考研真题

考研试题真题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列关于细胞凋亡的描述，错误的是：A. 是一种程序性细胞死亡B. 受基因调控C. 细胞膜不破裂D. 细胞核不发生改变答案：D2. 以下哪种化合物不是蛋白质的组成成分？A. 氨基酸B. 脂肪酸C. 糖D. 核苷酸答案：D3. 细胞周期中，DNA复制主要发生在：A. G1期B. S期C. G2期D. M期答案：B4. 下列哪项不是酶促反应的特点？A. 高效性B. 可逆性C. 专一性D. 需要适宜的温度和pH答案：B5. 以下哪种细胞器不含双层膜结构？A. 线粒体B. 内质网C. 高尔基体D. 核糖体答案：D6. 细胞膜上的糖蛋白主要功能是：A. 维持细胞形态B. 细胞间识别C. 细胞内物质运输D. 细胞间信号传递答案：B7. 细胞信号转导中，G蛋白是：A. 受体蛋白B. 离子通道C. 酶D. 转导蛋白答案：D8. 下列哪种物质不是第二信使？A. cAMPB. Ca2+C. IP3D. ATP答案：D9. 细胞分化的实质是：A. 细胞数量的增加B. 细胞形态的改变C. 基因表达的改变D. 细胞代谢的改变答案：C10. 细胞凋亡与细胞坏死的主要区别在于：A. 细胞膜是否破裂B. 是否受基因调控C. 是否需要外界刺激D. 是否有炎症反应答案：B二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 下列哪些因素可以影响酶的活性？A. 底物浓度B. 温度C. pHD. 酶的浓度答案：ABC2. 细胞周期的调控点主要包括：A. G1期的起始点B. G1期的检查点C. S期的检查点D. G2期的检查点答案：ABCD3. 下列哪些属于细胞凋亡的特征？A. 细胞核浓缩B. 细胞膜破裂C. DNA断裂D. 细胞体积缩小答案：ACD4. 细胞信号转导过程中，第二信使的作用包括：A. 放大信号B. 传递信号C. 减弱信号D. 终止信号答案：AB5. 细胞分化过程中，基因表达的改变包括：A. 基因的转录B. 基因的翻译C. 基因的复制D. 基因的修饰答案：ABD三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述细胞凋亡与细胞坏死的区别。

考研英语真题完整版(含答案)考研英语真题完整版(含答案)IntroductionIn recent years, the number of students taking the postgraduate entrance exam, commonly known as the "gaokao", to pursue further education has continued to rise. The English section of this exam is of particular significance as it assesses the applicants' language proficiency and comprehension skills. This article aims to provide a complete version of the past years' English exam questions, along with their corresponding answers, in order to help students better prepare for the upcoming exam.Section I: Reading Comprehension1. Passage OneQuestions:1) What is the main topic of the passage?2) What does the passage imply about music's role in early childhood development?2. Passage TwoQuestions:1) What does the passage mainly discuss?2) What does the author mean by saying "Birds defy that rule." in paragraph 3?Section II: Vocabulary and Structure1. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. Example:1) It is time that we ______ a solution to the problem.a) findb) will findc) foundd) have foundAnswer: a) findSection III: Cloze1. Choose the word or phrase that best fits the blank. Example:1) It was very kind ______ you to help me with my bags.a) forb) fromc) ofd) withAnswer: c) ofSection IV: TranslationTranslate the following sentences from Chinese to English.Example:1) 他们一起努力，最终实现了自己的目标。

考研英语一真题及答案完整版（word）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it isbizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discern able, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provideupdated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information —is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone is more l ike entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protect ions. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digitalinformation in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going throug h one’s wallet.29. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California’s argument violates princi ples of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” wr ites McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal edito rs, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of?Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard Schoolof Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowada ys, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of revie wing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers’ workl oad.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science。

