英语语用学论文

2014-2015学年第一学期语用学与英语教学课程考核（研究报告）题目：An analysis of Pragmatic Failure with Cross-cultural Communications学号（准考证号）：1230100054姓名：焦凯丽专业：英语(教法方向)年级：2012级学院：外国语学院完成日期：2015年 1 月10日IntroductionThe Cross-cultural Pragmatics is a relatively young linguistic branch compared with the Traditional Linguistics and Structural Modern Linguistics. It attaches great importance to the research of cross-cultural characteristics. And the cross-cultural pragmatic failure is a common phenomenon in cross-cultural communication process. This paper focus on the analyzing of different kinds of pragmatic failures in our cross-cultural communication, at the same time, giving reflections and feedbacks on our English learning and Language teaching. Being in the rapid developed century of our human society, we should heighten the awareness of appropriating use of pragmatic language in our cross-cultural communication.Part I Theoretical basisBefore Noam Chomsky, Traditional Linguistics and Structural Modern Linguistics regarded language as a system of completely self-sufficient blocking structure, which put an emphasis on the vision field of language researches on the description of linguistic entity and put the language teaching on a cultural vacuum to conduct a rigid practice. But this failed to attach the expected research on the Social culture which affects the language how it affects the construction, comprehension and expression. As a result, linguistic theories couldn't resolve realistic problems of language. And often communicators who have learned some basic knowledge such as phonetic, lexicon and grammar still couldn't carry out proper and effective communication. The birth of sociolinguistics breaks through the research restriction of traditional linguistics and pragmatics and structural. It deepens people’s realization to linguistic social nature and construct a high qualified platform for the study of the Intercultural Communication. However, all kinds of failure still occur in the intercultural communication which influences the quality of international communication because communications cannot master enough foreign knowledge or acknowledge the culture feature of foreign nation. So the research of pragmatic failure in the cross-cultural communication has become a problem of important theoretic meaning and realistic value in the contemporary linguistic study.Cross-cultural Pragmatics is a relatively young linguistic branch, growing out of pragmatics and comparative linguistics, and introducing cultural factors into the research scope of pragmatics. It attracted great importance to the research of cross-cultural characteristics. Cross-cultural pragmatics is the study of the use of second language in cross-cultural speech communication when the pragmatic problem occurs. The conception pragmatic of pragmatic failure was formally proposed by the famous British scientist Jenny Thomas in her thesis "Cross一Cultural Pragmatic Failure" in 1983 which established a theoretical framework for the analysis of pragmatic failure and cultural transfer. She defines pragmatic failure as "inability to understand what is meant by what is said." Thus, Cross-cultural pragmatic failurecan refer to the misunderstanding and even conflict arising in the communication process because of the hearer's failure to catch discourse implication of the speaker accurately and because of his following improper output of utterances, which may be proper in his culture. The pioneer study of pragmatic failure in China goes to He Ziran and his fraternity. In 1984, they launched investigation into pragmatic differences between English and Chinese in reference to Thomas theory, and made known their results of investigation together with explanations about pragmatic failure. Cross-cultural pragmatic failure is a common phenomenon in cross-cultural communication process, in this process, the speaker disobeys the communication standard and social customs, ignores hearer's identity or status, harms the special cultural value of target language, causes the breaking off or failure of communication, makes communicating obstacles, then communication cannot achieve the expected results. Though there is no grammatical error, the wrong way of speaking or the improper performance makes the communication lose the expected effect.Part II Case studiesThere are many kinds of pragmatic failure in our cross-culture communication. First is about the phonetic pragmatic failure. A teacher who teach Chinese in England recalled that, ”My student, John is a typical English gentleman. When we walk down stairs, he always said that '请小心裸体（楼梯），下流，一起下流（下楼）吧。

英语语言学教学的运用关系论文（共3篇）本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！第1篇：浅析英语语言学语言能力与语言运用的关系传统的英语教学是将结构主义作为其行为的指导与准则，进而在语言的听说读写训练上更加注重学生的听、读和写上的内容的熟练掌握，进而对于学生的说的方面的重视不够，进而对于语法知识的僵化性的强调，对于学生语言学习的交际能力以及知识的变通能力没有给予足够的重视，进而忽略了美国文化背景以及语言的交流方面。

