(完整word版)高三英语第二轮复习策略.docx

阅读七选五专练(四)授课提示：对应学生用书115页Test 1[2019·昆明市高三复习诊断]How to Win Votes in a School ElectionIn many ways, school elections are just like elections anywhere else. __1__ You will also need to work hard to make sure people know who you are and why they should vote for you.●Decide what position to run for.__2__ Make sure you know what the position does, and what you will be able to do once you get there. There are limits to what you can do while in office, so knowing your responsibilities can keep you from making foolish campaign promises that you can't keep.●__3__ Talk to your friends about running, make sure they think it is a good idea, and ask for their help in running. You won't be able to do this alone. It looks good if the people who know you best will vote for you. Your network can also help with more practical activities, such as designing and making posters and encouraging their classmates to vote for you.●Advertise yourself. You and your campaign team should make posters, T-shirts, and other items that will let other students learn your name even if you don't get to talk to them.__4__●Encourage people to vote. Sometimes the hardest thing is actually getting people to participate in the election. __5__ Get people familiar with you so that they trust you enough to give you their vote.A．Create a network.B．Argue with people.C．Therefore, they will eventually vote for someone else.D．Speak to as many people as you can throughout the school.E．Student organizations have many offices with different responsibilities.F．To win over voters, you need to reach out to as many voters as possible.G．The most important is to include your name and the position on everything you make.体裁：说明文题材：学校生活主题：如何在校园选举中赢得选票【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如何在校园选举中赢得更多选票。

高考英语二轮复习方法窍门与必考句型（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如工作报告、致辞讲话、条据书信、合同范本、规章制度、应急预案、心得体会、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays, such as work reports, speeches, policy letters, contract templates, rules and regulations, emergency plans, insights, teaching materials, essay encyclopedias, and other sample essays. If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please pay attention!高考英语二轮复习方法窍门与必考句型高考英语二轮复习方法窍门与必考句型在第二轮英语复习过程中，不能简单地、重温性地复习各个知识点，而是要做一定数量的综合训练题，熟悉掌握各种题型的解题方法及技巧，接下来本店铺为大家整理了高三英语学习内容，一起来看看吧!高考英语二轮复习方法窍门一、英语听力1.熟悉口语中的常用句型以及出现频率较高的词汇和短语，通过训练提高英语听力得分，听的方法可多样化，如随时随地法、集中分段法、先慢后快法、先中后外法、词汇过关法、自录自听法等。