考研英语一真题及答案word版2023年考研英语一真题及答案（word版）Section Ⅰ Use of English2023年考研英语一真题及答案（word版）Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2023 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that–and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2023 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her ex ample can’t be knocked off.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D]lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text2In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2023 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[B] lower their operational costs[D]provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[C] digital information analysis[D]internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D]goes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the con gress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with thefederal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t w ant to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2023,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000. Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development andhealth.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords“environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____ scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2023,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies. [E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemmingclimate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Section III Translation46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, andYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)阅读答案：(由新东方集团郭威老师、广州新东方刘晓峰、济南新东方赵晓栋老师、研发中心众同事提供)TEXT 121. 【答案】B (insensitivity to fashion)22. 【答案】D (shop for their garments more frequently)23. 【答案】A (accusation)24. 【答案】D (pricing is vital to environmental-friendly purchasing)25. 【答案】C (criticism of the fast-fashion industry)TEXT 226. 【答案】B (lower their operational costs)27. 【答案】D (internet browser developers)28. 【答案】C (will not benefit consumers)29. 【答案】A (DNT may not serve its intended purpose)30. 【答案】D (skepticism)TEXT 331. 【答案】B (our faith in science and technology)32. 【答案】A ( a sustained species)33. 【答案】D (Our Immediate future is hard to conceive)34. 【答案】C (draw on our experience from the past)35. 【答案】C (The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind)TEXT 436. 【答案】C (overstepped the authority of federal immigration law)37. 【答案】C (States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement)38. 【答案】D (Stood in favor of the states)39. 【答案】A (outweighs that held by the states)40. 【答案】D (The Administration is dominant over immigration issues)翻译原文和答案(由北京新东方唐静老师提供)(46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.然而，当我们看到这样的照片，看到那些无家可归者所创造的花园之时，感到了深深的震撼：尽管它们风格多样，但这些花园道出了其他的根本需求，而非停留在装饰美化或是创造性表达。

2024年考研真题及答案参考（文字版）2024年考研真题及答案参考(文字版)一、问题求解:第1～15小题,每小题3分,共45分.下列每题给出的A、B、C、D、E五个选项中,只有一项是符合试题要求的.1. 甲股票上涨后的价格与乙股票下跌后的价格相等，则甲、乙股票的原价格之比为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】E2. 将3张写有不同数字的卡片随机排成一排，数字面朝下，翻开左边和中间的2张卡片，如果中间卡片上的数字大，那么取中间的卡片。

