抗菌药物的常用术语化学治疗药物概述化学治疗药物(chemotherapeutic drugs)•定义: 用于治疗病原微生物(细菌、真菌、病毒等)、寄生虫以及恶性肿瘤细胞所致疾病的药物，简称化疗药。
•分类抗微生物药（antimicrobial drugs）抗寄生虫药（antiparasitic drugs）抗恶性肿瘤药（antineoplasticanticancer drugs）抗微生物药概述述抗微生物药物(antimicrobial drugs)•定义：对病原微生物有抑制或杀灭作用，用于防治病原微生物感染性疾病的药物。
•分类：抗菌药(antibacterial drugs)抗真菌药(antifungal drugs)抗病毒药(antiviral drugs)1)定义:对病原菌有抑制或杀灭作用的药物。
2)分类：按来源分三类：磺胺类、喹诺酮类：青霉素G ，红霉素等：阿莫西林、头孢菌素等1.抗菌药(antibacterial drugs )•抗生素(antibiotics )：由微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)代谢产生，能杀灭或抑制其他病原微生物的物质。
抗菌药的常用术语抗生素人工合成抗菌药天然抗生素人工半合成抗生素抗菌药的常用术语3)评价指标1.抗菌谱(antibacterial spectrum)•定义：抗菌药物的抗菌范围。
•药物分类：窄谱抗菌药：仅对某一种属细菌有抗菌作用。
如异烟肼。
广谱抗菌药：对多种病原微生物有抗菌作用。
如四环素等。
抗菌药的常用术语2.抗菌活性(antibacterial activity)•定义：抑制或杀灭病原菌的程度。
•抑菌药(bacteriostatic drugs)：仅抑制细菌生长繁殖而无杀灭细菌作用。
如磺胺类、四环素、氯霉素、红霉素•杀菌药(bactericidal drugs)：有杀灭细菌作用。
如β内酰胺类。
临床价值↑3.化疗指数(chemotherapeutic index ，CI )•意义：是评价化疗药安全性及应用价值的指标。
高二上学期期中考试（英语）（考试总分：120 分）一、单选题（本题共计10小题，总分10分）1.（1分）That beggar seems ____ anything yesterday.A. not to have eatenB. not to eatC. didn't eat D to not have eaten2.（1分）Most of the artists to the party were from South Africa.A. invitedB. to inviteC. being invitedD. had been invited3.（1分）The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, that he had enjoyed his stay here.A. having addedB. to addC. addingD. added4.（1分）It heavily, the outing had to be put off.A. being rainedB. being rainingC. rainingD. rains5.（1分），I couldn't lift the box.A. As I might tryB.Try as I mightC. As try I mightD. Though try I might6.（1分）Only when he had done it that he had made a mistake.A. he then realizedB.did he realizeC. before he realizeD. he realized7.（1分）—What happened to her new car?—No sooner it than someone ran into her.A .had she bought B. did she bought C. she bought D. she had bought8.（1分）—you picked up the pen yesterday?—On the playground.A. Where was it thatB. What was it thatC. How was it whenD. Where was it when9.（1分）my foot hurt, I would have taken part in the sports meet.A. Had I not gotB. If I did not getC. If I have not gotD.Had not I got10.（1分）, I slid into the bed and soon fell asleep.A.ExhaustingB. Being exhaustedC. ExhaustedD.Exhaustedly二、阅读理解（本题共计3小题，总分20分）11.（6分）Welcome to your handy pricing guideThis leaflet gives you the prices for Royal Mails UK and International services and Parcelforce Worldwide UK services — whether your item is to the UK or abroad, urgent or you simply want a standard service. To obey national and international regulations governing the carriage of mail, and ensure that mail in transport does not present a danger to the general public, we restrict or ban certain items from our network.If you want to find out more about our parcel and letter services, please take a look at the ‘our services’ booklet for more detailed information. Alternatively, you can find out more by visiting or by calling Customer Services on 03457740740. If you are deaf or hearing impaired, we offer a Textphone service on 03456000606.(1)According to the leaflet, what kind of service can be offered?A.Sending items home and abroad.B.Getting some discount.C.Sending items without limits.D.Sending parcels only.(2)If your parcel is 45cm in length, 36cm in width, 20cm in depth and weighs 10kg, you need to pay ______.A.£23B.£43C.£68D.£90(3)Which of the following is specially intended for the deaf?A.The Textphone service on 03456000606.B.The Customer Services on 03457740740.C.The website .D.The ‘Our services’ booklet12.（8分）People have different ways of dealing with a common cold. Some take over-the- counter (非非非非) medicines such as aspirin while others try popular home remedies (非非) like herbal tea or chicken soup. Yet here is the tough truth about the common cold: nothing really cures it.So why do people sometimes believe that their remedies work? According to James Taylor, professor at the University of Washington, colds usually go away on their own in about a week, improving a little each day after symptoms peak, so it’s easy to believe it’s medicine rather than time that deserves the credit, USA Today reported.It still seems hard to believe that we can deal with more serious diseases yet are powerless against something so common as a cold. Recently, scientists came closer to figuring out why. To understand it, you first need to know how antiviral (非非非非) drugs work. They attack the virus by attaching to and changing the surface structures of the virus. To do that, the drug must fit and lock into the virus like the right piece of a jigsaw (非非), which means scientists have to identify the virus and build a 3-D model to study its surface before they can design an antiviral drug that is effective enough.The two cold viruses that scientists had long known about were rhinovirus (非非非) A and B. But they didn’t find out about the existence of a third virus, rhinovirus C, until 2006. All three of them contribute to the common cold, but drugs that work well against rhinovirus A and B have little effect when used against C.