2003博士研究生入学考试(英语)1

2003年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语第一部分英语知识运用试题解析一、文章总体分析文章主要论述了教师们应该关注青少年在成长时期所经历的情感、心智和生理上的变化，并采取方法帮助他们适应这些变化，健康成长。

第一段第一、二句是主题句，点明文章主题。

从第三句开始介绍了青少年的各种变化，如：自我意识很强，需要从成功中获得自信等。

接下来是对老师的建议：设计有更多优胜者的活动，组织各种小型俱乐部，让成年人在幕后支持。

第二段特别强调教师在设计活动时要注意保持其多样性，以适应青少年注意力持续时间短的特点。

此外，成年人要帮助学生在活动中培养责任感。

二、试题具体解析1. [A]（give）thought (to) 想过，思考[B]（give sb. an/some）idea（of）使了解……的情况[C]（have a good/bad）opinion (of) 对……印象很好[D]（give）advice（to）提建议[答案] A[解析]本题考核的知识点是：平行句子结构+ 固定搭配。

首先，从文章结构上看，第一段的第一、二句是平行的并列句：Teachers need to be aware of（教师应该注意）和And they also need to give serious 1 to（同时他们须认真……）。

注意第二句中的两个they分别指代了第一句中的teachers和young adults，第二句中的give serious 1 to与第一句中的be aware of（知道，意识到）也应在意义上相呼应。

其次，考生需要判断四个选项中哪一个能与 give...to 构成短语。

idea这个词词义很丰富，包括“想法、意思、概念、思想、意识、打算、建议”等，但通常与介词of而不是to连用；opinion意为“意见；看法”，一般不与give搭配；advice（建议）虽然可与give 及to搭配，但介词to后应接人，即建议的接受者，如果要表达“提出…方面的建议”，应该用“give advice on sth.”。

