英文文献原版

英语作为一种全球通用的语言，其发展史十分悠久而精彩。

对于有志于学习或者研究英语语言发展史的读者来说，了解一些专门的原版书籍是非常重要的。

在这里，我将为大家推荐一些关于英语发展史的原版书籍，以便读者们更深入地了解和研究英语语言的发展历程。

1.《The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language》该书是由David Crystal编写的一本全面而权威的介绍英语语言的百科全书。

书中详细介绍了英语语言的历史、语音、语法、词汇等各个方面，对于想深入了解英语语言发展史的读者来说，是一本不可多得的好书。

2.《The Mother Tongue: English and how it got that way》作者Bill Bryson以其幽默风趣的笔法，生动地描绘了英语语言的发展历程。

从英语的起源、演变，到现代英语的地位和未来发展趋势，都被作者生动地呈现在读者面前。

本书不仅深入浅出，而且富有趣味，适合广大读者阅读。

3.《The Stories of English》该书由David Crystal撰写，着眼于英语在不同地区和时期的发展情况，展现出了英语的多样性和丰富性。

通过讲述英语的各种变体，揭示了英语语言的发展轨迹，使读者更加全面地了解了英语语言的发展史。

4.《The History of English: A Linguistic Introduction》该书由Scott Shay编写，是一本专门介绍英语语言历史的语言学专著。

作者通过分析英语的词汇、语法、语音等方面，构建了一幅完整的英语语言发展史的图景，对于专业研究英语语言的学者和学生来说，是一部必备的参考书。

5.《The English Language: A Historical Introduction》该书由Charles Barber、Joan Beal和Philip Shaw合著，全面系统地介绍了英语语言历史的方方面面。

Growth Retarding Effects of Paclobutrazol and RSW 0411 onGranny Smith and Fuji Apple TreesD. E. Irving and J.C.PallesenLevin Horticultural Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Private Bag,Levin, New ZealandReceived July 18, 1988; accepted December 20, 1988Abstrac t.T he growth retardants paclobutrazol (β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol) and RSW 0411 (β-(cyclohexyl methylene)-α-(1,1 -dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol) were tested on two-year-old trees of Granny Smith and Fuji apple. RSW 0411 at 100 mg/L did not cause any growth reduction in Granny Smith, while 500 and 1000 mg/L significantly reduced growth below that of the controlbetween 27 and 40 days after application. Paclobutrazol at 100 mg/L had a small effect on growth of Granny Smith shoots; however 500 mg/L significantly reduced shoot growthbetween 27 and 55 days after application, and 1000 mg/L reduced shoot growth between27and 82 days after application. By 100 days after application, there were no longerdifferences between treatments. Shoot growth on Fuji trees was reduced below that of the control as follows: between 14 and 27 days following a single application of 500 mg/L RSW 0411; between 27 and 55 days following two applications; between 14 and 72 days following three applications; and between 14 and 82 days following four applications. Treatments were applied 14 days apart. Paclobutrazol was a more active growth retardant than RSW 0411 at the same rate, and the growth-retarding effects of RSW 0411 were short-lived.In recent years, trees in many New Zealand apple orchards have been planted intensively; 3-5 m between rows and 1-3 m within rows. In Europe, most trees at these spacings are planted on the dwarfing M 9 or M 26 rootstocks; however, in New Zealand, trees continue to be planted on the semi-dwarfing MM 106 rootstock.Growers and advisors thought that height and spread of trees on MM 106, at close spacings, would be adequately controlled through early cropping. However, it is already apparent that vigor-related problems are occurring, especially where tree management is not sufficiently precise. Excess growth in the upper canopy has increased shading in the lower canopy, reduced fruit color, and caused much of the crop to be carried further from the ground each year .Some form of growth retardation is necessary; and although deficit irrigation is an option on lighter soils (Chalmers et al. 1984, Irving and Drost 1987), most workers look toward chemical methods of vigor control.Several triazole bioregulators [e.g.,paclobutrazol, LAB 150 978 (1-(4-trifluormethyl)-2-(1,2,4 -triazolyl-(1))-3-(5-methyl-l,3-dioxan-5-yl)-propen-3-ol),XE 1019 ((E)-I-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4,-di -methyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-l-yl)-1-pentan-3-ol),triadimefon (1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-l-(1H -1,2,4-triazol-l-yl)-2-butanone), RSW 0411] have been found, which inhibit gibberellin synthesis (Dalziel and Lawrence 1984). Of this group, paclobutrazol has been the most intensively tested for its effects as a growth retardant on pip and stonefruit (Quinlan and Richardson 1984, Williams1984). Results have been promising, and registration has been obtained in the UK for pip and stonefruit. Registration has been obtained in New Zealand for stonefruit, and is sought for pipfruit. Recently, studies have commenced on other triazole bioregulators (Curry et al. 1987, Steffens 1988, Sterrett 1988). Curry et al. (1987) reported that the experimental regulator RSW 0411, when applied as a foliar spray to apple trees, was as effective as paclobutrazol, but that growth control was shortlived. In another study, Wulster et al. (1987) found RSW 0411 to limit height in lilies. We compared the growth-retarding effects of foliar sprays of paclobutrazol and RSW 0411 on the vigorous apple variety Granny Smith. We also tested the magnitude and longevity of growth control of RSW 0411 on Fuji.Materials and MethodsThe study was conducted in the orchard at the Levin Horticultural Research Centre. The Granny Smith and Fuji trees used were in their second year of growth since being planted as one-year-old rods on MM 106 rootstock. Trees were trained to a center leader at spacings of 5×2.75 m (Granny Smith) and 5×2.5 m (Fuji). Trees were selected for uniformity of height and butt circumference 30 cm above ground. Chemical treatments were initiated when current growth of terminal shoots was about 100-mm long.In experiment 1, seven treatments were applied to five replicate Granny Smith trees (single tree plots) in a completely randomized design. RSW 0411 (β-(cyclohexylmethylene)-α-(1,1-dimethy -lethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol),supplied by Bayer New Zealand Ltd., and paclobutrazol (β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol), sold as Cultar (ICI New Zealand Ltd.) each at 100, 500, or 1000 mg/L a.i ., were sprayed to runoff on November 12, 1987. The chemicals were applied using a knapsack spray unit. A nonionic wetting agent [0.1% (v/v) Regulaid (principal functioning agents: polyoxyethylenepolypropoxypropanol, dihydroxypr -opane,and alkyl 2-ethoxyethano) to Inc., Overland Park, KS 66211, USA)] was included. Control treesreceived Regulaid only.In experiment 2, five treatments were applied to five replicate Fuji trees (single tree plots) in a completely randomized design. Trees received 0.1% (v/v) Regulaid only (controls) or, 1, 2, 3, or 4 applications of RSW 0411 (500mg/L a.i. in 0.1% Regulaid) at approximately two-week intervals. Sprays were applied to runoff on November 12 and 26, and December 11 and 24, 1987 using a knapsack sprayer. Trees not due for an RSW 0411 spray received Regulaid only. At approximately two weekly intervals, the number and total length of new shoots (>2 cm) on two previously tagged branches per tree were determined. The apple crop on the Fuji trees was small (2-4 kg/tree) while there was no crop on the Granny Smith due to poor fruit set and complete fruit drop.ResultsFigure 1 shows the pattern of shoot growth by Granny Smith trees following a single treatment with growth retardants. The 100 mg/L RSW 0411 treatment did not cause any growth reduction (data not shown), while 500 and 1000 mg/Lsignificantly reduced growth below that of the control between days 27 and 40 from application . Following application of paclobutrazol at 100 mg/L, shoot length was significantly different from the controls (p<0.05) only on day 40.Paclobutrazol at 500 mg/L significantly reduced shoot growth between days 27 and 55, while 1000 mg/L slowed shoot growth between days 27 and 82. By 100 days after application, there were no longer any differences between treatments.Figure 2 shows the pattern of shoot growth by Fuji trees following multiple applications of 500 mg/L RSW 0411. Shoot growth was reduced below that of the controls between days 14 and 27 by a single application, between days 27 and 55 by two applications, between days 14 and 72 by three applications, and between days 14 and 82 by four applications.The number of secondary shoots on labeled branches at the end of the growing season in both Granny Smith and Fuji was not influenced by the growth retardants (data not shown).DiscussionEarly tree growth is widely acknowledged to play a major role in later orchard performance. We have conducted experiments with the two growth retardants Paclobutrazol and RSW 0411, in an attempt to obtain some control over early growth. Our purpose was to slow tree growth chemically until competition from the crop load could take over this role.In our experience, termination in shoot growth normally occurs around day 70 (January 22 in this study). However, since there were few fruits on trees, shoot growth was not inhibited, and, in order to get some estimate of the magnitude of growth reduction on January 22, shoot length data were examined on this date . Growth of Granny Smith shoots was 1, 2, and 3% below that of the controls for the 100, 500, and 1000 mg/L RSW 0411 treatments, and 0, 14, and 41% below that of the controls for the 100, 500, and 1000 mg/L paclobutrazol treatments. The reduction in shoot growth in Fuji was 7, 11, 31, and 40% for 1,2, 3, and 4 applications of RSW 0411, respectively. The period of effectiveness of the RSW 0411 treatments for Fuji can be determined from changes in slope in Fig. 2. The first application of chemical was effective for about 14 days, while the second, third, and fourth applications were effective for about 28 days. Sequential sprays seem necessary for satisfactory growth retardation. RSW 0411 at 1000 mg/L did not reduce shoot growth more than at 500 mg/L.Growth retardation by paclobutrazol, especially the highest concentration used (1000 mg/L), was prolonged. The work of Quinlan and Richardson (1984) and Williams (1984) would suggest that higher concentrations may give even better control over shoot growth.The absence of appreciable fruit crop on the Granny Smith and Fuji trees meant that both varieties were unable to retard shoot growth after the effects of the retardants had worn off. As a result, by the end of the season there was no net reduction in shoot length (Figs .1 and 2). Curry et al. (1987) reported increased return bloom following RSW 0411 treatment. A heavier crop next season should help reduce shoot growth. However, growth retardant treatment will still be required to curb shoot growth during the early part of the next growing season as the MM 106 rootstock is too vigorous for Granny Smith and Fuji at the close spacings on the heavier soils. Paclobutrazol and RSW 0411 appear to offer the opportunity of chemically regulating plant growth where size-controlling rootstocks are not available, are inappropriate, or where vigor control is still inadequate. The short-term effectiveness of RSW 0411 could be of advantage where soil residue from paclobutrazol might undesirably reduce growth in subsequent seasons. In addition, RSW 0411 would be of definite advantage if growth retardants are to be administered through irrigation systems.ReferencesChalmers DJ, Mitchell PD, Jerie PH (1984) The physiology of growth control of peach and pear trees using reduced irrigation. Acta Hortic 146:143-149Curry EA, Williams MW, Reed AN (1987) Triazole bioregulators to control growth of fruit trees: an update. Plant Growth Regul Soc Am Bull 15:4-7Dalziel J, Lawrence DK (1984) Biochemical and biological effects of kaurene oxidase inhibitors, such as paclobutrazol. Br Plant Growth Regul Group Monograph 11:43-57Irving DE, Drost JH (1987) Effects of water deficit on vegetative growth, fruit growth and fruit quality in Cox's Orange Pippin apple. J Horti Sci 62:427-432Quinlan JD, Richardson PJ (1984) Effect of paclobutrazol (PP 333) on apple shoot growth. Acta Hortic 146:105-111Steffens GL (1988) Gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors: comparing growth retarding effectiveness on apple. J Plant Growth Regul 7:27-36Sterrett JP (1988) XE-1019: plant response, translocation, and metabolism. J Plant Growth Regul 7:19-26Williams MW (1984) Use of bioregulators to control vegetative growth of fruit trees and improve fruiting efficiency. Acta Hortic 146:97-104Wulster GJ, Gianfagna TJ, Clarke BB (1987) Comparative effects of ancymidol, propiconazol, triadimefon and Mobay RSW 0411 on lily height. Hortscience 22:601-602。