这就使得学生虽然能够更好的掌握英语语法和听力读写的能力，但是在实际的英语交流中却像是哑巴一样，想要表达却是不知道如何表达。

教师作为学生语言学习的重要桥梁首先就需要明确语言能和语言运用之间的关系，进而改变传统僵化的教学模式，进而不断提高课堂效率。

一、英语语言学语言能力和语言运用分析由于生活环境和知识发展水平以及认知程度的不断变化使得语言学家对于语言能力以及语言运用上的定义就有一定的出入。

在二十世界发展的早期，著名的语言学家索绪尔曾经对于“语言”和“言语”之间的概念进行了辨析，进而提出了语言与语言的管理存在很大的关系，也就是说语言能力是对于词汇、发音以及语法等硬性知识的掌握而进行的概括，并且语言可以被看作是言语在实际的社会活动之中的一种交流媒介，这是不经受人的意志上的支配，而是社会人员的一种基础的社会心理现象；但是言语则是对于语言的实际性运用，是每一个人的自由性的活动，其行为是受到自身的意志的支配，进而支配其在社会生活中能够运用语言的知识和语言的规则。

相反，通过对于言语的记录就能够实现对于语言的基本机构和形态的分析来举一反三的总结出该语言的实际使用规则。

语言并不是只是依靠后天的学习就能够获得的，还需要人类在先天就与之而来语言的学习能力的刺激才能够达到，这种能力由于后天的生活环境的影响就会使其内在的知识结构发生很大的改变，进而出现了所谓的语言能力和语言运用的区别。

《汉英同声传译的语用学研究》篇一一、引言随着全球化的不断推进，汉英同声传译在跨文化交流中扮演着越来越重要的角色。

作为一种即时翻译方式，它不仅要求译员具备高超的语言能力，还需掌握丰富的语用学知识。

本文旨在探讨汉英同声传译中的语用学研究，分析其重要性及实际应用。

二、汉英同声传译的语用学基础语用学是研究语言使用及其语境的学科，涉及到语言的理解和解释。

在汉英同声传译中，语用学的重要性主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 语境适应：不同的文化背景和语言习惯导致同一句话在不同语境下含义可能大相径庭。

语用学可以帮助译员理解并适应不同的语境，准确传达原话的含义。

2. 语言表达：语用学研究语言的使用方式，包括口头和书面表达。

在同声传译中，译员需根据原话的语境和表达方式，选择合适的翻译策略，使译文更符合目标语言的表达习惯。

3. 文化差异：汉英文化差异巨大，包括价值观、习俗、信仰等。

语用学可以帮助译员识别并理解这些文化差异，避免因文化误解导致的翻译错误。

三、汉英同声传译的语用学应用1. 词汇选择：在同声传译中，词汇的选择至关重要。

译员需根据语境和目标语言的表达习惯，选择合适的词汇。

例如，在表达“面子”这一概念时，英文中的“honor”和“face”可能无法完全传达其含义，而需要结合具体语境选择更合适的词汇。

2. 句式转换：汉英句式结构存在较大差异，如汉语多意合，英语多形合。

在同声传译中，译员需根据目标语言的句式结构进行适当的句式转换，以使译文更符合目标语言的语法习惯。

3. 文化背景的补充：在翻译过程中，有时原话的某些含义可能难以通过语言本身传达。

此时，译员需借助文化背景进行补充说明，以帮助听众更好地理解。

例如，在翻译中国传统节日时，可简要介绍节日的起源、习俗等文化背景信息。

四、实证研究为进一步探讨汉英同声传译的语用学应用，本文进行了实证研究。

选取了若干汉英同声传译实例，分析译员在翻译过程中如何运用语用学知识解决实际问题。

研究发现，具备丰富语用学知识的译员在词汇选择、句式转换、文化背景补充等方面表现更佳，能够更准确地传达原话的含义。

英语语言学论文六篇英语语言学论文范文2［关键词］英美文学语言教学高校英语教学模式随着我国改革开放的深化和现代化进程的飞速进展，英语作为一门国际性语言，在社会的政治、文化、经济等各个领域对于人才的需求量与日俱增，高校的高校英语教育也正面临新的机遇和挑战。