高三英语第二轮复习计划安排及策略引言高三学生要面临严峻的全国高考，而英语作为全球通用语言之一，对于高考英语的重视程度不言而喻。

为了更好地备战高考，第二轮的英语复习计划显得尤为重要。

本文将介绍高三英语第二轮复习的计划安排和一些复习策略，希望能为广大学生提供一些借鉴。

第二轮复习计划第二轮英语复习以“简单易行，全面复习”为原则，应该是在做英语真题并在总结中对知识点进行强化。

具体安排如下：1.抽取真题进行模拟考试：在第一轮复习后，学生已经熟练掌握了各个知识点，接下来考虑通过模拟考试检验自己的真实水平，并发现自己复习过程中的不足。

可以每周安排一两次模拟考试，并及时总结所错的题目和不足，弥补自己的漏洞。

2.巩固词汇练习：背单词的复习还是很有必要的，不仅可以提高自己的阅读和听力能力，还能帮助巩固知识点。

建议采取单词书背诵的方式，并及时整理笔记，总结单词辨析和使用方法。

3.加强语法练习：语法是英语考试的重要内容，需要学生熟练掌握。

可以通过背诵语法规则、做语法习题以及分析真题中出现的语法现象进行复习。

4.读写训练：阅读理解和作文是英语考试的重点，需要制定针对性的复习计划。

建议阅读材料范围宽泛，涵盖各种文学体裁和各种主题。

关注真题作文的类型和题材，通过背诵句型和积累作文内容进行写作练习。

复习策略除了制定针对性的复习计划，还有一些复习策略可以帮助学生更好地备战高考。

以下是几种常用的复习策略：1. 制定长远目标和计划在复习英语时，先设定一个长期目标以及每周具体的计划。

将大目标分解为小目标，并根据复习进度进行调整和校正。

2. 使用专业的复习资料使用可靠的复习资料，例如名师讲解视频、真题解析、英语学习app等，可以有效提高学习效率和质量。

3. 善用学习工具利用一些学习工具来辅助学习，例如制作单词卡片或学习表格来记录自己的进度和掌握程度。

4. 打破传统学习方式采取一些非传统的学习方式，例如在看电影和电视剧时选择英文版，听英文歌曲，或与讲英语的外教进行对话等，可以帮助学生更快地掌握语感和背景知识。

当空格处所需词类与括号中所给词的词类不同时，就需要词类转化。

我们可据以下3条规则顺利解题：(1)作主语或宾语用名词形式；(2)作定语、表语或补足语用形容词形式；(3)修饰动词、形容词或另一副词，作状语，用副词形式。

具体解题技巧如下：第一步：分析结构，确定要填的词在句中充当哪种句子成分。

在名词前作定语、在系动词后作表语、作主语和宾语的补足语，一般要用形容词；修饰动词、形容词或副词，或修饰整个句子，作状语，用副词；作主语或宾语用名词，或者在冠词、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格后，用名词。

第二步：根据构词法将括号中的词变成所需要的词类。

注意：1. 有时不但要注意词性转换，而且还要考虑用表示相反意义的前缀或后缀， 其逻辑意义才通顺；2. 当所给词的词性与空格处所需词的词性相同时， 无需改变词性， 就可能是加只改变词义但不改变词性的前缀了。