国外英文原版图书参考文献规范（3篇）国外英文原版图书参考文献规范(一)Implications of ipsilateral spatial neglect after stroke(中风后单侧忽略的影响)Lastupdated: Tuesday 7 October 2014 at 1am PSTStroke researchers have confirmed that damageto the right frontal-subcortical network may cause ipsilateral spatial neglect.A difference was alsoseen in spatial bias, ie, the type of spatial errors among this group tended tobe 'where'(perceptual-attentional) rather than 'aiming' (motor-intentional)errors.IpsilesionalNeglect: Behavioral and Anatomical Correlates was published online ahead ofprint by Neuropsychology.The study was conductedin 12 patients with ipsilateral neglect.A computerizedline-bisection task was used to evaluate spatial errors of 'where' and 'aiming' Little is known about ipsilateral neglect, which is much less common thancontralesional neglect, noted Dr. Barrett. Our findings confirmthat of prior studies showing that these patients tend to have lesions ofthefrontal-subcortical network.An unexpected findingwas the spatial bias toward 'where' errors in this group.Weneed further investigation to determine the differences in functional deficitsbetween ipsilateral and contralateral neglect, and the clinical implications ofthose differences for rehabilitation interventions.国外英文原版图书参考文献规范(二)Cyborg science for the future(未来的机器人科学)Lastupdated: Tuesday 12 August 2014 at 12am PSTNo longer justfantastical fodder for sci-fi buffs, cyborg technology is bringing us tangibleprogress toward real-life electronic skin, prosthetics andultraflexiblecircuits. Now taking this human-machine concept to an unprecedented level,pioneering scientists are working on the seamless marriage between electronicsand brain signaling with the potential to transform our understanding of howthe brain works - and how to treat its most devastating diseases.Their presentation tookplace at the 248th National Meeting &amp; Exposition of the American ChemicalSociety (ACS), the world's largest scientific society.By focusing on thenanoelectronic connections between cells, we can do things no one has donebefore, says Charles M. Lieber, Ph.D. We're really going into a newsize regime for not only the device that records or stimulates cellularactivity, but also for the whole circuit. We can make it really look and behavelike smart, soft biological material, and integrate it with cells and cellularnetworks at the whole-tissue level. This could get around a lot of serioushealth problems in neurodegenerative diseases in the future.These disorders, such asParkinson's, that involve malfunctioning nerve cells can lead to difficultywith the most mundane and essential movements that most of us take for granted:walking, talking, eating and swallowing.Scientists are workingfuriously to get to the bottom of neurological disorders. But they involve thebody's most complex organ - the brain - which is largely inaccessible todetailed, real-time scrutiny. This inability to see what's happening in thebody's command center hinders the development of effective treatments for diseasesthat stem from it.By usingnanoelectronics, it could become possible for scientists to peer for the firsttime inside cells, see what's going wrong in real time and ideally set them ona functional path again.For the past severalyears, Lieber has been working to dramatically shrink cyborg science to a levelthat's thousands of times smaller and more flexible than other bioelectronicresearch efforts. His team has made ultrathin nanowires that can monitor andinfluence what goes on inside cells. Using these wires, they have builtultraflexible, 3-D mesh scaffolding with hundreds of addressable electronicunits, and they have grown living tissue on it. They have also developed thetiniest electronic probe ever that can record even the fastest signaling betweencells.Rapid-fire cellsignaling controls all of the body's movements, including breathing andswallowing, which are affected in some neurodegenerative diseases. And it's atthis level where the promise of Lieber's most recent work enters the picture.In one of the lab'slatest directions, Lieber's team is figuring out how to inject their tiny,ultraflexible electronics into the brain and allow them to become fullyintegrated with the existing b#from 国外英文原版图书参考文献规范（3篇）来自 end#iological web of neurons. They're currently inthe early stages of the project and are working with rat models.It's hard to saywhere this work will take us, he says. But in the end, I believeour unique approach will take us on a path to do something reallyrevolutionary.TitleNanoelectronicsmeetsbiology: From new tools to electronic therapeuticsAbstractNanoscale materialsenable unique opportunities at the interface between the physical and lifesciences, and the interfaces between nanoelectronic devices and cells, cellnetworks, and tissue makes possible communication between these systems at thelength scale relevant to biological function. In this presentation, thedevelopment of nanowire nanoelectronic devices and their application aspowerful tools for the recording and stimulation from the level of single cellsto tissue will be discussed. First, a brief introduction to nanowirenanoelectronic devices as well as comparisons to other tools will be presentedto illuminate the unique strengths and opportunities enabled by activeelectronic devices. Second, opportunities for the creation of powerful newprobes capable of intracellular recording and stimulation at scales heretoforenot possible with existing electrophysiology techniques will be discussed.Third, we will take an 'out-of-the-box' look and consider mergingnanoelectronics with cell networks in three-dimensions (3D). We will introducegeneral methods and provide examples of synthetic 'cyborg' tissues innervatedwith nanoelectronic sensor elements that enabling recording and modulating activityin 3D for these engineered tissues. In addition, we will discuss extension ofthese nanoelectronic scaffold concepts for the development of revolutionaryprobes for acute and chronic brain mapping as well as their potential as futureelectronic therapeutics. The prospects for broad-ranging applications in thelife sciences as the distinction between electronic and living systems isblurred in the future will be discussed.国外英文原版图书参考文献规范(三)例(1) (7)选自英国Edinburgh University Press出版的Modern North American Criticism and Theory: A Critical Guide。