“This explains most of the previous failures of drug trials against rhinovirus,” study leader Professor Ann Palmenberg at University of Wisconsin-Madison, US, told Science Daily.Now, more than 10 years after the discovery of rhinovirus C, scientists have finally built a highly-detailed 3-D model of the virus, showing that the surface of the virus is, as expected, different from that of other cold viruses.With the model in hand, hopefully a real cure for a common cold is on its way. Soon, we may no longer have to waste our money on medicines that don’t really work.(1)What does the author think of popular remedies for a common cold?A.They are quite effective.B.They are slightly helpful.C.They still need to be improved.D.They actually have no effect.(2)How do antiviral drugs work?A.By breaking up cold viruses directly.B.By changing the surface structures of the cold viruses.C.By preventing colds from developing into serious diseases.D.By absorbing different kinds of cold viruses at the same time.(3)What can we infer from the passage?A.The surface of cold viruses looks quite similar.B.Scientists have already found a cure for the common cold.C.Scientists were not aware of the existence of rhinovirus C until recently.D.Knowing the structure of cold viruses is the key to developing an effective cure.(4)What is the best title for this passage?A.Drugs against cold virusesB.Helpful home remediesC.No current cure for common coldD.Research on cold viruses13.（6分）Wood has many great characteristics that make it the perfect building material.It is cheap，durable，easily available，and most importantly，environmentally sustainable.The one thing it is not，is transparent! Now thanks to a team of scientists at Stockholm’s KTH Royal Institute of Technology the material may even be able to add that feature to its already impressive list.Lead researcher rs Berglund said he was inspired to create the transparent wood after learning how Japanese researchers had developed a see-through paper for use in flexible display screens for electronic devices.The team began by pulling out the wood’s lignin(木质素).The lignin-free wood was then dipped into a polymer(聚合物)and baked at a temperature of 158°F for four hours.The result was a hybrid product that was not only stronger and lighter than the original wood but also，almost transparent.The researchers were able to adjust the level of transparency by varying the amount of the polymer injected and also by changing the thickness of the wood.While scientists have previously created a see-through wood for small-scale applications like computer chips，the transparent wood is the first one being considered for large scale applications.The researchers，who revealed their findings in Biomacromolecules on April 11，picture using the transparent wood in buildings to allow for more natural light，or to create windows that let in the desired amount of light withoutsacrificing privacy.Wood that allows light to pass through could lead to a brighter future for homes and buildings. Berglund also thinks the wood could play a significant role in the design of solar panels.The semitransparent material would be able to keep light longer and give it more time to interact with the conductor，thus resulting in better solar efficiency.Additionally，substituting the currently used glass with this new product would help solar energy manufacturers improve their carbon footprint and lower the cost.They are now experimenting with ways to scale up the manufacturing process so that the transparent material is cost-effective to make and easy to use.1.What does the underlined part“that feature”in Paragraph 1 refer to?A.Cheap.B.Durable.C.Sustainable.D.Transparent.2.Which of the following is true according to the text?A.Berglund got the idea of transparent wood while making paper.B.Varying the amount of the polymer changes the wood’s hardness.C.The transparent wood would be used only for homes and buildings.D.The cost of making the transparent wood still needs to be cut down.3.What is the last paragraph mainly about?A.The bright future of the transparent wood.B.The wood’s role in the design of solar panels.C.The disadvantages of the currently used glass.D.Solar energy manufacturers’ carbon footprint.三、阅读七选五（本题共计1小题，总分10分）14.（10分）When big news breaks,it's easy to get caught up in following the story online.The Internet can be a place to find useful information. 