否则取右边的卡片，则取出的卡片上的数字最大的概率为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】C3. 甲乙两人参加健步走活动，第一天两人走的步数相同，此后甲每一天都比前一天多走100步，乙每天走的步数保持不变.若乙前7天走的总步数与甲前6天走的总步数相同，则甲第7天走了( )A.步B.步C. 步D.步E.步【答案】D4. 函数的最小值为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】B5. 已知点，若四边形为平行四边形，则( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】B6. 已知等差数列满足,且,则公差为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】C7. 已知都是正整数,若,则的取值方法有( )A.种B.种C.种D.种E.种【答案】C8. 如图1，正三角形的边长为，以为圆心，以为半径做圆弧，再分别以为圆心，以为半径作圆弧，则阴影部分的面积为A. B. C.D. E.图1【答案】B9. 在雨季，某水库的蓄水量已超警戒水位，同时上游来水均匀注入水库，需要及时泄洪.若开个泄洪闸，则水库的蓄水量降到安全水位需要天;若开个泄洪闸，则水库的蓄水量降到安全水位需要天，若开个泄洪闸，则水库的蓄水量降到安全水位需要( )A.天B.天C.天D. 天E.天【答案】B10. 如图2，在三角形点阵中，第行及其上方所有点的个数之和记为，如.已知是平方数且,则( )A. B. C. D. E.图2【答案】C11. 如图3，在边长为2的正三角形材料中截减出一个半圆形工件，半圆的直径在三角形一条边上，则这个半圆的面积最大为( )A. B. C. D. E.图3【答案】A12. 甲，乙两码头相距100千米，一艘轮船从甲地顺流而下到达乙地用了4小时，返回时游轮的静水速度增加了25%用了5小时，则航道的水流速度为( )A. B. C. D.E.【答案】D13. 如图4，圆柱形容器的底面半径是，将半径为的铁球放入容器后，液面的高度为，液面原来的高度为( )A. B. C. D. E.图4【答案】E14. 有4种不同的颜色，甲乙两人各自随机选2种,则两个所选颜色完全相同的概率为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】A15. 设非负实数满足,则的最大值为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】E二、条件充分性判断(第16～25题,每小题3分,共30分,要求判断每题给出的条件(1)与条件(2)能否充分支持题干中所陈述的结论.A,B,C,D,E五个选项为判断结果,请选择项符合试题要求的判断.请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑.)A.条件(1)充分,但条件(2)不充分B.条件(2)充分,但条件(1)不充分C.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,但条件(1)和条件(2)联合起来充分D.条件(1)充分,条件(2)也充分E.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,条件(1)和条件(2)联合起来也不充分16. 已知袋中装有红、黑、白三种颜色的球若干个,随机取出1球，则该球是白球的概率大于.(1) 红球数最少. (2) 黑球数不到一半. 【答案】C17. 已知是正整数，则除以余.(1) 除以余.(2) 除以余.【答案】D18. 设二次函数，则能确定.(1) 曲线关于直线对称.(2) 曲线与直线相切.【答案】C19. 设为实数，则.(1) .(2) .【答案】A20. 设为实数，，则.(1)(2)【答案】C21. 设为正实数，则能确定.(1)(2)【答案】B22. 兔窝在兔子正北,狼在兔子正西，兔子和狼同时奔跑兔窝，则兔先到兔窝.(1) 兔子的速度是狼的(2) 兔子的速度是狼的.【答案】A23. 设.为实数，则确定.(1) .(2) .【答案】D24. 设曲线与轴有三个不同交点则.(1) 点的坐标为(2)【答案】C25. 设为等比数列，是的前项和，则确定的公比.(1)(2)【答案】E三、逻辑推理：第26-55小题，每小题2分，共60分。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学（一）试题一、选择题：1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分．下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的．请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上．（1）若函数10(),0x f x axb x ⎧->⎪=⎨⎪≤⎩在x 连续，则 (A) 12ab =． (B) 12ab =-． (C) 0ab =． (D) 2ab =．【答案】A【详解】由011lim2x b ax a +→-==,得12ab =. （2）设函数()f x 可导，且()'()0f x f x >则(A) ()()11f f >- ． (B) ()()11f f <-．(C) ()()11f f >-． (D) ()()11f f <-. 【答案】C【详解】2()()()[]02f x f x f x ''=>,从而2()f x 单调递增,22(1)(1)f f >-. （3）函数22(,,)f x y z x y z =+在点(1,2,0)处沿着向量(1,2,2)n =的方向导数为(A) 12． (B) 6． (C) 4． (D)2 ．【答案】D【详解】方向余弦12cos ,cos cos 33===αβγ,偏导数22,,2x y z f xy f x f z '''===,代入cos cos cos x y z f f f '''++αβγ即可.（4）甲乙两人赛跑，计时开始时，甲在乙前方10(单位：m)处.图中，实线表示甲的速度曲线1()v v t =(单位：m/s)，虚线表示乙的速度曲线2()v v t =(单位：m/s)，三块阴影部分面积的数值一次为10，20，3，计时开始后乙追上甲的时刻记为(单位：s)，则(A) 010t =． (B) 01520t <<．(C) 025t =． (D)025t >．【答案】C【详解】在025t =时,乙比甲多跑10m,而最开始的时候甲在乙前方10m 处.（5）设α为n 维单位列向量，E 为n 阶单位矩阵，则(A) T E -αα不可逆． (B) T E +αα不可逆．(C) T 2E +αα不可逆． (D) T 2E -αα不可逆．【答案】A【详解】可设T α=(1,0,,0),则T αα的特征值为1,0,,0,从而T αα-E 的特征值为011,,,,因此T αα-E 不可逆.（6）设有矩阵200021001A ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，210020001B ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，122C ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭(A)A 与C 相似，B 与C 相似． (B) A 与C 相似，B 与C 不相似．