Adsorption char acter istics of copper , lead, zinc and cadmium ions by tourmaline(环境科学学报英文版) 电气石对铜、铅、锌、镉离子的吸附特性JIANG Kan1,*, SUN Tie-heng1,2 , SUN Li-na2, LI Hai-bo2(1. School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China. jiangkan522@; 2. Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of Shenyang University, Shenyang 110041, China)摘要：本文研究了电气石对Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附特性，建立了吸附平衡方程。

研究四种金属离子的吸附等温线以及朗缪尔方程。

结果表明电气石能有效地去除水溶液中的重金属且具有选择性：Pb2+> Cu2+> Cd2+> Zn2+。

电气石对金属离子吸附量随着介质中金属离子的初始浓度的增加而增加。

电气石也可以增加金属溶液的pH值；发现电气石对Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的最大吸附量为78.86、154.08、67.25和66.67mg/g；温度在25-55℃对电气石的吸附量影响很小。

此外研究了Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的竞争吸附。

同时观察到电气石对单一金属离子的吸附能力为Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd，在两种金属系统中抑制支配地位是Pb>Cu，Pb>Zn，Pb>Cd，Cu>Zn，Cu>Cd，和Cd>Zn。

关键字：吸附；重金属含量；朗缪尔等温线；电气石介绍重金属是来自不同行业排出的废水，如电镀，金属表面处理，纺织，蓄电池，矿山，陶瓷，玻璃。

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London¡G Leonard Hill Books.48.Wong, C., 2002,“Developing Indicators to Inform Local EconomicDevelopment in England”, Urban Studies , 39¡]10¡^, pp.1833-1863.49.World Economic Forum¡]WEF¡^,2002, Global Competitiveness Report50.¤ý½r·O¡A2001¡A³Ð·sªºªÅ¶¡¡Ð¥ø·~¶°¸s»P°Ï°ìµo®i¡C51. ¥@¬ÉÄvª§¤O¦~³ø¡A2000¡A·ç¤h¬¥®á°ê»ÚºÞ²z¾Ç°|IMD¡C52. ¥ª®m¼w¡B¤×±Ó§g¡A2001¡A°ê®a¬ì§ÞÄvª§¤O«ü¼Ð¤§¬ã¨s¡A¥xÆW¸gÀÙ¬ã¨s°|¡C53. ¦¶¶³ÄP¡AªL¬ü¸©¡A2001¡A±q WEF¥þ²yÄvª§¤O³ø§i¬Ý¥xÆW¤§Ävª§¤O¡C54. ¬IÂE§Ó¡A2000¡A¦a°ÏÄvª§¤O«ü¼ÐÅé¨t«Øºc¤§¬ã¨s¡A¦æ¬F°|°ê®a¬ì¾Ç©e-û·|55. §dÀٵءA1994¡A¥_°ª¨â¥«ª§¿ì¨È¹B¨Æ«áªº¬Ù«ä¡X´Á«Ý³£¥««Ø¥ß¨}µ½ªºÄvª§¾÷¨î¡A°ê®a¬Fµ¦Âù¤ë¥Z¡A²Ä88´Á¡A-¶14-15¡C56. ©P¤å½å¡A1997¡A¦hÅܶq²Î-p¤ÀªR¡C57. ©ó¥®µØ¡B±i¯q¸Û¡A2000¡A¥ÃÄòµo®i«ü¼Ð¡A°ê¥ß¥xÆW¤j¾ÇÀô¹Ò¤uµ{¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò¡C58. §Å-Z¿K¡A2002¡A°Ï°ì³Ð·s¨t²ÎÆ[ÂI¤U¤¤¥xÆWºë±K¾÷±ñ²£·~³Ð·s¤§¬ã¨s¡AªF®ü¤j¾Ç¤u·~¤uµ{¾Ç¨tºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C59. ©ÐµL¬È¡B¤ý¨qªv¡A2001¡A²£·~Ävª§¤O½×¡A¤W®ü¸gÀÙ¡A-¶27-31¡C60. ªL¨Î¾ì¡A2002¡A¨|¦¨¤¤¤ß¼vÅT¼t°Ó³Ð·s¬¡°Ê¦¨®Ä¤§¬ã¨s¡A¥xÆW¤j¾Ç«Ø¿v»P«°¶m¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C61. «J§B·ì¡A2001¡A³£¥«¸gÀçºÞ²zÁZ®Äµû¶q¨t²Î¤§¬ã¨s¡A°ê¥ß¦¨¥\¤j¾Ç³£¥«-p¹º¾Ç¨tºÓ¤h½×¤å62. ®}¼zªâ¡A1999¡A¥HÆp¥Û¼Ò¦¡«Ø¥ß°ê»Ú´ä¤fÄvª§¤Oµû¦ô·Ç«h¤§¬ã¨s¡A¥æ³q¤j¾Ç¹B¿é»PºÞ²z¾Ç¨tºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C63. ³¯°¶§Ó¡A1994¡A¥i¤Î©Ê»P°Ï°ìµo®i¢w¥H¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦è³¡¹B¿é¨«´Y¬°¨Ò¡A¤¤¿³¤j¾Ç³£¥«-pµe¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C64. ³¯¥¿¨k¡BÃÓ¤j¯Â¡A1998¡A°ê®aÄvª§¤O¡B²£·~Ävª§¤O»P¼t°ÓÁZ®Ä-¨Ì¾Ú¥@¬ÉÄvª§¤O³ø¾É»P PorterÆp¥Û¼Ò¦¡¬°°ò¦¤§¹êÃÒ¬ã¨s¡A¥ø·~ºÞ²z¾Ç³ø¡A43´Á¡A -¶73-106¡C65. ³¯«a¦ì¡A2001¡A«°¥«Ävª§Àu¶Õµû¶q¨t²Î¤§¬ã¨s¡A°ê¥ß¦¨¥\¤j¾Ç¼Æ-p¹º¬ã¨s©Ò³Õ¤h½×¤å¡C66. ³¯¾åÁn¡A2001¡A²£·~Ävª§¤Oªº´ú«×»Pµû¦ô¡A¤W®ü¸gÀÙ¡A-¶45-47¡C67. ³¯Äפå¡A2000¡A¥xÆW¦a°Ï°]¬F¤£§¡»P°Ï°ìµo®i¤§¬ã¨s¡A¥x¥_¤j¾Ç°]¬F¾Ç¨tºÓ¤h¯ZºÓ¤h¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¡C68. ±i¥@¾±¡A2002¡A¦a²z¸s»E¤º¼t°Ó¤§ºôµ¸Ãö«Y¹ï¨äÄvª§¤O¼vÅT¤§¬ã¨s¡Ð·s¦Ë¬ì¾Ç¶é°Ï¤§¹êÃÒ¡A´Â¶§¬ì§Þ¤j¾Ç¥ø·~ºÞ²z¨tºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C³\®Ñ»Ê¡A2000¡A²£·~°ê»ÚÄvª§¤O¤§µo®i¤Î¼vÅT¦]¯À¤ÀªR¡X°ê®aÄvª§¤OÆ[ÂI¡A°ê¥ß¥xÆW¤j¾Ç°Ó¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¡C70. ¶À¤åÄå¡A2000¡A³£¥«Ävª§¤O»P»s³y·~¥Í²£¤OÃö«Y¤§¬ã¨s¡A°ê¥ß¬Fªv¤j¾Ç¦a¬F¾Ç¨tºÓ¤h¯ZºÓ¤h¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¡C71. ¶V¾¤©ú¡B§N?©ú¡A2002¡A«°¥«³Ð·s¨t²Î¡C72. ¸â¼wªQ¡A1997¡A¸gÀÙ²Î-p«ü¼Ð--Ý-z¬F©²²Î-p¹ê°È¡AµØ®õ¤å¤Æ¨Æ·~¦³--¤½¥q¡C73. ·¨¬FÀs¡A2001¡A§Þ³N³]¬IªÅ¶¡¤À§G¹ï³Ð·s¦¨®Ä¼vÅT¤§¬ã¨s¡Ð¥H¥xÆW»s³y·~¬°¨Ò¡A¥x¥_¤j¾Ç³£¥«-pµe¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C74. ¾H´]¤å¡A2001¡A¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦a¤èÄvª§¤Oµû¦ô«ü¼Ð«Øºc¤§¬ã¨s¡A»²¤¯¤j¾ÇÀ³¥Î²Î-p¾Ç¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C75. 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The Day Continuation School ,London ,1923.[51 ] Dr. N. L. McCaslin Designing Career and Technical (Voca2tional) EducationPrograms for the Modern City 上海教育论坛[J ] . 2005 , (6) :22 - 23.[52] Jeffey A.immons:New Ventere Creation.Iwin McGraw–Hill,1999,3[53] Katz,J,The chronology and intellectual trajectory of American entrepreneurshipeducation,Journal of Business Venturing,2003(18):283-300nturing12(5)[ 54 ] 滕大春. 美国教育史[M] . 北京:人民教育出版社,1994.[ 55 ] 滕大春. 外国教育通史(第1 卷) [M] . 济南:山东教育出版社,1990.[56 ] [英]安迪·格林著,王春华等译,朱旭东校. 教育与国家的形成:英、法、美教育体系起源之比较[M] . 北京:教育科学出版社,2004[ 57] 滕大春. 今日美国教育[M] . 北京:人民教育出版社,1980.2.傅汉清:《美国小企业研究》，北京:中国财经经济出版社，2000年版。

