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A Quick Guide for the MixfMRI PackageWei-Chen Chen1and Ranjan Maitra21pbdR Core TeamSilver Spring,MD,USA2Department of StatisticsIowa State UniversityAmes,IA,USAContents1.Introduction11.1.Dependent Packages (1)1.2.The Main Function (2)1.3.Datasets (2)1.4.Examples (3)1.5.Workflows (3)2.Demonstrations32.1.2D Phantoms (3)2.2.2D Simulations (4)2.3.2D Clustering (5)©2018Wei-Chen Chen and Ranjan Maitra.Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this vignette and its source provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.This publication was typeset using L A T E X.Warning:The findings and conclusions in this article have not been formally disseminated by the U.S.Food and Drug Administration and should not be construed to represent any determination or policy of any University,Institution,Agency,Adminstration and National Laboratory.Ranjan Maitra and this research were supported in part by the National Institute of Biomed-ical Imaging and Bioengineering(NIBIB)of the National Institutes of Health(NIH)under its Award No.R21EB016212.The content of this paper however is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent the official views of either the NIBIB or the NIH. This document is written to explain the main function of MixfMRI(?),version0.1-0.Every effort will be made to ensure future versions are consistent with these instructions,but features in later versions may not be explained in this document.1.IntroductionThe main purpose of this vignette is to demonstrate basic usage of MixfMRI which is pre-pared to implement developed methodology,simulation studies,data analyses in“A Practical Model-based Segmentation Approach for Accurate Activation Detection in Single-Subject functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies”(?).The methodology mainly utilizes model-based clustering(unsupervised)of functional Magnetic Resonance(fMRI)data that identifies regions of brain activation associated with the performance of a task or the applica-tion of a stimulus.The implemented methods include2D and3D unsupervised segmentation analyses for fMRI signals.For simplification,only2D clustering is demonstrated in this vi-gnette.In this package,the data on fMRI signals are on the form of the p-values at each voxel of a Statistical Parametric Map(SPM).The clustering and segmentation analyses identify activated voxels/signals(in terms of small p-values)from normal brain behaviors within a single subject but also use spatial context. Note that the p-values may be derived from statistical models where typically a proper ex-periment design is required.These p-values are our data,and are used for analysis and no statements about significance level of p-values associated with activated voxels/signals are needed.Our analysis approach allows for the prespecification of a priori expected upper bounds for the proportion of activated voxels/signals that can guide in determining activated voxels.For large datasets,the methods and analyses are also implemented in a distributed man-ner especially using SPMD programming framework.The package also includes workflows which utilize SPMD techniques.The workflows serve as examples of data analyses and large scale simulation studies.Several workflows are also built in to automatically process clusterings,hypotheses,merging clusters,and visualizations.See Section1.5and files in MixfMRI/inst/workflow/for more information.1.1.Dependent PackagesThe MixfMRI package depends on other R packages to be functional even though they are not always required.This is because some examples,functions and workflows of the MixfMRI may need utilities of those dependent packages.For instance,Imports:MASS,Matrix,RColorBrewer,fftw,MixSim,EMCluster.Enhances:pbdMPI,oro.nifti.1.2.The Main FunctionThe main function,fclust(),implements model-based clustering using the EM algorithm(?) for fMRI signal data and provides unsupervised clustering results that identify activated regions in the brain.The fclust()function contains an initialization method and EM algorithms for clustering fMRI signal data which have two parts:•PV.gbd for p-value of signals associated with voxels,and•X.gbd for voxel information/locations in either2D or3D,where PV.gbd is of length N(number of voxels)and X.gbd is of dimension N×2or N×3 (for2D or3D).Each signal(per voxel)is assumed to follow a mixture distribution of K com-ponents with mixing proportion ETA.Each component has two independent coordinates(one for each part)with density functions:Beta and multivariate Normal distributions,for each part of fMRI signal data.Beta Density:The first component(k=1)is restricted by min.1st.prop and Beta(1,1)(equivalently,the standard uniform)distribution.The rest k=2,3,...,K-1components have different Beta(alpha,beta)distributions with alpha<1<beta for all k>1components.This co-ordinate mainly represents the results of test statistics for determining activation of voxels (those that have smaller p-values).Note that the test statistics may be developed/smoothed/-computed from a time course model associated with voxel behaviors.See the main paper? for information.Multivariate Normal Density:The logarithm of the multivariate normal density is used as a penalty to provide regular-ization of the estimated parameters and in the estimated activation.model.X="I"is for identity covariance matrix of this multivariate Normal distribution,and"V"for unstructured covariance matrix.ignore.X=TRUE is to ignore X.gbd and normal density,i.e.there is no regularization and only the Beta density is used.Note that this coordinate(for each axis)is recommended to be normalized in the(0,1)scale which is on the same scale of Beta density. From a modeling perspective,rescaling X.gbd does not have an effect.In this package,the two parts PV.gbd and X.gbd are assumed to be independent because the latter comes through the addition of a penalty term to the log likelihood of the voxel-wise data on p-values.The goal of the main function is to provide spatial clusters(in addition to the PV.gbd)indicating spatial correlations.Currently,APECMa(?)and EM algorithms are implemented with EGM algorithm(?)to speed up convergence when MPI and pbdMPI(?)are available.RndEM initialization(?) with a specific way of choosing initial seeds is implemented for obtaining good initial values that has the potential to increase the chances of convergence.1.3.DatasetsThe package has been built with several datasets including•three2D phantoms,shepp0fMRI,shepp1fMRI,and shepp2fMRI,•one3D dataset,pstats,with p-values obtained from the SPM obtained after running the Analysis of Functional Neuroimaging(AFNI)software()on the imagination dataset of?.•two small2D voxels datasets,plex and pval.2d.mag,in p-values•two toy examples,toy1and toy2.1.4.ExamplesThe scripts in MixfMRI/demo/have several examples that demonstrate the main function, the example datasets and other utilities in this package.For a quick start,•the scripts MixfMRI/demo/fclust2d.r and MixfMRI/demo/fclust3d.r show the basic usage of the main function fclust()using the two toy datasets,•the scripts MixfMRI/demo/maitra_2d.r and MixfMRI/demo/shepp.r show and visual-ize examples on how to generate simulated datasets with given overlap levels,and •the scripts MixfMRI/demo/alter_*.r show alternative methods.1.5.WorkflowsThe package also has several workflows established for simulation studies.The main examples are located in MixfMRI/inst/workflow/simulation/.See the file create_simu.txt that generates scripts for simulations.The files under MixfMRI/inst/workflow/spmd/have the main scripts for the workflows. Note that MPI and pbdMPI are required for workflows because these simulations require potentially long computing times.2.DemonstrationThe examples presented below are simulated and are not necessarily meant to represent meaningful activation study on the brain.Their purpose is to demonstrate our segmentation methodology in activation detection.2.1.2D PhantomsThree2D phantoms built in the MixfMRI package can be displayed in R from the demo as simple asMaitra’s Phantoms§¤R>demo(maitra_phantom,package="MixfMRI",ask=F)¦¥which performs the code in MixfMRI/demo/maitra_phantom.r.The R command should givea plot similar to Figure1containing three different simulated2D slices of a hypothesized brain.Each phantom may have different amounts of activated voxels(in terms of smallerp-values).Colors represent different activation intensities.The total proportions of truly active voxels are listed in the title of each phantom.Figure1:Simulated2D Phantoms.shepp2fMRI: 3.968%shepp1fMRI: 2.249%shepp0fMRI: 0.917%The examples used below mimic some active regions(in2D)depending on different types of stimuli that may trigger responses in the brain.Hypothetically,the voxels may be active by regions,but each region may not be active in the same way(or magnitude)even though they may need to collectively respond to the stimuli(for example,due to time delay,response order,or sensitivity of study design).As an example,only3.968%of voxels in the shepp2fMRI phantom are active and indicated by two different colors(blue and brown)for different activation types where p-values may be smaller than0.05and may follow two Beta distributions(with different configurations)for the truly active voxels and one uniform distribution(i.e.Beta(1,1))for the truly inactive voxels.The following code provides some counts for each groups of active and inactive voxels in the shepp2fMRI phantom.Summary of shepp2fMRI Phantoms§¤>table(shepp2fMRI,useNA="always")shepp2fMRI012<NA>134084728251574¦¥The summary says that this phantom has three kinds of activations with group ids:0,1,and 2.There are13,408voxels belonging to cluster0(inactive),followed by472voxels belonging to cluster1(active&highlighted in blue in Figure1),and82voxels belonging to cluster2 (active&high lighted in brown in Figure1).There are51,574pixels(NA)of this imaging dataset which are not within the brain(contour by the black line in Figure1).See Section2.2 for information of generating p-values from a mixture of three Beta distributions.2.2.2D SimulationsThe MixfMRI provides a function gendataset(phantom,overlap)to generate p-values of activations.The function needs two arguments:phantom and overlap.The phantom is a map containing voxel group id’s where p-values will be simulated from a mixture Beta distribution with certain mixture level specified by the overlap argument.The example can be found in MixfMRI/demo/maitra_2d.r and can be done in R as simple asSimulations of Active Voxels§¤R>demo(maitra_2d,package="MixfMRI",ask=F)¦¥Note that the overlap represents similarity of activation signals.The higher the overlap,the more difficult it becomes to distinguish between activation and inactivation and also the kinds of activation.The command above should give a plot similar to Figure2containing group id’s on the left and their associated p-values for stimulus responses on the right.The top row displays examples for phantom shepp1fMRI,and the bottom row displays examples for phantom shepp2fMRI.•Inside the brain,the group id2’s are indicated by white(active is highly associated with stimula due to experiment design),1’s are indicated by light gray(slightly active),and 0’s are indicated by dark gray(inactive).Note that the region with white color was the region colored blue and the light gray region corresponds to the region colored brown in Figure1•The simulated p-values are colored by a map using a red-orange-yellow palette from0 to1.Note that small p-values(redder voxels)may also occur at truly inactive voxels. See Figure3for the distribution of simulated p-values for the phantom shepp2fMRI.The methodology and analyses implemented in this package aim to identify those active voxelsin spatial clusters.For example,regions of active voxels associated with imagining the playing of certain sports.When an experiment was conducted/designed to detect brain behaviors, the statistical model and the p-values of the treatment effect should be able to reflect the voxel activations.Typically,the statistical tests are done independently voxel-by-voxel due to complexity of computation and modeling.This package provides post hoc clustering that adds spatial contents to p-values and helps to isolate meaningful regions clouded with many smallp-values.See?for information of clustering performance and comprehensive assessments for this post hoc approach.2.3.2D ClusteringThe example can be found in MixfMRI/demo/maitra_2d_fclust.r as simple asClustering of Active Voxels§¤R>demo(maitra_2d_fclust,package="MixfMRI",ask=F)¦¥This demo(explained below)is to cluster the simulated p-values(see Section2.2)using the developed method.Code of maitra_2d_fclust.r§¤library(MixfMRI,quietly=TRUE)Figure2:Activated regions of voxels and simulated p-values.shepp1fMRI overlap 0.01shepp2fMRI overlap 0.01set.seed(1234)da<-gendataset(phantom=shepp2fMRI,overlap=0.01)$pval###Check2d data.id<-!is.na(da)PV.gbd<-da[id]#pdf(file="maitra_2d_fclust.pdf",width=6,height=4)hist(PV.gbd,nclass=100,main="p-value")#dev.off()###Test2d data.id.loc<-which(id,arr.ind=TRUE)X.gbd<-t(t(id.loc)/dim(da))ret<-fclust(X.gbd,PV.gbd,K=3)print(ret)###Check performancelibrary(EMCluster,quietly=TRUE)RRand(ret$class,shepp2fMRI[id]+1)¦¥In the code above,the histogram of simulated p-values is plotted in Figure3.Then,the fclust(X.gbd,PV.gbd,K=3)groups voxels in three clusters.At the end,ret saves the clustering results.The print(ret)from the above code will show the results below in detail:•N is the total number of voxels to be clustered/segmented•K is the total number of segments.•n.class is the number of voxels in each segment•ETA is the mixing proportion of each segment•BETA is the set of parameters of the Beta distributions (by column)•MU is the centers of the segments (the spatial location inside the brain)•SIGMA is the dispersion of the segmentsFigure 3:Activation (p -values)Distribution.The x-axis is for the p -values.p−valuePV .gbd F r e q u e n cy0.00.20.40.60.81.0200400600The numbers of voxels for each segment,in this example,are 13,394,184,and 384associated with new cluster ids:0,1,and 2,paring with the true classifications (see the table in Section 2.1),the adjusted Rand index gives 0.9749indicating good agreement between the truly active and the activated (as determined by our segmentation methodology)results.Outputs of Clustering §¤R >print (ret )Algorithm :apecma Model.X:I Ignore.X:FALSE-Convergence :1iter :16abs .err :0.02091979rel.err :7.375343e -07-N:13962p.X:2K:3logL :28364.52-AIC :-56693.04BIC :-56557.25ICL -BIC :-55712.18-n.class :133********-init.class.method:-ETA:(min.1st.prop:0.8max.PV:0.1)[1]0.952667040.013078470.03425449-BETA:(2by K)[,1][,2][,3][1,]1 1.127244e-010.04237128[2,]1 4.429518e+04 1.00000130-MU:(p.X by K)[,1][,2][,3][1,]0.50135380.31054600.5917377[2,]0.50760800.37181450.3749842-SIGMA:(d.normal by K)[,1][,2][,3][1,]0.012711980.00018596280.009462210[2,]0.021866620.00115820520.004284016R>RRand(ret$class,shepp2fMRI[id]+1)Rand adjRand Eindex0.99640.9749 1.7012¦¥。

