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华为Secoway USG5000防火墙技术白皮书华为技术有限公司Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.目录目录 ........................................................ 错误!未定义书签。
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华为全系列数据通信产品白皮书第一部分：引言（200字）数据通信产品在现代社会中扮演着至关重要的角色，它们是连接世界的桥梁，促进了信息的传递和交流。
华为作为全球领先的通信技术解决方案提供商，为满足客户需求，推出了一系列高质量的数据通信产品。
本白皮书旨在介绍华为全系列数据通信产品的技术特点、应用场景和优势，帮助用户更好地了解和选择适合自己的产品。
第二部分：产品概述（200字）华为全系列数据通信产品包括路由器、交换机、光纤传输设备等多个种类。
这些产品具备高度的稳定性、可靠性和安全性，能够保证数据传输的质量和效率。
华为路由器是业界领先的产品之一，支持高速连接，稳定运行和智能优化。
交换机则提供灵活的网络管理和控制功能，适用于各种不同规模和需求的环境。
光纤传输设备则可以实现高容量和长距离的数据传送，特别适用于电信、金融和大型企业等行业。
第三部分：技术特点（300字）华为全系列数据通信产品具备一系列重要的技术特点。
首先，这些产品都采用了先进的硬件和软件技术，能够实现高效的数据处理和传输。
其次，华为产品支持灵活的网络配置和管理，可以根据实际需求进行定制和扩展。
同时，华为产品还具备高度的安全性，采用了先进的加密和认证技术，保障了数据的机密性和完整性。
此外，华为产品还支持智能化的运维和管理，通过数据分析和优化，提高了网络的性能和稳定性。
第四部分：应用场景（300字）华为全系列数据通信产品广泛应用于各个领域。
它们可以满足不同规模和需求的数据通信需求，适用于运营商、企业和个人用户等不同类型的客户。
在运营商领域，华为产品可以构建高速、稳定和安全的通信网络，支撑运营商的业务和服务。
在企业领域，华为产品可以实现灵活的网络管理和控制，提供高效的数据传输和存储解决方案。
对于个人用户来说，华为产品可以提供高速的网络连接和智能的家庭网络管理，满足各种娱乐和生活需求。
第五部分：产品优势（200字）华为全系列数据通信产品具备多个优势。
首先，它们拥有领先的技术和创新能力，能够满足不断变化的市场需求。
华为使能水务行业数字化智慧水务之旅智慧水务持续建设与发展01数字经济正在强势崛起，已成为未来经济发展的主要动力，如何在未来10年最大化收获数字化溢出带来的经济增长硕果，成为各行各业都非常关心的话题。
如何利用新一代ICT 信息技术，实现以创新为核心的数字化转型是水务未来发展的重要途径。
水务行业目前迎来数字化转型的快速发展期，国家不断出台新政策，促进水务行业信息化技术应用整体水平稳步提高，从2019年水利部鄂竟平部长提出水利发展改革总基调“补短板、强监管”，到2020年水利网信工作要点提出实施网络安全能力提升，完善水利信息化基础设施，积极推进5G 技术在水利工程安全监测预警等工作中的应用，信息化已经成为国家水利部重点工作之一，智慧水务建设逐步成为时代发展新模式。
智慧水务发展背景1.1 趋势：技术驱动，行业转型，势在必行近年来水利信息化建设虽然取得了较大成绩，但和补短板，强监管的要求相比还存在各种差距。
首先是底层透彻感知不够，感知覆盖范围和要素内容不全面，在绝大部分中小河流监测和水库等场景均缺乏相关监控措施，业务工作基本是巡护靠走，识别靠瞅。
现存水利信息化系统多为分散构建模式，众多信息孤岛，内外部信息共享不足，对互联网数据利用深度不够。
业务应用覆盖面不全，应用智能化水平不够，部分业务流程未能固化，还处于线下办理，体外循环。
同时，水务系统整体支撑演进能力不足，无法发挥高新技术的潜能，急需利用大数据、人工智能、遥感等技术支持水务业务的创新，让更多业务应用能够基于人工智能识别等技术实现分析型应用。
水务建设还面临信息系统安全防护及保障问题。
据统计，全国省级以上水利部门的众多应用系统中仅不足30%通过等级保护测评，大型水利工程控制系统核心设备和软件大多存在安全隐患，尚未实现以国产化为主。
相关装备、网络安全、应用支撑、系统运维等技术和管理标准还有待完善，改善目前重建设、轻运维的现状，实现对信息化建设成果的继承性，提升应用效果。
认证技术白皮书华为技术有限公司目录1前言 (2)2为什么使用认证 (3)3认证相关技术 (3)3.1PPP O E接入认证原理 (4)3.2WEB接入认证原理 (8)3.3802.1X接入认证原理 (14)3.4绑定认证原理 (18)3.5各种认证方式比较 (19)4华为认证方案特点 (20)4.1华为公司认证解决方案特点 (20)5华为认证技术解决方案 (22)5.1PPP O E接入认证典型组网方式 (23)5.2WEB接入认证典型组网方式 (24)5.3802.1X接入认证典型组网方式 (27)5.4绑定认证典型组网方式 (29)5.5多种认证自由组合 (29)2003-06-30 内部资料，请勿扩散第1页, 共31页1 前言在数据网络中，包括企业网、INTERNET网络等等，追求的是网络简单、开放，所有人可以自由接入和使用。
而在电信数据网络中，运营商(比如网络服务提供商NSP、业务提供商ISP等)关心的是网络可运营和可管理，要管理每个用户的接入、业务使用、费用等等。
在可运营、可管理网络中，引入了针对用户管理的AAA技术，包括认证（Authentication）、授权（Authorization）、计费（Accounting）三个技术：认证．．，是在用户开始使用系统时对其身份进行的确认动作。
授权，是在网络安全中，授权某用户以特定的方式与某网络系统通信。
计费，是记录并提供关于经济活动的确切清单或数据。
认证是识别用户身份的过程，而授权是根据认证识别后的用户情况授予对应的网络使用权限（QoS、带宽限制、访问权限、用户策略），而计费也是根据认证后的用户身份采用对应的计费策略并记录、提供计费信息（时长、流量、位置等等），三个技术紧密联系但又相互独立的。
认证．．技术是用户管理最基本的技术。
目前网络中，有许多设备不支持认证，有许多设备只支持某一种认证，同时认证技术种类繁多、认证要求各不相同，造成网络中认证方案的混淆和混乱。
1. 流量流向监测技术1.1 概述传统的网络流量监测技术的局限性SNMP采集端口的数据主要是在网元层用来监控网络流量和设备的性能，而且SNMP 采集的数据是基于端口的，无法提供端到端的准确的流量信息，因此对流向的统计手段不明确。
利用RMON探针对运营商网络进行流量和流向管理可以部分弥补SNMP的技术局限性，其业务分析和协议分析功能较强。
但是，采用RMON探针建设的流量监测系统也有处理性能不足和难以在大型网络普遍部署的局限性。
提出新的流量监测技术为克服现有网管系统对网络流量和流向分析功能的技术局限性，运营商迫切需要寻找一种功能丰富、成熟稳定的新技术，对现有管理系统中流量信息的采集和分析方式进行改造和升级。
新的流量信息采集和分析技术应具备对运营商的运行网络影响小、无需对网络拓扑进行改变就能平滑升级的技术特征，既可以对网络中各个链路的带宽使用率进行统计，又可以对每条链路上不同类型业务的流量和流向进行分析和统计。
本文主要介绍应用广泛的Cisco NetFlow技术、华为Netstream技术、Sflow 、Cflowd 和IPFIX 以及支持上述流监测技术的厂家和设备情况。
1.2 相关厂家及设备2Netflow2.1 流原理netflow 的信息单元是flow。
flow是一个单向的带有唯一标识字节组的传输流。
基本的标识为：source-IP-address, source-port, destination-IP-address, destination-port, IP-protocol, TOS, input interface ID。
