清华大学_考研真题_英美文学2000

2000 年考研英语 1 真题Section I Structure and V ocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times1979.[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sincethe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979. ”Therefore, you should choose [D].1. As I ’llbe away for at least a year, I ’dappreciate 1 from you now and then telling me loweveryone is getting along.[A]hearing[B]to hear[C]to be hearing[D]having heard2. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door,2to find it locked.[A] just[B] only[C] hence[D]thus3. Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent 3and theincreased number of cases of skin cancer.[A]to sunbathe[B]to have sunbathed[C]having sunbathed[D]sunbathing4.Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled4a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on5. on a rainy day I was driving north through V ermont5I noticed a young man holdingup a sign reading “Boston”.[A]which[B]where[C]when[D]that6. Chrisite stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though6out of the office.[A]went[B]gone[C]to go[D]would go7. The roles expected7old people in such a setting give too few psychologicalsatisfactions for normal happiness.[A]of[B]on[C]to[D]with8. Talk to anyone in the drug industry,8you’ll soon discover that the science ofgenetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.[A] or[B] and[C] for[D] so9. it wasn’ t so much that I disliked her9that I just wasn’t interested in the wholebusiness.[A]rather[B]so[C]than[D]as10.Countless divorced politicians would have elected out of office years ago had they eventhough of a divorce, let alone 10one.[A]getting[B]to get[C]gotten[D]getEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identifythe part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points) ”A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw[D] many new products.Answer [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products. ”So you should choose [C].11.Having isolated on a remote island, with little work to occupy them, the soldiers sufferedfrom boredom and low spirits.12.If the letter to be mailed was placed on the writing table an hour ago, it is certain being therenow.13.The ruling party could even love its majority in the lower house of parliament, started a periodof prolonged struggling.14.The mechanisms at work are manifest in the tendency for such physical activity to utilizethe potential harmful constituents of the stress response.15.In the long run, however, this hurry to shed full-time staff may be more harmful to industry asit is to the workforce.16. See to it that you include in the examination paper whatever questions they didn’tknow theanswer last time.17.Most newspapers, while devoting the major part of its space to recent events, usually manageto find room on the inside pages for articles on some interesting topics.18.One sign by which you are making progress in an art such as painting or photography isthat you begin to realize how much there is to learn.19.The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played andenjoying it almost as much as the computer at the moment he composes.20.Continued exposure to stress has been linked to worsened functioning of the immune system,leaving a person more liable for infection.Beneath each of the following sentences, there four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedthe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway. ”Therefore, you should choose [C].21. He spoke so21that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.[A]bluntly[B]convincingly[C]emphatically[D]determinedly22. France’s22of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered politicaldebates and mass demonstrations.[A]assumption[B]consumption[C]presumption[D]resumption23. The 216-page manuscript, circulated to publishers last October, 23and outburst ofinterest.[A] flared[B] glittered[C]sparked[D]flashed24. His efforts to bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties24 .[A]came off[B]came on[C]came round[D]came down25.The system was redesigned to embrace the network and eventually25it in a profitabledirection.[A]adapt[B]control[C]install[D]steer26.The capital intended to broaden the export base and27efficiency gains frominternational trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution[A]secure[B]extend[C]defend[D]possess27. It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be27at the manager’s office.[A]declared[B]obtained[C]reclaimed[D]recognized28. When I 28 my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grandmabending over me.[A]woke up[B]took to[C]picked up[D]came to29. The American society is29an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources,which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.[A]established[B]affiliated to[C]originated from[D]incorporated with30. I am not 30with my roommate but I have to share the room with her, because I havenowhere else to live.[A]concerned[B]compatible[C]considerate[D]complied31. At first, the31of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible, but, withpainstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality.[A]transaction[B]transmission[C]transformation[D]transition32. When the committee32to details, the proposed plan seemed impratcital.[A]got down[B]set about[C]went off[D]came up33.33 to some parts of South America is still difficult, because parts of the continent are stillcovered with thick forests.[A]Orientation[B]Access[C]Procession[D]Voyage34.Mr. Smith had an unusual34: he was first an office clerk, then a sailor, and ended up asa school teacher.[A]profession[B]occupation[C]position[D]career35.The mayor is a woman with great35and therefore deserves our political and financialsupport.[A]intention[B]instinct[C]integrity[D]intensity36. The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest 36to everyone.[A]speculation[B]attribution[C]utilization[D]proposition37. The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs37it almostimpossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds.[A]renders[B]reckons[C]regards[D]relates38. To impress a future employer, one should dress neatly, be 38 , and display interest in the job.[A]swift[B]instant[C]timely[D]punctual39. You don’thave to install this radio in your new car, it ’s an 39extra.[A]excessive[B]optional[C]additional[D]arbitrary40. We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn’t40to the traffic jam ofthe busy city.[A] aid[B] amount[C]add[D]attributeSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)If a farmer wishes to successes, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain41consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family42he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance43the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to44old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to45the soil.He may also need money to construct irrigation46and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 47 . He must either sell some of his property or48extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low49of interest, but loans of this kind are not 50obtainable.41.A. other than B. as well as C. instead of D. more than42.A. only if B. much as C. long before D. ever since43.A. for B. against C. of D. towards44.A. replace B. purchase C. supplement D. dispose45.A. enhance B. mix C. feed D. raise46.A. vessels B. routes C. paths D. channels47.A. self-confident B. self-sufficient C. self-satisfied D. self-restrained48.A. search B. save C. offer D. seek49.A. proportion B. percentage C. rate D. ratio50.A. genuinely B. obviously C. presumably D. frequentlySection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passage below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answer marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled,it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving itsindustries uparalleled economies of scale. Its scientist were the world ’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Justas inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea ’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America ’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and whichsat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted.They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into thecauses of America ’sindustrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted, ”according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of improving their productivity, ” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United State.”51.The U. S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal.[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before.[C]the war had destroyed the economies of post potential competitors.[D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52.The loss of U. S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the factthat the American.[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market.[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises.[C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions.[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market.53.What can be inferred from the passage?[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C]The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54.The author seems to believe the revival of the U. S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed tothe.[A]turning of the business cycle.[B]restructuring of industry.[C]improved business management.[D]success in education.Text 2Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changes. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another change chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India show what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today –everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring –means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over, the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years –even the pass 100 years–our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they ‘look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension. ”No doubt we will remember a 20 th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.55.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A]A lack of mates.[B]A fierce competition.[C]A lower survival rate.[D]A defective gene.56.What does the example of India illustrate?[A]Wealthy people tend to have fewer children that poor people.[B]Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C]The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D]India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.57.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.[A]life has been improved by technological advance.[B]the number of female babies has been declining.[C]our species has reached the highest stage of evolution.[D]the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing.58.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A]Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.[B]Ways of Continuing Man ’s Evolution.[C]The Evolutionary Future of Nature.[D]Human Evolution Going Nowhere.TEXT 3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out that its advocates are aiming at, for , however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it I possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be–even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right–it can hardly be classed as Literature.This, in brief, is what the Futurist says; for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till no we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change.This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up works that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks to on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river –and then to find that the line consists of the noiseof their falling and the weights of the officers:“ Pluff!Pluff! A hundreds and eight-five kilograms.”This, thoug it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no think man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this:have we essentially changed?59.This passage is mainly.[A]a survey of new approaches to art.[B]a review of Futurist poetry.[C]about merits of the Futurist movement.[D]about laws and requirements of literature.60.When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.[A]determine its purposes.[B]ignore its flaws.[C]follow the new fashions.[D]accept the principles.61.Futurists claim that we must.[A]increase the production of literature.[B]use poetry to relieve modern stress.[C]develop new modes of expression.[D]avoid using adjectives and verbs.62.The author believes that Futurist poetry is.[A]based on reasonable principles.[B]new and acceptable to ordinary people.[C]indicative of basic change in human nature.[D]more of a transient phenomenon than literature.Text 4Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’ t know where they should go next.63.In the Westerner’s eyes, the postwar Japan was.[A]under aimless development.[B]a positive example.[C]a rival to the world.[D]on the decline64.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline ofJapanese society?[A]Women ’s participation in social activities is limited.[B]More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C]Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.[D]The life-style has been influenced by Western values.65.Which of the following is true according to the author?[A]Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B]Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.[C]More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D]Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.66.The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.[A]the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life.[B]the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C]the Japanese endure more than ever before.[D]the Japanese appreciate their present life.Text 5If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition–wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny –must deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition ’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition –if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped–with the educated themselves riding on them.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs–the locations, place names and name brands may has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to finehypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phasesof life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious. ”The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the supports for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it was ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it isless openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambitionis driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics,on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.67.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.[A]Its returns well compensate for the sacrifices.[B]It is rewarded with money, fame and power.[C]Its goals are spiritual rather than material.[D]It is shared by the rich and the famous.68.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.[A]Customary of the educated to discard ambition in words.[B]Too late to check ambition once it has been let out.[C]Dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal.[D]Impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition.69.Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.[A]They think of it as immoral.[B]Their pursuits are not fame or wealth.[C]Ambition is not closely related to material benefits.[D]They do not want to appear greedy and contemptible.70.From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.[A]Secretly and vigorously.[B]Openly and enthusiastically.[C]Easily and momentarily.[D]Verbally and spiritually.Section IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economics and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country ’s economy is directly bound up with thee efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. Italso means that governments are increasingly compelled to interface in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interface in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while government are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe theprocess of industrialization–with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed–was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements –themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.Section V Writing76.Directions:[A]Study the following two pictures carefully and write an easy of at least 150 words.[B]Your essay must be written neatly ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C]Your essay should meet the requirements below:1.Describe the pictures.2.Deduce the purpose of the drawer in the pictures.3.Suggest counter-measure.。