形容词→副词wide→widely 形容词→形容词比较级/最高级wide→wider/widest 形容词→名词wide→width 形容词→动词wide→ widen 动词→名词 instruct → instruction (s)特殊变性 happy →happily, simple →simply ，true →truly, arrange →arrangement ，judge →judgment1.【2019·全国 II 卷】Her years of hard work have _____(final)been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名)her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year.疯狂专练三 词性转化单句填空+语法填空 技巧点拨常考考点 小题狂练2【2019·全国卷I】It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been _____ (poor) studied.3. 【2019·全国卷I改编】It leads to a ______ (believe) that populations are increasing4. 【2019·浙江卷】Other American studies showed no _____ (connect) between uniforms and school performance.5.【2019·浙江卷】School uniforms are _____ (tradition) in Britain, but some schools are starting to get rid of them.6.【2018·全国卷I I】According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total _____ (globe) fertilizer consumption.7.【2018·全国卷III】I'm a _____ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.8. 【2018·全国卷I】Running is cheap, easy and it’s always (energy).9.【2017·全国卷I I】This development was only possible with the _____ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.10.【2019·浙江卷改编】When the children are walking to school on dark mornings, car drivers can ______ (easy) see them.11. She took the job for ______（variety）reasons.12. It (eventual) became China’s primary faith, more widespread than the original Chinese religions of Confucianism and Taoism.13. When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting ________(compete) to watch，together with the story behind it.14. The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be (afford) but doing this most days adds up.15. He explained that he tried to ________ (simple) the show and ensured the piglet is unforgettable.16.The _______ (produce) made his fortune thanks to the young peppa pig.17.Now that you are able to take up arms and protect your motherland，we are all________（pride）of you.18. I suggest we should find new ways to protect the ______（endanger）animals.19. In the course of ______（evolve），some birds have lost the power of flight.20. In order to protect the environment people shouldn’t destroy ______（nature）balance.直击考题passage1体裁主题字数建议用时议论文空气污染的影响215字9分钟The silent killer — air pollution causes seven million premature (过早的) ___1___ (death) a year, not just in___2___ (develop) countries but also in UK and the USA as well. In China，people are well aware of the health problems it brings.I check every part every day. If it has heavy air pollution, I will prepare masks for my family. I dislike ___3___ when the air is bad. Because bad air makes it difficult for me to breathe and I think it does influence my ___4___ (perform) at work. A new research in China has also found a link between air quality and levels of intelligence. In the study, 25,000 people living across China __5___ (test) in language and math skills last year. They found the results of those ___6___ lived in more polluted areas were ___7___ (negative) impacted, especially in languages. It adds to a growing body of evidence that air pollution has an effect not just on the lungs and heart ___8___ on the brain.This research shows that the longer we are exposed to air pollution, the ___9___ (many) problems we’re storing up for later life. Campaigners hope this study will persuade the British government ___10___ (think) hard before it publishes its clean air strategy next year.passage2【晋冀鲁豫中原名校2019届高三第三次联考】Stand in line at any grocery store or sit in any hospital waiting room, and you see people staring at their phones, probably catching up on news or just relieving their boredom. This seems harmless enough. But could being on our phones affect our___1___(able) to connect with the people around us?__2___new study aimed to answer that question.Researcher Kostadin Kushlev and his colleagues asked pairs of college students，___3___were strangers to each other___4___(come) into a small lab waiting room-either with or without their phones. They were told that the researchers were running a bit late and they needed to wait. While waiting, their faces were___5___(secret) videotaped. Afterwards, the students___6___(report) how they felt and how much they interacted(互动)with the other participants.The researchers studied videotapes of the faces of airs who interacted，___7___(measure) how often they smiled. The___8___(result)?People with phones exhibited fewer smiles overall. They spent 30% less of the time smiling___9___people without phones, signaling less interest in connecting with others. What's more, thirty-two participants with phones didn't interact at all in the waiting room. These findings show that using phones in public _____10_____(affect) one's interaction with others. Consequently，cell phones should be used wisely.passage3【江西省名校（临川一中、南昌二中）2019届高三5月联合考试】Louis Cha, better known by his pen name Jin Yong, was a Chinese wuxia novelist and essayist, ___1___co-founded the Hong Kong daily newspaper Ming Bao in 1959 and ___2___ (serve) as the first editor-in-chief. He was Hong Kong’s most famous writer.His wuxia novels have ___3___ widespread following in Chinese communities worldwide. His 15 works ___4___ (write) between 1955 and 1972 earned him a reputation as one of the greatest and most popular wuxia writers ever. By the time of his ___5___ (die) he was the best-selling Chinese author, and over 100 million copies of his works have been sold worldwide. His works have the unusual ability ___6___ (go) beyond geographical and ideological barriers separating Chinese communities of the world, achieving ___7___ (great) success than any other contemporary writer.Most of his works ____8____ (translate) into many languages so far, including English, French, etc. Even the asteroid (小行星) 10930 Jinyong (1998 CR2) is named ____9____ him. We cannot thank him more for ____10____ he has done in novel literature.答案与解析小题狂练1.【答案】finally【解析】考查副词用法。