武汉大学2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目: 基础英语与英汉互译科目代码：436Part One：I. Cloze (1×15=15%)Fill in each numbered blank with ONE word given below, paying attention to the following:A) 20 words are given, but only 15 (no more, no less) should be used and each can be used onceonly;B) Forms should be corrected.1. appear2. incidentally3. pass4. sure5. necessary6. social7. fresh8. come9. physical 10. occur 11. incidentally 12. scene 13. replenish 14. invite 15. ramble 16. second 17. go 18. interrupt 19. feed 20. seeI belong to that classification of people known as wives. I am a Wife. And, not altogether 1 , I am a mother.Not too long ago a male friend of mine appeared on the scene 2 from a recent divorce. He had one child, who is, of course, with his ex-wife. He is looking for another wife. As I thought about him while I was ironing one evening, it suddenly 3 to me that I, too, would like to have a wife. Why do I want a wife?I want a wife who will take care of my 4 needs. I want a wife who will keep my house clean. A wife who will pick up after my children, a wife who will pick up after me. I wanta wife who will keep my clothes clean, ironed, mended, replaced when need be, and who will5 to it that my personal things are kept in their proper place so that I can find what I need the minute I need it. I want a wife who cooks the meals, a wife who is a good cook. I want a wife who will plan the menus, do the necessary grocery shopping, prepare the meals, serve them pleasantly, and then do the cleaning up while I do my studying. I want a wife who will care for me when I am sick and sympathize with my pain and loss of time from school. I wanta wife to go along when our family takes a vacation so that someone can continue to care for me and my children when I need a rest and change of 6 .I want a wife who will not bother me with 7 complaints about a wife’s duties. But I want a wife who will listen to me when I feel the need to explain a rather difficult point I have8 across in my course of studies. And I want a wife who will type my papers for me when I have written them.I want a wife who will take care of the details of my 9 life. When my wife and I are10 out by my friends, I want a wife who will take care of the babysitting arrangements. When I meet people at school that I like and want to entertain, I want a wife who will have the house clean, will prepare a special meal, serve it to me and my friends, and not 11 when I talk about things that interest me and my friends. I want a wife who will have arranged that the children are 12 and ready for bed before my guests arrive so that the children do not bother us. I want a wife who takes care of the needs of my guests so that they feel comfortable, who makes sure that they have an ashtray, that they are 13 the hors d’oeuvres, that they are offered a 14 helping of the food, that their wine glasses are 15 when necessary,that their coffee is served to them as they like it. And I want a wife who knows that sometimes I need a night out by myself.When I am through with school and have a job, I want my wife to quit working and remain at home so that my wife can more fully and completely take care of a wife’s duties.My God, who wouldn’t want a wife?II. Paraphrase (2× 10=20%)Paraphrase the following sentences, paying attention to the connotation each of them suggests.1. More than enough is too much.2. A door must be either shut or open.3. Tomorrow is another day.4. Live and let live.5. Nothing succeeds like success.6. The shortest way round is the longest way home.7. Call a spade a spade.8. The remedy may be worse than the disease.9. Every dog has his day,10. All’s well that ends well.III. Proofreading & Error Correction (1×10= 10%)The following passage contains 8 errors, and two are free from error. In each case only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in theblank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “^” sign and writethe word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at theend of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the word inthe blank provided at the end of the line.If the line is correct, place a tick “√” in the blank provided at the end of the line.Each boxing match is a story --- a unique and highlycondensed drama without words, even nothing sensational (1)______happens. Boxers are there to establish an absoluteexperience, a public accounting of the outermost limits (2)______of their beings; they will know, as few of us can knowof ourselves, physical and psychic power they possess. (3)______In the boxing ring, even in our greatly humanized times;death is always a possibility---which is that some of us (4)______prefer to watch films, or tapes of fights are already past, (5)______already defined as history---or, in some instances, art. .Most of the time, naturally, death in the ring is extremely (6)______unlikely; it is a statistically rare possibility like yourpossible death tomorrow morning in an automobile accidentor in next month’s headlining airline disaster or in a freak (7) ______accident involving a fall on the stairs or in the bathtub, a skullfracture, subarachnoid hemorrhage. Spectators at “death”fights often claim afterward that what happened simply (8)______seemed to happen--unpredictably, in a sense accidentally.Only in a retrospect does death appear to have been inevitable. (9)_______If a boxing match is a story it is an always wayward story,one in which anything can happen. And with a matter of (10) ______seconds. Split seconds! In no other sport can so much takeplace in so brief a period of time, and so irrevocably.IV. Reading Comprehension and Writing (30%)Read the following passage, and then answer the corresponding questions.1. I am black. My mother is black. My father is white. This wouldn’t necessarily be important, but we live in a country where conflict runs deep between blacks and whites. We’re in a country where white male slaveholders casually disavowed the black children they had sired. We live in a country where the worst of human traits—laziness, violence, and irrationality — are seen as defining characteristics of those of African descent. This makes my being a mixed-race person whose ethnic identity is black somewhat complicated. There is a dissonance between who I say I am -- a proud black man trying to do something positive with his life and who society says I am. Yet I feel strong, and I embrace my black heritage. I’ve often reflected on how I learned to keep my positive self-image. The answer is, my white father.2. With my olive-colored skin; hazel eyes, and curly hair, I’ve been taken for Hispanic or Middle Eastern. In fact, in addition to being black, I am Jewish. And my father taught me to be proud of that heritage as well. When bullies at school demanded, Are you black or white?" there was no confusion. When I ran home and asked my father, he said, “Tell them you are African- American.” That was in the early 1970s and it was a term I wouldn’t hear until the Afrocentric movement of the 1990s made it fashionable again.3. It wasn’t that my father wanted me to deny my Jewish roots, it’s just that he knew we live in a society where my African heritage would define me socially. He didn’t want me to seem ashamed of my black roots. My father knew that love and hopes for an ideal world in the distant future would be no panacea for the bigotry and small-mindedness I would encounter in my lifetime. He didn’t want me, my brother, or my sister to be unprepared for racism.4. And so, my father, a writer and avid reader, lined my shelves with books about black American culture, African culture, and Jewish culture. He encouraged me to think, to come up with my own ideas. A simple question posed to him was sure to be followed by his search for a book on the subject, with articles and additional materials to follow. In this way he gave me not only his opinion, but also the keys to how he arrived at that opinion. Knowing that I had those keys, too, he thought that I could evaluate his opinion and come up with my own. He encouraged me to determine what being black meant to me.5. In the predominantly white suburb near Princeton, N.J., where I grew up, my father knew that Ineeded to know black men. So when I started playing drums at age 14, my father took me to jazz clubs. He encouraged me to talk to the musicians and get their autographs. This introduction led to my decision to become a professional musician, and also filled my home with a black male presence. Jazz was more than a genre of music; it instructed me in the cool posture of black men — Max Roach’s shades, Miles Davis’s scowl and his always stylish threads. It also instructed me in a kind of heroism. These men were geniuses who created America’s only enduring art form despite its best efforts to stifle and ignore them.6. My father also hired James, a black 16-year-old, who became my favorite baby sitter. My father gave me book knowledge and taught me to have an open mind; James showed me how to deal with people on a practical level. My father was gentle, but James taught me that as a black man, you have