2000年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文Text 1长期的、不费力气的成功史可能成为一种可怕的障碍，但是如果处理得当，它也可能成为一种动力。

美国二战后进入这样辉煌的历史时期时，它拥有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。

它的科学家是世界上最优秀的，它的工人是世界上最具技能的。

美国和美国人的富庶是被大战破坏了经济的欧洲人和亚洲人所无法想象的。

当其他国家逐渐富有起来时，这种差距的缩小是必然的。

同样必然的是，绝对优势的缩小也是痛苦的。

在80年代中期，美国人为他们工业竞争力的减退感到困惑。

有些巨型的美国工业，如消费电子工业，在外国的竞争面前萎缩或者崩溃。

到1987年，只剩下一家美国电视机制造企业——Zenith（现在已经完全没有了：Zenith已经被韩国的LG电子兼并）。

外国汽车和纺织品横扫着国内市场。

美国的机械工业岌岌可危。

在一段时期，好像半导体制造业，这个美国发明的并且对新的计算机时代极为关键的工业，也将成为下一个牺牲品。

所有这些造成了一种信心危机。

美国人已经不再将繁荣视为自然而然的事。

他们开始怀疑他们的经营方法出了问题，怀疑他们的收入很快就会下降。

80年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因进行一次又一次的调查。

这些调查的发现，有的是耸人听闻的，它们都充满了对海外竞争加剧的警示。

现在情况已经完全改变！在1995年美国可以回顾在过去五年中稳步的增长而日本却步履维艰。

很少有美国人把它的原因归结为美元的贬值或经济周期的转折。

对自己的怀疑已经被盲目的自豪所代替。

“美国的工业结果已经改变了，它经过了一段节食期，已经变得更加机智，”哈佛大学肯尼迪行政学院执行院长理查德?卡凡纳指出。

“看到美国经济如此地提高生产力，我为自己是美国人而感到自豪，”华盛顿特区的智囊机构之一凯托研究院的史蒂芬?莫尔说。

哈佛经管学院的威廉?萨尔曼相信，人们将来会把这个时期视为“美国经济管理的黄金时期”。

Text 2做一个男人从来都充满危险。

爱考机构考研－保研－考博高端辅导第一品牌人文学院外国语言文学专业招生目录院系所、专业及研究方向招生人数考试科目备注069 人文学院 6010100哲学01马克思主义哲学①101思想政治理论②201英语一或203日语或241德语③647西方哲学史④890马克思主义哲学复试时专业综合考试内容:马克思主义哲学02中国哲学①101思想政治理论②201英语一或203日语或241德语③647西方哲学史④849中国哲学史复试时专业综合考试内容:中国哲学史03外国哲学同上复试时专业综合考试内容:西方哲学史04伦理学①101思想政治理论②201英语一或203日语或241德语③637中西哲学④891伦理学复试时专业综合考试内容：伦理学05逻辑学①101思想政治理论②201英语一或203日语或241德语③303数学三或647西方哲学史④894数理逻辑复试时专业综合考试内容:逻辑学06宗教学①101思想政治理论②201英语一或203日语或241德语③637中西哲学④892宗教学理论复试时专业综合考试内容:宗教学07美学①101思想政治理论②201英语一或203日语或241德语③638美学理论④893文艺批评复试时专业综合考试内容:美学050100中国语言文学01文艺学①101思想政治理论②201英语一或202俄语或203日语或241德语或242法语③613文学基础④856中国文学史科目613含文学理论、外国文学等；科目856含中国古代文学史与中国现当代文学史。

复试时专业综合考试内容:文艺学02语言学与应用语言学①101思想政治理论②201英语一或202俄语或203日语或241德语或242法语③612语言学基础④855现代汉语和古代汉语或874数据结构科目874计算语言学方向考数据结构，其他方向考现代汉语和古代汉语。

复试时专业综合考试内容：(1)计算语言学，(2)语言学与应用语言学。