众多高校英语老师都在不断地摸索，总结新的有效的教学策略和方法。

目前，许多老师在高校英语教学中，尝试使用多媒体教学，用丰富的视听材料给同学创设富有意义的课堂教学环境。

作为一种补充，在课堂教学中融入经典英美文学作品也不失为一种提高同学爱好，促进英语学习的有效途径。

英美文学教育，作为高校英语教育的一种重要手段，可以培育同学的思维力量、想象力以及制造力。

其功能和应用价值的体现不仅仅适用于英语专业高班级的同学，同时也适用于高校外语教学，而文学语言也可以作为英语语言学习的重要范本，在提高高校生人文素养情操及文学鉴赏力量的同时，提高同学的文学语言感悟力。

一、文学语言与英语语言技能的进展众所周知，语言是思想的直接实现，人靠语言来表达思想。

与其他艺术形式相比较，语言艺术有着极为丰富的思想容量。

作家可以直接将自己对生活的感受、体验、理解、评价及心情、情感渗透在作品中，从而以情达理，以理融情，情、理相生。

真正的文学大师笔下的语言是具有生命灵性的，它有声，有色，有味，有情感，有厚度、力度与质感，是应当细心去体会，沉吟，把玩，并从中感受到一种语言的趣味性。

因此语言的背后是人的心灵世界。

对文学语言美的敏感与驾驭力量，是提高人的精神境界，使人变得更加美妙的不行或缺的方面。

文学阅读的魅力与意义也就在于此。

目前的高校英语教学，仍旧停留在传统的单纯课文教学，语言点讲解等层面上，课本内容相对陈旧，老师的教学手段也并无创新之处。

其弊端是忽视英语的基本功能即表达功能，也忽视了同学在教学活动中的主体作用，另外还忽视了对同学英语学习爱好的培育，将生硬的课本内容强行“灌输”;至同学脑海中，使整个课堂教学环节缺乏生气，长此以往，高校英语教学将陷入僵局。

The Cooperative Principle of Pragmatics:An Analysis of the Verbal Humour in the Sitcom Home with KidsSince the language was born, the research of it has never interrupted. Humor is the spice of our lives, leave it the life will be boring. Pragmatics is a main branch of Linguistics, with the development of pragmatic theory, linguists and hobbyists from many angles analysis on verbal humor and achieved fruitful results.While cooperative principle, as one of the most important pragmatic principle, makes a systemic study about language use and lays a solid foundation for later development of pragmatics. The violation of cooperative principle can often generate conversational implicature or achieve certain communicative effects. On the basis of previous humour and pragmatic theory research, I will analysis from the point of the cooperative principle of those verbal humour dialogue in the sitcom "Home with Kids", which reflects the daily life of a rebuilt family and attracts many Chinese audiences by its creating writing, good acting as well as its wonderful transcripts.1. Four Maxims of the Cooperative PrincipleIn 1975, the language philosopher H. P. Grice published a seminal article entitled “The Cooperative Principle” which created quite a stir in the linguis tic world and generated a large number of linguistic publications that are built on Grice's postulates.According to Grice, in conversational exchange, people usually try to reach a common goal by mutual efforts or at least make the conversation develop in the direction of their expectation. To achieve this, people need to cooperate with each other. Grice' theory of the cooperative principle explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey more than what is literally said and foe the hearer to understand.The four maxims of CP are Quantity Maxim, Quality Maxim, Manner Maxim and Relation Maxim. The maxim of quantity has two sub-maxims that require the cooperativespeaker to say as much as but no more than is required for his particular purposes in the talk exchange. The maxim of quality also has two sub-maxims, which demands that the speaker say only what he believes to be true and for which he has sufficient evidence. The maxim of relation urges the speaker to make his contribution relevant to the communication context. The maxim of manner requires the speaker to be methodical and to avoid ambiguity, prolixity, and obscurity. In short, as Grice put it for the cooperative principle, "make yourconversational contribution such as is required,at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged". The cooperative principle is the foundation of pragmatic interpretation of humor, of which the flouting of maxims plays a very important role.2. Floutings of CP Maxims and Humor ProductionIn actual conversation, a participant may deliberately flout CP maxims for some reason or special need. As an important category of non-observance of the conversational maxims, a flout is distinguished by deliberately triggering the hearer's search for an implicature. The speaker employs this way seemingly against the cooperative principle to reinforce the communicative effect. In this way the speaker can make his conversation humorous and thus produce the effect of humor. In fact, flouting of the CP is often seen in Chinese sitcoms. Of course, sitcom writers also deliberately flout the principle in order to achieve humorous effects.2.1 Flouting the Quantity MaximWhen a speaker offers more or less information than is required by the situation with the intention of generating an implicature, he flouts the maxim of quantity. Look at the following example:(1 (In Episode 093, Liu Xing goes to Internet café and Liu Mei keeps asking what he did there.Xing: You'd better not interfere with my business from now on!(以后我的事情你少管 .Mei: What did you say? I don't interfere with your business? Why didn't you say it when I breast-fed you? Why didn't you say it when you were sick? Why didn't you say it when you fell to the ground?Why didn't you say it when you couldn't walk? You don't want me to interfere with you now, because you are grown up and can do whatever you want? (你说什么呢 ? 再说一遍 ! 我少管 ? 你小时候喝奶的时候怎么不说 ? 小时候生病的时候怎么不说呀 ? 摔跟头时候怎么不说呀 ? 学会走路时候怎么不说 ? 这时候让我少管。