to be ungentle sometimes. You have to speak up for yourself. James never let me walk away from a confrontation without speaking my mind.7. During the summers, my parents sent me to my mother’s family in Virginia. My cousins— especially Jeffrey, who is seven years older than I — helped me become a mature black man. Jeffrey taught me to treat women with respect, through his example as well as through his words. These are lessons my father had taught me also, but he hoped that my summer visits down south would reinforce those values being transmitted by black men of my generation.8. In college, I counseled children from mixed backgrounds. I could see the emptiness in some of the kids either who didn’t have a black parent around — usually the father—or whose parents weren’t in agreement about how much emphasis, should be put on black culture. Often these children would grow up in a predominantly white environment with a negative view of their black fathers or of black culture in general. I realized how fortunate I was to have both parents and to have a father who encouraged me to develop as a black person while never making me feel that I was any less his son because of my blackness.9. In many ways what my father taught me about manhood was not related to color. He taught me that, ultimately, I determined through my behavior what a black man is. My father taught me to be a gentle man, to use my mind and not my fists. He taught me the value of education and encouraged me to ask questions. My father exposed me to black men who lived up to these universal ideals of manhood, and thereby emphasized that blacks shared in that tradition. All these things have made me the man, the black man, I am today.10. My father and I are now the closest we have ever been. Of course, there are race-related topics,things I feel, that he will never be able to understand. I know that there are probably people who meet my father and see just another white man. But I know that there are things he has learned from me and my brother that have given him an insight into black masculinity that most white men will never experience. In this way, we have taught each other. Our relationship epitomizes a reality that is so rarely seen -- a black man and a white man who are not adversaries, who are more than father and son. They are men who love each other very deeply.A) Find the best answer for each question from the choices given. (1×6=6%)1. The opening three sentences identify the writer as being of _____.A. the same ethnicity as both his parentsB. mixed ethnicityC. the same ethnicity of his father, but not his motherD. the same ethnicity of his mother, but not his father2. For the writer, the way this country has treated blacks means that______.A. he personally suffered discriminationB. his father has mixed feelings about himC. he has had to struggle with his own bad habits so as to avoid ethnic stereotypesD. to maintain his pride he had to struggle against social beliefs about his ethnicity3. The main idea of paragraph 2 is that ______.A. the writer’s appearance allowed him to adopt any one of several ethnic identitiesB. the writer’s father always directed the son to an African-American identityC. the writer was first confused by the question of ethnic identityD. the writer is proud of his Jewish heritage4. The father’s main reason for wanting his children to identify themselves as blacks is thathe____.A. wanted them to have strength to confront racismB. had mixed feelings about his own backgroundC. had hopes for an ideal world in the futureD. thought some identities were better than others5. Paragraphs 5 through 8 are organized according to_____.A. time order of the writer’s growing up.B. comparison of the writer’s experience to that of people who grew up with blackfathers.C. a listing of the ways the writer learned about black culture.D. order of importance of the experience recounted.6. Of the following details, which is most important for this selection?A. The father read many books.B. The father took the son to jazz clubs when the boy started playing drums.C. The son became a jazz musician.D. Miles Davis had stylish threads.B) After each of the following passages in paragraphs 1-5 from the selection is a series of possible inferences, predictions, conclusions, or generalizations that you can draw from the sentence.Put a checkmark in front of those that can be appropriately supported by the quoted passage.(2×4=8%)1. “When I ran home and asked my father, he said, ‘Tell them you are African-American.’ Thatwas in the early 1970s and it was a term I wouldn’t hear until the Afrocentric movement the 1990s made it fashionable again.” (paragraph 2)__A. The father didn’t want his son to be aware of other parts of his heritage.__B. The father wanted his son to develop a strong identity to counter other people’s prejudices.__C. The father’s thinking was ahead of his time.__D. The father helped his son overcome uncertainties.__E. The writer would support students being taught an Afrocentric school curriculum.2. “These men were geniuses who created America’s only enduring art form despite its best effortsto stifle and ignore them.” (paragraph 5)__A. Jazz grew from the efforts of artistic geniuses.__ B. Anyone who now enters jazz as a profession will be ignored and stifled.__ C. Musicians entered jazz because other forms of expression were not open to them.__ D. America does not always appreciate its artists.__ E. Some jazz musicians showed courage and pursuing their careers.__ F. The cool style of jazz musicians was a reaction to the ???????????3. “Of course, there are race-related topics, things I feel, that he will never be able tounderstand. I know that there are probably people who meet my father and see just another white man. But I know that there are things he has learned from me and my brother that have given him an insight into black masculinity that most white men will neverexperience.” (paragraph 10)__A. The writer is disappointed in his father’s limitations of understanding of the writer’s experience.__B. The writer respects his father's understanding of the black male experience.__C. Few white men have a good understanding of what it means to be a black man.__D. The brother feels the same way as the writer about their father.__E. If you haven’t experienced the difficulties caused by racial attitudes, it is hard to understand race-related topics fully.__ F. People make judgments about others’ probable racial attitudes.4. Match each of the following opinions reported in this article to the person who holds or expresses that opinion, by placing the number of the appropriate person in Column B in front ofthe statement in Column A. You may use individuals from Column B more than once in your answers, and you need not use all of them.A B1) Black children need not be acknowledged, a. the writer2) Having the keys to arriving at an opinion b. the writer’s fatherwas as important as the opinion, c. the writer’s mother3) You sometimes have to be ungentle d. white male slaveholders4) In this country people of African descent e. Jamesare defined as having the worst of human traits f. Jeffrey5) Hopes for an ideal world are not adequatefor dealing with the world6) Black and white men are often seeing eachother as adversaries.C) Paraphrase and comment on the words in ITALICS in the following phrases chosen from thetext. (1×4=4%)1. “... white male slaveholders casually disavowed the black children they had sired.”(paragraph 1)2. “...would be no panacea for the bigotry and small-mindedness I would encounter...”(paragraph 3)3. “... it instruct me in the cool posture of black men --- Max Roach’s shades, MileDavis’s scowl and his always stylish threads.” (paragraph 5)D) Critical Thinking and Writing1. The writer makes at least two strong and controversial points in this selection —that it is more important to identify with his black heritage than his Jewish heritage, and that there is hostility and little mutual understanding between white and black males. Do you agree or disagree with either of these points (or any other related ones you might identify in the selection)? How would you evaluate the writer’s stand and how would you argue for or against it? Write ONE paragraph to explain your position. (4%)2. The writer identifies how his own character and identity were formed through contact with many individuals. Write a short essay describing how individuals in your life influenced you to become the person you have become. (8%)PART TWO TRANSLATION (75 points)I. Select the word or phrase that is the closest in meaning to the English expression (10 points, 2 points each)(1) have dust in the eyes(A)伤心落泪(B)愁容满面(C)昏昏欲睡(D)已患沙眼(2)sport new dogs(A)露齿而笑(B)领狗散步(C)作弄新人(D)卖弄伎俩(3)temper justice with mercy(A)体谅弱者(B)伸张正义(C)正邪相争(D)恩威兼施(4)cross the cudgels(A)激战正酣(B)停止争斗(C)险过简桥(D)不屈不挠(5)learn the hard way(A)勤学苦练(B)知难而进(C)艰难历程(D)吃苦学得II. Select the best version (10 points, 2 points each)(1) A glance at the lady helped to remind me of this paradoxical law: she also looked toodistinguished to be a “personality.”(A)看了一眼这位女士，让我想起了这样一个荒谬的规律：她看上去也过于出类拔萃，不会是个名流。