高三英语二轮复习策略根据高三英语复课计划，于3月15日前全面结束第一轮复习，以现在的实际进度来看，完全能按时完成任务。

第二轮复课即将开始，在这里，我代表英语组的全体同仁，对于一轮复习的得失做以总结，并于二轮复课的目标，策略及具体方法汇报如下，望领导及同志们提出宝贵意见。

一、一轮复课的总结“夯实基础，强化基础知识”，这是第一轮复习的重点。

主要是为学生复习基础知识，以抓课本中的难点和重点为突破口，注重基本词汇、语法的复习，并培养高三意识。

通过第一轮复习，学生的基础知识得到了巩固和加强，扩大了词汇量，学习了高中阶段的所有语法，做题能力和应试技巧也有了很大提高，已达到了第一轮复习目的。

但通过上学期的期末考试及二模，以及备课组会上各老师所反馈的情况来看，还存在下列问题。

第一，虽然大部分同学通过第一轮复习，知识增加，能力得到提高。

但是还有不少同学，虽然努力学英语，不断地行行各专项的训练和综合的测试，开始显得力不从心，因为复习的内容不能直体现在分数的不断上升，反而还会降低。

第二，学生的缺点暴露无遗。

有的学生背单词出现障碍，有的语法结构出现问题，对于各项考试题目由于各种原因出错，导致考试得不高分。

第三，还有学生普遍基础知识薄弱，不认识单词，不会语法，分不清句子结构，阅读理解文章看不懂，至于解题方法对于这些同学就意义不大了。

第四，通过一轮复习，给学生输入了大量的语法和词汇知识，但对许多学生来说，学制的知识是一盆散沙，捡到篮子都是菜，没有进行分类整理，没有系统化、条理化。

第五，部分学生虽然苦学英语，但方法不当，因而进步不明显，出现畏难心理，打退堂鼓，甚至已经直接放弃了英语学。

针对以上问题，都需要相出相应的对策，在二轮复习中解决，才能使学生的成绩有所提高。

二、二轮复习策略二轮复习是高三英语复习进入的一个非常关键，也异常难熬的瓶颈时段。

此轮复习的主要目标是专项训练，培养和拓展能力。

就是把课本知识和语法知识系统化、条理化，迅速把掌握的知识转化成能力，如解题能力、分析能力、知识的迁移能力、创新能力。

高三英语第二轮英语专题复习全套教案教学目标
本套教案旨在帮助高三学生进行英语第二轮复，达到以下教学目标：
- 掌握英语阅读、写作、听力和口语技能；
- 加深对英语语法知识的理解和掌握；
- 提高英语综合运用能力；
- 提高英语考试分数和应对能力。

教学内容
本套教案包括以下内容：
阅读
* 如何快速阅读英语文章
* 如何理解文章中的重点信息
* 如何精准回答阅读理解中的问题* 阅读策略和技巧
写作
* 英语作文写作技巧
* 常用英语作文题型和范例
* 作文常见错误和避免方法
* 英语写作注意事项
听力
* 如何提高英语听力技能
* 如何识别出听力中的重点信息* 如何精准回答听力理解中的问题* 听力策略和技巧
口语
* 如何提高英语口语能力
* 如何灵活运用英语口语技巧
* 如何自然地表达自己的意思
* 口语策略和技巧
教学方法
本套教案采用以下教学方法：
* 基于任务的教学方法
* 合作研究和个性化辅导相结合
* 理论与实践相结合
* 多媒体教学手段相结合
困难与解决方案
1. 学生学科知识掌握不扎实
解决方案：针对性辅导和个性化辅导相结合。

2. 学生缺乏主动研究能力
解决方案：采用基于任务的教学方法和多媒体教学手段。

3. 学生考试压力大，缺乏考试应对能力
解决方案：模拟考试和考前冲刺辅导相结合。

结束语
本套教案通过提供全面的英语复习内容和有效的复习方法，为高三学生的英语学习和考试提供了有力的支持和帮助。

希望学生们能够认真学习和复习，不断提高自己的英语水平和综合素质。

高考英语第一轮和第二轮复习策略详解第一部分：一轮复习第一轮复习是学生对知识的一个梳理过程，是一个知识“由薄变厚”再“由厚变薄”的构架知识体系的过程。

虽然现在高考已不再对语法进行单独的考查，但它是英语知识体系的基础。

所以，在一轮复习中让学生较为全面地掌握语法知识要点。

我们结合具体的语言环境讲解语法规则，提高学生综合运用语言的能力。

重点对动词时态、语态、情态动态、非谓语动词、各种从句等重点语法项目进行强化训练，并精选试题，精讲精练。

对于高考所考察的单项选择、完型填空、阅读理解、短文改错和书面表达，我们在一轮复习中从高考题型所考查学生的知识要求、能力要求、做题方法和技巧策略等各个方面、各个角度，结合练习，进行专题训练，讲命题依据、命题特点、命题思路、解题技巧，指导学生掌握正确的复习方法和做题技巧。