MANUAL OF OPERATIONS Version 032316Table of Contents OverviewSECTION 1 – Introduction and Overview of the SWAN RepositorySECTION 2 – Organizational Structure and FunctionsSECTION 3 – SWAN Studies and Informed ConsentSECTION 4 – Specimen Collection, Processing, Onsite Storage & ShippingSECTION 5 – Data & Inventory ManagementSECTION 6 – Repository Procedures: Application, Review and ReleaseSECTION 7 – Repository Practices and PoliciesSECTION 8 – Tools: Website, Warehouse and Other Helpful Repository ToolsSECTION 9 – Repository Biospecimen InventoryAPPENDIXTABLE OF ABBREVIATIONSTable of Contents, DetailSECTION 1.0 – INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF THE SWAN REPOSITORY1.1. The SWAN Study Overview of the SWAN Study and the SWAN Cohort1.2. The SWAN Repository1.2.1. The Initialization and Aims of the Repository1.2.2. Overview of Available ResourcesSECTION 2.0 – ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS2.1. Repository Administration at the University of Michigan (UM)2.1.1. UM Purpose and activities2.1.2. Key personnel and contact information2.2. The SWAN Repository Organization (SRO)Personsusingassistivetechnologymaynotbeabletofullyaccessinformationinthisfile.Forassistance,*************************************.Includethewebsiteandfilenamein your message.2.2.1. SRO Purpose and activities2.2.2. SRO Membership2.3. The SWAN Repository Advisory Group (SRAG)2.3.1. SRAG Purpose and activities2.3.2. SRAG Membership2.4. The Role of the SWAN Steering Committee (SC)2.5. The Role of the National Institute of Aging (NIA)2.6. Repository Physical Facilities – Precision Bioservices, Frederick, MD2.6.1. Purpose and activities2.6.2. Key Personnel and contact information2.6.3. History and Changes of Physical Facilities since SWAN Study Inception 2.7. Inventory Management Services – IMS, Inc.2.7.1. IMS Purpose and activities2.7.2. Key Personnel and contact information2.8. Diagram of SWAN Repository Organizations and FunctionsSECTION 3.0 – SWAN STUDIES AND INFORMED CONSENT3.1. SWAN CORE STUDY3.1.1. Brief Study Description3.1.2. Consent for Core Specimens in the Repository3.1.2.1. Core IRB/PHI Issue for Repository specimens (2014)3.2. DAILY HORMONE STUDY (DHS)3.2.1. Brief Study Background3.2.2. Consent for DHS Samples in the Repository3.3. DNA STUDY3.3.1. Brief Study Background3.3.2. Consent for DNA Samples in the Repository3.3.2.1. Return of Genetic Results to Participants3.3.3. Certificate of Confidentiality3.3.4. Review of IRB Restrictions for DNASECTION 4.0 – SPECIMEN COLLECTION, PROCESSING, ONSITE STORAGE & SHIPPING 4.1. SWAN CORE ANNUAL VISIT SPECIMENS4.1.1. Annual Visit Serum & Plasma Collection, Processing, and Onsite Storage4.1.1.1. Blood Collection Supply Kit4.1.1.2. Blood Collection, Specimen Collection Log4.1.1.3. Onsite Processing of Blood Samples (Serum & Plasma)4.1.1.4. Temporary Onsite Storage of Blood Samples4.1.2. Annual Visit Urine Collection, Processing, and Onsite Storage4.1.2.1. Urine Specimen Collection Supply Kit4.1.2.2. Urine Specimen Collection4.1.2.3. Urine Specimen Onsite Processing4.1.2.4. Urine Specimen Temporary Onsite Storage4.1.3. Shipping Annual Visit Specimens to the Repository4.1.4. Summary of Annual Visit Blood and Urine Samples Collected for Repository4.1.5. Visit 15 (SWAN V) Updates to Core Annual Visit Specimen Collection4.1.5.1. V15 Repository Specimens Collected4.1.5.2. Updated Repository Shipping Address and Personnel4.1.5.3. New Bone Turnover/Urine Collection Sites4.1.5.4. Specimen Boxes Used to Store and Ship Repository Samples4.1.5.5. Electronic Manifests4.2. DAILY HORMONE STUDY (DHS) SPECIMENS4.2.1. DHS Urine Kit, Collection, Processing, and Onsite Storage4.2.1.1. DHS Urine Collection Kit4.2.1.2. DHS Urine Specimen Collection and Log4.2.1.3. DHS Urine Specimen Processing & the Urine Collection Log4.2.1.4. DHS Urine Temporary Storage at Sites4.2.2. DHS Serum Kit, Collection, Processing, and Onsite Storage4.2.1.1. DHS Serum Collection Kit4.2.1.2. DHS Serum Specimen Collection4.2.1.3. DHS Serum Specimen Processing4.2.1.4. DHS Serum Temporary Storage at Sites4.2.3. Shipping DHS Specimens to the Repository4.3. DNA SPECIMENS4.3.1. DNA Specimen Collection and Onsite Activities4.3.1.1. DNA Specimen Collection Supplies Kit4.3.1.2. DNA Specimen Collection4.3.1.3. D NA Collection Record/Log and Specimen Processing at Sites4.3.1.4. DNA Specimen Temporary Storage at Sites4.3.1.5. Shipping of DNA Specimens to the Repository4.3.2. DNA Specimen Activity at McKesson4.3.2.1. Consent – Sample Discrepancy Reconciliation4.3.2.2. Buccal Cell Sample Processed and Stored as DNA Pellet4.3.2.3. One Whole Blood Sample Processed and Stored as DNA Pellet4.3.2.4. Second Whole Blood Sample Sent to BBI Biotech4.3.2.5. DNA Specimen Processing Overview (Flow Chart)4.3.3. EBV Transformation (Immortalization) at BBI Biotech4.3.4. DNA Extraction and Genotyping at the University of Pittsburgh SECTION5.0 – DATA AND INVENTORY MANAGEMENT5.1. Repository Receipt and Inventory of Specimens5.1.1. Shipment of Frozen Samples from SWAN Clinic Sites to the Repository5.1.2. Receiving and Inventorying New Specimens at the Repository5.1.3. Committing Samples into Repository Inventory5.2. Repository Inventory Management Activity5.2.1. Inventory Investigations5.2.1.1. Purpose and Scope5.2.1.2. Results5.2.2. DNA Renewal Activities5.2.2.1. Project and Purpose5.2.2.2. Tasks Involved5.2.2.3. Results5.3. Repository Data Management and Reporting5.3.1. IMS Services5.3.2. Inventory Management at UM5.3.3. Quarterly Reports5.3.3.1. Quarterly Reports from Precision to UM5.3.3.2. Quarterly Reports from UM to SWAN Sites5.4. SWAN Study Data Management at the RepositorySECTION 6.0 – REPOSITORY PROCEDURES: APPLICATION, REVIEW, AND RELEASE 6.1. Repository Application Process6.1.1. Independent Online Review of Available Resources6.1.2. Step One: Inquiry Checklist Submission6.1.2.1. Inquiry Checklist Content and Submission6.1.2.2. Define Sample Request and Sample Size6.1.2.3. Timing6.1.3. Step Two: Full Repository Application Submission and Review6.1.3.1. Repository Application content and submission6.1.3.2. SRO Review6.1.3.3. SRAG Review6.1.3.4. SC Approval6.1.3.5. NIA Approval6.1.3.6. Timing6.1.3.7. Schematic/Flow Chart of Repository Applications and Review6.1.4. Revising and Resubmitting Applications not Approved6.1.5. Changes to Approved Applications Requiring Re-Review6.2. Post-Approval Activities6.2.1. Award Letter6.2.2. Supplemental Form for use of Genetic Materials6.2.3. Embargo6.2.4. MTA and DUA6.2.5. Destruction Verification Forms6.2.6. CSAP to SWAN6.3. Release of Repository Resources6.3.1. Release of Repository Samples6.3.1.1. Relabeling Requirements for Release of Samples from 2 Sites6.3.2. ID Encryption of Released Samples6.3.3. Release of Coded Data sets6.4. Different Types of Applications6.4.1. Data-only Applications6.4.1.1. Repository Data-only Applications, Seeking new funding6.4.1.2. Repository Data-only Applications, Not seeking new funding6.4.2. Supplemental Applications6.4.2.1. Extension of Genetics Supplements6.4.3. Hybrid ApplicationsSECTION 7.0 – SWAN REPOSITORY PRACTICES AND POLICIES7.1. Sample Use Policies7.1.1. Furthering the SWAN Mission7.1.2. Use of Validated Assays7.1.3. Reserved Samples7.1.3.1. SWAN Definition of Reserved Samples7.1.3.2. Guidelines for Use of Reserved Samples7.2. Cost Recovery Program7.2.1. Initialization of the Cost Recovery Program7.2.2. Current Fee Schedule7.2.3. Exemption from or Reduction of Repository Fees7.3. Return of Data to the Repository7.3.1. Standard Data Return7.3.2. Integration with SWAN Core7.3.3. Expedited Data Return Option7.3.4. Steps to Return Data7.4. Marketing and Advertising Campaigns7.5. Precision Bioservices Procedures (Confidential – restricted access)7.5.1. List of SOPs and numbersSECTION 8.0 – TOOLS: THE WEBSITE, THE WAREHOUSE, AND OTHER HELPFUL REPOSITORY TOOLS 8.1. Tools for Investigators / Repository Users8.1.1. Repository Website, Swan 8.1.2. Data Warehouse8.1.2.1. Overview8.1.2.2. Data Warehouse Content and 4-Step Path8.1.2.3. Updating the Data Warehouse8.1.3. Application Submission System8.1.4. Biospecimen Tables8.1.5. Fees8.1.6. Materials for Approved Applications8.1.7. Other Investigator Tools8.2. Tools for ReviewersRepository Administrative Center Website for Application Reviewers8.3. Internal Tools for Repository Staff8.3.1. Application Management8.3.2. SAS Code Generation from the Data WarehouseSECTION 9.0 – REPOSITORY SPECIMEN INVENTORY9.1. Annual Visit (Core) Samples Available – Summary Tables9.1.1. Annual Visit Serum9.1.2. Annual Visit Plasma, from EDTA and Citrate Tubes9.1.3. Annual Visit Urine9.2. Daily Hormone Study (DHS) Samples Available – Summary Tables9.2.1. DHS Urine9.2.2. DHS Serum9.3. Genetic Materials9.3.1. Extracted, Diluted DNA9.3.2. EBV-Transformed Cells9.3.3. Buccal Cells9.3.4. SWAN population Contributing Genetic Materials9.4. Costs Associated with Obtaining Repository BiospecimensAPPENDIXSection 3 Appendices3.1. DNA Informed Consent Formsa.Michigan Site 11b.Boston/MGH Site 12c.Chicago Site 13d.UC Davis Site 14e.UCLA Site 15f.Pittsburgh Site 173.2.DNA Repository Certificate of ConfidentialitySection 4 Appendices4.1. SWAN Specimen Collection Record (SCR) Formsa.SWAN Core SCR Formb.Daily Hormone Study (DHS) SCR Formc.DNA SCR Form4.2. Blood Draw Diagrams – Full collection & Priorities for Short (Inadequate Volume) Draws4.3. SNPs Genotyping in the Initial Repository Genotype Project4.4. SWAN Specimen Collection Overview/Timeline TableSection 6 Appendices6.1. Inquiry Checklist Form6.2. Repository Application Form6.3. Supplemental Form for use of Genetic Materials6.4. Repository MTA and DUA Forms6.5. Repository Destruction Verification FormsSection 7 Appendices7.1. Assay Validation CriteriaTABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE DOCUMENTAbbreviation MeaningACD Acid Citrate Dexrose (anticoagulant)CC Coordinating CenterCLASS Central Laboratory, University of MichiganCSAP Concept Sheet and Analysis Plan (SWAN)dbGaP Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (from National Center for Genomes & Phenotypes)DHS Daily Hormone StudyDNA Deoxyribose Nucleic AcidDTA Data Transfer AgreementDUA Data Use AgreementEBV Epstein-Barr VirusEDTA Ethylene-diamine Tetracetic Acid (anticoagulant)EID Encrypted IDFMP Final Menstrual PeriodICPSR Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social ResearchIMS Inventory Management ServicesIRB Institutional Review BoardISBER International Society for Biological & Environmental RepositoriesIT Information TechnologyLOU Letter of UnderstandingMRL Medical Research Laboratories, Highland Heights, KYMTA Material Transfer AgreementMOO Manual of OperationsNIA National Institute on AgingNIH National Institutes of HealthNINR National Institute of Nursing ResearchORWH Office of Research in Women's HealthOTT Office of Technology TransferPBMC Phosphate-buffered Mononuclear CellsPD Project DirectorsPHI Protected Health InformationSAS Statistical Analysis SystemSC SWAN Steering CommitteeSCR Specimen Collection Record (forms)SNP Single Nucleotide PolymorphismSRAG SWAN Repository Advisory GroupSRO SWAN Repository OrganizationSWAN Study of Women’s health Across the Nation UC University of CaliforniaUM University of Michigan。