全国医学博士外语统一考试介绍The latest revision on November 22, 2020全国医学博士外语统一考试介绍全国医学博士外语统一考试是根据国务院学位委员会颁发的《临床医学专业学位试行办法》和《口腔医学专业学位试行办法》，并为医学博士研究生招生单位提供服务而设置的考试。

考试目的在于科学、客观、公正地测试考生掌握和运用外语的实际能力。

该项考试的前身为1997年起实施的卫生部属单位医学博士研究生入学外语水平考试(Foreign Language Admission Test for Medical Doctoral Students,简称FATMD)和1999年起实施的在职临床医师申请临床医学博士专业学位全国外语统一考试(National English Qualification Test for M.D.，简称NEQTMD)。

自2002年起，国务院学位委员会办公室和卫生部科教司将FATMD和NEQTMD合并为全国医学博士外语统一考试，正式委托国家医学考试中心具体组织。

凡申请在职医学博士专业学位的考生，必须参加此项考试;报考医学博士研究生的考生依据招生单位的要求参加此项考试。

全国医学博士外语统一考试实行国家医学考试中心与考点两级负责制。

考试的考点设置在各招生单位、学位授予单位。

各单位的研究生招生办公室、学位办公室具体组织实施考试工作。

考生报名资格由各招生单位、学位授予单位按有关文件进行审核。

考生到报考单位报名点报名(或函报)。

考试设英语、日语两个语种，内容为公共外语，注重突出医学特点。

英语考试共设置听力对话、听力短文、词语用法、完型填空、阅读理解和书面表达6种题型;日语考试设置听力理解、文字与词语、语法与构句、阅读理解和书面表达5种题型。

考试强调全面测试应试人员的外语能力，并突出应试人员的英语应用和交际能力，以确定其是否已达到在职申请医学博士专业学位的外语水平或是否已达到医学博士研究生入学外语水平。

全国医学博士外语统一考试介绍全国医学博士外语统一考试是根据国务院学位委员会颁发的《临床医学专业学位试行办法》和《口腔医学专业学位试行办法》，并为医学博士研究生招生单位提供服务而设置的考试。

考试目的在于科学、客观、公正地测试考生掌握和运用外语的实际能力。

该项考试的前身为1997年起实施的卫生部属单位医学博士研究生入学外语水平考试(Foreign Language Admission Test for Medical Doctoral Students,简称FATMD)和1999年起实施的在职临床医师申请临床医学博士专业学位全国外语统一考试(National English Qualification Test for M.D.，简称NEQTMD)。

自2002年起，国务院学位委员会办公室和卫生部科教司将FATMD和NEQTMD合并为全国医学博士外语统一考试，正式委托国家医学考试中心具体组织。

凡申请在职医学博士专业学位的考生，必须参加此项考试;报考医学博士研究生的考生依据招生单位的要求参加此项考试。

全国医学博士外语统一考试实行国家医学考试中心与考点两级负责制。

考试的考点设置在各招生单位、学位授予单位。

各单位的研究生招生办公室、学位办公室具体组织实施考试工作。

考生报名资格由各招生单位、学位授予单位按有关文件进行审核。

考生到报考单位报名点报名(或函报)。

考试设英语、日语两个语种，内容为公共外语，注重突出医学特点。

英语考试共设置听力对话、听力短文、词语用法、完型填空、阅读理解和书面表达6种题型;日语考试设置听力理解、文字与词语、语法与构句、阅读理解和书面表达5种题型。

考试强调全面测试应试人员的外语能力，并突出应试人员的英语应用和交际能力，以确定其是否已达到在职申请医学博士专业学位的外语水平或是否已达到医学博士研究生入学外语水平。

考试要求考生应在听、说、读、写四个方面加强训练。

考试时间每年的考试日期一般在3月的第二个周六，考试时间为3小时(8：30-11：30)。

2003级博士研究生课程表说明
1、2003级博士研究生第一学期外语设英语、俄语、日语三个语种。

2、博士英语分三个班上课，俄语、日语各一个班。

博士英语一班：机械、林产化工、林区交通、木材、森工、
森林经理、生物材料
博士英语二班：林业经济管理
博士英语三班：林学、野生动物保护、园林、植物
3、博士研究生政治课程一个班上课。

4、博士研究生所有课程第三周开始上课。

2003—2004学年第一学期课程表
2003—2004学年第一学期课程表
2003—2004学年第一学期课程表
学年第一学期课程表
2003—2004
2003—2004学年第一学期课程表。

大连外国语学院2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题学科专业：英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学（英语）考试科目：语言学注意：①答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上不给分；②必须在答题纸上将题号标写清楚。