一轮复习占高考总复习的三分之二还多的时间，可见其在整个复习中的重要性，要让学生充分享受这一过程，让其感受到“痛”并快乐着。

第二部分：二轮复习在二轮复习阶段，优秀生要夯实基础，提高选拔性试题的得分率；中等生则把握基础题、突破中档能力题；薄弱生则可主抓基础题，关注能力题。

但是，时间紧，任务重，尤其普通班学生的英语学习的基础相对薄弱，要在这有限的时间内，搞好第二阶段的复习，使复习效率达到最大值，就要讲究复习策略与方法。

一、巩固基础，不丢掉该得到的每一分针对学生的实际情况，我们二轮复习的重点仍然要放在基础知识和基本技能的梳理和巩固上，查漏补缺，同时做一定数量的专项和综合训练题，熟悉掌握解题方法及技巧，提高分析问题、解决问题的能力，绝不放过有可能得到的每一分。

1、精心备课，提高课堂效率，向45分钟要质量。

把训练的重点放在中底档难度的题目上；要规范做题，象对待考试一样，进行限时训练，把握速度及准确率；合理安排课堂时间，精讲精练，讲练结合，即时巩固。

课后练习精挑细选，适度适量，做到及时批阅、反馈、纠错和反思小结。

2、限时练习，提高高考应试的技巧。

5个常考点常考点1名词1.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible ________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.答案：crowds2．Any smell might attract natural ________ (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.答案：enemies3．But without sunlight and good soil, soon the leaves began to fall down and the ________ (branch) began to dry.答案：branches4．The 220-pound Qizai has become a superstar, and many ________ (toy) in his color have been made.答案：toys5．After finishing the work, they had a lot of ________ (photo) taken to record the meaningful activity.答案：photos6．They were ready to die for their ________ (belief)．答案：beliefs7．Which novel of ________ (Dickens) are you referring to?答案：Dickens'8．The town will build a monument to its war ________ (hero)．答案：heroes9．This medicine has saved the lives of a number of sick ________ (child)．答案：children10．I helped him put up some ________ (shelf) in his bedroom.答案：shelves11．For ________ (refer), students should keep their dictionaries at hand.答案：reference12．You can enjoy a great sight by climbing to a greater ________ (high)．答案：height13．The buildings are just a few ________ (minute) walk from each other.答案：minutes'14．In the past few years ________ (China) online education has made great progress.答案：China's15．If you have friends who know your hearts, ________ (distant) cannot keep you apart.答案：distance常考点2冠词1.My brother was born in ________ spring of 1990.答案：the2．Don't lose heart. Please have ________ second try.答案：a3. Mr Smith is ________ most learned scholar and you can turn to him for help.答案：a4．How sweetly she sings! I have never heard ________ better voice.答案：a5．Beijing is ________ second largest city in China.答案：the6．My trip to Paris was really ________ unforgettable experience.答案：an7．His mother's sudden death came to him as ________ shock.答案：a8．This watch is ________ 18th century watch, which has been passed down frommy great grandpa.答案：an9．I think it really ________ honor for me to speak here.答案：an10．This lab used to be in ________ charge of Mr Wang.答案：the11．Those who are rich should help ________ poor.答案：the12．When stealing, the thief was caught by ________ arm by a policeman.答案：the13．In some factories workers get paid by ________ piece.答案：the14．Teachers play ________ active and important part in building up students' character.答案：an15．Jack has ________ good knowledge of history especially the history of the Ming Period.答案：a常考点3介词常考介词with 用；附带有；和；随着on在……上；关于；是……一员；在具体的某一天at在(地点、时间、空间)；以(某种价格、速度等)；朝向against违背；反对；对……不利；倚靠、衬托beyond超出……的范围，为……所不及within在……之内；在……里面over在上方；超过；在……期间；胜过across从表面穿过through从内部穿过despite尽管(后接名词短语或宾语从句)by表示程度或增减的幅度；按……来计算；依据；经由；乘(交通工具)for给，对；为了；为了得到；对……来说；向；对于；支持；达(表示延续时间)off远离；从……上移开；在……海岸；休息；减价without没有；在没有……的情况下beside在……旁边高中英语讲义in在……内；在(年、月、季节)；在……方面；过(多久)of……的；属于；……的一部分；关于……的to/towards朝向；对；达到；去做；对于from从；从……开始；离……；来自；根据along沿着between在(两者)之间among在(三者以上)之间一、介词to的搭配二、常用介词与形容词的搭配三、介词in构成的常见短语四、常见的复合介词五、表示状态的介词短语1.I agree to his suggestion ________ the condition that he drops all charges.答案：on2．Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients ________ name, not case number.答案：by3．Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back ________ a big tree.答案：against4．It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money in exchange ________ favors to them.答案：for5．People in Los Angeles have no idea of distance on the map, so they measure distance by means ________ time not miles.答案：of6．So far we have done a lot to build a low carbon economy, but it is far ________ ideal. We have to work still harder.答案：from7．