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English V ocabulary四级词Aabandon/ ə’bændən/ vt.丢弃；放弃，抛弃n. 狂热；放任aboard/ ə’bɔ:d/ ad.在船(车)上；上船absolute/ ‘æbsəlu:t/ a.绝对的；纯粹的absolutely/ ‘æbsəlu:tli/ ad.完全地；绝对地absolutel y not绝对不行；绝对不是；掌心向外；拒绝再玩absorb/ əb’sɔ:b/ vt.吸收；使专心承受；理解；使…全神贯注absorb energy吸收能量abstract/ ’æbstrækt/ n. . 摘要；抽象；抽象的概念adj. 抽象的；深奥的v t. 摘要；提取；使……抽象化v t. 摘要；提取；使……抽象化比较级more abs tract 最高级most abs tract abstract s y mbol抽象符号；摘录符号Abstract Art抽象艺术；抽象派；象艺术；抽象主义abundant/ ə’bΛndənt/ a.丰富的；大量的abundant gratification充分的满足；充分的谦足abundant acc omplishment丰硕的成果abuse/ ə’bju:z, ə’bju:s/ vt.滥用；虐待n.滥用child abuse虐待儿童；儿童虐待；儿童受虐症；童受虐事件academic/ ækə’demik/ a.学院的；学术的accelerate/ æk’seləreit/ vt.(使)加快；促进v i. 加速；促进；增加acceler ate deli v er y 快递accelerate key加速键或快捷键access/ ‘ækses/ n.接近；通道，入口v t. 使用；存取；接近access time[计]存取时间；访问时间；[计]选取时间；[计]取数时间Access Point[计]接入点；[计]入口处；出入通道处；基地台access code存取代码；存取码；存取密码；接入码accidental/ æksi’dentl/ a.偶然的；非本质的n. 次要方面；非主要的特性；临时记号accidental operation误操作；误动作acci dental loading偶然荷载；偶然负荷acci dental damage[劳经]意外损失；[劳经]意外的损害；意外事故险；意外的损害意外事故险accommodat e/ ə’kɔmədeit/ vt.容纳；供应，供给调解v i. 适应；调解accommodate s th适应某物accommodate with 借accommodation/ ə,kɔmə’deiʃən/ n.招待设备；预定铺位n. 住处，膳宿；调节；和解；预订铺位accompany/ ə’kΛmpəni/ vt·.陪伴，陪同；伴随accompany with同……一道accompany another搭伴to accompany陪同下；伴奏；随行accomplish/ ə’kɔmpliʃ/ vt.达到(目的)；完成accomplish wonders创造奇迹to accomplish达成accomplish nothing一事无成；没有出路accordance/ ə’kɔr:dəns/ n.一致；和谐；授予accordanc e circuit符合电路accordingly/ ə’kɔr:diŋli/ ad.因此，所以；照着account/ ə’kaunt/ n.记述；解释；帐目v i. 解释；导致；报帐v t. 认为；把…视为Account Infor mation帐号信息；帐户信息account pay able应付帐；应付帐款；应付账款；应付款chec k ing acc ount支票帐户；存款支票户；支票账户；存款帐户accumulat e/ ə’kju:mjuleit/ vt.积累vi.堆积accuracy/ ‘ækjurəsi/ n.准确(性)；准确度accurate/ ‘ækjurit/ a.准确的，正确无误的accustomed/ ə’kΛstəmd/ a.惯常的；习惯的acid/ ‘æsid/ n.酸；酸的，酸性的acquaintance/ ə’kweintəns/ n.认识；了解；熟人acquaintanc e for m病人登记表acquire / ə’kwaiə/ vt.取得；获得；学到to acquire兼并acquire experienc e获得经验acquire scientific ally科学地获得acre/ ‘eikə/ n.英亩(=6.07亩)adapt/ ə’dæpt/ vt.使适应；改编v i. 适应adapt to适应；适合；改编；使适应adapt for调整；以适应目标或需要ADAPT CHANGE适应变化的能力adapt from由adapt as把addition/ ə’diʃən/ n.加，加法；附加物in addition除…之外；此外；也；而且binar yadditi on二进制加法；二进加法additional/ ə’diʃənl/ a.附加的，追加的additional mov e附加动作address / ə’dres/ n.地址；演说；谈吐adequat e/ ‘ædikwit/ a.足够的；可以胜任的adequate demand充分需求adequatev entilati on足够通风adequate management适当管理adjust/ ə’dʒΛst/ vt.调整，调节；校正administration / ədminis’treiʃən/ n.管理；管理部门admission/ əd’miʃən/ n.允许进入；承认Admission offic e住院处；入院处；招生办公室；招生办admit/ əd’mit/ vt.承认；准许…进入Admit It认了吧admit chart导纳图advance/ əd’va:ns/ vi.前进；提高n.进展adj. 预先的；先行的adv ance work s前期工程；早期工程；房屋地政adv ance charge预付费用；预付款advanced/ əd’va:nst/ a.先进的；高级的Advanc ed Search高级检索；高级搜索；进阶检索；进阶搜寻adventure/ əd’ventʃə/ n.冒险；惊险活动v t. 冒险；大胆说出v i. 冒险Adventurelearning探险学习法；探险学习；探索学习adv entur e film惊险片；冒险片advisable/ əd’vaizəbl/ n.明智的；可取的adv isable for对……适宜affair/ ə’f eə/ n.事情，事件；事务civ ilaffair民政affect/ ə’fekt/ vt.影响；感动v i. 倾向；喜欢affect price影响价格affection/ ə’f ekʃən/ n.慈爱，爱；爱慕aff ord/ ə’fɔr:d/ vt.担负得起…；提供af terward/ ‘a:f təwəd(z)/ ad.后来，以后age/ eidʒ/ vt.变老aggressive/ ə’gresiv/ a.侵略的；好斗的有进取心的；有闯劲的aircraf t/ ‘eəkra:f t/ n.飞机，飞行器alarm/ ə’la:m/ n.惊恐，忧虑；警报alcohol/ ‘ælkəhɔl/ n.酒精，乙醇alike/ ə’laik/ a.同样的，相同的alloy/ ‘ælɔi, ə’lɔi/ n.合金；(金属的)成色alphabet/ ‘ælfəbit/ n.字母表，字母系统alter/ ‘ɔ:ltə/ vt.改变，变更；改做alternative/ ɔ:l’tə:nətiv/ n.替换物；取舍，抉择altitude/ ‘æltitju:d/ n.高，高度；高处aluminium/ ælju’minjəm/ n.铝amaze/ ə’meiz/ vt.使惊奇，使惊愕amaze s b让某人感到惊讶ambulance/ ‘æmbjuləns/ n.救护车；野战医院amongst/ ə’mΛŋst/ prep在…之中(=among)amuse/ ə’mju:z/ vt.逗…乐；给…娱乐analyse/ ‘ænəlaiz/ vt.分析，分解，解析analysis/ ə’næləsis/ n.分析，分解，解析ancestor/ ‘ænsistə/ n.祖宗，祖先anchor/ ‘æŋkə/ n.锚vi.抛锚，停泊v t. 抛锚；使固定；主持节目ancient/ ‘einʃənt/ a.古代的，古老的ankle/ ‘æŋkl/ n.踝，踝节部announce/ ə’nauns/ vt.宣布，宣告，发表annoy/ ə’nɔi/ vt.使恼怒；打搅annoydisturb搅扰annoy at因而感到不快annual/ ‘ænjuəl/ a.每年的n.年报anticipate/ æn’tisipeit/ vt.预料，预期，期望anxiety/ æŋg’zaiəti/ n.焦虑，忧虑；渴望anxious/ ‘æŋkʃəs/ a.忧虑的；渴望的apart/ ə’pa:t/ ad.相隔；分开；除去apart from除……之外tear apart把；使……分裂jok ing apart言归正传tell apart区分；分辨；辨别；区别apologize/ ə’pɔlədʒaiz/ vi.道歉，谢罪，认错apparatus/ ,æpə’reitəs/ n.器械，仪器；器官appeal/ ə’pi:l/ vi.&n.呼吁；申述appetite/ ‘æpitait/ n.食欲，胃口；欲望appliance/ ə’plaiəns/ n.用具，器具，器械applicable/ ‘æplikəbl/ a.能应用的；适当的application/ æpli’keiʃən/ n.请求，申请；施用appɔint/ ə’pɔint/ vt.任命，委任；约定appreciate/ ə’pri:ʃieit/ vt.欣赏；领会；感谢highly appreciate充分肯定approval/ ə’pru:vəl/ n.赞成，同意；批准approve/ ə’pru:v/ vt.赞成，称许；批准approximate/ ə’prɔksimit/ a.近似的vt.近似arbitrary/ ‘a:bitrəri/ a.随心所欲的；专断的architecture/ ‘a:kitektʃə/ n.建筑学；建筑式样argue/ ‘a:gju:/ vi.争论，争辩，辩论argument/ ‘a:gju:mənt/ n.争论，辩论；理由arise/ ə’raiz/ vi.出现；由…引起arithmetic/ ə’riθmətik/ n.算术，四则运算arouse/ ə’rauz/ vt.引起，唤起；唤醒article/ ‘a:tikl/ n.条款；物品arti f icial/ a:ti’f iʃəl/ a.人工的；娇揉造作的artistic/ a:’tistik/ a.艺术的；艺术家的ash/ æʃ/ n.灰，灰末；骨灰ashamed/ ə’ʃeimd/ a.惭愧(的)；羞耻(的)aspect/ ‘æspekt/ n.方面；样子，外表assemble/ ə’sembl/ vt.集合，召集；装配assembly/ ə’sembli/ n.集合；集会；装配assess/ ə’ses/ vt.对(财产等)估价assign/ ə’sain/ vt.指派；分配；指定assist/ ə’sist/ vt.援助，帮助；搀扶assistance/ ə’sistəns/ n. 协助,援助associate/ ə’səuʃieit/ vi.交往n.伙伴，同事association/ əsəusi’eiʃən/ n.协会，团体；联合assume/ ə’sju:m/ vt.假定；承担；呈现assure/ ə’ʃuə/ vt.使确信；向…保证astonish/ əs’tɔniʃ/ vt.使惊讶，使吃惊astronaut/ ‘æstʃəunɔ:t/ n.宇宙航行员，宇航员ætlantic/ ət’læntik/ a.大西洋的n.大西洋atom/ ‘ætəm/ n.原子；微粒；微量atomic/ ə’tɔmik/ a.原子的；原子能的attach/ ə’tætʃ/ vt.缚，系，贴；附加v t. 使依附；贴上；系上；使依恋attain/ə'tein/ vt.达到，获得，完成attempt/ ə’tempt/ vt.尝试，试图n.企图attend/ ə’tend/ vt.出席；照顾，护理attribute/ ‘ætribju:t/ vt.把…归因于n.属性audience/ ‘ɔ:djəns/ n.听众，观众，读者authority/ ɔ:’θɔriti/ n.当局，官方；权力automatic/ ɔ:tə’mætik/ a.自动的；机械的automobile/ ‘ɔ:təməbi:l/ n.汽车，机动车auxiliary/ ɔ:g’ziljəri/ a.辅助的；附属的available/ ə’veiləbl/ a.可利用的；通用的avenue/ ‘ævinju:/ n.林荫道，道路；大街await/ ə’weit/ vt.等候，期待awake/ ə’weik/ a.醒着的vt.唤醒award/ ə’wɔ:d/ n.奖，奖品；判定aware/ ə’weə/ a.知道的，意识到的awf ul/ ‘ɔ:f ul/ a.令人不愉快的awkward/ ‘ɔ:kwəd/ a.笨拙的；尴尬的棘手的；不合适的ax/ æks/ n.斧子BBBbaby/ ‘beibi/ n.婴儿；孩子气的人back/ bæk/ ad.在后；回原处；回background/ ‘bækgraund/ n.背景，后景，经历backward/ ‘bækwəd/ a.向后的；倒的ad.倒bacteri a/ bæk’tiəriə/ n.细菌bad/ bæd/ a.坏的，恶的；严重的badly/ ‘bædli/ ad.坏，差；严重地bag/ bæg/ n.袋，包，钱包，背包baggage/ ‘bægidʒ/ n.行李bake/ beik/ vt.烤，烘，焙；烧硬balance/ ‘bæləns/ vt.使平衡；称n.天平ball/ bɔ:l/ n.球，球状物；舞会balloon/ bə’lu:n/ n.气球，玩具气球banana/ bə’na:nə/ n.香蕉；芭蕉属植物band/ bænd/ n.乐队；带；波段bang/ bæŋ/ n.巨响，枪声；猛击bank/ bæŋk/ n.银行；库；岩，堤bar/ ba:/ n.酒吧间；条，杆；栅barber/ ‘ba:bə/ n.理发师bare/ beə/ a.赤裸的；仅仅的bargain/ ‘ba:gin/ n.交易vi.议价；成交barrel/ ‘bærəl/ n.桶；圆筒；枪管barrier/ ‘bæriə/ n.栅栏，屏障；障碍base/ beis/ n.基础，底层；基地basic/ ‘beisik/ a.基本的，基础的basically/ ‘beisikəli/ ad.基本上basin/ ‘beisn/ n.盆，洗脸盆；盆地basis/ ‘beisis/ n.基础，根据basket/ ‘ba:skit/ n.篮，篓，筐basketball/ ‘ba:skitbɔ:l/ n.篮球；篮球运动bath/ ba:θ/ n.浴，洗澡；浴缸bathe/ beið/ vt.给…洗澡；弄湿bathroom/ ‘ba:θrum/ n.浴室；盥洗室battery/ ‘bætəri/ n.电池；一套，一组battle/ ‘bætl/ n.战役；斗争vi.作战bay/ bei/ n.湾；山脉中的凹处be/ bi:/ aux.v.&vi.是，在，做beach/ bi:tʃ/ n.海滩，湖滩，河滩beam/ bi:m/ n.梁；横梁；束，柱bean/ bi:n/ n.豆，蚕豆bear/ beə/ n.熊；粗鲁的人bear/ beə/ vt.容忍；负担；生育beard/ biəd/ n.胡须，络腮胡子beast/ bi:st/ n.兽，野兽；牲畜beat/ bi:t/ vt.&vi.打，敲；打败beauti f ul/ ‘bju:tif ul/ a.美的，美丽的beauty/ ‘bju:ti/ n.美，美丽；美人b ecause/ bi’kɔz/ conj.由于，因为become/ bi’kΛm/ vi.变成；成为，变得bed/ bed/ n.床，床位；圃；河床bee/ bi:/ n.蜂，密蜂；忙碌的人beef/ bi:f/ n.牛肉；菜牛beer/ biə/ n.啤酒bef ore/ bi’fɔ:/ prep.在…以前；向…beg/ beg/ vt.&vi.乞求；请求beg for乞求；请求；恳求begin/ bi’gin/ vi.开始vt.开始beginning/ bi’giniŋ/ n.开始，开端；起源behal f/ bi’ha:f/ n.利益，维护，支持behave/ bi’heiv/ vi.表现，举止；运转behavior/ bi’heivjə/ n.行为，举止，态度behind/ bi’haind/ prep.在…后面being/ ‘bi:iŋ/ n.存在；生物；生命belief/ b i’li:f/ n.信任，相信；信念believe/ bi’li:v/ vt.相信；认为bell/ bel/ n.钟，铃，门铃；钟声belong/ bi’lɔŋ/ vi.属于，附属below/ bi’ləu/ prep.在…下面(以下)belt/ belt/ n.带，腰带；皮带；区bench/ bentʃ/ n.长凳，条凳；工作台bend/ bend/ vt.使弯曲vi.弯曲beneath/ bi’ni:θ/ prep.在…下方benef ici al/ beni’f iʃəl/ a.有利的，有益的benef it/ ‘benif it/ n.利益；恩惠；津贴beside/ bi’said/ prep.在…旁边besides/ bi’saidz/ ad.而且prep.除…之外best/ best/ a.最好的；最大的bet/ bet/ vt.&vi.&n.打赌better/ ‘betə/ a.较好的ad.更好地between/ bi’twi:n/ prep.在…中间beyond/ bi’jɔnd/ prep.在…的那边Bible/ ‘baibl/ n.基督教《圣经》bicycle/ ‘baisikl/ n.自行车，脚踏车big/ big/ a.大的，巨大的bike/ baik/ n.自行车vi.骑自行车bill/ bil/ n.账单；招贴；票据billion/ ‘biljən/ num.万亿(英)bind/ baind/ vt.捆绑；包扎；装钉biology/ bai’ɔlədʒi/ n.生物学；生态学bird/ bə:d/ n.鸟，禽birth/ bə:θ/ n.分娩，出生；出身birthday/ ‘bə:θdi/ n.生日，诞生的日期biscuit/ ‘biskit/ n.(英)饼干；(美)软饼bit/ bit/ n.一点，一些，小片bite/ bait/ vt.咬，叮，螫；剌穿bitter/ ‘bitə/ a.痛苦的；严寒的black/ blæk/ a.黑色的；黑暗的blackboard/ ‘blækbɔ:d/ n.黑板blade/ bleid/ n.刀刃，刀片；叶片blame/ bleim/ vt.责备，把…归咎于blame for因……责备；为而责怪；责备；责怪apportioni ng blame找人问责blank/ blæŋk/ a.空白的n.空白blanket/ ‘blæŋkit/ n.毛毯，毯子，羊毛毯blast/ bla:st/ n.爆炸，冲击波vt.炸bleed/ bli:d/ vi.出血，流血；泌脂blend/ blend/ vt.&vi.&n.混和blind/ blaind/ a.瞎的；盲目的block/ blɔk/ n.街区vt.堵塞，拦阻blood/ blΛd/ n.血，血液；血统bloom/ blu:m/ n.花；开花，开花期blow/ bləu/ vi.吹，吹动；吹响blue/ blu:/ a.蓝色的n.蓝色board/ bɔ:d/ n.板vt.上(船、车等)boast/ bəust/ vi.自夸vt.吹嘘boat/ bəut/ n.小船，艇；渔船body/ ‘bɔdi/ n.身体；主体；尸体b o il/ bɔil/ vi.沸腾；汽化vt.煮沸bold/ bəuld/ a.大胆的；冒失的bolt/ bəult/ n.螺栓；插销vt.闩门bomb/ bɔm/ n.炸弹vt.轰炸bond/ bɔnd/ n.联结，联系；公债bone/ bəun/ n.骨，骨骼book/ buk/ n.书，书籍vt.预定boot/ bu:t/ n.靴子，长统靴border/ ‘bɔ:də/ n.边，边缘；边界bore/ bɔ:/ vt.使厌烦；钻，挖born/ bɔ:n/ a.天生的；出生的borrow/ ‘bɔrəu/ vt.借，借用，借人boss/ bɔs/ n.老板，上司vt.指挥both/ bəuθ/ pron.两者(都)bother/ ‘bɔðə/ vt.烦扰，迷惑n.麻烦bottle/ ‘bɔtl/ n.瓶，酒瓶；一瓶bottom/ ‘bɔtəm/ n.底，底部，根基bounce/ bauns/ vi.反跳，弹起；跳起bound/ baund/ a.一定的；有义务的v t. 束缚；使跳跃n. 范围；跳跃boundary/ ‘baundəri/ n.分界线，办界bow/ bau/ n.弓；蝴蝶结；鞠躬bowl/ bəul/ n.碗，钵；碗状物box/ bɔks/ n.箱，盒；包箱box/ bɔks/ vi. 拳击，打拳boy/ bɔi/ n.男孩，少年；家伙brain/ brein/ n.脑，脑髓；脑力brake/ breik/ n.闸，刹车vi.制动branch/ bra:ntʃ/ n.树枝；分部；分科brand/ brænd/ n.商品；烙印vt.铭刻brass/ bra:s/ n.黄铜；黄铜器brave/ breiv/ a.勇敢的，华丽的bread/ bred/ n.面包；食物，粮食breadth/ bredð/ n.宽度，幅度；幅面break/ breik/ vt.打破；损坏；破坏breakfast/ ‘brekfəst/ n.早饭，早餐breast/ brest/ n.乳房；胸脯，胸膛breath/ breθ/ n.气息，呼吸；气味breathe/ bri:ð/ vi.呼吸vt.呼吸breed/ bri:d/ n.品种vt.使繁殖breeze/ bri:z/ n.微风，和风brick/ brik/ n.砖，砖块；砖状物bride/ braid/ n. 新娘bridge/ bridʒ/ n.桥，桥梁；桥牌brief/ bri:f/ a.简短的；短暂的bright/ brait/ a.明亮的；聪明的brilliant/ ‘briljənt/ a.光辉的；卓越的bring/ briŋ/ vt.带来；引出；促使British/ ‘britiʃ/ a.不列颠的，英联邦的broad/ brɔ:d/ a.宽的，阔的；广泛的broadcast/ ‘brɔ:dka:st/ n.广播，播音brother/ ‘brΛðə/ n.兄弟；同事，同胞brow/ brau/ n.额；眉，眉毛brown/ braun/ n.褐色，棕色brush/ brΛʃ/ n.刷子，毛刷；画笔bubble/ ‘bΛbl/ n.泡vi.冒泡，沸腾b ucket/ ‘bΛkit/ n.水桶；吊桶；铲斗build/ bild/ vt.建筑；建立；创立building/ ‘bildiŋ/ n.建筑物，大楼；建筑bulb/ bΛlb/ n.电灯泡；球状物bulk/ bΛlk/ n.物体，容积，大批bullet/ ‘bulit/ n.枪弹，子弹，弹丸bundle/ ‘bΛndl/ n.捆，包，束；包袱b urden/ ‘bə:dn/ n.担子，重担；装载量v t. 使负担；烦扰；装货于bureau/ ‘bjuərəu/ n.局，司，处；社，所burn/ bə:n/ vi.烧，燃烧n.烧伤burst/ bə:st/ vt.使爆裂vi.&n.爆炸bury/ ‘beri/ vt.埋葬，葬；埋藏bus/ bΛs/ n.公共汽车bush/ buʃ/ n.灌木，灌木丛，矮树business/ ‘biznis/ n.商业，生意；事务busy/ ‘bizi/ a.忙的，繁忙的but/ bΛt/ conj.但是，可是butter/ ‘bΛtə/ n.黄油；奶油button/ ‘bΛtn/ n.扣子；按钮vt.扣紧buy/ bai/ vt.买，购买vi.买by/ bai/ prep.在…旁；被，由CCCCCCCCCCcabbage/ ‘kæbidʒ/ n.洋白菜，卷心菜cabin/ ‘kæbin/ n.小屋；船舱，机舱cabinet/ ‘kæbinit/ n.橱，柜；内阁cable/ ‘keibl/ n.缆，索；电缆；电报cafe/ ‘kæf ei, kə’f ei/ n.咖啡馆；小餐厅cage/ keidʒ/ n.笼；鸟笼，囚笼cake/ keik/ n.饼，糕，蛋糕calculat e/ ‘kælkjuleit/ vt.计算；估计；计划calculator/ ‘kælkjuleitə/ n.计算器，计算者calendar/ ‘kælində/ n. 日历，历书；历法call/ kɔ:l/ vt.把…叫做；叫，喊calm/ ka:m/ a.静的，平静的camel/ ‘kæməl/ n.骆驼camera/ ‘kæmərə/ n.照相机，摄影机camp/ kæmp/ n.野营，营地，兵营campaign/ kæm’pein/ n.战役；运动campus/ ‘kæmpəs/ n.校园，学校场地can/ kæn/ aux.v.能，会，可能can/ kæn/ n.罐头，听头；容器Canadian/ kə’neidjən/ a.加拿大的canal/ kə’næl/ n.运河；沟渠；管cancel/ ‘kænsəl/ vt.取消，撤消；删去cancer/ ‘kænsə/ n.癌，癌症，肿瘤candidate/ ‘kændidit/ n.候选人；投考者c andle/ ‘kændl/ n.蜡烛；烛形物；烛光cap/ kæp/ n.帽子，便帽；帽状物capabl e/ ‘keipəbl/ a.有能力的，有才能的capacity/ kə’pæsiti/ n.容量；能力；能量capital/ ‘kæpitl/ n.资本，资金；首都captain/ ‘kæptin/ n.陆军上尉；队长capture/ ‘kæptʃə/ vt.捕获，俘获；夺得car/ ka:/ n.汽车，小汽车，轿车carbon/ ‘ka:bən/ n.碳card/ ka:d/ n.卡，卡片，名片care/ keə/ vi.关心，介意n.小心career/ kə’riə/ n.生涯，职业，经历caref ul/ ‘keəf ul/ a.仔细的；细致的careless/ ‘keəlis/ a.粗心的，漫不经心的cargo/ ‘ka:gəu/ n.船货，货物carpenter/ ‘ka:pintə/ n.木工，木匠carpet/ ‘ka:pit/ n.地毯，毡毯，毛毯carriage/ ‘kæridʒ/ n.客车厢；四轮马车carrier/ ‘kæriə/ n.运输工具；运载工具carry/ ‘kæri/ vt.携带；运载；传送cart/ ka:t/ n.二轮运货马车case/ keis/ n.情况；事实；病例case/ keis/ n.箱(子)，盒(子)，套cash/ kæʃ/ n.现金，现款cassette/ ka:’set/ n.盒式录音带；盒子cast/ ka:st/ vt.投，扔，抛；浇铸castle/ ‘ka:sl/ n.城堡；巨大建筑物casual/ ‘kæʒjuəl/ a.偶然的；随便的cat/ kæt/ n.猫，猫科，猫皮catalog/ ‘kætəlɔg/ n.目录，目录册catch/ kætʃ/ vt.捉住；赶上；领会cattle/ ‘kætl/ n.牛；牲口，家畜cause/ kɔ:z/ n.原因，理由；事业cave/ keiv/ n.山洞，洞穴，窑洞cease/ si:s/ vi.&vi.&n.停止，停息ceiling/ ‘si:liŋ/ n. 天花板，顶蓬celebrate/ ‘selibreit/ vt.庆祝；歌颂，赞美cell/ sel/ n.细胞；小房间cement/ si’ment/ n.水泥；胶泥vt.粘结cent/ sent/ n.分；分币；百centimetre/ ‘sentimi:tə/ n.公分，厘米central/ ‘sentrəl/ a.中心的；主要的centre/ ‘sentə/ n.中心；中枢vt.集中century/ ‘sentʃuri/ n.世纪，百年ceremony/ ‘seriməni/ n.典礼，仪式；礼节certain/ ‘sə:tən/ a.确实的；肯定的a certai n degree 到某种程度certainly/ ‘sə:tənli/ ad.一定，必定；当然certi f icate/ sə’tif ikit/ n.证书，证件，执照chain/ tʃein/ n.链，链条，项圈chair/ tʃeə/ n.椅子；主席chairman/ ‘tʃeəmən/ n.主席；议长，会长chalk/ tʃɔ:k/ n.白垩；粉笔challenge/ ‘tʃæləndʒ/ n.挑战；要求，需要chamber/ ‘tʃeimbə/ n.会议室；房间；腔champion/ ‘tʃæmpjən/ n.冠军，得胜者chance/ tʃa:ns/ n.机会，机遇；可能性change/ tʃeindʒ/ n.改变，变化；零钱channel/ ‘tʃænl/ n.海峡；渠道；频道chapter/ ‘tʃæptə/ n.章，回，篇character/ ‘kæriktə/ n.性格；特性；角色characteristic/ kæriktə’ristik/ a.特有的n.特性charge/ tʃa:dʒ/ vt.索价；控告n.费用chart/ tʃa:t/ n.图，图表；海图chase/ tʃeis/ n.追逐，追赶，追求cheap/ tʃi:p/ a.廉价的；劣质的cheat/ tʃi:t/ vt.骗取；哄vi.行骗check/ tʃek/ vt.检查；制止n.检查double chec k复查；复核；仔细的检查；双重检查cheek/ tʃi:k/ n.面颊，脸蛋cheer/ tʃiə/ vt.使振作；欢呼cheerf ul/ ‘tʃiəf ul/ a.快乐的，愉快的cheese/ tʃi:z/ n.乳酪，干酪chemical/ ‘kemikl/ a.化学的n.化学制品chemist/ ‘kemist/ n.化学家；药剂师chemistry/ ‘kemistri/ n.化学cheque/ tʃek/ n.支票chess/ tʃes/ n.棋；国际象棋chest/ tʃest/ n.胸腔，胸膛；箱子chew/ tʃu:/ vt.咀嚼，嚼碎chicken/ ‘tʃikin/ n.小鸡，小鸟；鸡肉chief/ tʃi:f/ a.主要的；首席的child/ tʃaild/ n.小孩，儿童；儿子childhood/ ‘tʃaildhud/ n.童年，幼年；早期chill/ tʃil/ vt.使变冷n.寒冷adj. 寒冷的；冷漠的；扫兴的v i. 冷藏；变冷c hill test 冷硬试验；激冷试验chimney/ ‘tʃimni/ n.烟囱，烟筒；玻璃罩chin/ tʃin/ n.颏，下巴China/ ‘tʃainə/ n.中国china/ ‘tʃainə/ n.瓷器，瓷料Chinese/ ‘tʃai’ni:z/ a.中国的n.中国人chocolate/ ‘tʃɔkəlit/ n.