I. Mark the following statements with T if they are true or F if they are false. (20%)1. Sonorants are always voiced.2. [∫] is a palatal approximant.3. English obstruents can be distinguished by voicing.4. By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.5. A stem may contain a root and a derivational suffix.6. Derivational affixes very often add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem.7. In the production of consonants at least three articulators are involved.8. [u] is a high back lax rounded vowel.9. When allophones are in complementary distribution, they never occur in the same context.10. A word, rather than a morpheme, is a grammatical unit.11. Thematic meaning is what is communicated through association with another sense of the sameexpression.12. In English “some books” is a case of number concord.13. Parole is the actual phenomena or data of utterances.14. Italian is not a member of the Indo-European Language Family.15. If the air is stopped in the oral cavity but the soft palate is down so that it can go out through thenasal cavity, the sound produced is an oral stop.16. All the allomorphs should have common meaning.17. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of a particular language.18. Some sentences may comply perfectly with the grammar rules of the language, but they may notbe semantically meaningful.19. Any language can be a lingua franca.20. Synchronic linguistics refers to the approach which studies language over various periods oftime and at various historical stages.II. Fill in the following blanks. (20%)1. Predication analysis is to break sown predications into their constituents: (1) and(2) .2. One of the design features termed as (3) means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.3. The five associative meanings categorized by Leech are: (4) , social, (5) , reflected and collocative.4. Of the three branches of phonetics, the (6) phonetics studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view; the (7) phonetics looks at sounds from the hearer’s point of view; the (8) phonetics studies the way sounds travel by looking at sound waves.5. It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least five parameters, namely, phonologic, (9) , syntactic, semantic and (10) .III. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (20%)1. Of the following words, the sound [l] in is a clear one.A. tellB. quiltC. leafD. peel2. Of the following pairs is in complementary distribution.A. [l] as in [leik] and [m] as in [meik]B. [l] as in [li:f] and [f] as in [tef]C. [l] as in [li:d] and [r] as in [ri:d]D. none of the above3. Of the following pairs doesn’t form a minimal pair.A. pill and tillB. dill and gillC. gale and galeD. beat and pea4. If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the first phoneme mustbe .A. /s/B. /t/C. /l/D. /p/5. [k]is a voiceless .A. alveolar stopB. velar stopC. post-alveolar plosiveD. velar fricative6. [z] is a .A. voiced approximantB. post-alveolar affricateC. voiced alveolar fricativeD. voiced alveolar affricate7. [j] is a .A. glottal fricativeB. palatal approximantC. alveolar approximantD. palatal fricative8. [ə]is a vowel.A. low back lax unroundedB. central front unroundedC. central lax unroundedD. high front tense unrounded9. The one that does not fall into the property of alveolar is .A. [m]B. [t]C. [n]D. [r]10. /l/ and /r/ function as a minimal pair in .A. lead and readB. led and redC. peel and pearD. both A and BIV. Do the following analysis (20%)1. Match each expression under A with the one statement under B that characterizes it. (10%)A B(1) fat cow a. compound noun(2) scared cow b. root morpheme plus derivational prefix(3) cowfish c. phrase consisting of a adjective plus noun(4) coward d. root morpheme plus inflection affix(5) cower e. root morpheme plus derivational suffixf. morphemic wordg. idiom2. Write the one proper description from the list under B for the underlined part of each word in A. (10%)A B(6) endanger h. free form(7) southwards i. bound root(8) geese j. inflectional suffix(9) received k. derivational suffix(10) distempered l. inflectional prefixm. derivational prefixn. inflectional infixo. derivational infixV. Produce the surface structures from the following deep structures without going through the process of transformations. (10%)1. the man [the man past be behind the table] past help me2. SOMEONE past be+ing be+en beat Joseph hard3. Q Mary pres be pleased SOMEREASON4. Tag you past see the thief5. [Neg Tom past go to school] [Neg Mary past go to school]VI. Illustrate the following sentence with tree diagrams. (10%)The tall man and the woman left.VII. Classify the following pairs according to the sense relation. Put the number before the pair in the space provided in your answer sheet. The first one is done for you as anexample. (10%)(1) alive/dead (2) buy/sellComplementary antonyms (1)1. hit/miss (a target)2. own/belong to3. lesson/lessen4. rich/poor5. squeak/creak6. tap/faucet7. above/below 8. the morning star/the evening star9. saw/hacksaw 10. sow (to scatter seeds)/sow (female adult pig)A. complementary antonymsB. synonymsC. relational oppositesD. gradable antonymsE. homonymsF. hyponymyVIII. Answer the following questions. (40%)1. Define ALLOPHONE with an example. (5%)2. What is assimilation? (5%)3. What is the criterion used in IC analysis? (5%)4. SEMANTIC FEA TURES or SEMANTIC DEMPONENTS of a word may be used to betteraccount for sense relations. Use examples to support this idea. (5%)5. BLENDING, ABBREVIA TION and ACRONYMY are the ways by which people have used tocreate new words and expressions. How do they differ from one another? Use examples to help you to distinguish them. (5%)6. Is it acceptable to say that word is the minimum free form? (5%)7. The following dialogue that took place in an English pub serves as a good example of us to seevarious aspects of language functions. Explain the concept of language functions (such asinformative, emotive, conative, and interpersonal) with examples taken from the dialogue.(10%)Bill: How did it go?Mike: Oh, fantastic! I took some really good photographs. I am sure I will win the competition.Lily: Well, you’d better buy us all a drink, then.Mike: Yes, what would you all like? …(He goes to the barman).I’d like four pints of best bitter.Barman: … Excuse me, sir, how old are you?Mike: Sixteen, why?Barman: I think you know why.。

2003全‎国硕士研究‎生入学考试‎英语试题T ext 1Wild Bill Donov‎a n would‎have loved‎the Inter‎n et. The Ameri‎c an spyma‎s ter who built‎the Offic‎e of Strat‎e gic Servi‎c es in the World‎War II and later‎laid the roots‎for the CIA was fasci‎n ated‎with infor‎m atio‎n. Donov‎a n belie‎v ed in using‎whate‎v er tools‎came‎to‎hand‎in‎the‎“great‎game”‎of‎espio‎n age -- spyin‎g as a “profe‎s sion‎.”‎These‎days the Net, which‎has alrea‎d y re-made such every‎d ay pasti‎m es as buyin‎g books‎and sendi‎n g mail, is resha‎p ing Donov‎a n’s vocat‎i on as well.The lates‎t revol‎u tion‎isn’t‎simpl‎y a matte‎r of gentl‎e men readi‎n g other‎gentl‎e men’s‎e-mail. That kind of elect‎r onic‎spyin‎g has been going‎on for decad‎e s. In the past three‎or four years‎, the World‎Wide Web has given‎birth‎to a whole‎indus‎t ry of point‎-and-click‎spyin‎g. The spook‎s‎call‎it‎“open-sourc‎e intel‎l igen‎c e,”‎and‎as‎the‎Net‎grows‎, it is becom‎i ng incre‎a sing‎l y influ‎e ntia‎l. In 1995 the CIA held a conte‎s t to see who could‎compi‎l e the most data about‎Burun‎d i. The winne‎r, by a large‎margi‎n, was a tiny Virgi‎n ia compa‎n y calle‎d Open Sourc‎e Solut‎i ons, whose‎clear‎advan‎t age was its maste‎r y of the elect‎r onic‎world‎.Among‎the firms‎makin‎g the bigge‎s t splas‎h in this new world‎is Strai‎t ford‎,Inc., a priva‎t e intel‎l igen‎c e-analy‎s is firm based‎in Austi‎n, Texas‎.Strai‎t ford‎makes‎money‎by selli‎n g the resul‎t s of spyin‎g (cover‎i ng natio‎n s from Chile‎to Russi‎a) to corpo‎r atio‎n s like energ‎y-servi‎c es firm McDer‎m ott Inter‎n atio‎n al. Many of its predi‎c tion‎s are avail‎a ble onlin‎e at www.strai‎t ford‎.com.Strai‎t ford‎presi‎d ent Georg‎e Fried‎m an says he sees the onlin‎e world‎as a kind of mutua‎l ly reinf‎o rcin‎g tool for both infor‎m atio‎n colle‎c tion‎and distr‎i buti‎o n, a spyma‎s ter’s‎dream‎. Last week his firm was busy vacuu‎m ing up data bits from the far corne‎r s of the world‎and predi‎c ting‎a crisi‎s in Ukrai‎n e. “As‎soon‎as‎that‎repor‎t runs, we’ll‎sudde‎n ly get 500 new Inter‎n et sign-ups from Ukrai‎n e,”‎says‎Fried‎m an, a forme‎r polit‎i cal scien‎c e profe‎s sor. “And‎we’ll‎hear‎back‎from‎some‎of‎them.”‎Open-sourc‎e spyin‎g does have its risks‎, of cours‎e, since‎it can be diffi‎c ult to tell good infor‎m atio‎n from bad. That’s‎where‎Strai‎t ford‎earns‎its keep.Fried‎m an relie‎s on a lean staff‎of 20 in Austi‎n. Sever‎a l of his staff‎membe‎r s have milit‎a ry-intel‎l igen‎c e backg‎r ound‎s. He‎sees‎the‎firm’s‎outsi‎d er statu‎s as the key to its succe‎s s. Strai‎t ford‎’s‎brief‎s‎don’t‎sound‎like the usual‎Washi‎n gton‎back-and-forth‎i ng, where‎b y agenc‎i es avoid‎drama‎t ic decla‎r atio‎n s on the chanc‎e they might‎be wrong‎. Strai‎t ford‎, says Fried‎m an, takes‎pride‎in its indep‎e nden‎t voice‎.41. The emerg‎e nce of the Net has _____‎___.[A] recei‎v ed suppo‎r t from fans like Donov‎a n[B] remol‎d ed the intel‎l igen‎c e servi‎c es[C] resto‎r ed many commo‎n pasti‎m es[D] reviv‎e d spyin‎g as a profe‎s sion‎42. Donov‎a n’s‎story‎is menti‎o ned in the text to _____‎___.[A] intro‎d uce the topic‎of onlin‎e spyin‎g[B] show how he fough‎t for the U.S.[C] give an episo‎d e of the infor‎m atio‎n war[D] honor‎his uniqu‎e servi‎c es to the CIA43. The phras‎e‎“makin‎g the bigge‎s t splas‎h”‎(Line 1, Parag‎r aph 3) most proba‎b ly means‎_____‎___.[A] causi‎n g the bigge‎s t troub‎l e[B] exert‎i ng the great‎e st effor‎t[C] achie‎v ing the great‎e st succe‎s s[D] enjoy‎i ng the wides‎t popul‎a rity‎44. It can be learn‎e d from Parag‎r aph 4 that _____‎___.[A] Strai‎t ford‎’s‎predi‎c tion‎about‎Ukrai‎n e has prove‎d true[B] Strai‎t ford‎guara‎n tees‎the truth‎f ulne‎s s of its infor‎m atio‎n[C] Strai‎t ford‎’s‎busin‎e ss is chara‎c teri‎z ed by unpre‎d icta‎b ilit‎y[D] Strai‎t ford‎is able to provi‎d e fairl‎y relia‎b le infor‎m atio‎n45. Strai‎t ford‎is most proud‎of its _____‎___.[A] offic‎i al statu‎s[B] nonco‎n form‎i st image‎[C] effic‎i ent staff‎[D] milit‎a ry backg‎r ound‎。