1 Helping kids understand the news and how to separate fact from fiction is an important job for parents and educators.Here’s some advice that parents can offer kids to help them be quicker to judge as they consume news online.2 In the rush to cover stories,reporters make mistakes,officials don't always have correct information and tidbits(八卦新闻）that sound reasonable often get passed around before anyone has checked them for accuracy.Use social media wisely.Some say Twitter is a great source of news in the first few minutes of a tragedy. 3 On the other hand,Facebook can be a great way to connect with friends affected by events in the news and to spread personal news within a more limited circle.Be skeptical. 4 After the Boston Marathon bombing,NBC Sports reported that some runners kept running all the way to the hospital to donate blood for the victims.Not true.There are plenty of websites devoted to exposing false news stories.The Washington Post also has a Fact Checker column that delivers claims made by public officials and politicians.Visit them to find out if a story is true.Keep it age-appropriate.Kids aren’t always ready to digest big tragic news--especially if the news is about kids,such as school shootings or abuses.The constant repetition of information can be confusing for younger kids,and at the beginning of a news event,parents might not be able to offer any correct answers. 5A.Remember,breaking news is often wrong.B.It also can be the source of misinformation.C.If something sounds too good to be true,it probably is.D.The government should take measures to prevent false news.E.However,after that it just becomes messy and largely inaccurate.F.With social media at your fingertips,it's convenient to express your opinion.G.Kids who are eager to learn more about certain events can check kid-guided news sources.四、完形填空（本题共计1小题，总分20分）15.（20分）In the summer before I entered middle school, I read the book They Cage the Animals at Night. It’s a story about Jennings, a boy living in various orphanages（孤儿院）with only his stuffed animal（毛绒玩具）, Doggie, for companionship. It’s a fascinating book, but little did I know how it would__1___my life and the lives of others.One day, as I looked across my room at the pile of stuffed animals, a(n)___2____came to me. I would____3__stuffed animals for children like Jennings.____4____, I contacted agencies that support those children and they said the stuffed animals would certainly__5___children’s spirits.I named my project “Cuddle Buddies”. I wrote articles for the localand school newspapers,___6___donations of the“buddies”— stuffed animals. My phone___7__ringing; schools, families, and toy factories all wanted to help. Much to my___8__, by the second week my living room looked like a zoo. Whenever Mom and I___9__the “buddies” to the agencies, the kids would be waiting there with their eyes down, too___10__to look but shaking with excitement.Six years after its launch, Cuddle Buddies continues to__11__. Now over 25,000 stuffed animals have been__12__to agencies worldwide. Simon, a seven-year-old boy in an African Children’s Home, couldn’t sleep at night after he lost his parents. When asked to choose his “buddies”, Simon_ 13___ a panda and soon after was sleeping through the night. I never dreamed Cuddle Buddies would____14___this way.Upon graduating from high school, I designed a website,, to____15___the project. The response was____16____. More and more people joined me and two dozen Cuddle Buddies___17___were established across the nation.This has been a great experience. I’ve learned how to follow through on an idea and how to____18__impact a life.I will go to college with these___19___in mind and continue my work with Cuddle Buddies, even when I__20__ a whole new set of exciting academic and nonacademic pursuits.1.A.touch B.risk C.lead D.save2.A.chance B.idea C.explanation D.word3.A.display B.repair C.purchase D.collect4.A.Previously B.Occasionally C.Immediately D.Gradually5.A.capture B.reflect C.lift D.record6.A.putting aside B.turning down C.asking for D.getting back7.A.delayed B.kept C.stopped D.meant8.A.knowledge B.taste C.regret D.delight9.A.delivered B.applied C.rented D.returned10.A.shy B.content C.weak D.eager11.A.reform B.expand C.dominate D.divide12.A.produced B.adopted C.sold D.donated13.A.picked out B.came across C.showed off D.brought up14.A.decline B.work C.increase D.react15.A.promote B.start C.evaluate D.examine16.A.confusing B.amusing C.automatic D.enthusiasticpanies mittees C.branches D.institutes18.A.financially B.positively C.socially D.physically19.A.plans B.images C.lessons D.motives20.A.work out B.keep off C.rely on D.engage in五、语法填空（本题共计1小题，总分15分）16.