巧克力；巧克力糖ch o ice/ tʃɔis/ n.选择，抉择choke/ tʃəuk/ vt.使窒息；塞满v i. 窒息；阻塞；说不出话来choose/ tʃu:z/ vt.选择，挑选；情愿chop/ tʃɔp/ vt.砍，劈；切细vi.砍Christian/ ‘kristiən/ n.基督教徒；信徒Christmas/ ‘krisməs/ n.圣诞节church/ tʃə:tʃ/ n.教堂，礼拜堂；教会cigarette/ sigə’ret/ n.香烟，纸烟，卷烟cinema/ ‘sinimə/ n.电影院；电影，影片circle/ ‘sə:kl/ n.圆，圆周；圈子circuit/ ‘sə:kit/ n.电路；环行；巡行circular/ ‘sə:kjulə/ a.圆的；循环的circulate/ ‘sə:kjuleit/ vt.使循环vi.循环circum ference/ sə’kΛm fərəns/ n.圆周，周长，圆周线circumstance/ ‘sə:kəmstəns/ n.情况，条件；境遇citizen/ ‘sitizn/ n.公民；市民，居民city/ ‘siti/ n.城市，都市civil/ ‘sivl/ a.公民的；文职的civilization/ sivilai’zeiʃən/ n.文明，文化；开化civilize/ ‘sivilaiz/ vt.使文明；教育claim/ kleim/ vt.声称，主张；索取clap/ klæp/ vi.拍手vt.拍，轻拍clari f y/ ‘klærif ai/ vt.澄清，阐明v i. 得到澄清；变得明晰；得到净化class/ kla:s/ n.班，班级；阶级classical/ ‘klæsikəl/ a.古典的；经典的classi f ication/ klæsif i’keiʃən/ n.分类；分级；分类法classi f y/ ‘klæsif ai/ vt.把…分类classmate/ ‘kla:smeit/ n.同班同学classroom/ ‘kla:srum/ n.教室，课堂claw/ klɔ:/ n.爪，脚爪，螯clay/ klei/ n.粘土，泥土；肉体clean/ kli:n/ a.清洁的；纯洁的clear/ kliə/ a.清晰的vt.清除clerk/ kla:k, klə:k/ n.店员；办事员，职员clever/ ‘klevə/ a.聪明的；机敏的cliff/ kli f/ n.悬崖，峭壁climate/ ‘klaimit/ n.气候；风土，地带climb/ klaim/ vi.攀登，爬vt.爬clock/ klɔk/ n.钟，仪表close/ kləuz, kləus/ vt.关，闭；结束cloth/ klɔ:θ/ n.布；衣料；桌布clothe/ kləuð/ vt.给…穿衣服clothes/ kləuðz/ n.衣服，服装；被褥clothing/ ‘kləuðiŋ/ n.衣服，被褥cloud/ klaud/ n.云；云状物；阴影cloudy/ klaudi/ a.多云的；云一般的club/ klΛb/ n.俱乐部，夜总会clue/ klu:/ n.线索，暗示，提示clumsy/ ‘klΛmzi/ a.笨拙的；愚笨的coach/ kəutʃ/ n.长途公共汽车v t.训练；指导v i. 作指导；接受辅导；坐马车旅行n. 教练；旅客车厢；长途公车coal/ kəul/ n.煤，煤块coarse/ kɔ:s/ a.粗的，粗糙的coast/ kəust/ n.海岸，海滨(地区)coat/ kəut/ n.外套，上衣；表皮cock/ kɔk/ n.公鸡；雄禽；旋塞code/ kəud/ n.准则；法典；代码coffee/ ‘kɔf i/ n.咖啡，咖啡茶c o il/ kɔil/ n.(一)卷；线圈vt.卷c o in/ kɔin/ n.硬币；铸造(硬币)cold/ kəuld/ a.冷的；冷淡的n.冷collapse/ kə’læps/ vi.倒坍；崩溃，瓦解collar/ ‘kɔlə/ n.衣领，项圈colleague/ ‘kɔli:g/ n.同事，同僚collect/ kə’lekt/ vt.收集vi.收款collection/ kə’lekʃən/ n.搜集，收集；收藏品collective/ kə’lektiv/ a.集体的；集合性的college/ ‘kɔlidʒ/ n.学院；大学collision/ kə’liʒ(ə)n/ n.碰撞；冲突colony/ ‘kɔləni/ n.殖民地；侨居地color/ ‘kΛlə/ n.颜色，彩色；颜料column/ ‘kɔləm/ n.柱，支柱，圆柱comb/ kəum/ n.梳子vt.梳理combination/ kɔmbi’neiʃən/ n.结合，联合；化合combine/ kəm’bain/ vt.使结合；兼有come/ kΛm/ vi.来，来到；出现com f ort/ ‘kΛmfət/ n.舒适；安慰vt.安慰com f ortable/ ‘kΛmfətəbl/ a.舒适的，安慰的command/ kə’ma:nd/ vt.命令，指挥；控制commander/ kə’ma:ndə/ n.司令官，指挥员comment/ ‘kɔment/ n.评论，意见；注释c ommerce/ ‘kɔmə(:)s/ n.商业，贸易；社交commercial/ kə’mə:ʃəl/ a.商业的；商品化的commission/ kə’miʃən/ n.委任状；委员会commit/ kə’mit/ vt.犯(错误);干(坏事)committee/ kə’miti/ n.委员会；全体委员common/ ‘kɔmən/ a.普通的；共同的communicate/ kə’mju:nikeit/ vi.通讯；传达；传播communication/ kə’mju:nikeiʃən/ n.通讯；传达；交通communism/ ‘kɔmjunizəm/ n.共产主义communist/ ‘kɔmjunist/ n.共产党员community/ kə’mju:niti/ n.社区；社会；公社companion/ kəm’pæniən/ n.同伴；共事者；伴侣company/ ‘kΛmpəni/ n.公司，商号；同伴comparative/ kəm’pærətiv/ a.比较的，相对的compare to与……相比；把…比作为；比较；把compare/ kəm’peə/ vt.比较，对照；比作comparison/ kəm’pærisn/ n.比较，对照；比似compass/ ‘kΛmpəs/ n.罗盘，指南针；圆规compel/ kəm’pel/ vt.强迫，迫使屈服compete/ kəm’pi:t/ vi.比赛；竞争；对抗competent/ ‘kɔmpitənt/ a.有能力的；应该做的competition/ kɔmpə’tiʃən/ n.竞争，比赛complain/ kəm’plein/ vi.抱怨，拆苦；控告complaint/ kəm’pleint/ n.抱怨；怨言；控告complete/ kəm’pli:t/ a.完整的；完成的complex/ ‘kɔmpleks/ a.结合的；复杂的complicated/ ‘kɔmplikeitid/ a.复杂的，难懂的component/ kəm’pəunənt/ n.组成部分；分；组件compose/ kəm’pəuz/ vt.组成，构成；创作composition/ kɔmpə’ziʃən/ n.构成；作品；写作compound/ ‘kɔmpaund,kəm’paund/ n.化合物；复合词comprehension/ kɔmpri’henʃən/ n.理解，理解力；领悟comprehensive/ kɔmpri’hensiv/ a.广泛的；理解的compress/ kəm’pres/ vt.压紧，压缩comprise/ kəm’praiz/ vt.包含，包括；构成compromise/ ‘kɔmprəmaiz/ n.妥协，和解compute/ kəm’pju:t/ vt.计算，估计，估算computer/ kəm’pju:tə/ n.计算机，电脑conceal/ kən’si:l/ vt.把…隐藏起来concentrate/ ‘kɔnsəntreit/ vt.集中；聚集；浓缩concentration/ kɔnsən’treiʃən/ n.集中；专注；浓缩concept/ ‘kɔnsept/ n.概念，观念，设想concern/ kən’sə:n/ n.关心，挂念；关系concerning/ kən’sə:niŋ/ prep.关于concert/ ‘kɔnsət/ n.音乐会，演奏会conclude/ kən’klu:d/ vt.推断出；结束conclusion/ kən’klu:ʒən/ n.结论，推论；结尾concrete/ ‘kɔnkri:t/ n.混凝土；具体物condemn/ kən’dem/ vt.谴责，指责；判刑condense/ kən’dens/ vt.压缩，使缩短condition/ kən’diʃən/ n.状况，状态；环境conduct/ ‘kɔndəkt, kən’dΛkt/ n.举止，行为；指导conductor/ kən’dΛktə/ n.售票员；(乐队)指挥conf erence/ ‘kɔnfərəns/ n.会议，讨论会conf ess/ kən’fes/ vt.供认，承认；坦白conf idence/ ‘kɔnf idəns/ n.信任；信赖；信心conf ident/ ‘kɔnf idənt/ n.确信的，自信的conf ine/ kən’fain/ vt.限制；禁闭n. 界限，边界conf irm/ kən’fə:m/ vt.证实，肯定；批准conf lict/ ‘kɔnf likt, kən’f likt/ n.争论；冲突；斗争conf use/ kən’f ju:z/ vt.使混乱，混淆congratulate/ kən’grætjuleit/ vt.祝贺，向…道喜congress/ ‘kɔŋgres/ n.大会；国会，议会conjunction/ kən’dʒΛŋkʃən/ n.接合，连接；连接词connect/ kə’nekt/ vt.连接，连结；联系connection/ kə’nekʃən/ n.连接，联系；连贯性conquer/ ‘kɔŋkə/ vt.征服，战胜；破除conquest/ ‘kɔŋkwest/ n.攻取，征服；克服conscience/ ‘kɔnʃəns/ n.良心，道德心conscious/ ‘kɔnʃəs/ a.意识到的；有意的consciousness/ ‘kɔnʃəsnis/ n.意识，觉悟；知觉consent/ kən’sent/ n.同意，赞成vi.同意Consent Form同意书；知情同意书consequence/ ‘kɔnsikwəns/ n.结果，后果consequently/ ‘kɔnsikwəntli/ ad.因此，因而，所以conservation/ kɔnsə(:)’veiʃən/ n.保存，保护；守恒conservative/ kən’sə:vətiv/ a.保守的n.保守的人consider/ kən’sidə/ vt.认为；考虑；关心considerabl e/ kən’sidərəbl/ a.相当大的；重要的considerat e/ kən’sidərit/ a.考虑周到的；体谅的consideration/ kənsidə’reiʃən/ n.考虑，思考；体贴consist/ kən’sist/ vi.由…组成；在于consistent/ kən’sistənt/ a.坚持的，一贯的constant/ ‘kɔnstənt/ a.经常的；永恒的constitute/ ‘kɔnstitju:t/ vt. 构成,组成,任命constitution/ kɔnsti’tju:ʃən/ n.章程；体质；构造construct/ kən’strΛkt/ vt.建造；建设；构筑construction/ kən’strΛkʃən/ n.建造；建筑；建筑物consult/ kən’sΛlt/ vt.请教，查阅consume/ kən’sju:m/ vt.消耗，消费；消灭consumption/ kən’sΛmpʃən/ n.消耗量；消耗contact/ ‘kɔntækt, kən’tækt/ vt.使接触；与…联系contain/ kən’tein/ vt.包含，容纳；等于container/ kən’teinə/ n.容器；集装箱contemporary/ kən’tempərəri/ a.当代的，同时代的contempt/ kən’tempt/ n.轻蔑；藐视；受辱content/ ‘kɔntent, kən’tent/ n.内容，目录；容量content/ ‘kɔntent, kən’tent/ a.满意的，满足的contest/ kən’test, ‘kɔntest/ vt.争夺，争取；辩驳continent/ ‘kɔntinənt/ n.大陆；陆地；洲continual/ kən’tinjuəl/ a.不断的；连续的continue/ kən’tinju(:)/ vt.继续，连续；延伸continuous/ kən’tinjuəs/ a.连续不断的，持续的contract/ ‘kɔntrækt, kən’trækt/ n.契约，合同；婚约contradiction/ kɔntrə’dikʃən/ n.矛盾，不一致；否认in contradicti on to 同…相矛盾in contradiction with 与…相抵触；与…矛盾着contradiction between 矛盾，不一致contrary/ ‘kɔntrəri/ a.相反的n.相反contrast/ ‘kɔntræst, kən’træst/ n.对比，对照，悬殊by contrast相比之下；比较起来；对比之下；与之相反in contrast相反；成对比；相比之下；大不相同contrast with 与…形成对比；和…相对照in contrast with 与…形成对比；与…相比contribute/ kən’tribju(:)t/ vt.捐献，捐助；投稿control/ kən’trəul/ vt.控制，克制n.控制convenience/ kən’vi:njəns/ n.便利，方便；厕所convenient/ kən’vi:njənt/ a.便利的；近便的convention/ kən’venʃən/ n.习俗，惯例；公约conventional/ kən’venʃənl/ a.普通的；习惯的conversation/ kɔnvə’seiʃən/ n.会话，非正式会谈conversely/ ‘kɔnvə:sli/ ad.相反地conversion/ kən’və:ʃən/ n.转变，转化；改变convert/ kən’və:t, ‘kɔnvə:t/ vt.使转变；使改变convey/ kən’vei/ vt.传送；运送；传播convince/ kən’vins/ vt.使确信，使信服cook/ kuk/ vt.烹调，煮vt.烧菜cool/ ku:l/ a.凉的，冷静的cooperate/ kəu’ɔpəreit/ vi.合作，协作；配合coordinate/ kəu’ɔdinit/ vt.使协调，调节adj. 并列的；同等的coordinate with 使协调；配合cope/ kəup/ vi.对付，应付copper/ ‘kɔpə/ n.铜；铜币，铜制器copy/ ‘kɔpi/ n.抄件vt.抄写，复制cord/ kɔ:d/ n.细绳，粗线，索core/ kɔ:/ n.果实的心，核心corn/ kɔ:n/ n.谷物；(英)小麦corner/ ‘kɔ:nə/ n.角；犄角；边远地区corporation/ kɔ:pə’reiʃən/ n.公司，企业；社团correct/ kə’rekt/ a.正确的vt.纠正correspond/ kɔris’pɔnd/ vi.相符合；相当correspond with相符合；符合；一致；与…一致corresponding/ kɔris’pɔndiŋ/ a.相应的；符合的corridor/ ‘kɔridɔ:/ n.走廊，回廊，通路cost/ kɔst/ n.价格，代价；成本costly/ ‘kɔstli/ a.昂贵的；价值高的cottage/ ‘kɔtidʒ/ n.村舍，小屋cotton/ ‘kɔtn/ n.棉；棉线；棉布cough/ kɔf/ vi.咳，咳嗽n.咳嗽could/ kud, kəd/ aux.v.(can的过去式)council/ ‘kaunsil/ n.理事会，委员会count/ kaunt/ vt.计算vi.数，计数counter/ ‘kauntə/ n.柜台；计数器country/ ‘kΛntri/ n.国家，国土；农村countryside/ ‘kΛntrisaid/ n.乡下，农村county/ ‘kaunti/ n.英国的郡，美国的县couple/ ‘kΛpl/ n.夫妇；(一)对；几个courage/ ‘kΛridʒ/ n.勇气，胆量，胆识course/ kɔ:s/ n.课程；过程；一道菜court/ kɔ:t/ n.法院，法庭；庭院cousin/ ‘kΛzn/ n.堂(或表)兄弟(姐妹)cover/ ‘kΛvə/ vt.盖，包括n.盖子cow/ kau/ n.母牛，奶牛；母兽crack/ kræk/ n.裂缝，裂纹vi.爆裂craf t/ kra:f t/ n.工艺；手艺，行业crane/ krein/ n.起重机，摄影升降机crash/ kræʃ/ vi.碰撞，坠落n.碰撞crawl/ krɔ:l/ vi.爬，爬行crazy/ ‘kreizi/ a.疯狂的，荒唐的cream/ kri:m/ n.奶油，乳脂；奶油色create/ kri(:)’eit/ vt.创造；引起，产生c reative/ kri(:)’eitiv/ a.创造性的，创作的creature/ ‘kri:tʃə/ n.生物，动物，家畜credit/ ‘kredit/ n.信用贷款；信用creep/ kri:p/ vi.爬行；缓慢地行进crew/ kru:/ n.全体船员crime/ kraim/ n.罪，罪行；犯罪criminal/ ‘kriminl/ n.犯人，罪犯，刑事犯crisis/ ‘kraisis/ n.危机；存亡之际critic/ ‘kritik/ n.批评家，爱挑剔的人critical/ ‘kritikəl/ a.决定性的；批评的criticism/ ‘kritisizəm/ n.批评；批判；评论criticize/ ‘kritisaiz/ vt.批评；评论；非难crop/ krɔp/ n.农作物，庄稼；一熟cross/ krɔs/ vt.穿过；使交叉crowd/ kraud/ n.群；大众；一伙人crown/ kraun/ n.王冠，冕；花冠crude/ kru:d/ a.简陋的；天然的cruel/ ‘kruəl/ a.残忍的，残酷的crush/ krΛʃ/ vt.压碎，碾碎；镇压crust/ krΛst/ n.面包皮；硬外皮cry/ krai/ vi.哭，哭泣；叫喊crystal/ ‘kristl/ n.水晶，结晶体；晶粒cube/ kju:b/ n.立方形；立方cubic/ ‘kju:bik/ a.立方形的；立方的cultivate/ ‘kΛltiveit/ vt.耕；种植；培养culture/ ‘kΛltʃə/ n.文化，文明；教养cup/ kΛp/ n.杯子；(一)杯；奖杯cupboard/ ‘kΛbəd/ n.碗柜，碗碟橱；食橱cure/ kjuə/ vt.医治；消除n.治愈curiosity/ kjuəri’ositi/ n.好奇，好奇心；珍品curious/ ‘kjuəriəs/ a.好奇的；稀奇古怪的current/ ‘kΛrənt/ a.当前的；通用的curse/ kə:s/ n.诅咒，咒骂；天谴curtain/ ‘kə:tn/ n.帘，窗帘；幕(布)curve/ kə:v/ n.曲线；弯vt.弄弯cushion/ ‘kuʃən/ n.垫子，坐垫，靠垫custom/ ‘kΛstəm/ n.习惯，风俗；海关customer/ ‘kΛstəmə/ n.顾客，主顾cut/ kΛt/ vt.切，割，剪；减少cycle/ ‘saikl/ n自行车，循环DDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEeach/ i:tʃ/ pron.各，各自a.各eager/ ‘i:gə/ a.渴望的，热切的eagle/ ‘i:gl/ n.鹰ear/ iə/ n.耳朵；听力，听觉early/ ‘ə:li/ ad.早 a.早的，早期的earn/ ə:n/ vt.赚得，挣得；获得earnest/ ‘ə:nist/ a.认真的，诚恳的earth/ ə:θ/ n.地球；陆地，地面earthquake/ ‘ə:θkweik/ n.地震；大震荡ease/ i:z/ n.容易，舒适vt.缓和east/ i:st/ n.东；东部ad.在东方eastern/ ‘i:stən/ a.东方的；朝东的easy/ ‘i:zi/ a.容易的；安逸的eat/ i:t/ vt.吃，喝vi.吃饭echo/ ‘ekəu/ n.回声，反响vi.重复econɔmic/ i:kə’nɔmik/ a.经济的，经济学的economical/ i:kə’nɔmikəl/ a.节约的；经济学的economy/ i(:)’kɔnəmi/ n.经济；节约，节省edge/ edʒ/ n.边缘，边；刀口edition/ i’diʃən/ n.版，版本，版次editor/ ‘editə/ n.编辑，编者，校订者educat e/ ‘edju(:)keit/ vt.教育；培养；训练education/ edju:’keiʃən/ n.教育；训导；教育学effect/ i’f ekt/ n.结果；效果，效力effective/ i’f ektiv/ a.有效的；有影响的eff ici ency/ i’f iʃənsi/ n.效率；功效，效能eff ici ent/ i’f iʃənt/ a.效率高的，有能力的eff ort/ ‘efət/ n.努力；努力的成果egg/ eg/ n.蛋，鸡蛋，卵eight/ eit/ num.八，八个，第八eighteen/ ‘ei’ti:n/ num.十八，十八个eighth/ eitθ/ num.第八n.八分之一eighty/ ‘eiti/ num.八十，八十个either/ ‘aiðə, ‘i:ðə/ pron.(两者)任何一个elaborat e/ i’læbərit/ a.复杂的；精心制作的elastic/ i’læstik/ n.松紧带 a.有弹性的elder/ ‘eldə/ a.年龄较大的n.长者elect/ i’lekt/ vt.选举，推选；选择election/ i’lekʃən/ n.选举，选择权；当选electric/ i’lektrik/ a.电的，电动的electrical/ i’lektrikəl/ a.电的，电气科学的electricity/ ilek’trisiti/ n.电，电学；电流electron/ i’lektrɔn/ n.电子electronic/ ilek’trɔnik/ a.电子的element/ ‘elimənt/ n.成分；要素；元素elementary/ eli’mentəri/ a.基本的；初级的elephant/ ‘elifənt/ n.象elevator/ ‘eliveitə/ n.电梯；升降机eleven/ i’levn/ num.十一，十一个eliminate/ i’limineit/ vt.消灭，消除，排除else/ els/ ad.其它，另外 a.别的elsewhere/ els’weə/ ad.在别处，向别处embarrass/ im’bærəs/ vt.使窘迫，使为难embrace/ im’breis/ vt.拥抱；包括；包围emerge/ i’mə:dʒ/ vi.出现，涌现；冒出emergency/ i’mə:dʒənsi/ n.紧急情况，突然事件emit/ i’mit/ vt.散发；发射；发表emotion/ i’məuʃən/ n.情感，感情；激动emotional/ i’məuʃənl/ a.感情的，情绪的emperor/ ‘empərə/ n.皇帝emphasi s/ ‘emfəsis/ n.强调，重点，重要性emphasize/ ‘emfəsaiz/ vt.强调，着重empire/ ‘empaiə/ n.帝国employ/ im’plɔi/ vi.雇用；用；使忙于employee/ emplɔi’i:/ n.受雇者，雇员，雇工employer/ im’plɔiə/ n.雇佣者，雇主employment/ im’plɔimənt/ n.工业；雇用；使用empty/ ‘empti/ a.空的；空洞的enable/ i’neibl/ vt.使能够，使可能enclose/ in’kləuz/ vt.围住，圈起；附上encounter/ in’kauntə/ vt.遭遇，遇到n.遭遇encourage/ in’kΛridʒ/ vt.鼓励，支持，助长end/ end/ n.末端；目标vt.结束ending/ ‘endiŋ/ n.结尾，结局；死亡endless/ ‘endlis/ a.无止境的endure/ in’djuə/ vt.忍受；容忍enemy/ ‘enimi/ n.敌人；仇敌；敌兵energy/ ‘enədʒi/ n.活力；精力；能enf orce/ in’fɔ:s/ vt.实施，执行；强制engage/ in’geidʒ/ vt.使从事于；聘用engine/ ‘endʒin/ n. 发动机，引擎；机车engineer/ endʒi’niə/ n.工程师，技师engineering/ endʒi’niəriŋ/ n.工程，工程学enlarge/ in’la:dʒ/ vt.扩大，扩展；放大enormous/ i’nɔ:məs/ a.巨大的，庞大的enough/ i’nΛf/ a.足够的ad.足够地enquire/ in’kwaiə/ vi.vt. 询问enquiry/ / n. 询问ensure/ in’ʃuə/ vt.保证；保护；赋予entertain/ entə’tein/ vt.使欢乐；招待enthusiasm/ in’θju:ziæzəm/ n.热情，热心，热忱entitle/ in’tait l/ vt.给…权利(或资格)entry/ ‘entri/ n.入口处；登记；进入environment/ in’vaiərənmənt/ n.环境，外界；围绕envy/ ‘envi/ vt.&n.妒忌；羡慕equal/ ‘i:kwəl/ a.相等的；平等的equality/ i(:)’kwɔliti/ n.等同，平等；相等equation/ i’kweiʃən/ n.方程(式)；等式equip/ i’kwip/ vt.装备，配备equip ment/ i’kwipmənt/ n.装备，设备，配备equivalent/ i’kwivələnt/ a.相等的；等量的era/ ‘iərə/ n.时代，年代；纪元erect/ i’rekt/ vt.建造；使竖立error/ ‘erə/ n.错误，谬误；差错escape/ is’keip/ vi.逃跑；逸出n.逃跑。

AMA魔术大会日程表费用一览一、大会会费：US＄200二、双飞泰国四日费用约：RMB￥2450包括：1.四晚酒店住宿：SIAM BEVERLY (国际三星) 含早餐；2.来回机票；3.赴泰国签证费（由于旅行社方面未公布10月份的价格，以上费用暂时按照6月份赴泰国的参考价格结算，十月份的费用可能略有变动，请留意我们网站的更新。

）三、参赛费用：US＄50如需报名，请与我们联系：广东省杂技艺术家协会Guang Dong Acrobatic Artist Association广州市龙口西路550号1505室Room1505, No.550 Long Kou Xi Load Guangzhou City电话/传真：38486857phone / fax:38486857联系人：王莹莹梁钻红2nd Asia Magician Magic Association第二届亚洲魔术大会Bangkok Thailan泰国曼谷14-15-16 October,20052005年10月14—16日Competition Rules and Procedure比赛规则及程序1.General 章程This contest is open to all stage magicians of all countries. This is no limit to age or sex.本次比赛面向所有国家的舞台魔术师，不作年龄和性别的限制。

To qualify for the contest, each applicant must be a paid registrant the AMA2005.为保证比赛质量, 参赛者必须已在亚洲魔术联盟付费登记.All applications for the competition must be received by the Organize Committee by 31 August 2005.所有申请表必须在2005年8月31日前提交组委会。