清华大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Qualities of Top Research of WorkersIt is no doubt that learning and creativity should be possessed by remarkable top research workers. However, qualities mentioned above are not sufficient to lead to great achievements, some special ones are also needed by top research workers. Of all qualities, in my opinion, cooperation, morality and responsibility are three important qualities top research workers should possess.A top researcher is quite aware that any scientific achievement cannot be made by mere one person, therefore good cooperation ad mutual trust occupy a critical position for scientific achievements. So a respectable top researcher should be on good terms with other researchers. Morality is anther excellent quality to research workers should possess. A true top researcher loves his country and the people more than his personal interests, which can impel him to contribute scientific production to human being selflessly. The most important is that a true top researcher w on’t utilize the technology to engage in evil matters, such as nuclear weapons. The third eminent quality is responsibility. A top researcher is seriously responsible to his scientific business. He is rather clear o the importance of a decision made by him.In a word, as a top research worker, it is necessary for him toknow how to cooperate with others firstly. Besides, he knows he shoulders the glorious duties to make the people live in more happier life, so morality is something he can not forget. At last, the sense f responsibility makes him conduct his experiments prudently. With these qualities, he is really a top research worker.清华大学2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案My Aim for Doctoral StudyNow people in growing numbers are beginning to realize the importance of doctoral degree. As for me, since I acquired my master’s degree, I have been working for a large-sized state-owned enterprise. During that period, I have been doing well. But as time passed by, my knowledge and skills are increasingly becoming inadequate for the development in my domain. In order to better my performance in the domain I am exploring, I choose to pursue my doctoral degree.If I gain the enrollment luckily, I would try my best to make full use of those precious resources. Apart from accomplishing the assignments, I would seek for any chance to promote my capacity. Besides, the experts’ invaluable experiences and profo und knowledge could enlarge my horizon and sparkle my inspiration. Aided with my efforts, I have confidence to achieve my goal as a qualified doctoral researcher and my later job would be done better.A Chinese saying I remember forever is that one is never too old to learn.清华大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work When it comes to the event which is the most memorable in my life, I can’t help recalling a course named aspects of translation. I had this course in the second semester when I was a senior undergraduate student.The experience was engraved into my memory. For me, it completely altered my former way of looking at and studying translation. It was the first time that I studied translation from the perspective of linguistics. During the period of studying translation, I have attended the course of Introduction to Linguistics, which acted as a critical part. My idea about translation was as simple as most of people’s before taking that course. Previously, I never associated translation with linguistics and only regarded translation as the mechanic practice of turning texts written in one language into those in another. No doubt, as he link between the two disciplines, it was authentically worthy of studying and the course prove to be very brain-consuming. After acquiring the essence of this project, however, my field of vision expanded and many unexpected scenes appeared in front of me.From the experience I learn that later in my life I should always trey to connect what I have learned in different courses with different aspects of life, make the utmost of my knowledge to perfect the world.清华大学2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Effect of China’ Entry into WTO on Ph. D Program in China It is no doubt that positive and negative effects on various fields will be more and more notable after China joining WTO. One of these fields that would soon feel the influence following China’s long-dreamed entering of WTO is China’s higher education. The reason is that with the deepening of globalization, higher education as a special type of service surely would more and more be considered terms of international trade.In my opinion, the influence on Ph. D program in China will be as follows:The positive effects can be discussed in three aspects. The first one is when something new is brought into our programs, it will make our programs closer to the frontiers in various research projects. Second, Chinese universities and research institutions providing Ph. D programs can learn a lot from their counterparts, which will be beneficial to Ph. D candidates because they will be easily exposed to what is happening in foreign countries. Third, ifChinese Ph. D program providers can take a student-centered approach, China’s own Ph. D program would be as competitive a s their rivals in the face of severe competition from abroad.Besides the positive effects, there is also one negative effect that is worthy to pay attention to. ―Brain-drain‖ will appear if some foreign programs enter China powerfully. The living and working conditions offered by foreign universities and research institutions are so attractive that the flow of talents will increase dramatically. Altogether, I’m convinced that China’s entry into WTO will be helpful to Ph. D education.北京大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Celebrities could take part in National politics Recently, an article entitled ―We Should No Longer Force Gong Li and Zhang Yimou to Take Part in National Politics‖ in a newspaper cause arguments. Some people hold the idea that celebrities are unwilling or unqualified to represent the people in the People’s Congress or the People’s Political Consultative Conference, and they should not be forced to do so. But other people don’t stand by this point of view. As for me, I support the celebrities’ entering the political field.In the first place, the policy in China determines celebrities’ entering the political field is eligible. Namely, people who areeminent in their profession and make great contribution to the development of the country have opportunity to become people’s representatives. The contribution coming from celebrities who are outstanding in their own career is well-known. Secondly, some people may consider the stateliness of politics will be spoiled if celebrities enter the political field. Their reason is that there is a strong impression in people’s mind left by celebrities as actors or artists. As a matter of fact, various roles played successfully by them are only fictive characters in the movies or TV programs, which just proves that their adaptability is so strong that they will soon adapt themselves to the new career. The third concern is that celebrities lack of political knowledge and sense. But I think it is only a problem that can be solved easily. As long as they study and take part in politics, as their artistic career, they will also acquire new accomplishment.On all accounts, it is eligible and beneficial for celebrities to participate in national politics.北京大学2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Is English language teaching overemphasized in Chinese education? After joining WTO, international communication and cooperation are becoming increasingly close. It is obvious to all that China has made great achievements in almost every aspect. However, one issueappeared in many fields, especially in foreign trades, that is language obstacle. At the very beginning, it is language barriers that block the development of foreign trades and even sometimes cause great losses. Therefore, there are more and more schools that attach importance to education of foreign languages, especially in English teaching.We must admit a face that there is a large population in China and people’s education degree is various. The number of people wh o can understand or speak English is quite small. It is no doubt that English language teaching is far from enough and we should pay much attention to it. Here is an example. For most of college students who are not majored in English, until their graduation from college, it is tough to make a very simple sentence, let alone speaking fluent English. When they come across a foreigner, they can only say ―hello‖. One main reason that led to this result is the problem of our educational system. When teachers give an English class, they’re accustomed to apply more Chinese rather than English. As for students, they seldom have English environment to practice it and the chances of speaking English is too rare. So it is still a long way to polish up this situation that cause the English level of students is very low. Along with many graduates who studied abroad now returned to became college English teachers, such situation isgradually improving. Under their efforts, great progresses can be seen in English language teaching. Yet if we’d like to cultivate sufficient students who ca utilize English fluently, there are still many difficulties needing us to overcome.From statements above, we can draw a conclusion that English language teaching in Chinese education is not overemphasized. Contrary to that, we should strengthen it more than ever.北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Epidemic Diseases and Public Health CrisesAfter SARS epidemic that influenced the entire globe was controlled in China, there are many important questions unanswered despite of the fact that our society has fortunately survived these shocks. From this event, people are coming to realize the concept of public health crises, which in reality have already affected our life in various ways. People are familiar with health itself, but the term ―public health crises‖ has been strange f or most people in China. It includes not only outbreaks of diseases, but also water erosion, deforestation, desertification and many other problems.There are lots of irresponsible behaviors of mankind existing in our daily life. Ever since the industrial revolution and great economic expansion, people’s life has been challenged in one way or another. Besides, had there been effective health care laws speciallyaimed at epidemic disease as violent as SARS or a similar nature, the public health crises would never have happened. Above all, when SARS began to attack Guangdong province, if the local governmental officials had had some specific and unmistakable legal procedures to follow, they would have saved a lot of valuable time for the early detergence of the horrible disease through various measures. On the other hand, before epidemic diseases break out, there is a very severe outlook and thus common people are posed direct dangers. They affect people’s daily activities and even their lives, and that is wh y they can successfully amuse people’s daily activities and even their lives, and that is why they can successfully amuse people’s concerns about their own health. The outbreak of some epidemics, like SARS and bird flu, to some extent, was due to our dining habits and carelessness in protecting the environment. Altogether, in order to prevent a public health crises in the face of epidemic disease, governments and people should equip ourselves first with the weapon of law. It is necessary for all of us to take actions to fend off any potential danger to public health.北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案The Development of the InternetWith its rapid development, the Internet has widely entered our life. It now becomes a powerful tool for people and has already created alot of miracles and brought us much convenience. However, just like a double-edged sword, the Internet would bring both advantages and disadvantages.As an International Database of information, the Internet can offer you whatever is possible to be imagined. Besides, a great deal of helpful information can be downloaded by private individual, including many programs, games and so on. A huge success of the Internet is shopping online that is considered a great advantage of the Internet. It is possible for us to pay whatever we have to pay online with E-cash sometime in the future with further development of the Internet; there will be a time when all information given on the Net is what we want, useful and fine. Most importantly, there may be a time when surfing on the Net, we needn’t worry about privacy being disturbed or worry about our children being poisoned. The Internet will be kinder, gentler, safer and more reliable along with more and more cyber law becoming effective.However, we can say that although the Internet brings us more conveniences, it is unwise to let it control our life. Conversely, it should be controlled by us. A s long as we know how to utilize it correctly and how to schedule our time on the Internet, the Internet will become really meaningful to our life.