(C) A 与C 不相似，B 与C 相似．(D) A 与C 不相似，B 与C 不相似．【答案】B【详解】,A B 的特征值为221,,,但A 有三个线性无关的特征向量,而B 只有两个,所以A 可对角化, B 则不行.（7）设,A B 为随机事件，若0()1P A <<，0()1P B <<，则(|)(|)P A B P B A >的充分必要条件(A) (|)(|)P B A P B A >． (B) (|)(|)P B A P B A <． (C) (|)(|)P B A P B A >． (D) (|)(|)P B A P B A <．【答案】A【详解】由(|)(|)P A B P A B >得()()()()()()1()P AB P AB P A P AB P B P B P B ->=-,即()>()()P AB P A P B ;由(|)(|)P B A P B A >也可得()>()()P AB P A P B .（8）设12,,,(2)n X X X n 为来自总体(,1)N μ的简单随机样本，记11ni i X X n ==∑，则下列结论不正确的是(A)21()ni i X μ=-∑服从2χ分布 ． (B) 212()n X X -服从2χ分布．(C)21()nii XX =-∑服从2χ分布． (D) 2()n X -μ服从2χ分布．【答案】B【详解】222211~(0,1)()~(),()~(1)1n ni i i i i X N X n X X n ==----∑∑μμχχ;221~(,),()~(1);X N n X n-μμχ2211()~(0,2),~(1)2n n X X X X N --χ.二、填空题：9～14小题，每小题4分，共24分．请将答案写在答．题纸．．指定位置上．（9）已知函数21(),1f x x=+(3)(0)f = ． 【答案】0 【详解】2421()1(11)1f x x x x x==-++-<<+,没有三次项.（10）微分方程032=+'+''y y y 的通解为 ．【答案】12e ()x y C C -=+【详解】特征方程2230r r ++=得1r =-+,因此12e ()x y C C -=+.（11）若曲线积分⎰-+-L y x aydyxdx 122在区域{}1),(22<+=y x y x D 内与路径无关，则=a．【答案】1-【详解】有题意可得Q Px x∂∂=∂∂,解得1a =-. （12）幂级数111)1(-∞=-∑-n n n nx 在(-1,1)内的和函数()S x = ．【答案】21(1)x +【详解】112111(1)[()](1)n n n n n nxx x ∞∞--=='-=--=+∑∑.（13）⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=110211101A ，321ααα，，是3维线性无关的列向量，则()321,,αααA A A 的秩为 ．【答案】2【详解】123(,,)()2r r ααα==A A A A（14）设随即变量X 的分布函数4()0.5()0.5()2x F x x -=Φ+Φ，其中)(x Φ为标准正态分布函数，则EX = ． 【答案】2【详解】00.54()d [0,5()()]d 222x EX xf x x x x x +∞+∞-∞-==+=⎰⎰ϕϕ. 三、解答题：15～23小题，共94分．解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤．请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上．（15）（本题满分10分）．设函数(,)f u v 具有2阶连续偏导数，(e ,cos ),xy f x =求2200,x x dyd y dxdx==.【答案】(e ,cos )x y f x =()''12'12''''''''''111212122222''''11122sin ,0(1,1)sin (sin )sin cos 0(1,1)(1,1)(1,1)x x x x x dyf e f x dx dy x f dx d y f e f x e f e f e f x x f x dx d y x f f f dx ∴=-∴===-+---==+- （16）（本题满分10分）．求2limln(1)n k k n n→∞+. 【答案】212221120012202lim ln(1)1122lim ln(1)ln(1)...ln(1)11122lim ln(1)ln(1)...ln(1)1ln(1)ln(1)21111ln(1)02211111ln 2221n k n n k k nn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n x x dx x d x x x x dxx x ∞→∞=→∞→∞+⎛⎫=++++++ ⎪⎝⎭⎛⎫=++++++ ⎪⎝⎭=+=+=+-+-+=-∑⎰⎰⎰1011002111ln 2[(1)]22111111ln 2[()ln(1)]002221111ln 2(1ln 2)2224dxxx dx dx xx x x +=--++=--++=--+=⎰⎰⎰（17）（本题满分10分）．已知函数)(x y 由方程333320x y x y +-+-=确定，求)(x y 的极值. 【答案】333320x y x y +-+-=①，方程①两边对x 求导得：22''33330x y y y +-+=②， 令'0y =，得233,1x x ==±. 当1x =时1y =，当1x =-时0y =.方程②两边再对x 求导：'22''''66()330x y y y y y +++=， 令'0y =，2''6(31)0x y y ++=，当1x =，1y =时''32y =-，当1x =-，0y =时''6y =.所以当1x =时函数有极大值，极大值为1，当1x =-时函数有极小值，极小值为0.（18）（本题满分10分）．设函数()f x 在区间[0,1]上具有2阶导数，且(1)0f >，0()lim 0x f x x+→<.证明：（I ）方程()0f x =在区间(0,1)内至少存在一个实根;（II ）方程2()''()['()]0f x f x f x +=在区间(0,1)内至少存在两个不同实根. 【答案】 (1)()lim 0x f x x+→<，由极限的局部保号性，(0,),()0c f c δ∃∈<使得，又(1)0,f >由零点存在定理知，(c,1)ξ∃∈，使得，()0f ξ=.(2)构造()()'()F x f x f x =，(0)(0)'(0)0F f f ==，()()'()0F f f ξξξ==，0()lim 0,'(0)0,x f x f x+→<∴<由拉格朗日中值定理知(1)(0)(0,1),'()010f f f ηη-∃∈=>-，'(0)'()0,f f η<所以由零点定理知1(0,)(0,1)ξη∃∈⊂，使得1'()0f ξ=，111()()'()0,F f f ξξξ∴== 所以原方程至少有两个不同实根。