Unit 1I. Word formsDirections: Complete the sentences with the words in the brackets. Change the form of the words if necessary1. The bald eagle _____the United States．( representative )2. We’re looking for young people with_____ and creativity．(entrepreneur)3. Moving to the city has been a difficult_____ for us．(adjust)4．Good eating habits and regular exercise are the_____for a healthy life．(found) 5．The teacher’s duties that morning included＿＿＿the before－school reading program．(supervise)6．_______came to him as he started to write for the second time．(inspire) 7．The company has had another successful year，thanks to the______ and energy of our workforce．(enthusiastic)8. In the last 20 years，Korea has been _____ into a major industrialnation．(transformation)9. He，too，made simplifications，but slowly，after studied reflectionand_____．(contemplate)10．Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for his____ to Quantum Theory(量子论）(contributing)II. Multiple ChoicesDirections：There are 1 0 incomplete sentences in this section．For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A)，B)，C)and D)．Choose the best one of them to complete the sentence．1．To be _______ to the House a person must be twenty-five years old and must have been a United States citizen for seven years．A)elected B)appointed C)chosen D)picked2．The government gave US a ______ to build another classroom．A) donation B)permission C)grant D)award3．As soon as the tanks came within_______，the soldiers opened fire．A) distance B)length C)extent D)range4. If you have difficulty_____ a particular book，please ask one of the librarians for assistance.A)looking B)finding out C)locating D)limiting5. That claim has been____ and much debated，but it seems to hold up．A) challenged B)denied C)conceded D)refused 6．Bodybuilders use mental imaging to _____their physical development．A) speed B)face C)elevate D)facilitate7．Britain consistently fails to____ the scientific discoveries made in its universities．A)explode B)exploit C)extend D)explore8．Can the school board——teachers’rights to express their views?A) restrict B)limit C)confine D)restrain9. Her privileged upbringing had not ----her for hard work in the fields.A) provided B)made C)quit D)equipped10. Later he----in war photography for magazines such as Life .Time, and Newsweek,winning a number of awards.A) specialized B)majored C)realized D)localized*********************************************************************Unit 2Word Forms1．Academic ability is not the sole _____for admission to the college．(criteria) 2．Such techniques are not _____to middle-class families with modest savings，or to small business owners holding long—term capital gains．(avail)3．A Certificate of Deposit remains one of the safest____．(invest)4．I was too emotionally_____ to ask myself what my own expectations might be．(mature)5. He developed computer software to handle complicated ___transactions．(finance) 6．If they do，juries should be told of the circumstances in order to assess the of a witness．(incredible)7．_____ of Glacier Bay are complaining about the pollution caused by cruise ships．(reside)8．_____，public interest in folk music has declined．(doubt)9．In 1999 it was revealed that he was close to____．(bankrupt)10. Your teacher can give you _____ on choosing a career and writing a jobapplication．(guide)********************************************************************Unit 3Word FormsDirections：Fill in the blanks with the words given below．Change the form where necessary．2．Long ______ in the sun will be harmful to your skin．3．Students in grade two are required to ________ in the activity．4．Since the disaster had occurred，what we can do now is to the 10SS．5．The development of advertisements over the past decade has made_____ change in our life，6．The supermarket’s_________ to quality turned out to be false．7．The policemen’S task now is to _________who is the real murderer．8．This slogan is designed to ______ all people to take actively part in the conference．9．Though this organization has been established for a couple of years，it now still ___________ members around the world．10．The decline of Japan’business is an(a)______ on the Asian economy．Unit 4I. Word FormsDirections：Fill in the blanks with the words given below．Change the form where2．The best of America’s skaters _______ for the camera．3．They knew that they were ________ for New York．4．There is no very easy _____ to mathematics．5．The teacher laid out a perfect______ for this team work．6. A gust of wind swept the glass on the window off，and sent it ____ into thecourtyard below．7．When the boiler ______ many people were hurt by the steam．8．If the storm continues on the mountain，the climber will be in ______ by morning．9．In my family，it is usually my mother who ________dishes after meal．10．We ____ everything together into the drawers．II. Multiple Choices1．His mind was busy all day，all night on how he could reestablish _____with the outer world．A)contrast B)touch C)contact D1 contract2．I ______ to take the opposite point of view．A) tend B)incline C) intend D1 decline3．We turned the car round and ________for home．A)steamed B)steered C)stemmed D1 steeled4．How can we express our _______ for your help?A)appreciation B)compliment C)comprehension D)apprehension5．The gunshot _____ the birds．A)scattered B)spread C)scratched D1 scolded6．A red light is usually a ______ of danger．A) sign B)signature C)signal D)symbol7．The losing candidate accepted the result of the election ________．A) graceful B)gracious C)gracefully D)graciously8．She eagerly _____ the offer of a trip to Europe．A) welcomed B) embraced C) braced D) received9．Such brilliant prospects almost ______the young girl．A)dazzled B)defied C)degenerated D)despised1 0．When the boiler _______many people were hurt by the steam．A)exploited B)explored C)exploded D)explosiveUnit 5Word formsDirections: fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary. Note there are more words than necessary．1．We don’t have enough food to ______ our campaign for a long time．2．The _______ of the policy makes the young president extremely happy．3．He has _______ great ups and downs．4．The wind has _______ down．5．Although their views on many things are ______different，they are good friends．6．Shall I ____the chairs?7．As a president，having to make all important decisions is a terrible _____ for me．8．They are _____to come since the weather is so bad．9．She’s preparing for an important meeting tomorrow，so you’d better not ____ her．10．I __________ that I could not make her change her mind．Unit 6Word FormsDirections：Fill in the blanks with the words given below．Change the form where necessary．Note there are more words than necessary．1．An employer cannot afford to hire __________workers．2．He is a ____ student and has never given up．3．There’s little ______ in passing the driving test if you don’t have a car of your own．4．The film star has a(an) _________car in addition to a large house．5．Please place the goods in _______ in winter．6. Byron became famous _____________.7. The soldiers came ______ down the street.8. He has not _____smoking, but is holding down to three cigarettes a day.9. He lost his ________ and fell over.10. I was not _________ of the fire.II. Multiple Choices1. X-rays are also called Rontgen rays ____ the discoveries who first put them to use.A) in case of B) in view of C) in place of D)in honor of2. Technology has ___ the sharing, storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.A) finished B) furnished C) functioned D) facilitated3. Mary succeeded in living ____ her extraordinary reputation.A) up B) up to C) on D) down4. Gestures are an important means to ______ messages.A) convey B) keep C) exploit D) study5. A major goal of the state travel agency is to ____ more people to visit its country.A) reduce B) expect C)induce D)arouse6. As the firm’s business increased they ____ more and more employees.A) took up B) took in C) took on D) took after7. Don’t ____while I’m talking. You can say what you want later.A) cut in B) cut down C) cut out D) cut off8. It’s understood that the filming of Legends is almost complete and the film is not____ to be delayed.A) possible B) likely C) easy D) available9. She had always wanted to go to America, so she _____ on the offer of a free trip.A) took advantage B) made use C) used D) seized10. By the end of 1994, 558 kinds of products had been ____ green food.A) named B) restricted C) classified D) labeled*********************************************************************Unit 7Word FormsDirections：Fill in the blanks with the words given below．Change the form where necessary．Note there are more words than necessary．2．The boy_____ out the watermelon seeds．3．______ failures did not affect his morale．4．This collar _______, so I want to buy a larger size．5．After three hours’_____delay．the train at last arrived．6．The mailman _____ his bicycle up against the wall and put the mail into the mailbox．7．Every student who is not absent in this term will win a prize for_____ of attendance．8. The Olympic _______entered the match field waving their hands.9. His face ______ up when he was told to have won the first prize.10. Her ______ income is $5000 a month .As a result, she can live a relativelycomfortable life.II. Multiple Choices1. Would you agree to _________ the operation?A) Parsons having full control of B) Parsons controlC) Parson’s having full control of D) be in Parson’s control2. “ Were you ever able to give the Johnsons the message?”A) to reaching them B) of reaching themC) to reach them D) in reaching them3. “Aren’t you going to ask the teacher why he gave you that grade?”“No, I intend _________.”A) to let rest the matter B) the matter to be let restingC) letting the matter to rest D) to let the matter rest4. “ what kind of pen do you want to have?”A) having this red pen B) to have this red penC) had this red pen D) this red pen having5. An explosion is really a sudden increase in volume _____.A) rapid burning cause it B) and caused by rapid burningC) causing its burning to be rapid D) caused by rapid burning6. “Shall we eat here?”“No, I don’t like to eat at this restaurant, for the waiter gave me __________.”A. a rare cooking steakB. a steak rarely cookedC. a steak rarely cookingD. a rarely cooked steak7. ________ France Viuard an excellent political speaker but also she was also among the first members of the Populist Party.A) Not only B) If only C) Only if D) Not only was8.”Let’s play checkers, David.”“No, I’d rather not, I am ____ that game.”A) tired about B) tired with C) tired of D) fed up9. Some type of instrument ____ has been known to painters since the early Stone Age.A) for applying paint B) applying paintC) is for applying paint D) for applying paint, it10. To finance the program they had to turn to _______.A) the public in the way of raising money B) fund raising for money of the public C) appealing money from the public D) the public for the funds they neededUnit 8Word FormsDirections：Fill in the blanks with the words given below．Change the form where necessary．Note there are more words than necessary．1．0nr team lost because some players became_____ ．2．_____ criminals is an offense in law．3．Colds are_____，and SO are some eye diseases．4．Nowadays people tend to live in rural areas while work in_____ areas．5．Irrigation was_____ to early civilization．6．We had to _____ for hours to get in the gymnasium．7．The_____ talks were the base of the later agreement．8．This part of the city has been _____as a shopping area。

NOMINATION OF EXAMINERS & EXAMINATION ENTRY FORMThis form should be completed, in full, and submitted to Registry at least four months before the anticipated date of submission of the thesis. Please see guidelines below on completion of the form.1. Examination to be entered for (please tick as appropriate):MPhil PhD MD(Res) EngD2. Candidate Details3. Supervisor Details4. Thesis Information1. Viva InformationPlease specify, in the table below, who will be responsible for arranging the oral examination:2. Proposed Examiner InformationPlease note: If the student is registered for an Imperial College degree the internal examiner MUST come from within Imperial College. If the student is registered for a University of London degree the internal examiner can come from Imperial College or from any of the University of London’s colleges and institutions.Please provide the following information for the proposed INTERNAL examiner (The role of the internal examiner is essentially that of custodian of the College regulations and standards):The proposed internal examiner is:Professor Reader Senior Lecturer * Other *Has the proposed examiner:a) Supervised at least one PhD, EngD or MD(Res) student to successful completion? Yes / Nob) Acted as an assessor for successful MPhil/PhD transfer on at least three occasions? Yes / NoIf the proposed examiner is a lecturer or senior research fellow have they:c) Successfully completed their probation period and CASLAT or equivalent course? Yes / No / n/aIf the nominee is an NHS consultant, please tick to confirm that they hold an Honorary Senior Lecturer or above contract with a College:Does the proposed examiner have experience of PhD examining for (please delete as applicable):(If no experience of examining, please state experience of PhD supervision or relevant training received) Imperial College: Yes / NoUniversity of London: Yes / NoElsewhere Yes / No Name of institution(s)Please note: If the student is registered for an Imperial College degree the external examiner can come from any institution outside of Imperial College. If the student is registered for a University of London degree the external examiner must come from outside of Imperial College and outside of any of the University of London’s colleges and institutions.Please provide the following information for the proposed EXTERNAL examiner. The role of the external examiner is essentially that of subject expert): A former Imperial College employee or student shall not be eligible to serve as an external