浅谈语用学下高职高专英语教学论文1语用学的基本理论1.1语境的定义与解释语境（context）这个概念最早由波兰人类学家马林诺夫斯基（Malinowsiki）在上世纪20年代提出，他指出“话语和环境是紧密结合在一起的，没有语境，词汇就没有意义。

”我国语言学家何兆熊先生（1997）认为，对语境的解释大体分为两类：“一类是把语境解释为从具体的情景抽象出来的，对语言活动的参与者所产生的影响的一些因素，这些因素系统地决定了话语的形式、话语的合适性或话语的意义，另一类把语境解释为语言活动参与者所共有的背景知识，这种背景知识使听话者得以解释说话人通过某一话语所表达的意义”（何兆熊、蒋艳梅，1997）。

语境对于语义的成功传达起到至关重要的作用，比如在汉语口语中经常用“吃了吗？”来打招呼，但如果在用英语交流时提问“：Haveyoueaten?”那就不是打招呼的意思，一般会被误解为请听话人吃饭的含义。

因此，要想恰当准确地进行交流，对中西方文化的理解，对特定语境的理解尤为重要。

我们要在教学中不断传达给学生这一语用学理论，使学生了解不同文化背景，帮助学生积累这些跨文化交际中的文化差异，学会分析语境的不同，恰当地选择语言进行交流。

1.2会话合作原则另一个重要的理论是由牛津大学著名哲学家格莱斯（H.P.Grice）提出的合作原则（cooperativeprinciple），他认为，“我们的交谈通常不是由一连串无不相关的话语组成的，否则就不会合情理。