考研英语卷真题及答案考研英语是众多考生备战考研的重点科目之一，为了帮助考生更好地复习和准备，以下将列举一些历年考研英语卷真题及答案，供考生参考。

Section I Use of English1. A解析：根据句子结构分析，该题考查名词的用法。

选项A中"What"作问句的句头副词，修饰名词". . . . achievement"，表示"什么成就"。

2. D解析：通过句子结构分析，该题考查连接词。

选项D中"fan"是名词，而"while"用作从属连词，意思是在某个时间段或某一活动期间。

故选"D"。

Section II Reading ComprehensionPassage One1. D解析：根据第一段中"most scholarly research . . . . . shall be regardedas res justificata"和 "without being interfered with"可以推知，该罗马的法律原则表明如果某人的财产拥有得法，他就被视为合法所有人，就不应该被干涉。

2. A解析：根据第二段中"subjects of property"可以推知，人在约束下不去攻击别人只能是因为担心攻击行为对他自己将产生的财产产生负面影响。

Passage Two1. C解析：根据第一段中"Researchers have discovered that . . . . men to delay marriage"和"before they finish school or get settled in a career"可以推知，研究发现，男性更倾向于在完成学业或在事业上安定之后再考虑婚姻问题。

考研真题试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 下列哪项不是蛋白质的功能？A. 催化生化反应B. 调节生命活动C. 储存能量D. 作为细胞结构的组成部分答案：C2. 细胞膜上的糖蛋白主要功能是什么？A. 细胞间识别B. 细胞内物质运输C. 细胞间信号传递D. 细胞间连接答案：A3. 线粒体是细胞的能量工厂，其主要功能是？A. 合成蛋白质B. 储存遗传物质C. 进行DNA复制D. 产生ATP答案：D4. 在基因重组过程中，不涉及的分子机制是？A. 同源重组B. 转座C. 转录D. 非同源末端连接答案：C5. 下列哪项不是细胞凋亡的特征？A. 程序性死亡B. 细胞核缩小C. 细胞膜破裂D. 细胞器完整答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 下列哪些因素会影响DNA复制？A. DNA聚合酶B. 温度C. 核糖体D. 引物答案：ABD2. 细胞周期中，哪些阶段不进行DNA复制？A. G1期B. S期C. G2期D. M期答案：ACD3. 下列哪些物质是细胞内信号转导分子？A. 环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）B. 钙离子（Ca2+）C. 胰岛素D. 核糖体答案：ABC4. 下列哪些是细胞凋亡的诱导因素？A. 缺氧B. 病毒感染C. 细胞内DNA损伤D. 细胞外信号分子答案：ABCD5. 细胞分化过程中，哪些因素起关键作用？A. 转录因子B. 微RNAC. 细胞外基质D. 细胞内信号分子答案：ABD三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述细胞周期的四个阶段及其主要特征。