examiner until at least 5 years has elapsed since they left the College.The proposed external examiner is:Professor ReaderSenior LecturerOtherIf the nominee is an NHS consultant, please tick to confirm that they hold an Honorary Senior Lecturer or above contract with a College:Does the proposed examiner have experience of PhD examining for (please delete as applicable): (If no experience of examining, please state experience of PhD supervision or relevant training received)Imperial College: Yes / No University of London: Yes / No Elsewhere: Yes / NoPlease state below the Reasons for Recommendation/Expertise and explain why this grouping ofRegistry will contact all examiners to officially invite them to examine the thesis. If you have already contacted the proposed examiners and have written confirmation of their agreement to act please tick to confirm this and attach their confirmation to this form:If you have not ticked the above box and provided exam iners’ written confirmation , Registry will proceed to invite examiners to act in the usual manner.3. Declaration – all questions must be answeredPlease confirm the following information and, where necessary, provide further information:(a) Are you aware of any professional, academic or personal connections between the candidateand/or the supervisor(s) and the proposed examiners? Yes / NoIf ‘No’ please tick either:The proposed examiner is from a different department and has no connections with the candidateYes OrThe proposed examiner is from the same department/research group, but has no connections with the candidate Yes(b) Please answer the following questions:The proposed examiner was involved in the research reported in the thesisYes / No The proposed examiner was a party to the candidate’s transfer from MPhil to PhDYes / No(c) If two EXTERNAL examiners have been proposed, please provide full details as to why this isnecessary (please note this should only be proposed in exceptional circumstances and will require graduate school approval)Please note: If one of the nominated examiners is from overseas, the Department/Division is required to pay any excess travelling and other expensesI confirm the information given above.Signed on behalf of Department/Division:Date:In cases where the form has not been signed, but has been submitted to the Registry by the DPS/PGR Administrator, it will beGUIDELINES ON COMPLETION OF THENOMINATION OF EXAMINERS & EXAMINATION ENTRY FORM ∙You should complete the form at least four months before your thesis is ready for submission. This allows sufficient time for your thesis title to be approved and for your examinersto be appointed.∙All sections of the form should be completed in full. Failure to complete all sections of the form may result in delays in processing your entry. Should you have any queries on the completion ofthe form, please read the notes below. If you are still unsure how to complete the form, pleasecontact the appropriate Registry Team for advice.∙The form should be completed and returned to Registry electronically by the Director of Postgraduate Studies in your Department/Division. In order to streamline the exam entryprocess for Research Degree students, we have designed a form that can be completedelectronically. Where a form asks for a signature the responsible person may type their name in.Registry will only accept the completed form from the Director of Postgraduate Studies orPostgraduate Research Administrator in each Department/Division. All enclosures should beattached to the email along with the completed form.Please find below guidelines on each of the sections of the form:1. Examination to be entered for:Please indicate the degree award you are entering for, i.e. MPHIL, PhD, MD(Res), EngD.2. Candidate DetailsPlease complete your personal details as requested. If you are awarded the degree your certificate will bear your names as they appear in the College’s records. Completion of this section accurately willensure that any name record discrepancies are highlighted in advance of completion of your degree.NB – you will not be able to amend the way your name is recorded once your degree has been awarded.Your result and any certificates will be sent to your Home address as it appears in the College records, so you should also ensure that the address details we currently hold for you are correct by accessing Self Service. You will continue to have access to Student Self Service, in order to amend your contact details, following completion of your registration or writing up period with the College for up to 1 year. 3. Supervisor Detailsletter and any further proof of studies you require from the College in future. It will also help the library to catalogue your thesis.Please indicate your thesis title as agreed between you and your supervisor. Following submission of this form your thesis title will be considered and, if approved, you will receive confirmation of this.Modifications to your thesis title may be suggested for you and your supervisor to consider.Please indicate the date you expect to submit your thesis (approximately).1. Viva InformationPlease indicate the person who should be contacted, following appointment of your examiners, to arrange the Viva.2. Proposed Examiner InformationPlease complete this section as fully as possible with name, contact details and reasons forPlease complete section (a) and (b) so that the appropriateness and independence of the examiners can be determined.Please complete section (c) if applicable to you;Departments are required to pay any travel or other expenses incurred by external examiners which are in excess of the maximum amount of £300 that Registry will reimburse.Once Section I & II have been completed by the Student and Supervisor, the form should be forwarded to the Director of Postgraduate Studies for the Department/Division for approval.The Director of Postgraduate Studies, once happy with the information provided on the form, should sign (type their name), date and forward the form electronically to Registry.。

Research StatementReaz Ahmed(********************)What is the Problem?Internet has become the fundamental medium of our professional and social interactions.We use numerous Web-based services,such as Google,Facebook,Twitter,Dropbox,Skype,and YouTube, on a daily basis.Our online activities are greatly shaped and defined by these Web service providers. We have to abide by their End-User License Agreements(EULA)–it does not matter whether the terms and conditions are in our favor or not.Clearly,this orientation has serious impact on our online privacy and content ownership.We trust the Web service providers with our uploaded content.But in the background,our content and online activities are being analyzed and moni-tored by government agencies,advertisement industry and many covert organizations.The recent PRISM/NSA scandal can give some clue to the skeptical minds.More recently,some of the popular Web service providers have updated their EULA in such a way that will allow them to use our blog posts,photos and videos for commercial purposes.Moreover,a service provider can evict online contents at whim without users’consent.ChallengesOnline privacy and freedom can be greatly improved by providing end users with the control knob for content placement.A user can better control a shared content and in general a Web service,if (s)he can select the hosting location,e.g.,from his own devices or friends’devices.However,the contemporary Web technology does not have any effective solution for hosting Web services form end user devices,while ensuring a high level of visibility.There are a few reasons behind this.First,the end user devices connect to the Internet as second class citizens.They do not have globally unique and persistent names,which is essential for seamless device access.Second,providing persistent services over non-persistent end user devices is an inherently challenging problem.Third,traditional Web search engines are not designed to crawl non-persistent end user devices for indexing the public contents/services in those devices.Andfinally,traditional network configuration hinders device-to-device communication.It takes quite a bit of effort and tweaks to directly communicate between two adjacent devices,even in the same LAN.The situation aggravates in the Internet.Current ResearchA single software system or a central entity cannot ensure our freedom in the Internet.In addition, we cannot expect to significantly improve our online experience by changing the application layer alone–changes to the network core is also essential.I believe that the emerging technologies,like Web2,IPv6and Software Defined Networking(SDN),can be combined into a coherent network architecture that can significantly improve user privacy and control.Currently,I am leading two research projects at the University of Waterloo:WATSDN[1]and pWeb[2].These projects share the same vision yet they work in different technology domains.The W ATSDN project aims at wide-area SDN deployment.SDN has gained significant atten-tion from the industry and academia.In this paradigm,control logic is separated from the packet switching hardware and placed in a logically centralized software component called controller.Ex-isting deployments use SDN in datacenters or for traffic shaping in inter-datacenter networks.Yetwe don’t have a complete solution for deploying SDN in wide-area networks(WAN).Switch to controller communication latency can be high in a WAN.A single controller solution will not be efficient.I am currently working on a few issues in wide-area SDN including multi-controller ar-chitecture[3],controller placement algorithm[4],monitoring[5],distributed OpenFlow-based SDN testbed[6]and policy-based SDN management[7].The pWeb(for Personalized Web)project focuses on a global infrastructure for seamless inte-gration of our hand held and home networking devices with the cutting edge Web technology.pWeb infrastructure[8]consists of three major components:a)name resolution system,b)search engine and c)client software.The name resolution system[9]assigns globally unique,persistent and DNS compatible names to end user devices.It can efficiently resolve name queries even if the user devices change IP addresses frequently.It uses the Plexus[10]routing protocol that I developed during my PhD.The search engine crawls the end user devices and the Web services hosted in them.The client software provides the interfaces and tools for building innovative applications using pWeb. pWeb components have already been deployed in stable Planetlab nodes.Alpha release of the client software along with a sample video streaming application for Android OS is also available.I am now working on opening the pWeb platform for public use and implementing the solutions[11,12] for improving availability through time-based replication.Future GoalsIn the next few years,my research goal is to design and deploy an end-to-end solution for seamless integration of smart devices(like,wearable devices,cell phone,tablet,IP-camera,network-attached-storage,gaming consoles and set-top boxes)with the Web technology.I want to develop aflexible networking architecture,where the edge(e.g.,end user devices)will be able to configure the network core according to its ers will be able to remotely configure,control and access the services(e.g.,content sharing,audio-video streaming,synchronization,backup,networked games, sensor services etc.)running in their smart devices.The network core will ensure seamless and low-latency access to end devices.This vision will be possible by converging my current work in the pWeb and WATSDN projects.pWeb will provide the necessary support for securely integrating end user devices to the Web.While the solutions from WATSDN project can be extended to ensure end-to-end connectivity with QoS guarantee.I believe that the SDN paradigm can benefit end-users with advanced network services,like in-network caching,dynamic request forwarding, multi-path routing and on-demand resource reservation.In parallel,I am expanding my research to name-based routing for ICN[13,14,15],VM-migration planning[16]and real-time analysis of high-volume data streams.Impact,Collaboration and FundingWidespread acceptance of my work will provide anybody the opportunity to publish to the masses, rather than being controlled by any biased entity.I believe that this platform will create the opportunity for many new applications that will better connect the service providers with the users. The pWeb project has ongoing funding/collaboration with the Orange France,the Bell Canada and the NSERC Strategic grant.My work in WATSDN project has attracted Cisco Systems Inc.and Huawei.I am currently in the process of establishing research projects with these two industrial partners.I am confident that my work will attract funding from the big players in the networking industry and the government agencies,and will significantly improve our online experience.References[1]WATSDN project homepage:/[2]pWeb project homepage:/[3]R.Ahmed and R.Boutaba.Managing Software Defined Wide Area Networks,Submitted to IEEE Communi-cations Magazine(ComMag),2014.