英语论文参考文献（全英文版）英语论文参考文献（全英文版）关键词：英文版，参考文献，英语论文英语论文参考文献（全英文版）简介：参考文献是英文类学术论文、研究报告中不可缺少的一部分，不可随意“从略”，更不可马虎了事或错误百出，很多作者在引用英文参考文献时，会出现引用不当、格式错误等问题，为大家分享正确的英语论文参考文献格式及范例。

一、英文论文参考文献格式要求英文参考文献与中文参考文献的格式英语论文参考文献（全英文版）内容：参考文献是英文类学术论文、研究报告中不可缺少的一部分，不可随意“从略”，更不可马虎了事或错误百出，很多作者在引用英文参考文献时，会出现引用不当、格式错误等问题，为大家分享正确的英语论文参考文献格式及范例。

一、英文论文参考文献格式要求英文参考文献与中文参考文献的格式要求基本相同，但写英文参考文献要注意一点，外文作者姓名的着录格式采用姓在前（全拼，首字母大写），名在后（缩写为首字母），中间用空格；着作类文献题名的实词首字母大写，期刊文献题名的首词首字母大写，期刊名称请用全称，勿用缩写。

具体如下：1、单一作者着作的书籍姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.如：Sheril, R. D.(1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego:Halstead.2、两位作者以上合着的书籍姓，名字首字母., 姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.如：Smith, J., Peter, Q. (1992).Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON:McMaster University Press.3、文集中的如：Mcdonalds, A.(1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment ofsupernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies:Case studies in application (pp. 42&ndash;64). London: OtherWorld Books.4、期刊中的(非连续页码)如：Crackton, P.(1987). The Loonie: God&#39;s long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change?Canadian Change, 64(7), 34&ndash;37.5、期刊中的(连续页码)：姓，名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码.如：Rottweiler, F. T., Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink ofdestruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66&ndash;146.6、月刊杂志中的如：Henry, W. A., III.(1990, April 9). Making the grade in today&#39;s schools. Time, 135, 28-31.二、英文论文参考文献范例。