中国人民大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案My Understanding of GlobalizationIn recent years there is widespread awareness of the hot term ―globalization‖. Different people hold different opinions on it. Some believe that it makes inequality increase within and between nations, influences employment and living standards and baffles social progress. Others view it as a process that is beneficial and also inescapable and irreversible.As far as I am concerned, globalization is much like fire. It is improper to say that fire is completely good or bad. If we use it properly, it can help us cook food, disinfect equipment, form iron, and warm our homes. If not, fire can ruin lives, towns and forests in an instant. People welcoming globalization think that it will bring them great profits. They claim that trade obstacles will be broken with the globalization, which will fetch them more benefits and conveniences, such as buying foreign products with less money , traveling all over the world more freely than ever. People who object it think that the disappearance of national borders and the establishment of a world interconnected by markets will deal a death blow to regional and national cultures. National identity or soul will lose for the invasion of cultural products from North America is so powerful that most of countries are incapable of resisting.After the advantages and disadvantages of globalization werecarefully compared, the conclusion was obvious. Neither cheerleaders who are blind to the destruction globalization can cause nor shrill opponents who are blind to the way globalization gives some people their first opportunity to fulfill basic aspirations are good. We should see globalization as something to construct, shape and manage for the betterment of everyone.中国人民大学2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Social Sciences and the HumanitiesShould Play a More Important Role in the 21st CenturyNowadays, there are many people who believe that it is a tendency that the studies of natural disciplines weigh more than social and humanities disciplines. As far as they are concerned, social sciences and humanities are so out-of-date that they should be thrown away like waste. However, I hold that we should pay more attention to social sciences and the humanities that shoulder important roles I the 21st century. Instead of being weakened, they should be strengthened.Taking the field of economics as an example. If we imagine that economy is the legs of our society, without which the society will not advance; then social science can be imagined the eyes, without which we will be lost and step on a wrong way. There is no conflict but harmony between them. Economics was founded in the 18thcentury. In the early years, modern economics did its best to focus on those objective areas of human life in an effort to make economics a discipline with a status similar to that of natural science. In spite of how well it did, the contemporary economics has concentrated more on the social — the human side of the discipline. This undoubtedly indicated that ―the man‖ is more important than ―the thing‖ as we to deeper into science. No matter how important or intriguing, the thing that is studied will eventually lose its force and impetus in the process of scientific research without its relevance to man.To sum up, it is no doubt that we must pay enough emphasis on the development of social sciences and the humanities, because we shoulder the duties of developing our society. Anyone who believes that social sciences and humanities will phase out comparing with natural sciences is simply too shortsighted.中国人民大学2002年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Opportunities and Challenges with the Coming of Globalization Nowadays, a hot term ―globalization‖ often appears in people’s talk. Like everything having opposite two sides, we will have great opportunities and challenges with the coming of globalization.In the first place, in modern society, only those who grasp science and technology will become the master of the world. Afterglobalization, we will have more access to the advanced science and technology which makes us to get informed with the latest development in every field concerning the growing of the power of a country.Secondly, going with Chinese reform and opening up, we would have more opportunities to get contacted with different culture and civilizations, which would to some extent enhance our country’s soft power. Except for hard power which includes the economic, scientific and military power, we also need soft power to influence or change others ideas without coercing them but made them accept us willingly. Mutual understanding is very important because it will increase soft power.When globalization brings us opportunities, more challenges are also along with it. We have to admit that China is still a developing country, to be situated in the same arena with some superior players will give us much pressure. In spite of fierce competition, we may be influenced by other culture in a negative way. While enjoying the richness of other civilizations, it is quite possible that we neglect or even lose some of quintessence of our own culture.From what has been stated above, we may draw the conclusion that globalization is like a double-edged sword. No matter what kind of opportunities or challenges it presents us, we should have a rightattitude and stand to meet it. As long as we prepare enough, all difficulties can be resolved in the end.电子科技大学2005年春季博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案ONE MAJOR PROBLEM IN THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION Nowadays people in significant numbers are getting to be aware of a popular word ―urbanization‖. Along with the development of economy, existing cities growing bigger and bigger and new cities are appearing. Confronting this trend, some people believe that it is beneficial for Chinese economic development, while others are afraid that some problems will occur going with urbanization. As far as I am concerned, water is a major problem in the process of urbanization.We have to acknowledge that there is a large population in China and the lack of water source has been a serious problem that disturbs us. Especially in urban area, the phenomenon of water scarcity is more severe. After urbanization, there are more and more p0eople flocking into city to earn their living so that water distributing to individuals are fewer and fewer. Besides, industrialization is another phenomenon of urbanization. Most of water is consumed by industries that drain a lot of dirty water into rivers at the same time. Pollution of water makes the lack of water more grievous.So the major problem of urbanization that needs to be solved ishow to utilize water resource effectively and how to protect water from being polluted. First of all, our government should constitute a series of laws that protect water resource. Secondly, come measures must be taken, such as enhancing the strength of flack, heightening the cost of using water so as to make people to economize water consciously.From all statements above, we may draw a conclusion that the major problem that may result from the process of urbanization is water problem. If we want our economy to develop healthily, it is obligatory for us to use water properly.电子科技大学2004年春季博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案The Future Trends of Chinese CultureWith the coming of globalization, both country and individual is deeply influenced by it. The same is true to culture that is like a mirror that reflects the history and development of a country. With five thousand years’ history, Chinese brilliant culture undoubtedly occupies an important position in the world and is involved in the trend of globalization. Along with the cross-cultural communication, some changes are appearing in Chinese culture.Some people opposed Chinese culture is much influenced because they think that Chinese culture is the essence of world’s culture heritage. However, I uphold that Chinese culture is influenced andchanged. How ca we remain unchanged I such a rapidly developing age? It is inevitable that the future trend of Chinese culture is towards the international direction. Both our own life and other countries’ life should be enriched by our culture because Chinese culture is the asset of the whole world. While keeping our own traditional culture style, we can also accept the exotic civilization to serve both Chinese people and people all around.Modern Chinese culture is embodied in various aspects of modern social life, including the advanced elements of information age which should be absorbed too. As an open culture, the future Chinese culture will welcome human excellent heritages across the world. Just like the communication envoy of China to the outside, Chinese culture is presenting our past excellent civilization heritage and advanced development results to the rest of the world. So we can say that on the basis of keeping our traditional essence, Chinese culture will take up more and more new elements in the modern society. It is acting as a significant role to pass understanding and friendship among countries.中国科学技术大学2003年春季博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案The More I Learn, The More Ignorant I Find Myself to Be A motto that is often heard or seem by us is ―The more I learn, the more ignorant I find myself to be‖. Some people think it isself-contradictory. But in my opinion, it is quite correct.When one has learned in a certain field for a period of time, he will find it is more extensive and profound than what he thinks of it initially. This phenomenon proves that the more you learn in a certain field, the more ignorant you will realize yourself to be about it. During your learning, there are so many new questions rising in your brain that you are eager to acquire more new knowledge. Therefore, you are propelled by these kinds of feelings to grope for more and dig deeper in the field.The statements above also illuminate why the most modest ones are always the most learned masters while strongly conceited ones are those having half-baked knowledge. Only when people realize from the bottom of their heart that knowledge learning is endless and our human beings are insignificant before the sea of knowledge, they will keep studying all their life. So the proper attitude of learning is very important.In order to avoid becoming a frog in the well, all of us should bear in mind a proverb that is ―To live, to study‖. W e should regard the masters as our examples and pursue knowledge for life.中国科学院2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案How to reduce traffic accidents?After reform and opening-up, Chinese economy is developingwith extreme speed. People’s material life has changed noticeably as well. Especially the quantity of all kinds of vehicles people own are increasing annually. Although we are proud of these alterations, new issues are appearing ceaselessly in front of us. One of them id traffic accident that is also the problem about which ordinary people are concerned.Why are traffic accidents so serious? In the first place, I’ll discuss the current traffic status. On the street, we often see that people who ride bicycles run to the center of street, taxi drives on the bus’ route. Both vehicles and individuals want to lead up so that nobody can move. It is obvious to all that hidden troubles of safety exist in it. In the second place, the traffic laws aren’t enforced sufficiently so that people ignore the traffic laws that are also the direct reasons of traffic accidents. For instance, when red light is bright, as long as there are no vehicles passing by, people go across the streets directly without pause. When a driver who is driving vehicle in the street is annoyed by another one, they will have a stop and argue with each other, regardless of traffic jam.Then, how can we ameliorate this awful traffic status. As far as I am concerned, above all, our government should enhance the strength of enforcing traffic laws, increase people’s traffic safe consciousness and make them to abide by traffic rules. Secondly,some methods that are able to reduce traffic accidents ought to be adopted, such as widening roads, limiting some vehicles in certain roads or certain time.In conclusion, it is high time that we attach great importance to traffic accident. In order to reduce it, it is necessary for all of us to make efforts to improve it. If so, I’m convinced that before long people would live in happiness and safety.中国科学院2004年3月博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Material wealth is not a sign of successAlong with the rapid develo pment of Chinese economy, people’s lives have changed greatly. Parts of them become so rich that they move into villa, buy luxurious cars and so on. This great possession of material wealth that the rich men own is believed to be a sign of success by some people. However, others do not think that success ca only be measured by material wealth. As far as I am concerned, a person’s success is not equal to his material wealth.We can see many successful businessmen who are quite wealthy in our daily life, but there are also many other successful people who are not rich. Many scientists who devote all their life to homeland are not wealthy, but we are proud of their achievements. In our heart, they are successful. Bus conductress Li Suli is typical example. She has been honored as a national model worker because she is alwayseager to help the ordinary people, providing them best service. It is rather evident that she could never compare with those wealthy people in material wealth as a bus conductress. Our space hero Yang Liwei is also a good example. His salary is slender but he works hard and has won great glory for our country. It is not good for our spiritual side of life if we measure success by wealth alone. When one spends his life only to strive for bigger houses, expensive clothing and entertainment, in our eyes, he is the biggest losers of all. So one’s goal in life shouldn’t only earn money, in reverse, one should serve others or make worthwhile achievements to the society. Taking into account all these factors, I may draw the conclusion that making money doesn’t mean to be the only way to success. Only when one works hard and makes contributions t our society, he would be regarded as a successful man.中国科学院2003年10月博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案My Idea of Professional Ethics for a ScientistIt is no doubt that a distinguished scientist should be learned and creative. Beside this point, having good professional ethics are also important to both society and the scientist himself.As far as I am concerned, good professional ethics for a scientist involve the following aspects. Above all, an outstanding scientist is never willing to utilize his knowledge to make his personal gains.。