(second round review)[4]Md.F.Bari,A.R.Roy,S.R.Chowdhury,Q.Zhang,M.F.Zhani,R.Ahmed and R.Boutaba.DynamicController Provisioning in Software Defined Networks.In IEEE/ACM/IFIP International Conference on Network and Service Management(CNSM),Zurich,Switzerland,October14-18,2013.(Nominated for best paper award)[5]S.R.Chowdhury,M.F.Bari,R.Ahmed,and R.Boutaba.PayLess:A Low Cost Network Monitoring Frameworkfor Software Defined Networks,IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium(NOMS),Karakow (Poland),May5-9,2014.[6] A.R.Roy,M.F.Bari,M.F.Zhani,R.Ahmed,and R.Boutaba.Design and Management of DOT:A DistributedOpenFlow Testbed,IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium(NOMS),Karakow(Poland), May5-9,2014.[7]Md.F.Bari,S.R.Chowdhury,R.Ahmed,and R.Boutaba.PolicyCop:An Autonomic QoS Policy EnforcementFramework for Software Defined Networks,Submitted to Software Defined Networks for Future Networks and Services(SDN4FNS),Trento(Italy),November11-13,2013.[8]R.Ahmed,S.R.Chowdhury,A.Pokluda,M.F.Bari,R.Boutaba and B.Mathieu.pWeb:A Personal Interfaceto the World Wide Web,Submitted to IFIP Networking,2014.[9]M.F.Bari,M.R.Haque,R.Ahmed,R.Boutaba and B.Mathieu.Secured and Persistent Naming for P2P WebHosting,IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications(JSAC),4th quarter,2012.[10]R.Ahmed and R.Boutaba.Plexus:A scalable peer-to-peer protocol enabling efficient subset search.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking(TON),IEEE press,Vol.17(1),pp.130-143,February2009.(impact factor:2.033,cited13times)[11]N.Shahriar,S.R.Chowdhury,M.Sharmin,R.Ahmed,R.Boutaba and B.Mathieu,Ensuringβ-Availabilityin P2P Social Networks,In Proc.of The Fifth International Workshop on Hot Topics in Peer-to-Peer Computing and Online Social Networking(HotPOST),held in conjunction with IEEE ICDCS2013.Philadelphia(USA),July, 2013.Best Paper Runner-Up[12]N.Shahriar,M.Sharmin,R.Ahmed,M.M.Rahman,R.Boutaba and B.Mathieu.Diurnal Availability forPeer-to-Peer Systems,in Proc.of the9th Consumer Communications and Networking Conference(CCNC),Las Vegas,NV(USA),January14-17,2012.[13],M.F.Bari,S.R.Chowdhury,R.Ahmed,R.Boutaba and B.Mathieu.A Survey of Naming and Routing forInformation Centric Networks,IEEE(ComMag),IEEE Press Vol.50(12),pp.44-53,December,2012.(impact factor:3.785,cited10times)[14]R.Ahmed,M.F.Bari,S.R.Chowdhury,M.G.Rabbani,R.Boutaba and B.Mathieu.αRoute:A NameBased Routing Scheme for Information Centric Networks.in Proc.of the32nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications(INFOCOM),Turin(Italy),April,2013.[15]R.Ahmed,M.F.Bari,S.R.Chowdhury,M.G.Rabbani,R.Boutaba and B.Mathieu.αRoute:Routing onNames,Submitted to IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking(TON),2014.[16]M.R.Bari,M.F.Zhani,Q.Zhang,R.Ahmed and R.Boutaba.CQNCR:Optimal VM Migration Planning inCloud Data Centers,Submitted to IFIP Networking,2014.。

VOCABULARY LISTBusiness English Certificate (BEC) PreliminaryIntroduction to the BEC Preliminary WordlistThe BEC Preliminary Wordlist gives teachers a guide to the vocabulary needed when preparing students for the BEC Preliminary examination.Background to the listThe BEC Preliminary Vocabulary list was originally developed by Cambridge ESOL in consultation with external consultants to guide item writers who produce materials for the BEC Preliminary examination. It includes vocabulary from the Council of Europe’s Threshold (1990) specification and business-related vocabulary which corpus evidence shows is high frequency.The list covers vocabulary appropriate to this level of English and includes receptive vocabulary (words that the candidate is expected to understand but which is not the focus of a question), and productive vocabulary (words that the candidate needs to know to answer a question).The list does not provide an exhaustive list of all words which appear on BEC Preliminary question papers and candidates should not confine their study of vocabulary to the list alone.How the list is updatedUsage of business language can change rapidly, as shown by the growth of email correspondence and associated vocabulary in the last ten years. In order to maintain its currency, the wordlist is updated on an annual basis by the addition and removal of words, using a corpus-based approach. Suggested additions to the wordlist are collated and the frequency of these words is obtained by reference to established corpora (electronic databases). The corpora in question represent receptive and productive language in business and general contexts. The main corpora used for the validation of the BEC Preliminary wordlist are:•the Cambridge Learner corpus (CLC) which includes over 20 million words of written learner English at six levels;•the British National Corpus (BNC) which includes 100 million words of written and spoken native speaker data, including four million business-oriented words;• a web-derived corpus of business-related articles which includes 120,000 words from US and UK business articles.How the list is organised•Word setsSome categories of words which a learner at this level might be expected to know are not included in the alphabetical list but appear separately in Appendix 1. These include word sets such as numbers; days of the week; months of the year; countries and languages.•ExemplificationExample phrases and sentences are given only where words which can be used with different meanings have been restricted in the extent of their usage at BEC Preliminary level. For example, trust is exemplified as it will only be used on a BEC Preliminary paper with the meaning of having confidence in someone or something, and not with the meaning of a financial arrangement (such as trust fund or trust unit).•Prefixes and suffixesA list of possible prefixes and suffixes is provided in Appendix 2 and these may be combined withthe vocabulary items in the list as appropriate. Unemployment, for example, is not included on the alphabetical list, as it is formed from a word on the list – employ – in combination with two of the allowable affixes – un and ment.Words with an affix which is not included in the appendix appear within the alphabetical list.Reliability, for example, is listed, as the suffix – ity is not included in Appendix 2, as it is considered to be difficult for this level.•Compound wordsCompound words are not included in the list where both individual words are present and where the meaning of the compound is literal and transparent, eg businessman. A similar approach has been adopted for two-word and hyphenated compounds, for example, leisure centre and hand-made.•Multi-word verbsMulti-word verbs are not included in the list if they have a literal meaning and are composed of verbs and particles already in the list. Examples of literal multi-word verbs are come into and sit down. If the meaning of the verb is not transparent, eg put through, get along, the verb is listed and an example of usage given.•Topic ListsAs Business English is considered to be a domain in itself, there are no separate topic lists for BEC Preliminary.Personal VocabularyThe content of the BEC Preliminary wordlist is unlikely to cover completely the productive vocabulary that may be required by all candidates. Candidates should know the specific lexis they will need to describe themselves, their lives and their work.AbbreviationsAbbreviations used in the Vocabulary List are:abbrev abbreviation or acronymadj adjectiveadv adverbAm Eng American EnglishBr Eng British Englishconj conjunctiondet determinerexclam exclamationint interjectionn nounphr v phrasal verbpl pluralprep prepositionprep phr prepositional phrasepron pronounsing singularv verbSummary of points to be noted•The list does not include every word that may appear on a BEC Preliminary paper.•The list covers receptive and productive vocabulary.•Prefixes and suffixes used at this level appear in an appendix.Aa.m. (before noon) (adv)abbreviation (n)ability (n)able (adj)•able to goabout (adj & prep)•The company has about 500employees. (adj)•The report is about share prices.(prep)above (adj & prep)abroad (adv)absence (n)absent (adj)accept (v)access (n & v)accident (n)accommodation (n)accompany (v)according to (prep)account (n)•I’d like to open a bank account.•Our company has an account at Transport Solutions.accountancy (n)accountant (n)accounting (n)accounts (n)accuracy (n)accurate (adj)achieve (v)acknowledge (v)acquaintance (n)acquire (v)acquisition (n)across (prep)act (v)action (n)•The company has reasons for its actions.•Industrial action has affectedproduction.•We need to develop an action plan. active (adj)activity (n)actor (n)actual (adj)ad (abbrev) (advertisement or advert) adapt (v)add (v)addition (n)•In addition, I’d like to order a new printer.•With his experience, he will be a useful addition to the team. additional (adj)address (n & v)•Could I have your email address?(n)•The MD addressed theconference. (v)adjust (v)administration (n)administrative (adj)administrator (n)admire (v)admission (n)•Admission to the conference is by ticket only.admit (v)•He admitted there were production problems.•This ticket admits two people to the exhibition.adult (adj & n)advance (n)•Could you let me know inadvance?•I’d like to make an advancebooking.advanced (adj)•We need someone with advanced-level word-processing skills. advantage (n)advert (n)advertise (v)advertising (n)advice (n)advice note (n)advise (v)aeroplane (n)affair (n)•He had a lot of important affairs to take care of.affect (v)afford (v)afraid (adj)after (prep)after-sales service (n)afternoon (n)afterwards (adv)again (adv)against (prep)age (n)aged (adj)agency (n)•Let’s use an advertising agency. agenda (n)agent (n)•I’ve been to the travel agent tobook a flight to Hong Kong.•He’s our agent in Japan.ago (adv)agree (v)agricultural (adj)agriculture (n)aim (n & v)•His aim was to become MD. (n)•We aim to increase turnover by 5% this year. (v)air (n)•He’s going by air instead of bytrain.air-conditioned (adj)air-conditioning (n)airline (n)airmail (n)airplane (n)airport (n)alarm (n)•The bank installed a new security alarm.alike (adv & adj)•They think alike. (adv)•The two products are very alike.(adj)all (adj, adv, det & pron)allow (v)allowance (n)• holiday allowancealmost (adv)alone (adv)along (adv & prep)aloud (adv)alphabet (n)already (adv)alright (adv/adj)also (adv)alternative (n & adj)although (conj)altogether (adv)always (adv)amazing (adj)ambassador (n)ambition (n)ambitious (adj)among(amongst) (prep)amount (n)amusing (adj)analyse (v)analysis (n)and (conj)anger (n)angry (adj)anniversary (n)•The company celebrated its 50th anniversary.announce (v)annoy (v)annual (adj)annual report (n)annual return (n)another (adj)answer (n & v)answer phone (n)antique (adj & n)anxious (adj)any (adj & pron)anybody (pron)anyhow (adv)anyone (pron)anything (pron)anyway (adv)anywhere (adv)AOB (abbrev) Any Other Business apart from (prep)apartment (n) (Am Eng)apologise (v)apology (n)appear (v)appearance (n)applicant (n)application (n)application form (n)apply (v)appoint (v)approach (n & v)•What approach are you going to take? (n)•We may approach the bank for a loan. (v)appropriate (adj)approval (n)approve (v)approx. (abbrev) approximate(ly) approximate (adj)architect (n)area (n)•We’re looking for extrawarehousing in the Leeds area.•He became area manager after two years.argue (v)•They argued about the marketing s trategy.arithmetic (n)around (adv & prep)arrange (v)arrival (n)arrive (v)art (n)•The company buys and sells work of art.article (n)•The newspaper article criticised the company.as (adv & conj)ASAP (abbrev) as soon as possible ashamed (adj)ask (v)aspect (n)•What aspect of your work do you like most?assembly (n)assembly line (n)assembly plant (n)assembly point (n)assess (v)assistant (n)associate (n & v)association (n)assure (v)at (prep)at all (prep phr)at first (prep phr)at last (prep phr)at least (prep phr)at once (prep phr)at present (prep phr)at the same time (prep phr)attach (v)attack (n & v)attend (v)attendance (n)attempt (n & v)attention (n)attitude (n)attract (v)attraction (n)attractive (adj)audience (n)audit (v)author (n)authorise (v)authority (n)automatic (adj)availability (n)available (adj)average (adj & n)•Can you find the average of these three numbers? (n)•He’s not a particularly effective rep.– just average. (adj)avoid (v)awake (adj)award (n & v)•She was awarded the title‘Businessperson of the Year’. (v) •The court awarded damages of£5,000. (v)•Our company won an award forexports. (n)aware (adj)away (adv)•The MD’s away on business until Thursday.•He threw away the documents by mistake.Bback (adv & n)•When are you going back to work?(adv)•I gave back the laptop I hadborrowed. (adv)•The cables at the back of thecomputer are not connected. (n) background (n)backwards (adv)bad (adj)bag (n)baggage (n)balance (v & n)•The country’s balance of payments is up this month because ofincreased exports. (n)•The balance is due within twoweeks. (n)•She spent hours trying to balance the company’s accounts. (v) •Do the books balance? (v) balance sheet (n)ballpoint (adj & n)ban (v & n)bank (n & v)bank account (n)bank balance (n)bank card (n)bank charge (n)bank clerk (n)bank loan (n)bank manager (n)bank statement (n)bank transfer (n)banking (n)banknote (n)bankrupt (v & adj)bankruptcy (n)bar (n)•The bar chart shows sales from last year.bargain (n & v)•Did you get a bargain? (n)•Bargain with him. (v)base (n & v)•Our customer base is rather weak.