容忍他粗暴对待你的乳房。

3、生个孩子。

因为当你生第一个孩子时，意味着你患乳腺癌的可能性减少了7%，而如果你选择母乳喂养则可让其再降低4.3%。

4、使用美胸、紧实乳房的健胸霜。

第三名:大脑。

30岁开始，女人的大脑开始衰老，重量也从最重的1600克开始慢慢减轻,想保持你在家庭中的女王地位就让大脑老得再慢一点吧。

专家建议:1、细嚼慢咽，为的不只是保持身材，还可令大脑不老。

当牙齿咀嚼食物20下，大脑的血流量会明显增多，就能保证大脑供血量，保持正常的思维活动。

2、弹奏乐器能使大脑控制若干肌肉协调工作，无疑是一种益脑的锻炼，所以，那架心仪已久的乐器就让他马上买单吧!3.聊天有助于剌激脑神经细胞间的联系、促进大脑思维、延缓大脑逐渐衰老，如同为大脑做“保健操”第四名:卵巢。

领导写给下属的表扬信尊敬的xxx父母：春节好!您的子女在20xx年度被评为xx市万泉河科技有限公司优秀员工，我代表公司全体员工向你全家表示祝贺。

我非常荣幸，在公司艰苦的创业过程中，你的子女加盟这家公司并为公司的发展做出了卓越的贡献。

万泉河科技公司创办于20xx年，目前员工400多人，是xx市重点的高科技企业、软件企业、全国知名网络公司。

自公司成立以来，我们一直坚持与员工共同成长的发展理念，以为员工创造充分的发展空间为己任，以实现公司与员工共同成长为目标。

“优秀员工”是公司对员工最大的肯定，是公司最高的荣誉。

他们在不同的岗位、扮演不同的角色，勤勤恳恳、默默奉献、品德高尚，他们已成为公司的骄傲、公司的主人，他们也将获得公司的期权、股票等奖励。

感谢你们!感谢你们多年的教导、养育，感谢你们对子女工作的支持和鼓励。

今年春节，我国遭遇几十年未遇的雪灾，公司60%的同事都不能回家与父母团聚，我们非常难过，心情非常沉重。

他们不但是公司的一名员工，工作中的同事，也是我们的兄弟姐妹。

我期待有机会与你会面，我们热情欢迎你能到公司来指导、到xx来做客!最后忠心祝愿您全家新春快乐、身体健康、合家幸福!xxxxx年x月x日北京**物业管理有限公司：贵司**大厦项目负责人谢桂华和全体员工在日常工作中认真负责，具备良好的服务意识和技能，严格按照公司规定的工作标准和程序操作，每位员工在工作中都有高昂的工作热情，兢兢业业地完成交办的每一项工作，遇到紧急事件能主动迅捷的到达现场协助处理，既保护了客户财产不受损失又保证了大厦的整体卫生环境，在平凡的岗位上做出了不平凡的成绩，保洁员工的工作质量得到了广大客户和我司的荣誉和肯定。

商场顾客在购物时不慎将钱物失落，贵司员工在拾到后主动上交保卫部，保证客户财产不受损失，体现了贵司员工的高贵品质，在此我司提出书面表扬，望贵司员工持之以恒，在平凡的岗位中做出更大的成绩。

xxxxx年x月x日公司全体员工：员工是企业发展壮大的生力军，公司将对在各自工作岗位上兢兢业业、团结、积极为公司发展做出努力，具有良好的职业道德和素质，认可中集地产的价值观，维护公司经济利益等表现突出的员工予以嘉奖，并通报表扬。