Psychrophilic microorganisms as important source for biotechnological processes1 IntroductionThe major parts of Earth’s environments are cold and have temperatures below 5 C(Gounot 1999; Russell and Cowan 2005). About 70% of the freshwater is ice and about 14% from the Earth’s biosphere is represented by terrestrial and aquatic polar areas (Priscu and Christner 2004). The depth of the oceans, the poles, and high mountains are themost important cold regions on Earth (Russell and Cowan 2005). Global ice, for example, covers 6.5 million km2 which increases to 14.4 million km2 in wintertime (Perovich et al. 2002). Here we can meet representatives from all domains of the living world. Two categories of microorganisms were discovered in such cold environments. First, the psychrophiles with an optimum growth temperature of about 15C or even less, which cannot grow above 20C (Moyer and Morita 2007); second, the psychrotolerants with an optimum growth temperature of 20–30C, which are able to grow and exhibit activity at temperatures close to the freezing point of water (Madigan and Jung 2003). Th e lowest temperature for life’s activities is 20C under certain defined conditions (Rivkina et al. 2000; Gilichinsky 2002; D’Amico et al. 2006); others consider the temp erature limits for reproduction as 12C and for metabolism as20C (Bakermans 2008). Colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34H is motile at 10C, as observed by transmitted light microscopy (Junge et al. 2003). Psychrophilic microorganisms are dominant in permanently cold environments such as Antarctic waters and have important roles in the biogeochemical cycles in the polar zones (Helmke and Weyland 2004). Not only are prokaryotes adapted to the cold, but also are many eukaryotes such as algae (Takeuchi and Kohshima 2004) and macroorgan isms from crustaceans to fishes. The present work will focus on prokaryotes and some microscopic eukaryotes of biotechnological importance.2 Diversity of cold-adapted microorganismsThe psychrophilic and psychrotolerant microorganisms belong to all three of life’s principal domains, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. It is interesting to note that viruses are omnipresent and even so in those inhospitable places. Viruses from the families Podoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Myoviridae were identified in cold environ ments (Wells 2008). Bacteriophages were identified i n inner polar waters and in ice(S€ awstr€ om et al. 2007) infecting psychrophilic mic roorganisms; for example, phage 9A of Colwellia psychrerythrea strain 34 is capable of forming plaques at low temperatures, but not at 13C (Wells 2008).Archaea found in cold environments are methanogens for example, from genera Methanogenium,Methanococcoides andMethanosarcina, but halophilic (Halorubrum) and other strains can also occur (Cavicchioli 2006).Bacteria. The majority of isolates from polar areas belong to the groups of Beta-, Gamma-, Delta-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, the Cytophaga–Flexi-bacter–Bacteroides group, and green nonsulfur bacteria. Many strains of Bacteria as well as Archaea and Eukarya were revealed by 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene clone libraries (Tian et al. 2009). Soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleyshost species of Pseudonocardia, Nocardioides, Geodermatophilus, Modestobacter, Sporichthya and Streptomyces (Babalola et al. 2008). Cyanobacteria as photoautotrophs were retrieved from ice, soils, rocks, lakes, ponds, marine ecosystems, and alpine areas(Zakhia et al. 2008). Chamaesiphon sp., Chroococcidiopsis (from sandstone) and Synechococcus sp. (from lakes, marine water, and others) are examples of cyano-bacterial genera with cold-adapted strains. Algae. Species of Chlamydomonas were retrieved from water derived from melting glacier ice and from some layer species of Rhodomonas and Chromulina. Species of Tribonemataceae were found in Antarctic terrestrial environments (Rybalka et al. 2008). Several microalgae can be found in all known cold environments as in snow (Chlamydomonas and Chloromonas), seawater (diatoms), sea ice (diatoms and dinoflagellates), on rocks as endoliths (Hemichloris antarctica), ice-covered lakes (Chloromonas sp., Chlamydomonas intermedia, and Chlamydomonas raudensis) and at high altitudes (reviewed by Mock and Thomas 2008). Samples from the Tyndall Glacier in Patagonia, Chile contained algal species of the genera Mesotaenium, Cylindrocystis, Ancylonema, Closterium, Chloromonas, and some cyanobacteria (Takeuchi and Kohshima 2004).Yeasts. Yeast strains such as Sporobolomyces, Cryptococcus, and Rhodotorula sp. Were isolated from Lake Vanda (Goto et al. 1969) and from other Antarctic and alpine environments, including psychrophilic yeasts such as the novel species Mrakia robertii, M. blollopis, and M. niccombsi (Thomas-Hall et al. 2010). Several yeasts, which are producers of lipases and proteases, were isolated from cold marine water and freshwater (Rashidah et al. 2007), such as Cryptococcus antarcticus and Cryptococcus albidosimilis, Basidioblastomycetes (Vishniac and Kurtzman 1992), Cryptococcus nyarrowii (Thomas-Hall and Watson 2002), Cryptococcus watticus (Guffogg et al. 2004), and Leucosporidium antarcticum – the latter from Antarctic waters (Turkiewicz et al. 2005) – and Mrakia strains (Thomas-Hall et al. 2010). Fungi were isolated from many cold environments. For example, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Paecilomyces, Cladosporium, Mortierella, Candida, and Rhodotorula were isolated from soils of Terra Nova Bay and Edmonson Point, Antarctica (Gesheva 2009). Some authors described isolates fromsoils, such as Chrysosporium sp., Phoma exigua, Heterocephalum aurantiacum, Aureobasidium pullulans, Fusarium oxysporum, Trichoderma viride, and Penicillium antarcticum (Negoiţă et al. 2001a). Fromthe soils of Schirmacher Oasis, Antarctica, fungi such as Acremonium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium were isolated, the majority surviving as spores in those harsh environments, and some species possess unique features of theirmycelia (Singh et al. 2006). Frisvad (2008b) reviewed the fungi from cold ecosystems and indicated their isolation from soils and permafrost, caves, rocks, mosses and lichens, glacier ice, freshwater, as well as from frozen foods. The fungi belong to the Ascomycetes (Acremonium antarcticum, A. psychrophilum, and Penicillium antarcticum), Zygomy- cetes (Mortierella alpina and Absidia psychrophila) and basidiomycetous yeasts, which are very rare in cold areas. Endolithic fungi resistant to low temperature and low water activity were isolated by Onofri et al. (2007).3 Ecology and biologySome of the microorganisms are polyextremophiles, for example halo-psychrophiles, or piezo-psychrophiles, which tolerate high pressure (Nogi 2008) and cannot grow at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures above 20C, such as strains of Shewanella, Colwellia, Moritella, and Psychromonas. In these categories all the physiological and metabolic types can be found –anaerobes and aerobes, methanogens, methanotrophs, chemolithotrophs, sulfate reducers, and organotrophs. Anaerobic cold-adapted Clostridium sp. (e.g., C. frigoris, C. bowmannii, and C. psychrophilum) were isolated from Antarctic microbial mats (Spring et al. 2003) or some psychrotolerants, such as C. frigidicarnis and C. algidixylanolyticum, from frozen products (Finster 2008). Sulfate-reducing psychrophiles Desulfotalea, Desulfofaba, and Desulfofrigus (Knoblauch et al. 1999), sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB), occurring in such organic carbon depleted environments as subglacial waters (Sattley and Madigan 2006), as well as denitrifying microorganisms in sea ice (Rysgaard et al. 2008) were found. Ammonia oxidizers were identified by geneticmethods in all of the samples taken from lakes Fryxell, Bonney, Hoare, Joyce, and Vanda in Antarctica, belonging to the Proteobacteria (V oytek et al. 1999). Aceto- genic bacterial sequences originating fromAcetobacterium tundrae and others related to Acetobacterium bakii (Sattley andMadigan 2007) were isolated fromsediments of Lake Fryxell. From the same lake different phototrophic purple bacteria were iden tified with molecular methods (Karr et al. 2003) as well as methanogenic and other Archaea (Karr et al. 2006). Biological methane oxidation and sulfate reduction by Archaea occur in alpine lakes (such as Lake Lugano deeps) in anoxic zones (Blees et al. 2010). Methanogens were detected in soils, water sediments, sea and lake waters from cold environments (Cavicchioli 2006). Methanotrophy was detected indirectly in Lake Untersee (Antarctica) by ide ntification of hopanoids and two steroids (4-methyl steroid and 4,4-dimethyl steroid), one hopanoid (diplopterol) having a specific low isotopic 13C content, and originating from the aerobic methylotroph Methylococcus sp. (Niemann et al. 2010). Some Shewanella and Pseudomonas strains from Antarctic lakes are able to mediate redox reactions of manganese under stimulation by Co and Ni (Krishnan et al. 2009).4 Cold environments Cold deserts.There are cold deserts in Antarctica where the precipitation is very low, the temperatures range between 55C and 10C, UV radiation is high and water activity is low; these are some of the most extreme environments on Earth. Many microorganisms can be found in endolithic communities composed of cyanobacteria such as Acaryochloris marina and Gloeocapsa speci es (de los Rıos et al. 2007). Endolithic bacteria, fungi, archaea, green algae, yeasts, and lichens were found in McMurdoDry Valley (Gounot 1999), analyzed by staining with the BacLight LIVE/ DEAD kit and observed with confocal laser scanning microscopy to demonstrate their survival (Wierzchos et al. 2004).Soils covered with snow. From Arctic wetland soil methanotrophic bacteria were retrieved such as Methylocystis rosea (Wartiainen et al. 2006). In soils of Lapland microbial communities were discovered, similarly as in soils from alpine zones, where the temperatures can reach 25C in wintertime. Inaddition, soils from Spitsbergen contained many fungi such as Mucor, Mortierella, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Zygorrhinchus (Negoiţă et al. 2001b),genera which are very probably psychrotolerants.Permafrost. Permafrost soils in the geological sense stay below 0C for two consecutive years or more and are specific for arctic areas covering about 26% of the surface of the Northern Hemisphere. The average temperature is 16C; in Siberia 11C and in Antarctica 18Cto 27C were measured (V orobyovaet al. 1997). From those soils over 100 bacterial strains were isolated, also some methanogenic archaea from the families Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanosarcina-ceae,and Methanosetaceae (Ganzert et al. 2007), methane oxydizing bacteria (Liebner and Wagner 2007), sulfate-reducing bacteria, aerobic and anaerobic heterotrophs (Gilichinsky 2002), denitrifiers, and iron and sulfate reducers (Rivkina et al. 1998). The majority of strains included species of Micrococcus, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Rhodococcus, Arthrobacter, Haloarcula,and Halobaculum (Steven et al. 2007), which were isolated in quantities of 107–109 cells per gram of dry soil. From layers of permafrost which were demonstrated to be about 3–5million years old, viable cells of bacteria were isolated (Rodrigues-Diaz et al. 2008), which have to face low temperatures and natural irradiation by radionuclides (Gilichinsky et al. 2008). From a layer of an arctic permafrost ice wedge from Canada (temperature 17.5C, pH 6.5, salt concentration 14.6 g/l, age about 25,000 years) bacteria were isolated (Katayama et al. 2007) belonging to the classes Actinobacteria and Gamma-Proteobacteria.Snow, ice, and glaciers. The ice glaciers in Antarctica contain approximately 90% of the ice of our planet according to the National Snow and Ice Data Centre of USA (/, cited by Christner et al. 2008). Some aspects of the soils covered partially with ice on the shore of the Antarctic sea are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Sea and lake ice glaciers are hosting considerable quantities of biological material, consistingof microorganisms, bacteria, spores, and pollen grains, the majority being transported there by air. The microbiota can survive in crevices and capillary tunnels containing concentrated ionic solutions with a lower freezing point (Price 2006). The number of viable microorganisms decreases with the depth of the ice layers; there is a supraglacial community (bacteria, viruses, diatoms, tardigrades, and rotifers), a subglacial community (aerobic and anaerobic) and an endoglacial community (Hodson et al. 2008). Hollibaugh et al. (2007) studied the Sea Ice Microbial Community (SIMCO) formed of bacteria, algae, and fungi of various metabolic types: sulfate reducers, chemolithotrophs, methanogens, anaerobic nitrate reducers (Skidmore et al. 2000), and viruses (Deming 2007). In ice there is an incredible diversity of Proteobacteria, of the phylum Cytophaga–Flavobacterium–Bacteriodes, highGCGrampositives and lowGCGrampositives (Miteva 2008), and a large metabolic and physiological diversity. Some of them were entrapped for very long periods of time, such as the strain Herminimonas glaciei, a Gram-negative ultramicrobacterium, which was isolated from a 3042m deep drilling core from a Greenland glacier of about 120,000-year-old ice (Loveland-Curtze et al. 2009), orChryseobacterium greenlandense (Loveland-Curtze et al. 2010) and sequences from Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter, which stem from 750,000-year-old ice from the Qinghan-Tibetan plateau in Western China (Christner et al. 2003a). Many prokaryotes isolated from snow melt water belong to the Beta-Proteobacteria (21.3%), Sphingobacteria (16.4%), Flavobacteria (9.0%), Acidobacteria (7.7%), and Alpha-Proteobacteria (6.5%) and other groups (Larose et al. 2010). The cryoconite holes form another microhabitat containing various forms of life, such as diatoms, algae, prokaryotes, fungi, rotifers, and tardigrades (Wharton et al. 1985; Christner et al. 2003b).Cold caves. Caves represent a constant temperature environment with low organic content, sometimes only 1mg of organic matter per liter. Some strains are chemolithotrophs such as Galionella. In many cases there are more psychrotolerants than psychrotrophs. Some stenothermic bacterial strains were isolated which can grow at 10–20C and only few which grow at 2Cor28C (Gounot 1999). The strain Arthrobacter psychrophenolicum was isolated from an Austrian ice cave (Margesin et al. 2004). Cold lakes. The cold lakes in the polar and alpine zones can be covered with an ice layer (Antarctic lakes), which practically isolates the lake from the rest of the environment, and their content of organic carbon and oxygen is rather low. Christner et al. (2008) pointed out in their comprehensive review that there are 141 subglacial Antarctic lakes having a total volume of about 10,000 km3 . One of the largest lakes is Lake V ostok of 14,000 km2, covered by a 4000m thick ice sheet and being 400–800m deep. The bottom is covered with a thick sediment layer. The temperature of the ice layer is about 55C, but the lake has a constant temperatureof 2.65C (Di Prisco 2007); the ice layer is about 15million years old. Alpine lakesare only temporarily covered by ice and the microbiota there are subject to seasonal fluctuations (Pernthaler et al. 1998). The cold Antarctic lake environment is chemically driven, with reactions such as sulfid e and iron oxidation (Christner et al. 2008), and contains methanogens such asMethanosarcina,Methanoculleus, and anoxic methanotrophs (Karr et al. 2006). The saline lakes host euryhalophiles related to Halomonas and Marinobacter (Naganuma et al. 2005).Cold marine waters. From marine waters of Ushuaia, a sub-Antarctic town in Argentina, many sequences were iden tified b elonging to the Alpha- and Gam- ma-Proteobacteria, Cytophaga–Flavobacterium–Bacteroidetes group, the genera Mar- inomonas, Colwellia, Cytophaga, Glacieola, Cellulophaga, Roseobacter, Staleya, Sulfitobacter, Psychrobacter, Polaribacter, Ulvibacter, Tenacibacter, Arcobacter, and Formosa (Prabagaran et al. 2007). In the depth of the ocean the temperature is about 3 C, and a considerable pressure exists (the pressure increases by 1 atm per each 10m of depth). Here a very diverse bacterial community can be retrieved, for example, from the sediments of the Japanese Trench (Hamamoto 1993). From the deep sediments were, all the domains of life are represented, an important microbiota was identified by molecular methods (Tian et al. 2009). The archaeal sequences can reach 17% from total microbiota in marine coastal waters (Murray et al. 1998).Sulfate-reducing bacteria form a large community in sediments of the Arctic ocean, being active at about 2.6 C with a sulfate reduction rate similar to that under mesophilic conditions (Knoblauch et al. 1999).Anthropic cold environments. Artificial cool ing and freezing systems can be visualized as man-made environments. Pseudomonas fluorescens is one of the lipolytic food spoiling bacteria which is active in the cold, and its hydrolytic activity at low temperatures was studied as a function of water activity (Andersson et al. 1979). The lower temperatures and lower water activity did not affect the enzymatic activity since the substrates were hydrophobic. In cooling devices the bacterium Pseudomonas fragi is frequently found, which is supported by temperatures between 2Cand35C; it possesses some cold shock proteins (Csps) and degrades frozen foods. Another bacterium from water-cooling systems is Chryseobacterium aquifrigidense (Park et al. 2008). The psychrophilic strain Lactobacillus algidus was isolated from refrigerated, packed beef meat (Kato et al. 2000).Air. From the Antarctic continent air several psychrotolerant microorganisms were isolated, such as Sphingomonas aurantiaca, Sphingomonas aerolata, and Sphingomonasfaeni sp. nov. (Busse et al. 2003).5 Adaptation to cold environmentsGrowth and activity. The temperature has a direct influence on microbial gro wth and the relationship between growth and temperature generally conforms to the Arrhenius law (Gounot 1999). Christner (2002) reported the incorporation of DNA and protein precursors by Arthrobacter and Psychrobacter at 15C. Polaromonas hydrogenivorans has a lower temperature limit of 0C for growth (Sizova and Panikov 2007), and psychrophilic methanotrophs can grow at about2C (Liebner and Wagner 2007). The psychrophilic strain Psychromonas ingrahami showed growth at 12C with a slow rate of 10 days of generation time (Breezee et al. 2004). The activity of microorganisms was proven by measurement of ATP as a result of biomass activity in soils and permafrost (Cowan and Casanueva 2007); truly psychrophilic microorganisms showed an increase of the ATP content at lower temperatures, which is the opposite reaction of mesophiles (Napolitano and Shain 2004). Other information can be obtained by determina- tion of the Indicator of Enzymatic Soil Activity Potential, the Indicator of Vital Activity Potential, and Biologic Synthetic Indicato r (Negoiţă et al. 2001b). These indicators were introduced by ¸Stefanic (1994) in order to obtain comprehensive information about the biological activity of soils and to compare them for agricultural uses.Membrane polar lipids. There are differences regarding the composition of mem- brane lipids and there are clear contributions to cold adaptation, depending also on bacterial taxonomy. The cytoplasmic membrane contains lipids with fatty acids of lengths ranging mainly between C14 and C18 Gram negatives possess in addition an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides, Archaea contain ether-linked glycerol alkyl lipids instead of fatty acids, and eukaryotes contain sterols (Russell 2008). Membrane fluidity depends on the degree of saturation of the polar lipids; the membranes from psychrophiles contain a higher amount of unsaturated and/orpolyunsaturated and branched fatty acids, with methyl groups and a largerpercentage of double bonds of the cis type (Chintalapati et al. 2004). The changes in amount and type of methyl-branched fatty acids of Gram-positive bacteria are a possibility for increasing membrane fluidity at low temperatures. The amount of unsaturated fatty acids contributes to the flexibili ty of the membrane structure in cold-adapted microorganisms, including eukaryotic photobionts such as diatoms and algae (Morgan-Kiss et al. 2006). The presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) does not completely explain the adaptation to cold environments, because there are many marine strains without them (Russell and Nichols 1999). Archaeal adaptation to the cold shows a similar increase in desaturation of their isoprenoids containing lipids; Methanococcoides burtoni for example generates unsaturated lipids during growth at low temperatures by selective saturation and not by using a desaturase such as bacteria (Cavicchioli 2006). The proteome. Cold-adapted bacterial proteins have a reduced amount of arginine, glutamic acids, and proline (salt bridge forming residues) and reduced amounts of hydrophobic clusters (Grzymski et al. 2006). A comparison of the contents of amino acids of psychrophilic enzymes was made by Gianese et al. (2001); they found that generally Arg and Glu residues in the exposed sites of alpha helices were replaced by Lys and Ala in psychrophiles. Studying the crystal structure of the b-lactamase from several psychrophilic strains (P. fluorescens and othe rs) some authors found that the enzymes from psychrophiles have a lower content of arginine in comparison with lysine and a lower proline content than mesophilic enzymes (Michaux et al. 2008). The lysine residues are of great importance for the cold adaptation mechanism in enzymes, for example in a-amylase from Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis (Siddiqui et al. 2006). A similar replacement is observed with Archaea having a higher content of noncharged amino acids (as glutamine and threonine) and lower contents of hydrophobic amino acids such as leucine (Cavicchioli 2006). At the same time the number of hydrogen bonds (Michaux et al. 2008) and the number of disulfide bridges are reduced (Sælensminde et al. 2009). The cellulase Cel5G from P. haloplanktis possesses a catalytic domain and a carbohydrate-binding domain which are joined by a long-linker region containing three loops closed by disulfide bridges. By experimental shortening of this linker region, the enzyme became less flexible approaching the activity of its mesphilic counterpart, which suggested that a long-linker region is an appropriate adaptation of this enzyme to low temperates (Sonan et al. 2007). Studying the thermal adaptations of psychrophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic DNA ligases, the conclusion was that “the active site of the cold- enzyme is destabilized by an excess of hydrophobic surfaces and contains a decreased number of charged residues compared with its thermophilic counterpart” (Georlette et al. 2003). The proteinsmust keep a balance between their stability and。