至少在某种程度上，他们常常是合作举动；参与者都在某种程度上承认其中有一个或一组共同目标，至少有一个彼此都接受的方向（”GriceH.P.,1975）。

为进一步说明这一原则，格莱斯引入了四大准则：数量准则（QuantityMaxim）：使所说的话正好满足当前交谈所需要的信息；所说的话不能多于需要的信息。

质量准则（QualityMaxim）：所说的话要力求真实。

不要说自知虚假的话，不要说缺乏足够证据的话。

Comparative Analysis on deictic expressionsin Chinese and EnglishIntroductionThis paper has discussed the deixis in English and Chinese. The deixis in English is divided in to five categories: person deixis, time deixis, p lace deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. We just analysis person deixis and time deixis .It has also illustrated through the typical examples the concrete usage of the deixis in the deictic context. Deixis is one of the most important tasks in the pragmatic research. It is because the linguistic phenomenon "deixis" exists in linguistic language that it has good reason s to show the close relations between language and the environment in which language is used.Deixis is a technical term(from Greek verb ‘deknum’, meaning “show, point , indicate .”) which means “pointing” via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this ‘pointing ’ is called a deictic expression. It is used to indicate the function or property that certain words, such as personal and demonstrative pronouns, place and time adverbs and others have in language.Levinson contends that deixis generally works in an egocentric way. That is, unless otherwise stated:The central person is the speaker, the central time is the time at which the speaker produces the utterance, the central place is the speaker’s location at utterance time or CT, the discourse centre is the point which the speaker is currently at in the speaker’s social status and rank, to which the status or rank of addressees or referents is relative. (Levinson, 1983:64)Comparative analysis on deictic expressions in Chinese and English.Person deixisPerson deixis indicates the role of participants in communication. It is expressed through the use of personal pronouns or ‘pronominals’as linguists call such as I and you , the speaker (I) and the addressee (you ).Pronominals or personal pronouns may fall into three groups, namely,the first person, the second person and the third person.As for the first person, person deixis encodes a distinction between the singular and plural. For example, in Chinese northern dialect, “wo men” is usually singular in meaning with reference to speaker(s) only while “zan men” is often plural in meaning with reference to both speakers and addressees. However, in modern English, there is only one word for “we”.If we are carefully enough, we shall notice that in some languages, the category of plural notion is not applied to the first person in the same way as it is to the person. Some languages even make a distinction between‘we–inclusive –of-addressee and ‘we-exclusive-of-addressee.’Such distinction may not be common in English, but dose exist in the contraction of ‘‘let’s’ and some other circumstances when reference to context is necessary. For example:1) Let us try again.2) Let’s go to the cinema.“Let us” in 1) is “we-exclusive-of-addressee” and is singular in meaning. While “let’s” in 2) is “we–inclusive –of-addressee”. It refers to both the speaker and addressee and is plural in meaning.As for the second person, Chinese has two different sets of pronouns , an informal one for use when talking to friends and a more formal one or honorific one used for showing respect to the addressees who are older or more important than the speaker, to show the distinction between the singular and plural. For example, there is a distinction between “ni” ,“ni men” and “nin”. The last is used when we are talking to people who are older or more important than us.In English, however, there is no such a distinction; “you” is used for both the singular and plural and is the only form that people use to refer to an addressee or addressees. In both spoken and written English , the second person pronoun “you” can be used to refer to anyone as in the following examples:You will never be successful until you do your best.As a matter of fact, only the first person and the second person are actually participating in the drama.The third person is defined negatively as neither the first nor the second, and dose not correlate with any positive participant role. Normally the third person pronoun is indicating neither the speaker/speakers nor addressee/addressees.The speaker and the addressee are necessarily present in the speech situation, whereas other persons and things to which reference is mademay be absent from the situation, they may be left unidentified. Time deixisTime deixis is a group of words that indicate time. Different language has different lexical means of expressing the concept of time. Time deictic expressions include time adverbs such as “this”, “last”, “next”, “week”, “month”, “year”, “now”, “then”, ”ago”, “later”“yesterday”，“today”, “tomorrow” and tense system.Pragmatic study of time deixis concerns the specification and understanding of temporal points relative to the time at which communication takes place. Like person deixis, time deixis also takes into account a point of origin or the base point.Due to the search for the point of view regarding time (or time origin) in understanding time deictic information, pragmatists have made a distinction between coding time (CT: the time when a message is formed) and receiving time (RT: the time when a message is received).Though making a list of time deixis in one language is relatively simple, the use of time deixis, however, is not always so straightforward.The topic of time deixis has been complicated by the interaction between its calendric and non-calendric.“Now” The time deixis “now” indicates two different time spans . One is the time at which the speaker is producing the utterances while the other is “the time which spans from CT (including CT) to a certain period after the CT. For example:I am working on a new project now.I’ll see you today“Then” contrasts with “now’ and indeed can be understood as “not now” so mean both past and future time. For example:I will have finished my university life thenAnother very important time deictic is the tense system. In fact, almost every sentence makes a reference to an event time. Often this event time can only be determined in relation to the time of the utterance. For example:1) China will hold the Olympics games in Beijing.2) China held the Olympics games in Beijing.3) China held the Olympics games in Beijing in 2008.Languages in the world differ in pre-emptive deictic terms for the days. For example, English has only a three-number set of pre-emptiveterms (“yesterday”, “today”, “tomorrow”); Mandarin Chinese has five (“qian tian”, “zuo tian”, “jin tian”, “ming tian”, “hou tian”) and so on.SummaryDeixis presents and shows the property of all pragmatic language use -----that of relying on the speaker ----hearer setting up a common context to which a very wide range of language uses can be interpreted.In this paper, we have briefly compared the differences of person deixis and time deixis in Chinese and English. At the same time, we also have briefly examined of pragmatic functions of some deictic items such as I, here, now, etc. We figure out the importance of the common and the difference in different language. We assume the addressee’s knowledge of the speaker’s identity (in the case of place deixis) in order to identity and understand the deictic information conveyed by these lexical items in communication.In the whole process, we have gradually come to realize that the literal meanings and the referents of deictic items are different in different countries and languages and may vary under different contexts. So it’s very important for us to analysis the deixis in varied perspectives providing different countries’ culture backgrounds.。