当路由器接收到一个没有flow入口的数据包时，一个flow的结构将被初始化以保存其状态信息如：交换的字节数、IP地址、端口、自治区域等。
随后所有满足这个flow结构的数据包都将增加flow结构的字节计数和包计数，直至这个flow中止并输出。
Netflow功能是在一个路由器内独立完成，它不涉及路由器之间的任何连接设置协议，也不要求对数据包本身或其它任何网络设备进行任何外部修改。
下一代数据中心白皮书01下一代数据中心白皮书前言前言人类社会正在加速迈向智能化，比如智能手机、智能家居、智能制造、自动驾驶等正在重塑人们的工作和生活。
作为智能世界和数字经济的坚实底座，数据中心迎来了蓬勃发展。
同时，碳中和已经成为全球的共识和使命，绿色低碳变成世界新的主题，也是数据中心建设、运营必须考虑的重要因素。
面对ICT技术快速演进、建设需求激增以及绿色低碳要求，数据中心产业正在发生深刻变革，将进入新的时代。
什么是符合新时代需求的“下一代数据中心”？华为携手全球数据中心行业领袖和技术专家，举办了系列“松湖论道”下一代数据中心研讨会，深入探讨了行业和技术发展趋势，并就下一代数据中心定义达成重要共识。
未来已来，相信集业界专家智慧共同定义的下一代数据中心，将为产业可持续发展发挥重要作用！目录前言 01智能化与低碳化推动数据中心快速、高质量发展 031.1 数字经济促进数据中心快速增长 04 1.2 碳中和对数据中心可持续发展提出新的要求 04下一代数据中心052.1 低碳共生 062.1.1 全绿色：源头绿色化，与自然共生 062.1.2 全高效：PUE→xUE，评价体系从单指标到多指标 072.1.3 全回收：全生命周期，资源回收利用最大化 082.2 融合极简 092.2.1 架构极简，孕育建筑与机房新形态 092.2.2 供电极简，部件重定义，链路重塑 112.2.3 温控极简，冷热交换效率最大化 122.3 自动驾驶 132.3.1 运维自动，实现无人值守 142.3.2 能效自优，从制冷到“智”冷 142.3.3 运营自治，资源价值最大化 152.4 安全可靠 162.4.1 主动安全，事后到事前，故障快速闭环 172.4.2 架构安全，从器件到DC，全方位构筑安全防线 17总结语1804下一代数据中心白皮书智能化与低碳化推动数据中心快速、高质量发展当前，世界正在经历以人工智能、云计算、大数据、物联网、5G等为代表的数字技术变革，在加速创新的数字技术驱动下，数字经济已成为全球GDP增长的主引擎。
sFlow Technology White PaperIssue 01Date 2012-10-30Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2012. All rights reserved.No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.Trademarks and Permissionsand other Huawei trademarks are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.All other trademarks and trade names mentioned in this document are the property of their respective holders.NoticeThe purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei and the customer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not be within the purchase scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, all statements, information, and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guarantees or representations of any kind, either express or implied.The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and recommendations in this document do not constitute a warranty of any kind, express or implied.Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.Address: Huawei Industrial BaseBantian, LonggangShenzhen 518129People's Republic of ChinaWebsite: Email:******************Contents1.1 Introduction (2)1.2 References (3)1.3 Principles (3)1.3.1 Architecture of an sFlow System (3)1.3.2 sFlow Packet Format (4)1.3.3 sFlow Sampling (4)1.4 Applications (5)1.4.1 Network Monitoring (5)1.5 Troubleshooting (7)1.5.1 A Remote sFlow Collector Fails to Receive sFlow Packets (7)1.6 Terms and Abbreviations (9)sFlow About This Chapter1.1 Introduction1.2 References1.3 Principles1.4 Applications1.5 Troubleshooting1.6 Terms and Abbreviations1.1 IntroductionDefinitionSampled Flow (sFlow) is a traffic monitoring technology that collects and analyzes trafficstatistics.PurposeCompared with carrier networks, enterprise networks have a smaller scale, provide flexiblenetworking, and are prone to attacks. Due to these characteristics, enterprise networks oftenencounter service exceptions. Enterprises require a traffic monitoring technique on interfacesof devices to locate unexpected traffic and the source of attack traffic in a timely manner sothat they can quickly rectify faults to ensure stable running of the network.sFlow is developed to achieve the preceding purpose. sFlow is an interface-based trafficanalysis technology that collects packets on an interface based on the sampling ratio. In flowsampling, an sFlow agent analyzes the packets including the packet content and forwardingrule, and