We give dogs time, space and love we can spare, and ________ return, dogs give us their all.答案：in8．Everybody was touched ________ words after they heard her moving story.答案：beyond9．Sean has formed the habit of jogging ________ the tree-lined avenue for two hours every day.答案：along10．I have an appointment ________ Dr Smith, but I need to change it.答案：with11．A serious study of physics is impossible ________ some knowledge of mathematics.答案：without12．I will visit Austria ________ the invitation of my friend this summer vacation.答案：at13．One doesn't have to look far to realize the direct connection ________ smoking and cancer.答案：between14．Nancy, a successful manager, had great personal influence and power ________ her followers.15．Taking regular exercise and eating a balanced diet are two important keys ________ good health.答案：to16．Glancing ________ his shoulder, Eric could see the dog was running after him.答案：over17．After graduation, Frank often thought of those who had helped him ________ his school life.答案：through18．My uncle's house is just ________ the street. It is opposite the hospital.答案：across19．A policeman is standing ________ an umbrella. It is rainning heavily.答案：under20．________ all the animals I've ever had, these two dogs are the most sensitive to the spoken word.答案：Of常考点4比较级/最高级1.Mobile phones are very popular now and they are ________ (cheap) than before.答案：cheaper2．We had made our reservation six months ________ (early), but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake.3．The young girl was ________ (promising) of the two singers.答案：the more promising4．It is said that those who eat the most are the ________ (little) healthy.答案：least5．You're driving too fast. Can you drive a bit ________ (slow)?答案：slower6．After she took the medicine, she felt a great deal ________ (comfortable)．答案：more comfortable7．I want to give my children the very ________ (good) education I can afford.答案：best8．Most people think that comedy is one of ________ (difficult) forms of art.答案：the most difficult9．The new method was ten times ________ (efficient) than the traditional one.答案：more efficient10．There is a thought that protecting the environment would be ________ (easy) said than done.答案：easier11．—How was your recent trip to Sichuan?—I've never had a ________ (much) pleasant one before.答案：more12．The population of Chongqing is ________ (large) than that of any other city in China.答案：larger13．He works ________ (hard) when he's doing something for his family.答案：hardest14．The ________ (simple) way to make bike sharing safer is to rent the helmets with the bicycle.答案：simplest15．The kids tried to pick the ________ (pretty) flowers in the garden but were forbidden by their parents.答案：prettiest常考点5主谓一致1.The number of people invited ________ (be) fifty, but a number of them ________ (be) absent for different reasons.答案：was; were2．Two fifths of the land in that district ________ (be) covered with trees and grass.答案：is3．Many a foreigner ________ (be) going to climb the Great Wall next weekend.答案：is4．The famous singer and composer ________ (be) going to give us a performance next week.答案：is5．A knife and fork________ (be) on the table.答案：is6．No teacher and no student ________ (be) allowed to go to the lab without permission.答案：is7．E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ (be) playing an important part in daily communication.答案：is8．Eric is one of the boys who ________ (have) a driving license.答案：have9．A pair of scissors ________ (be) what you need to cut the pictures.答案：is10．Ten minutes ________ (seem) a long time for one who waits.答案：seems11．Barbara is easy to recognize as she's the only one of the women who ________ (wear) evening dress.答案：wears12．I have read most of Shakespeare's works. The rest ________ (be) difficult to understand, I think.答案：are13．The elderly ________ (be) taken good care of in this nursery now.答案：are14．—Is everyone here?—Not yet. Look, there________ (come) the rest of our guests!答案：come15．Listening to loud music at rock concerts ________ (have) caused hearing loss in some teenagers.答案：has。