浅析语用学在英语教学中的运用【摘要】语用学是语言学研究重要分支，通过二语习得中的文化迁移现象可以看出，语用学的运用对于外语教学有着特有的效果。

本文将从语用学的研究对象着手，并将语用学的研究成果应用在外语教学实践中，提出克服二语习得中的文化负迁移现象的方法和措施。

【关键词】语用学文化负迁移二语习得语用学是随着语言学不断发展而产生的一个重要分支，什么是语用学？语用学的研究对象是什么？它对外语学习有什么重要的指导意义呢？要回答第三个问题，我们必须先回答前两个问题。

让我们从以下虚拟的例子入手:“好你吗?”具有汉语语感的人对这一句子的直接反应是:不符合汉语语法,符合汉语语法的句子应该是:“你好吗?”这是语言学中句法学的传统研究对象。

再看一个虚拟的例子:“强壮的桌子迈着虚弱的步伐温柔地向前狂奔。

”这句子读起来挺顺的,我们的感觉是语法没问题,但它究竟表达什么意思呢? 既然“强壮”,怎么会“虚弱”呢? 既然“温柔”,怎么还会“狂奔”呢? 简直是一派胡言乱语嘛。

一个句子的语言文字本身的固有意义是语言学中形式语义学的传统研究对象。

再下来是一个语言学界经常引用的例子:“it is cold in here . ”“这里头冷”,听起来语法没问题,其字面意义也一清二楚,即“某一地点气温比较低”。

但是,“是谁在什么时间、什么地点、在什么情况下、对什么人、为了什么目的使用了这句句子”。

(何兆熊,1989 :13) 就不是传统的句法学和语义学所能解决的问题,因为“说话人很可能是为了请听话人做点什么,比如关上门窗,打开暖气,借件衣服御寒等。

”(同上,1989 :14) 换句话说,这里要研究的不是句子本身的意义, 而是研究“语言在使用中的意义” ,“语言在语境中的意义”,归根结底是“说话人的意义”,也可简称为“话语意义”。

(何自然,1997 :122) 这就是语用学(pragmatics) 的研究对象。

以上只是对语言学中三个重要分支句法学、语义学、语用学的研究对象进行了粗略划分。

关于英语语言学论文免费参考例文随着信息全球化的快速发展，英语已经成为了国际通用语言，英语语言学是高校英语专业学生的一门必修课程。

下文是店铺为大家整理的英语语言学论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!英语语言学论文篇1浅析英语语言学的课程教学摘要：短短二三十年时间，语言学教学研究分类越来越细、分工越来越明确，正如王宗炎(1988：15)形象地比喻：过去的语言学只是一家小商店，如今已发展成为一家百货公司。