（15分）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Introduction:Disease is a common occurrence in human life, and timely and effective treatment is crucial for the recovery of patients. This article will discuss the treatment plan for various diseases, including the diagnosis, treatment methods, and follow-up care, aiming to provide a comprehensive guide for patients and their families.1. Common cold:Diagnosis: The common cold is characterized by symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, and cough. It is usually caused by viruses.Treatment:- Rest and hydration: Patients should get plenty of rest and drinkplenty of water.- Symptomatic treatment: Use decongestants, antipyretics, and analgesics to relieve symptoms.- Vitamin C: Taking vitamin C may help shorten the duration of the common cold.- Antiviral drugs: In severe cases, antiviral drugs can be considered.Follow-up care: Pay attention to personal hygiene, keep the room ventilated, and avoid close contact with others.2. Fever:Diagnosis: Fever is a common symptom of various diseases, such as infections, inflammation, and tumors.Treatment:- Identify the cause of fever: Perform relevant tests to determine the cause of fever.- Antipyretic therapy: Use antipyretic drugs such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to relieve fever.- Antiviral or antibacterial therapy: If the fever is caused by infection, appropriate antiviral or antibacterial drugs should be used.- Supportive treatment: Ensure adequate rest, hydration, and nutrition.Follow-up care: Pay attention to changes in body temperature and symptoms, and seek medical attention if necessary.3. Diarrhea:Diagnosis: Diarrhea is characterized by frequent and loose stools, which may be caused by infections, dietary factors, or gastrointestinal diseases.Treatment:- Identify the cause of diarrhea: Perform relevant tests to determine the cause of diarrhea.- Antimicrobial therapy: Infections should be treated with appropriate antibiotics.- Dietary adjustments: Patients should avoid spicy, greasy, and cold foods, and increase the intake of easily digestible foods.- Rehydration therapy: Diarrhea can lead to dehydration, so it is important to maintain adequate hydration.Follow-up care: Pay attention to changes in stool characteristics and symptoms, and seek medical attention if necessary.4. Hypertension:Diagnosis: Hypertension is characterized by persistently high blood pressure, which can lead to cardiovascular diseases and other complications.Treatment:- Lifestyle modification: Adopt a healthy diet, engage in regular physical activity, quit smoking, and limit alcohol consumption.- Antihypertensive drugs: Use antihypertensive drugs to control blood pressure, such as ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics.- Regular monitoring: Regularly monitor blood pressure and adjust medication as needed.Follow-up care: Maintain a healthy lifestyle, regularly take antihypertensive drugs, and seek medical attention if necessary.5. Diabetes:Diagnosis: Diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar levels, which can be caused by insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.Treatment:- Lifestyle modification: Adopt a healthy diet, engage in regular physical activity, and maintain a healthy weight.- Insulin therapy: In some cases, insulin therapy may be required.- Oral hypoglycemic drugs: Use oral hypoglycemic drugs to control blood sugar levels.- Regular monitoring: Regularly monitor blood sugar levels and adjust medication as needed.Follow-up care: Maintain a healthy lifestyle, regularly take medication, and seek medical attention if necessary.Conclusion:Disease treatment requires a comprehensive and individualized approach. Patients should follow the doctor's advice, adhere to the treatment plan, and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial for the recovery of patients.。
疫情英语词汇疫情：Epidemic Outbreak新冠病毒：Novel Coronavirus肺炎：Pneumonia累计确诊病例：Cumulative Confirmed Cases 死亡病例：Death Cases康复病例：Recovered Cases疑似病例：Suspected Cases全球：Global防疫：Preventive Epidemic Control隔离：Isolation口罩：Masks卫生巾：Sanitary Napkins消毒：disinfection全民健康保障：Universal Health Care公共卫生：Public Health医护人员：Medical Personnel病毒溯源：Tracing the Origin of the Virus 追踪：Tracking社区追踪：Community Tracking血清：Serum抗体：Antibody生物安全：Biosafety检疫：Quarantine Inspection抗病毒药物：Antiviral Drugs病毒研究：Virus Research流行病学：Epidemiology病毒遗传学：Virological Genetics 感染控制：Infection Control免疫学：Immunology药理学：Pharmacology抗高热药：Antipyretic Drugs抗炎症药：anti-inflammatory drugs 抗细菌药：Antibacterial Drugs社区医学：Community Medicine预防接种：Vaccination抗病毒疫苗：Antiviral Vaccines新闻发布会：Press Conference报告会：Report meeting新闻发布：News Release社交媒体：Social Media在线教育：Online Education远程医疗：Telemedicine环境健康：Environmental Health公共卫生措施：Public Health Measures。