In our country development overview of the stamping dieThe status quo of China's mold industrySince the reform and opening up, with the rapid development of national economy, the market demand for mold growth.In recent years, the mold industry has been rapid development in the growth rate of around 15%, all components of the system mold industry has undergone tremendous changes, in addition to state-owned professional mold factory, collective, joint ventures, and private sector has also been a rapid development.Along with the international standards and the pace continues to accelerate, the aggravation of the market competition, the importance of the ability to develop more and more people have realized that the product quality, cost and new product.While the mold manufacturing is one of the most basic elements in the whole chain, mold manufacturing technology has become an important symbol to measure a country's level of manufacturing industry, and decide the survival of enterprises to a great extent.In recent years, many die enterprises to increase investment for technological progress, technological progress will be seen as an important driving force for enterprise development.Some domestic enterprises die has been popularized in the two-dimensional CAD, and started using UG, I-DEAS and other international common software, individual manufacturers have introduced Moldflow, C-Flow and other CAE software, designed and successfully applied in stamping die.Although China mould industry has attract people's attention development over the past decade, but many aspects compared with developed countries there is still a large gap.For example, the proportion of precision processing equipment in the mold processing equipment is relatively low;CAD/CAE/CAM technology penetration rate is not high;Many advanced mold technology application is not wide enough and so on, resulting in a considerable part of the large, sophisticated, complex and long life moulds dependence on imports.Mold manufacturing compared with foreign countries in China, behindthe Department is mainly the following 5 aspects:Less standardized. Domestic standardization degree is about 30%, standard varieties High precision, less, the lack of standard parts and standard parts of goods. Precision mold manufacturing cycle is long, low. Overseas mold factory are the rough machining, finish machining, assembly, measurement precision of the complete sets of equipment, such as CNC coordinates grinder, NC EDM machine etc.Domestic mold factory obsolete equipment is not complete, occupy the NC machine, EDM machine tool in processing machine in the proportion of small, less use of new technology to make the mold precision mold processing, than foreign low grade 1~2, long manufacturing cycle times of 1~2.Die less variety, low efficiency. Mainly is the lack of large, complex, the long life mold.The overseas mold development toward precision, automation, many processes can be completed in a pair of mould.The low rate of short service life of the mould, material utilization.Abroad due to the adoption of new technology of smelting and heat treatment, die life is greatly improved.Technical force is backward, poor management level. Production technology of our country mould proportion accounted for only 7%~8%, this ratio is not only lower than abroad, but also lower than the other 30%, within the industry, the lack of scientific management of production.The above several aspects of the problem that the overall level of China's mold industry is still in a backward state, we also need to accelerate the development of. According to the forecast, the future of our country will become the world's manufacturing center, the more to mould industry has brought hitherto unknown development opportunities and space. In order to accelerate the development of mold industry in our country, is one of the basic tasks to speed up the cultivation of talents. Mold design and manufacture of professional (College), is in order to adapt to the country is badly in need of cultivating the comprehensive quality of modern mold manufacturing and production skills, adapt to the demand of talents of modern mold manufacturing technology and production mode and set.The future development trend of the stamping die manufacturingtechnologyThe development of mould technology should be adapted for mold products "short delivery time", "accuracy", "good quality", "low price" of services.Achieve this one requirement is badly in need of the development of the following:To popularize CAD/CAM/CAE technology of mould CAD/CAM/CAE technology is the development direction of mold design and manufacturing.With the computer software development and progress, the popularity of CAD/CAM/CAE technology, the conditions are ripe, the enterprise will increase the CAD/CAM technical training and technical services;To further expand the scope of application of CAE technology. With the development of computer and network technology is making the CAD/CAM/CAE cross regional, cross enterprise, cross Institute in the industry as possible to promote, achieve re integration of technical resources, make the virtual manufacturing possible.High speed milling machining of high speed milling abroad in recent years, greatly improve the processing efficiency, and can obtain very high surface finish.In addition, the process can also be hard module, also has the advantages of low temperature rise, small thermal deformation etc.. High speed milling technology, automobile and home appliances industries of large type cavity die manufacturing has injected new vitality. At present, it has to be integrated more agile, intelligent, development direction. Scanning system for die scanning and digitizing system high-speed scannersand mold provides many functions in the model of the model or scan to processing, greatly shorten the manufacturing cycle in the development of mold. Some fast scanning system can be quickly installed in existing CNC milling machine and machining center, CAD data to achieve rapid data acquisition and processing program of NC system, automatic generation of a variety of different formats of the reverse engineering in mold design and manufacturing "". Die scanning system has been successfully applied in automobile, motorcycle, household appliances and other industries, that will play a greater role in the "fifteen" period.Electrical discharge machining EDM milling technology, also known as electric spark machining technology, which is a new technology to replace the traditional molding electrode processing cavity, which is a high-speed rotation of the tubular electrode assimple 3D or 2D contour machining (the same as CNC milling), so no need to manufacture electrode the complex, which is obviously a great development in the field of edm. The application of this has been the use of foreign technology in mould machining machine tool. It is expected that this technology will be developed. Improve the mold standardization degreechinas mold standardization degree is increasing, estimated that China's mold standard parts using coverage has reached about 30%. Developed countries is generally about 80%.High-quality materials and advanced surface treatment technology for the surface treatment technology of high quality steel and application of appropriate it is to improve the life of the mold is very necessary. Die heat treatment and surface treatment can give full play to the key link of the material properties of die steel. The development direction of mold heat treatment is the use of vacuum heat treatment. Mold surface treatment should be developed in the process of chemical vapor deposition (TiN, TiC), plasma spraying technology.Have a greater impact mold polishing automation, intelligent mold surface quality of mold service life, the appearance of quality parts, grinding and polishing method of automation, intelligent to replace the existing manual operation, in order to improve the surface quality of the mould is an important trend of development.Mold the development of automatic processing system which is our long-term development goals. The reasonable combination of mould automatic processing system should be more than one machine; with accompanying positioning fixture or positioning plate; complete machines, CNC tool library; complete CNC flexible synchronization system; quality monitoring and control system.Die position in manufacturing and ApplicationApplication in the mould manufacturing is extremely wide, the industry machinery, automobile, light industry, chemical industry, electronic communication, metallurgy, plastics, building materials, mold of professional and technical personnel is the foundation of talents in manufacturing industry. As the world manufacturing center to China transfer, China's mold industry ushered in a new round of development opportunities, so die industry has been rapid development. In recent years, the total output value of China's mold industry maintained an annual growth rate of 13%. Fromthe mold industry scale, China has ranked third in the world, after Japan and the America, a mold producing countries.Importance of mould in modern industrial production is mainly manifested in the following aspects:Molded products is extremely wide application process. For example: die forging, stamping, extrusion and drawing parts are made of metal material in the mould of plastic deformation and forming. Forming in the mold filling of die casting and powder metallurgy parts, pressure. Plastic, ceramic and other non-metallic materials are mostly formed by mold.Mold forming can be achieved less, non cutting processing. Little or no cutting, is a development direction of mechanical manufacturing. The forming die is less or no cutting process in an effective way, which is the key to improve the level of mold manufacturing. Improve the level of mold manufacturing mold improvement can make the precision of products, lower surface roughness, which may directly processed products, do not need to be processed, so as to avoid cutting.Stamping products has the advantages of high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity, low energy consumption and low cost, so a wide range of applications. According to statistics, the use of a variety of mold parts, aircraft, automobile, 60%~70%, electrical instrumentation and other fields, home appliances accounted for more than 80%, watches, bicycles and other light industrial products accounted for more than 85%.Meet the press mold problems and SolutionsThe convex die worn out too fastThe main reasons: 1) the die gap is too small, the general recommended mold total clearance for material thickness of 20% ~ 25%2) mould temperature is too high, mainly due to the same die stamping punch overheating caused by continuous long time. 3) concave mould for neutral good, including die and mold guide assembly and a turret bushing precision deficiency and other causes of mold is not good for the neutral. 4) mold grinding method is undeserved, cause mould annealing, the wear is intensified.Punch die material die material will cause the waste of the rebound, related factors:1) the gap of the mould is reasonable, if the die gap is not suitable, easy to cause the waste of rebound. 2) the sharpness of cutting edge, cutting edge radius is larger, more easily lead to waste of rebound. 3) by oil processing plate surface is more. 4) spring fatigue damage. 5) the modulus of mould, machine of each station into the modulus is certain, the mold into the modulus is small, easy to cause the waste of rebound.The prospects for the development of Chinese casting mouldFrom the long-term development perspective, China sustained economic growth, the future of casting mould overall demand will continue to grow, China mold to an average of 17% growth in recent years, higher than the average value of China GDP more than doubled.Die casting can also keep pace of development, so there is still much room for development of casting mould, die casting enterprise to the conversion mechanism, the development of specialized production, enhance market awareness, promote the adjustment of industrial structure of the casting mold industry.In the past, under the planned economy condition, large enterprises with internal mold factory (workshop), manufacturing capacity and strong technical force, accounted for a considerable proportion of domestic mold production, in addition to a small number of standard parts. Most of the works, by the mold factory to complete, the specialization, low degree of standardization, in addition to the enterprise management system the constraint, mold manufacturing cycle is long, can not meet the market demands.After entering the WTO, China casting mold industry is gradually integrating into the world trade integration. The influence of planned economy through thorough reform eliminated, therefore, the degree of commercialization of the mold also will be improved to a great extent, the state-owned enterprise shareholding system reform will accelerate the pace of development of enterprises, private and individual enterprises, the structure of die and mould industry changes. Mold industry of social cooperation and specialization will be strengthened, which is the effective measures to resist the impact of the accession to the world trade organization, the traditional enterprise internal mold workshop will become part of the new economic entity with independent accounting system through reform, and most will be phased out, the morethe mold enterprise will embark on the road of specialization, keep the advantage in their field of expertise on the product, take the fine of the road, in order to survive and develop in the competition.。