答案：细胞周期分为四个阶段：G1期、S期、G2期和M期。

G1期是细胞生长和准备DNA复制的阶段；S期是DNA复制的阶段；G2期是细胞生长和准备进行有丝分裂的阶段；M期是有丝分裂的阶段，包括前期、中期、后期和末期。

2. 解释什么是基因突变，并说明其可能产生的影响。

答案：基因突变是指DNA序列发生永久性改变，导致基因编码的蛋白质结构或功能发生变化。

考研英语二真题及答案考研英语二真题及答案（完整版）xx年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) foreach numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWERSHEET.(10 points)People have speculated for centuries about a futurewithout work .Today is no different, with academics,writers, and activists once again 1 that technology bereplacing human workers. Some imagine that the ing work-free world will be defined by 2 . A few wealthy people willown all the capital, and the masses will struggle in animpoverished wasteland.A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that thefuture will be a wasteland of a different sort, one 4 bypurposelessness: Without jobs to give their lives 5 ,people will simply beelazy and depresse d. 6 , today’sunemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. OneGallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who havebeen unemployed for at least a year report havingdepression, double the rate for 7 Americans. Also, someresearch suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality,mental-health problems, and addicting 9 poorly-educatedmiddle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhapsthis is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a joblessfuture.But it doesn’t 11 followfrom findings like these tha ta world without work would be filled with unease. Suchvisions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in asociety built on the concept of employment. In the 13 ofwork, a society designed with other ends in mind could 14strikingly different circumstanced for the future of laborand leisure. Today, the 15 of work may be a bit overblown.“Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a wasteof human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at theNational University of Ireland in Galway.These days, because leisure time is relatively 16 formost workers, people use their free time to counterbalancethe intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I ehome from a hard day’s work, I often feel 18 ,” Danahersays, adding, “In a world in which I don’t have to wo rk,I might feel ratherdifferent”—perhaps different enoughto throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with theintensity usually reserved for 20 matters.1.[A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring【答案】[C] warning2.[A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability[D]uncertainty【谜底】[A] inequality3.[A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction【答案】[D] prediction4.[A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured【答案】[A] characterized5.[A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom【谜底】[B] meaning6.[A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless【谜底】[B] Indeed7.[A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated【谜底】[C] working8.[A] explanation [B] requirement [C] pensation [D]substitute【答案】[A] explanation9.[A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among【答案】[D] among10.[A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] setaside【答案】[C] worry about11.[A] statistically [B] oasionally [C] necessarily[D]economically【谜底】[C] necessarily12.[A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D]principles【答案】[B] downsides13.[A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course【谜底】[A] absence14.[A] disturb [B] restore [C] exclude [D] yield【答案】[D] yield15.[A] model [B] practice [C] virtue [D] hardship【谜底】[C] virtue16.[A] tricky [B] lengthy [C] mysterious [D] scarce【答案】[D] scarce17.[A] demands [B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats【谜底】[A] demands18.[A] ignored [B] tired [C] confused [D] starved【谜底】[B] tired19.[A] off [B] against [C] behind [D] into【答案】[D] into20.[A] technological [B] professional [C] educational[D] interpersonal【谜底】[B] professionalSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questionsbelow each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answerson the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Every Saturday morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000runners set off to run 5km around their local park. TheParkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and hasinspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad. Events arefree, staffed by thousands of volunteers. Runners rangefrom four years old tograndparents; their times range fromAndrew Baddeley’s world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up toan hour.Parkrun is sueeding where London’s Olympic “legacy”is failing. Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced thatthe Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London. Planningdocuments pledged that the great legacy of the Games wouldbe to level a nation of sport lovers away from theircouches. The population would be fitter, healthier andproduce more winners. It has not happened. The number ofadults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million inthe run—up to xx—but the general population was growingfaster. Worse, the numbers are now falling at an aeleratingrate. The opposition claims primary school pupils doing atleast two hours of sport a week have nearly halved. Obesityhas risen among adults and children. Officialretrospections continue as to why London xx failed to“inspire a generation.” The suess of Parkrun offersanswers.Parkun is not a race but a time trial: Your onlypetitor is the clock. The ethos weles anybody. There is asmuch joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped overthe line as there is about top talent shining. The Olympicbidders, by contrast, wanted to getmore people doingsports and to produce more elite athletes. The dual aim wasmixed up: The stress on suess over taking part was intimidating for newers.Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the stategetting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally“grassroots”, concept as munity sports associations. Ifthere is a role for government, it should really be gettinginvolved in providing mon goods—making sure there is spacefor playing fields and the money to pave tennis and ballcourts, and encouraging the provision of all theseactivities in schools. But suessive governments havepresided over selling green spaces, squeezing money fromlocal authorities and declining attention on sport ineducation. Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, futuregovernments need to do more to provide the conditions forsport to thrive. Or at least not make them worse.21. Aording to Paragraph1, Parkrun has .[A] gained great popularity[B] created many jobs[C] strengthened munity ties[D] bee an official festival【谜底】[A] gained great popularity22. The author believes tha t London’sOlympic“legacy” has failed to .[A] boost population growth[B] promote sport participation[C] improve the city’s image[D] increase sport hours in schools【答案】[B] promote sport participation23. Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it .[A] aims at discovering talents[B] focuses on mass petition[C] does not emphasize elitism[D] does not attract first-timers【答案】[C] does not emphasize elitism24. With regard to mass sport, the author holds thatgovernments should .[A] organize “grassroots” sports events[B] supervise local sports associations[C] increase funds for sports clubs[D] invest in public sports facilities【谜底】[D] invest in public sports facilities25. The author’s attitude to what UK governments havedone for sports is .[A] tolerant[B] critical[C] uncertain[D] sympathetic【谜底】[B] critical。