(n)•The base rate is low so morepeople are borrowing. (n)•My new job is based in centralEurope. (v)•What did you base the salesprojections on? (v)basement (n)basic (adj)basis (n)basket (n)battle (n)•There was a boardroom battle over strategy.bay (n)•The factory needs another loading bay.be (v)beat (v)•We can beat our competitors on quality but not price.because (conj)because of (adv)become (v)before (prep)beg (v)•I beg your pardon.•I begged her not to resign.begin (v)behave (v)•He always behaves in aprofessional manner.behaviour (n)behind (prep & adv)believe (v)•I believe we’ll win the contract.•Do you believe in the product?bell (n)belong (v)below (adv & prep)bend (n & v)beneath (adv & prep)benefit (n & v)beside (adv & prep)between (prep & adv)beyond (prep)bicycle (n)big (adj) bike (n)bill (Am Eng) (n)billion (n)biography (n)birth (n)•What’s her date of birth? (n)black (adj)•The company ended the year in the black. (n)•The true size of the black economy cannot be known. (adj)blame (n & v)blank (adj & n)•I need a blank piece of paper. (adj) •Write the correct word in eachblank. (n)blank cheque (n)blind (n)•The blind needs repairing.block (n)•It’s opposite the office block on the corner.blow up (phr v)The gas heater blew up.blue (adj)•There’s been a decline in thenumber of blue-collar workers. board (n & v)• a noticeboard, a wooden board (n)•on board a ship/aircraft (n)•board a plane (v)• a board of directors (n)board meeting (n)boarding card (n)boarding pass (n)board room (n)boat (n)body (n)bold (adj)bonus (n)•an annual bonusbook (n & v)•I’m reading a book on marketing at the moment. (n)•We’d better book a flight. (v) bookcase (n)bookkeeping (n)booking desk (n)booking form (n)booking office (n)bookshop (n)boost (n & v)boot (n)•My cases are in the boot of the car. border (n & v)bored (adj)boring (adj)born (adj)borrow (v)boss (n)both (adj & pron)bottom (n & adj)•at the bottom of the page (n)•the bottom left-hand corner (adj) box (n)•I ordered three boxes of floppydisks.•Tick the box.brain (n)branch (n)•The bank has a network ofbranches in the North.brand (n)• own brand (n)• brand name (n)• brand-new (adj)brave (adj)break (n & v)•during the (lunch) break (n)•What time shall we break forlunch? (v)break down (n & phr v)•Could you let me have abreakdown of last month’s salesfigures? (n)•The packing machine has broken down. (phr v)break in (n & phr v)•Someone broke in to the factory and stole some equipment. (phr v)•There was a break-in at thecompany’s head office. (n)break up (phr v)•The Lexford Group was broken up into smaller companies.•The glass bottles are broken up before entering the recyclingmachine.breakfast (n)•Could we arrange a breakfastmeeting?brick (n)brief (adj)•The MD made a brief visit to the factory.•Here is the business news in brief. briefcase (n)bright (adj)brilliant (adj)bring (v) bring forward (phr v)•We’ll have to bring the time of the meeting forward to 10.00 a.m. broad (adj)brochure (n)brush (n & v)B.Sc. (abbrev) (Bachelor of Science) budget (n & v)buffet (adj & n)bug (n)•This software has a bug in it.build (v)building (n)bulk (n)•Bulk purchasing has allowed us to cut costs.bullet (n & v)• a bullet point (n)•Bullet point this list for the meeting.(v)bureau (n)•I’ll get some dollars from theforeign exchange bureau.burglar (n)burglary (n)bus (n)bus station (n)bus stop (n)business (n)•He runs a business. (n)•company business (n)• do business (v)•be in/on business (v)•get down to business (phr v)•go into business (phr v)•go out of business (phr v)•set up in business (phr v) business card (n)business hours (n)business plan (n)business school (n)busy (adj)but (conj)button (n)•The on/off button isn’t workingproperly.buy (n & v)•We bought 300 files. (v)•It was a good buy. (n)buyer (n)by (prep)by accident (prep phr)by air (prep phr)by all means (prep phr)by car (prep phr)by day (prep phr)by hand (prep phr)by land (prep phr)by mistake (prep phr)by name (prep phr)by oneself (prep phr)by post (prep phr)by sea (prep phr)by sight (prep phr)by train (prep phr)C°C (abbrev) Centigrade, Celsiusc (abbrev) centsc (abbrev) circac/o (abbrev) care ofcab (n)cabinet (n)• filing cabinetcable (n)cable television (n)café/cafe (n)calculate (v)calculator (n)calendar (n)call (n & v)•There was a phone call for you.•(n)•What’s this product called? (v)•Mr Khan called you this morning.(v)call for (phr v)•I’ll call for you at 3 p.m.call in (phr v)•I’ll call in and see you next time I’m in town.callbox (n)call centre (n)calm (adj)camera (n)campaign (n & v)•The advertising campaign wasvery successful. (n)•The staff campaigned for betterworking conditions. (v)can (n & v)• a can of coca-cola (n)•Can I go now? (v)•He can speak Japanese very well.(v)canal (n)cancel (v)cancellation (n)candidate (n)canteen (n)capable (adj)capacity (n)capital (n)•the capital (city) of a country•to raise capital for a business• capital letterscar (n)car park (n)card (n)• identity card• credit cardcardboard (adj & n)care (n & v)•We take care of our customers. (n)•Some customers care more about good quality than price. (v)career (n)cargo (n)carpet (n)carry (v)•carry a case•pipes carrying watercarry on (phr v)•I’ll carry on working until I’m 65. carry out (a task) (phr v)•We’ve just carried out a survey into customer satisfaction.•Carrying out instructions is part of the job.case (n)• a difficult case• a case for my laptop•In that case…cash (n & v)cash book (n)cash desk (n)cash flow (n)cash machine (n)cash price (n)cash register (n)cash sale (n)cassette (n)cassette player/recorder (n)casual (adj)catalogue (n)catch (v)category (n)catering (adj)cause (n & v)cc (abbrev) carbon copyCD (n)CD-ROM (n)CEO (abbrev) Chief Executive Officer ceiling (n)celebrate (v)celebration (n)cellar (n)Celsius (n)cement (n)cent (n)centigrade (adj)centimetre (n)central (adj)central bank (n)central heating (n)centre (n)century (n)certain (adj)•be certain of something• a certain personcertificate (n)chain (n)• a chain of supermarketschair (n & v)•We need new chairs for the office.(n)•Peter is Chair of the meeting this afternoon. (n)•The Finance Director chaired the meeting in the MD’s absence. (v) chairman (n)chairperson (n)chairwoman (n)challenge (n & v)chance (n)change (n & v)•It was a big change from myprevious job. (n)•Do you have any (small) change?(n)•He changed his idea about the• brochure. (v)•She changed money before going to the airport. (v)chapter (n)charactercharge (n & v)•His charges are too high. (n)•How much do you charge? (v)•in charge (of)chart (n)charter (n)• a customer charterchat (n & v)cheap (adj)cheat (v)check (n & v)•I’ll do a quick check. (n)•Check these sums. (v)check in (n & phr v)•Please proceed to check-in. (n)•check in to a hotel (phr v)check out (phr v)•check out of a hotelchecklist (n)cheerful (adj)chef (n)chemical (adj)•the chemical industrychemist (n)cheque (n)cheque card (n)chief (adj & n)•the chief problem (adj)•chief executive (n)child (n)choice (n)choose (v)circle (n)•The chairs were arranged in acircle for the meeting.circular (adj)• a circular letter• a circular tablecirculate (v)city (n)claim (n & v)clarify (v)class (n)• a class of business students (n)•first class, second class (n) classify (v)classroom (n)clean (adj & v)clear (adj & v)•It’s all very clear to me now what happened. (adj)•Clear your desk before you gohome. (v)•The board decided to sell some assets in order to clear companydebts. (v)•The consignment hasn’t cleared through customs yet. (v)•The bank requires four days toclear the cheque. (v)clerical (adj)clerk (n)clever (adj)client (n)climate (n)•Today’s economic climate doesn’t encourage expansion.climb (v)•Prices have climbed steadily.clock (n)close (adj & v)close down (phr v)•The factory has closed down. close (to) (adj)•My house is close to my workplace.cloth (n)clothes (n pl)clothing (adj)club (n)clue (n)cm (abbrev) centimetresCo (abbrev) companyco-operate (v)co-operation (n)co-operative (adj & n)•He is very co-operative. (adj)•This company is a co-operative.(n)co-ordinate (v)co-ordination (n)coach (n & v)•Because of the railway strike, he went to York by coach. (n) •The company employs a coach.(v)coal (n)coast (n)coffee (n)coffee-shop (n)coin (n)cold (adj & n)colleague (n)collect (v)collection (n)colour (n & v)combination (n)combine (v)come (v)come down (phr v)•Computers have come down in price recently.comfort (n)command (n& n )•command a high price (v)•issue a command (n)comment (n & v)commerce (n)commercial (n & adj)• a television commercial (n)• a commercial organisation (adj) commission (n)•to earn commission on a sale commit (v)•committed to her work•commit resources to a project committee (n)common (adj)• a common event•have something in common communicate (v)communication (n)commute (v)compact (adj)• a compact disc (CD)• a compact officecompany (n)compare (v)comparison (n)compete (v)competition (n)• a competition•competition from another company competitive (adj)competitor (n)complain (v)complaint (n)complete (v & adj)compliment (n & v)component (n)composition (n)compromise (n & v)computer (n)computer program(me) (n)computer programmer (n)concentrate (v)concentration (n)concern (n & v)•The budget overspend is a matter of concern. (n)•It doesn’t concern you. (v) concert (n)conclusion (n)condition (n)•It’s in good condition.•under these conditions conference (n)confidence (n)confident (adj)confidential (adj)confirm (v)•confirm an orderconfirmation (n)•waiting for a confirmation of anordercongratulations (n & int)connect (v)connecting (flight) (adj)connection (n)conservative (adj)consider (v)consignment (n)consist (v)constant (adj)• constant levelconstruct (v)construction (adj)consul (n)consulate (n)consult (v)consultancy (n)consultant (n)consultation (n)consumer (n)• consumer confidencecontact (n & v)contain (v)content(s) (n)contest (n & v)continent (n)continue (v)contract (n & v)•He is contracted to work 20 hours per week. (v)•The contract is due for renewal. (n) contribute (v)contribution (n)control (n & v)•He has lost control of the budget.(n)•We can’t control prices! (v) convenience (n)• convenience foodsconvenient (adj)conversation (n)cool (adj & v)copy (n & v)•Have you got a copy? (n)•Copy this letter. (v)corner (n)corporate (adj)• corporate client• corporate entertainment• corporate business• corporate rate(s)correct (adj & v)•Is this correct? (adj)•I will correct it for you. (v) correction (n)correspond (v)•correspond with someone correspondence (n)corridor (n)cost (n & v)•We have to look at all the costs.(n)•The new equipment cost morethan we planned. (v)costing(s) (n)cotton (n)count (v)country (n)countryside (n)couple (n)courage (n)courier (n)• courier servicecourse (n)•an English course• of coursecourt (n)• a law courtcover (n & v)•Put the cover on the keyboard. (n)•My desk is covered with papers.(v)• insurance cover (n)•The seminar covers various topics.(v)crash (n & v)•My computer has crashed again.(v)• a stockmarket crash (n)create (v)creation (n)creative (adj)credit (n & v)• on credit (n)• in credit (n)•to credit an account (v)• credit card (n)• credit control (n)crime (n)criminal (n)criticise (v)crop (n)cross (adj, n & v)•I’m very cross about the two-week delay. (adj)•Mark the box with a cross. (n)•If you cross the road, you’ll see our office on the corner. (v)cross out (phr v)crossing (n)• a pedestrian crossingcrossroads (n)crowd (n)crowded (adj)culture (n)cup (n)cupboard (n)curious (adj)currency (n)current (adj)current account (n)curriculum (n)curriculum vitae/CV (n)curve (n & v)custom (n)customer (n)customer base (n)customs (n)•go through customs• a customs officer• customs dutycut (n & v)• a cut in the number of jobs (n)•to cut some paper (v)•to cut costs (v)cut back (n & phr v)•Further financial cutbacks areexpected next year. (n)•Now the project is finished, wehave to cut back on the number ofstaff. (phr v)cut down (on) (phr v)•We need to cut down on spending. cut up (phr v)•The budget hasn’t been cut upvery fairly. (phr v)cut-price (adj)Ddaily (adj & adv)damage (n & v)danger (n)dangerous (adj)dark (adj & n)data (n)data processing (n)database (n)date (n & v)••••••••••••••••••••••What’s the date today? (n)date a letter (v)date-stamp (n & v)day (n)day off (n)deadline (n)deadlock (n)•The negotiations reached deadlock.deal (n & v)a business deal (n)make a deal (n)deal with someone/something (v)deal in (v)dear (adj & int)too dear to buy (adj)Dear Sir (adj)Oh dear! (int)debit (n & v)debt (n)large debtsin debtdecide (v)decimal (adj & n)decision (n)decision-making (n)declare (v)decline (n & v)There’s been a sharp decline insales of the MK2 model. (n)Profits declined sharply. (v) decrease (n & v)deduct (v)deep (adj & adv)in deep trouble (adj)sink deep into debt (adv)defeat (n & v)defective (adj)defence (n)defend (v)definite (adj)degree (n)90 degrees(have) a degree indelay (n & v)delegate (n & v)delete (v)deletion (n)delighted (adj)deliver (v)delivery (n)demand (n & v)demonstrate (v)demonstration (n)demonstration in support ofsomeone/somethinga demonstration of a new product deny (v)dep (abbrev) depart(s)depart (v)department store (n)departure (n)depend (v)It depends on what you want to do. deposit (n & v)pay a deposit (n)deposit money in an account (v)。