encapsulates the original packets and parsing result into sFlow packets. Then thesFlow agent sends the sFlow packets to an sFlow collector. In counter sampling, an sFlowagent periodically collects traffic statistics on an interface, CPU usage, and memory usage.sFlow focuses on traffic on an interface, traffic forwarding, and device operation, so it can beused to monitor and locate network exceptions. The sFlow collector displays the trafficstatistics in a report, which facilitates preventive maintenance especially on enterprisenetworks without specialized network administrators.NetStream is a technology that collects and analyzes statistics on network flows. Networkdevices need to preliminarily collect and analyze network flows, and store statistics in thecache. When the cache overflows or flow statistics expire, the statistics are exported.Compared with NetStream, sFlow does not require a cache, network devices only samplepackets, and a remote collector collects and analyzes traffic statistics. Therefore, sFlow hasthe following advantages over NetStream:● Saves resources and lowers costs. No cache is required, and a small number of networkdevices are used, which lower costs.● Flexible collector deployment. A collector collects and analyzes traffic statistics based onvarious traffic characteristics as required. The collector is deployed flexibly.1.2 ReferencesThe following table lists the references of this document.1.3 Principles 1.3.1 Architecture of an sFlow SystemAs shown in Figure 1-1, the sFlow system involves an sFlow agent embedded in the device and a remote sFlow collector. The sFlow agent obtains traffic statistics from an sFlow-enabledinterface using sFlow sampling and encapsulates them into sFlow packets. When an sFlowpacket buffer overflows or an sFlow packet expires, the sFlow agent sends the sFlow packetsto the sFlow collector. The sFlow collector analyzes the sFlow packets and displays the trafficstatistics in a report.Figure 1-1sFlow systemsFlow Collector Switch sFlow packetA switch often serves as an sFlow agent. Therefore, this section describes the sFlow agentimplementation and configuration.An sFlow collector is a PC or server. It is responsible for receiving sFlow packets sent from an sFlow agent, without having special requirements for the hardware and operating system. The client software needs to be installed on an sFlow collector to analyze sFlow packets. The sFlow Trend is a free software client that analyzes sFlow packets. You can visit the website to install the sFlow Trend or download the software usage guide.1.3.2 sFlow Packet FormatFigure 1-1 shows the sFlow packet format. sFlow packets are encapsulated in UDP packets. Bydefault, sFlow packets are transmitted by known port 6343. sFlow packets use the followingpacket header formats: Flow sample, Expanded Flow sample, Counter sample, and ExpandedCounter sample. Expanded Flow sample and Expanded Counter sample are added to sFlowversion5 and are extensions to Flow sample and Counter sample, but they are not compatible withearlier versions. All expanded sampling packets must be encapsulated with the expanded samplingpacket header.1.3.3 sFlow SamplingAn sFlow agent provides two sampling modes: flow sampling and counter sampling.Flow samplingIn flow sampling, an sFlow agent samples packets in one direction or both directions on aninterface based on the sampling ratio, and parses the packets to obtain information aboutpacket data