对于林林总总的学科分类和研究流派，结合教学大纲和英专学生本科阶段知识体系的形成，对该课程定位是必要的。

白郁(2007)认为语言学目标是宽泛的而非具体的，即培养学生的理论修养和对语言的热爱。

而本文则认为既应有宽泛目标，也应有具体目标。

学习理论知识时，学习和应用研究方法也是很重要的。

语言学基础理论，尤其是微观方面的理论成果，对英专学生语言技能的提高有检验作用;在跨学科或横向方面，将语言学相关理论用到英美文学和英汉翻译中，提高文学作品鉴赏能力，提升英汉对译技巧，形成论文即为具体目标。

诚然，理论与实践结合非一朝一夕之事，但撰写论文乃一种尝试。

故在介绍理论时，必要补充对理论的应用与研究，适当抛砖引玉，可有效激发学生探索兴趣。

故，具体目标使学生看到学习成效，宽泛目标锻炼了学生理性思维，既调动心灵又提高素质，教学效果也就不同了。

关键词：语言学语用学语篇分析1、教学内容传统课本基本上以微观语言学为主，按结构语言学思路编排内容，从语音学、音系学、形式学、句法、语义学，一直到语用学和语篇分析。

教学内容的改革是大多数学者的主张，如白郁(2007)认为应以语言哲学意义、语言与大脑及认知关系、语言学发展简史、宏观把握语言学真正意义等四方面为重。

还有学者认为增加课外阅读材料以改进教学内容，如王扬(2004)和吴格奇(2005)主张选用有助于学生理解基本理论、概念的材料、辅之以拓宽视野的补充材料。

还有以宏观还是微观语言学内容作为教学重点的争论：“微观”派认为语言内部分支是语言学的基础内容，课时分配比重要大;“宏观”派认为基础部分简单，学生可自学，重点应是宏观介绍;“中间”派是既注重基础又考虑涉猎面。

连云港师范高等专科学校英语语用学学科论文班级：12英教专科一班姓名：余王丹学号：1221013125摘要：本文主要从语用学的角度对语言交际中的礼貌现象进行了研讨，以旨更全面地展示语用礼貌观。

本文共分四部分：一、礼原则的由来；二、礼貌原则的解析；三、礼貌策略；四、礼貌原则的应用。

加深对礼貌原则的理解可以有助于提升自身的语用能力。

关键词：语用学礼貌原则教学应用一、礼貌原则的由来(一)礼貌的界定在众多关于礼貌的各种文献中，围绕“礼貌”一词进行的研究主要有五个方面，具体如下：(1)礼貌是人们在交际中的一种现实目的(Politeness as areal-world goa1)。

人们在说话过程中运用礼貌原则的目的就是取悦他人。

(2)礼貌是一种敬重(Politeness as the deference)。

(3)礼貌是一种语体(Politeness as the register)。

语体是指“与社交语境有关的系统化变体”(Lyons，1977)。

或者指在一定场合下人们说话或写作时的语言变化(Holliday，1978)。

(4)礼貌是一种话语表层现象(Politeness as an utterancelevel phenomenon)。

该观点认为，礼貌是一种表层语法编码，该观点主要是离开语言运用的实际环境去研究礼貌问题。

(5)礼貌是一种语用现象(Politeness as a pragmatic phi—nominee)。

该观点在语用学界已经成为人们的一种共识。

总之．在语用学领域，人们关心的不是说话人是否真正对他人友善，而是他说了什么，以及他的话语对听话人产生了什么影响。

把礼貌看成敬重、语体，是一种社会语言学现象，不属于语用学的范围，而把礼貌看成一种话语表层现象，就是脱离了语境去谈礼貌，这是一种超理想化的理论，因为语言形式是和语境、说话人和听话人之间的关系紧密联系的。

（二）礼貌原则提出的必要性在英语语用学习领域中，提及言语行为理论(Speech Act Theory)．人们会很自然地联想到美国语言哲学家格赖斯(H．P．Grieve)的会话含义学说(Convocational Implicate)，即为了保证会话的顺利进行，谈话双方必须共同遵守一些基本原则，尤其是用来解释会话结构的“合作原则”(Cooperative Principle)。