考研政治历年真题及答案近年来，考研政治成为众多学子备战考试的重点之一。

为了帮助广大考生更好地准备考试，本文将提供考研政治历年真题及答案，以供参考。

一、马克思主义基本原理概论1. 下面关于唯物史观的基本观点，正确的是（）A. 社会意识决定社会存在B. 社会存在决定社会意识C. 经济决定上层建筑D. 上层建筑决定经济【答案】C【解析】根据马克思主义基本原理，经济基础决定上层建筑，选项C正确。

2. 马克思恩格斯主义的科学内涵，可以概括为（）A. 辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义B. 总量分析和边际分析C. 马克思主义哲学和马克思主义政治经济学D. 逻辑分析和实证分析【解析】辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义是马克思恩格斯主义的科学内涵，选项A正确。

二、思想道德修养与法律基础1. 马克思主义认为，道德（）。

A. 具有客观性和阶级性B. 是超历史的C. 是主观的自觉行为规范D. 是社会历史发展的产物【答案】D【解析】马克思主义认为，道德是社会历史发展的产物，选项D正确。

2. 我们党历来强调要坚定执行党的政治纪律和政治规矩，这是因为（）构成了党的生命线和根本保证。

A. 党的思想路线B. 党的组织原则C. 党的群众路线D. 党的纪律【解析】党的思想路线构成了党的生命线和根本保证，选项A正确。

三、中国特色社会主义理论体系1. 中国特色社会主义最本质的特征是（）。

A. 党的领导B. 干部队伍建设C. 开放改革D. 社会主义初级阶段【答案】A【解析】中国特色社会主义最本质的特征是党的领导，选项A正确。

2. “三个代表”重要思想的核心是（）。

A. 坚持以经济建设为中心B. 坚持党要管党、从严治党C. 坚持以人民为中心的发展思想D. 坚持全党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心地位【答案】D【解析】“三个代表”重要思想的核心是坚持全党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心地位，选项D正确。

四、中国近现代史纲要1. 共和国成立后，我国确立的根本政治制度是（）。