content. Table 1-1 lists the main fields in flow sampling packets. Flow samplingfocuses on traffic details to monitor and parse traffic behaviors on the network.Flow sampling samples packets on an interface, and currently supports only random sampling.In random sampling mode, the sFlow agent allocates a random value to each packet processedby an interface. The random value ranges from 0 to N. The threshold is set to n ranging from0 to N. When the random value is smaller than the threshold, the sFlow agent samples packets.The actual sampling ratio is n/(N+1).Table 1-1Main fields in flow sampling packetsCounter samplingAn sFlow agent periodically obtains traffic statistics on an interface. Table 1-2 lists the mainfields in counter sampling packets. Compared with flow sampling, counter sampling focuseson traffic statistics on an interface rather than traffic details.Table 1-2Main fields in counter sampling packetsFlow sampling and counter sampling are independent of each other. Flow sampling obtainsinformation about flows of a specified service, whereas counter sampling obtains trafficstatistics on an interface. It is recommended that you use both the two sampling modes.1.4 Applications1.4.1 Network MonitoringNetwork maintenance personnel often use the traffic monitoring technique to monitornetworks.Enterprise network users often have requirements for traffic on an interface and devicerunning. They require a traffic monitoring technique on an interface to locate unexpectedtraffic and the source of attack traffic immediately so that they can rectify faults quickly toensure stable running of the network.As shown in Figure 1-2, traffic is exchanged between Network1 and Network2 throughSwitchA. The maintenance personnel need to monitor the traffic on interfaces and deviceoperation to locate unexpected traffic and ensure normal network operation. Before collectingtraffic statistics on an interface and analyzing the collected traffic statistics, configureSwitchA as an sFlow agent and connect the sFlow agent to an sFlow collector.Figure 1-2sFlow agent configurationsFlow CollectorConfiguration roadmap:Run the sFlow agent on SwitchA. Enable sFlow sampling functions on GE1/0/2 including flow sampling and counter sampling.After the previous configurations are complete, the sFlow agent sends sFlow packets containing traffic statistics from GE1/0/1 to the sFlow collector. The sFlow collector displays network traffic according to the received sFlow packets. In this way, traffic on GE1/0/2 is monitored.# Configuration file of SwitchA#sysname SwitchA#vlan batch 10 20 30#interface Vlanif10ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.0#interface Vlanif20ip address 20.20.20.1 255.255.255.0#interface Vlanif30ip address 30.30.30.1 255.255.255.0#interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1port link-type accessport default vlan 10#interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2port hybrid pvid vlan 20port hybrid untagged vlan 20sflow counter-sampling collector 1sflow flow-sampling collector 1#interface GigabitEthernet1/0/3port hybrid pvid vlan 30port hybrid untagged vlan 30#sflow collector 1 ip 10.10.10.2 description netserver#sflow agent ip 10.10.10.1#return1.5 Troubleshooting1.5.1 A Remote sFlow Collector Fails to Receive sFlow Packets Fault SymptomA remote sFlow collector fails to receive sFlow packets.ProcedureStep 1Check whether an IP address is configured for the sFlow collector.Run the display sflow command to view the configuration. If the Collector Information isnull, run the sflow collector command in the system view to configure the IP address andother related attributes for the sFlow collector.