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下面是店铺带来的关于毕业论文英文参考文献的内容，欢迎阅读参考!毕业论文英文参考文献(一)[1]徐安律.原住民小说《圆屋》获美国国家图书奖[N].中华读书报，2012(004).[2]Coulombe,JosephL.ReadingNativeAmericanLiterature[M\. NewYork:Routledge,2011.[3]Erdrich,Louise.TheRoundHouse\M\.NewYork:HarperCollin sPublishers,2012.[J].作家，2013(12)：1.[4]杨恒.弱者的失语法律的缺位--评美国国家图书奖获奖作品《圆屋》[J].博览群书，2013(6)：84-88.[5]Said,Edward.CultureandImprerialism[M].NewYork:Vintage Books,1994.[6]Erdrich,Louise.LoveMedicine[M],NewYork:HarperPerennia l,1993.[7]罗世平.凝视：后殖民主义文学折射[J].国外文学，2006(4)：122.[8]任一鸣.《后殖民：批评理论与文学》[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2008.[9]Halliday,Lisa.LouiseErdrich[J].ParisReview,2010(52)：133-137.[10]温语晴.书写印第安文化的温暖和困境一美国当代作家路易丝·厄德里克和她的作品.[11]陈榕.《凝视》[A].《西方文论关键词》[C].ed.赵一凡.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2011.[12]Russo,Maria.Disturbing the spirits[i]. New York TimesBook Review, 2012(10): 9[13]Said, Edward. Culture and Imprerialism[M]. New York: Vintage Books,1994.[14]Fanon,Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth[M]. New York: Grove Press,1968.[15]徐安律.原住民小说《圆屋》获美国国家图书奖[N].中华读书报，2012(004).毕业论文英文参考文献(二)[1] 陈鹏.高速公路服务区及收费站建筑节能研究[D].中南大学，2007[2] 清华大学建筑节能研究中心.中国建筑节能年度发展研究报告[M]2014.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2014:39[3] 李慧玲.绿色建筑理念下的高速公路服务区建筑设计研究[D].西安：长安大学，2011[4] 公通字[2009]46 号.民用建筑外保温系统及外墙装饰防火暂行规定[S].新乡市建筑工程质量监督站印发.2009[5] 汤旭东.建筑工程中的现浇聚苯复合材料屋面保温技术[J].江西建材，2014,(11)：45[6] 杨欣霖.高速公路服务区绿色建筑技术体系研究[D].西安：长安大学，2011[7] 欧志华，郭俊明.浅谈我国建筑节能50%设计标准的含义[J].建筑节能，2007,35(12)：60-62[8] 邹惠芬，王国业，郭立杰等.严寒地区窗户热工性能对建筑能耗的影响分析[J].沈阳建筑大学学报(自然科学版).2009,25(5)：982-986[9] 崔洪军，刘孔杰.国外服务区建设及研究现状[J].中国交通报，2008,(12)：138-139[10] 郎松军.建筑结露的起因和防治方法初探[J].四川建筑，2002,22(Z1)：201-203[11] 王金奎，史慧芳，邵旭.体形系数在公共建筑节能设计中的应用[J].低温建筑技术，2010,(5)：98-99[12] 王丽颖，丘雨佳.对德国被动式居住建筑节能技术的考察[J].长春工程学院学报，2013,14(3)：38-40[13] 赖有志，陆京海，杨军霞，张童.现浇轻质泡沫混凝土在屋面工程中的应用[J].施工技术.2011,40(14)：79-94毕业论文英文参考文献(三)[1]蒋花，史志康.整合与对话一论《金色笔记》中的戏仿[J].当代外国文学，2007(2)：78.[2]黄梅.女人的危机和小说的危机--女人与小说杂谈之四[J].读书，1988(01)：5.[3]孙宗白.真诚的女作家多丽丝·莱辛[J].外国文学研宄，1981(3)：70.[4]施旻.《金色笔记》是女性主义文本吗·一关于多丽丝·莱辛及其《金色笔记》的论争[J].东岳论丛，2000(5)： 132-134.[5]李福祥.多丽丝·莱辛笔下的政治与妇女主题[J].外国文学评论，1993(4)：40-43[6]黎会华·多丽丝·莱辛《金色笔记》中的现代主义技巧分析[J].外语研究，2003(6)：73.[7]陈才宇，刘新民.金色笔记[M].北京：译林出版社，2000.[8]黎会华·解构菲勒斯中心：构建新型女性主义主体一《金色笔记》的女性主义阅读[J].浙江师范大学学报，2004(3)：33.[9]韩小敏，纪卫宁.析伍尔夫与莱辛文学创作的相似性[J].理论专刊，2004(8)：125-126.[10]姜红.有意味的形式[J].外国文学，2003(4)：96-98.[11]徐燕.《金色笔记》的超小说艺术[J].宁波大学学报，2003(3)：78-80[12]蒋花，史志康.整合与对话一论《金色笔记》中的戏仿[J].当代外国文学，2007(2)：78.[13]卢婧.《金色笔记》的艺术形式与作者莱辛的人生体验[D].南京师范大学博士学位论文，2008.[14]佘海若.迟来的正义：被缚的自由女性一记2007年诺贝尔文学奖[J].今日科苑，2007(23)： 19-24.[15]刘颖.建构女性的主体性话语一评多丽丝·莱辛的《金色笔记》[J].邵阳学院学报，2004(4).[16]范晓红.从《金色笔记》解读多丽丝·莱辛的生态整体观[D].南京师范大学，2011.[17]Brewster, Dorothy. Doris Lessing\M\. New York: Wayne, 1965: 161.[18]Spilka, Mark. Lessing and Lawrence: the Battle of theContemporary Literature,1975(16)： 218-240.。