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本站服务项目：1、提供全国各大高校10万份考研专业课试题免费下载；2、提供专业课笔记、内部资料、讲义免费下载；3、提供最新、最权威的考研资讯、专业课辅导；2003年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案Section ⅠListening Comprehension Part A (每题1分，共20分) Directions: This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B, and Part C.Remember,while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have five minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET I.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections: For Questions 1-5,You will hear a talk about Boston Museum of Fine Arts. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.(5 points)1、Opened to the public (year)2、The west wing completed (year)3、The most remarkable department4、Exhibition space (m2)5、Programs provided classes lectures 5 filmsSection ⅠPart B(每题1分，共5分) Directions: For Questions 6-10，you will hear an interview with an expert on marriage problems. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below.(5 points)6、What should be the primary source of help for a troubled couple?7、Writing down a list of problems in the marriage may help a troubled couple discuss them8、Who should a couple consider seriously turning to if they can t talk with each other?9、Priests are usually unsuccessful in counseling troubled couples despite their10、According to the old notion, what will make hearts grow fonder?Section ⅠPart C （共三节，满分10分）Directions: You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing ［[A]，［[B]，［[C]or［[D] . After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points)Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about napping. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.11. Children under five have abundant energy partly because theyA.sleep in three distinct partsB have many five minute napsC.sleep in one long blockD.take one or two naps daily12、According to the speaker, the sleep pattern of a baby is determined byA.its genesB. its habitC.its mental stateD.its physical condition13、The talk suggests that, if you feel sleepy through the day, you shouldA.take some refreshmentB.go to bed earlyC.have a long restD.give in to sleepQuestions 14-16 are based on the following interview with Sherman Alexie, an American Indian poet. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14. Why did Sherman Alexie only take day jobs?A.He could bring unfinished work home.B.He might have time to pursue his interests.C.He might do some evening teaching.D.He could invest more emotion in his family.15、What was his original goal at college?A.To teach in high school.B.To write his own books.C.To be a medical doctor.D. To be a mathematician.16、Why did he take the poetry writing class?A.To follow his father.B.For an easy grade.C.To change his specialty.D.For knowledge of poetry.Questions 17-20 are based on the following talk about public speaking. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17. What is the most important thing in public speaking ?A.Confidence.B. Preparation.rmativeness.D. Organization.18、What does the speaker advise us to do to capture the audience s attention？A. Gather abundant data.B. Organize the ideas logically.C.Develop a great opening.D.Select appropriate material.19、If you don t start working for the presentation until the day before, you will feelA. uneasyB. uncertainC. frustratedD. depressed20、Who is this speech most probably meant for?A.Those interested in the power of persuasion.B.Those trying to improve their public image.C.Those planning to take up some public work.D.Those eager to become effective speakers.Section II Use of English（满分10分）Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark ［[A]，［[B]，［[C] or ［[D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious (21)[] to how they can be best (22)[] such changes. Growing bodies need movement and (23)[], but not just in ways that emphasize competition. (24)[] they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotionalthat challenges, teenagers are especially self conscious and need the (25)[] comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are (26)[] by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be (27)[] to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, (28)[] ,publishing newsletters with many nsoring book student written book reviews, (29)[] student artwork, and spodiscussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide (30)[] opportunities forleadership, as well as for practice in successful (31)[] dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the (32)[] of some kind of organization with a supportive adult (33)[] visible in the background. In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have (34)[] attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized(35)[] participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to(36)[] else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants(37)[]. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. (38)[] they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by (39)[] for roles that are within their (40)[] and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.21、[A] thought[B] idea[C] opinion[D] advice22、[A] strengthen[B] accommodate[C] stimulate[D] enhance23、[A] care[B] nutrition[C] exercise[D] leisure24、[A] If[B] Although[C] Whereas[D] Because25、[A] assistance[B]guidance[C] confidence[D] tolerance26、[A] claimed[B] admired[C] ignored[D] surpassed27、[A] improper[B] risky[C] fair[D] wise28、[A] in effect[B] as a result[C] for example[D] in a sense29、[A] displaying[B] describing[C] creating[D] exchanging30、[A] durable[B] excessive[C] surplus[D] multiple31、[A] group[B] individual[C] personnel[D] corporation32、[A] consent[B] insurance[C] admission[D] security33、[A] particularly[B] barely[C] definitely[D] rarely34、[A] similar[B] long[C] different[D] short35[A] if only[B] now that[C] so that[D] even if36、[A] everything[B] anything[C] nothing[D] something37、[A] off[B] down[C] out[D] alone38、[A] On the contrary[B] On the average[C] On the whole[D] On the other hand39、[A] making[B] standing[C] planning[D] taking40、[A] capabilties[B] responsibilities[C] proficiency[D] efficiencySection III Reading Comprehension Part A （满分40分）Directions:Read the following four Passages. Answer the questions below each text bychoosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Passage 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War Ⅱand later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage — spying as a "profession". These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open-source intelligence", and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at .Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.41. The emergence of the Net has ________.[A] received support from fans like Donovan[B] remolded the intelligence services[C] restored many common pastimes[D] revived spying as a profession42. Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to ________.[A] introduce the topic of online spying[B] show how he fought for the US[C] give an episode of the information war[D] honor his unique services to the CIA43. The phrase "making the biggest splash" (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means ________.[A] causing the biggest trouble[B] exerting the greatest effort[C] achieving the greatest success[D] enjoying the widest popularity44. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that ________.[A] Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B] Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information[C] Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information45. Straitford is most proud of its ________.[A] official status[B] nonconformist image[C] efficient staff[D] military backgroundpassage 2To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals — no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way — in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, ababy's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to ________.[A] call on scientists to take some actions[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is ________.[A] cruel but natural[B] inhuman and unacceptable[C] inevitable but vicious[D] pointless and wasteful48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's ________.[A] discontent with animal research[B] ignorance about medical science[C] indifference to epidemics[D] anxiety about animal rights49. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should ________.[A] communicate more with the public[B] employ hi-tech means in research[C] feel no shame for their cause[D] strive to develop new cures50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is ________.[A] a well-known humanist[B] a medical practitioner[C] an enthusiast in animal rights[D] a supporter of animal researchpassage 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.51. According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because ________.[A] cost reduction is based on competition[B] services call for cross-trade coordination[C] outside competitors will continue to exist[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat52. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?[A] Indifferent.[B] Supportive.[C] Indignant.[D] Apprehensive.53. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ________.[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business54. The word "arbiters" (line 6, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those ________.[A] who work as coordinators[B] who function as judges[C] who supervise transactions[D] who determine the price55. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by ________.[A] the continuing acquisition[B] the growing traffic[C] the cheering Wall Street[D] the shrinking marketpassage 4It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death — and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians — frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient — too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finiteresources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age — say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.56. What is implied in the first sentence?[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.57. The author uses the example of caner patients to show that ________.[A] medical resources are often wasted[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases[C] some treatments are too aggressive[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable58. The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of ________.[A] strong disapproval[B] reserved consent[C] slight contempt[D] enthusiastic support59. In contras to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care ________.[A] more flexibly[B] more extravagantly[C] more cautiously[D] more reasonably60. The text intends to express the idea that ________.[A] medicine will further prolong people's lives[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health careSection III Part B (每题2分，共10分) Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.(61)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth. “Anthropology”derives from the Greek words anthropos“human”and logos“the study of”. By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind. Anthropology is one of the social sciences.(62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology. All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field——study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(63)The emphasison data gathered first hand, combined with a cross cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. Anthropological analyses rest heavilyupon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.(64)Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life.Implicit within Tylor s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior. (65)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.Section IV Writing66.Directions:1) describe the set of drawings, Interpret its meaning, and2) point out its implications in our life.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)2003年考研英语真题答案Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points)Part A (5 points)1. 18762. 19813. textiles4. 19,1375. concertsPart B (5 points)6. (the couple) themselves7. constructively8. a qualified psychologist9. good intentions10. absencePart C (10 points)11. [D] 12. [A] 13. [D] 14. [B] 15. [C]16. [B] 17. [B] 18. [C] 19. [A] 20. [D]Section II: Use of English (10 points)21. [A] 22. [B] 23. [C] 24. [D] 25. [C]26. [B] 27. [D] 28. [C] 29. [A] 30. [D]31. [A] 32. [D] 33. [B] 34. [D] 35. [C]36. [D] 37. [B] 38. [A] 39. [C] 40. [A]Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points)41. [B] 42. [A] 43. [C] 44. [D] 45. [B]46. [A] 47. [B] 48. [B] 49. [A] 50. [D]51. [C] 52. [D] 53. [C] 54. [B] 55. [A]56. [C] 57. [A] 58. [B] 59. [D] 60. [C]Part B (10 points)61. 而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。