<Quidway> display sflow slot 1sFlow Version 5 Information:--------------------------------------------------------------------------Agent Information:IP Address: 192.168.1.206Address family: IPV4Vpn-instance: N/A--------------------------------------------------------------------------Collector Information:Collector ID: 1IP Address: 192.168.1.194Address family: IPV4Vpn-instance: N/APort: 6343Datagram size: 1500Time out: N/ADescription: zjm-pc--------------------------------------------------------------------------Port on slot 1 Information:Interface: GE1/0/1Flow-sample collector: 1 Counter-sample collector : 1Flow-sample rate(1/x): 2048 Counter-sample interval(s): 10Flow-sample maxheader: 128Flow-sample direction: IN,OUT Step 2Check whether the configured IP address of the sFlow collector is the same as the IP address of the remote sFlow collector.If the IP addresses are different, the remote sFlow collector cannot receive sFlow packets.Run the display sflow command to view the configuration. If the IP address in the Collector Information is different from the IP address of the remote sFlow collector, run the sflowcollector command in the system view to configure a correct IP address for the sFlowcollector.<Quidway> display sflow slot 1sFlow Version 5 Information:--------------------------------------------------------------------------Agent Information:IP Address: 192.168.1.206Address family: IPV4Vpn-instance: N/A--------------------------------------------------------------------------Collector Information:Collector ID: 1IP Address: 192.168.1.194Address family: IPV4Vpn-instance: N/APort: 6343Datagram size: 1500Time out: N/ADescription: zjm-pc--------------------------------------------------------------------------Port on slot 1 Information:Interface: GE1/0/1Flow-sample collector: 1 Counter-sample collector : 1Flow-sample rate(1/x): 2048 Counter-sample interval(s): 10Flow-sample maxheader: 128Flow-sample direction: IN,OUTStep 3Check whether sFlow sampling is configured on the interface.If sFlow sampling is not configured on the interface, the interface does not provide sampling data.Run the display sflow command to view the configuration. If the Port on slot 1 Information is null, select flow sampling or counter sampling. It is recommended that you configure both flow sampling and counter sampling.<Quidway> display sflow slot 1sFlow Version 5 Information:--------------------------------------------------------------------------Agent Information:IP Address: 192.168.1.206Address family: IPV4Vpn-instance: N/A--------------------------------------------------------------------------Collector Information:Collector ID: 1IP Address: 192.168.1.194Address family: IPV4Vpn-instance: N/APort: 6343Datagram size: 1500Time out: N/ADescription: zjm-pcsFlow Technology White Paper sFlowIssue 01 (2012-10-30) Huawei Proprietary and ConfidentialCopyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 9--------------------------------------------------------------------------Port on slot 1 Information:Interface: GE1/0/1Flow-sample collector: 1 Counter-sample collector : 1Flow-sample rate(1/x): 2048 Counter-sample interval(s): 10Flow-sample maxheader: 128Flow-sample direction: IN,OUT----End1.6 Terms and AbbreviationsTermsAbbreviations。