03汉语言文字学①101思想政治理论②201英语一或202俄语或203日语或241德语或242法语③612语言学基础④855现代汉语和古代汉语复试时专业综合考试内容:汉语言文字学04中国古代文学①101思想政治理论②201英语一或202俄语或203日语或241德语或242法语③613文学基础④856中国文学史科目613含文学理论、外国文学等；科目856含中国古代文学史与中国现当代文学史。

清华欧美文学、比较文学与跨文化研究专业考博复习资料参考书-育明考博一、清华人文学院欧美文学、比较文学与跨文化研究考博内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业方向招生人数初试内容复试内容050200外国语言文学欧美文学、比较文学与跨文化研究约2人①102俄语、103日语、104德语、105法语②847欧美文学、比较文学与跨文化研究501综合考试育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、清华人文学院欧美文学、比较文学与跨文化研究方向考博的报录比平均在5:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、本专业有三位导师：曹莉、生安锋、王宁3、同等学力考生在初试合格后须加试报考专业两门硕士专业学位课程和自然辩证法。

4、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。

要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。

专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。

5、清华大学考博初试外语中不含听力。

6、学院并不指定外语和专业课复习的参考书。

育明教育考博分校针对清华大学各专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。

每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。

根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。

（清华大学人文学院考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育张老师叩叩：772678537）二、清华大学人文学院外国语言文学专业历年考博复试分数线（育明考博课程中心）育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、人文学院外国语言文学专业共有6个研究方向，各研究方向之间报录比差别还是比较大的。

2、根据最新的信息，学院将会逐步增加硕博连读的名额，减少在职定向读博的名额。

3、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。

要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得年份录取成绩要求复试人数/招生人数2014年外语50分、专业课50分综合考试60分12人/9人（不包括骨干计划）2015年外语50分、专业课50分综合考试60分15人/11人（不包括骨干计划）较高的分数。

2010-2020年清华大学艺术硕士MFA考研真题及考研参考书笔记育明教育506 大印老师整理【温馨提示】艺术硕士是比较适合跨专业考生报考的艺术类专业学位，除了北大、北影之外（北大需要提前面试，跨专业的难度很难通过面试这一关），全国大部分艺术硕士院校还是比较容易的，复试线一般在320-345之间，这两年可能分数有攀升的趋势，主要是报考的人数多了。

此外，从育明教育一对一学员情况来看，每年学员的专业课成绩都特别高，比如去年报考北大艺术的学生，两门专业课总分可以达到260多分（满分300），但是，经常由于英语过不了线而折戟沉沙，所以，我们建议大家一定要重视外语的学习，虽然艺术硕士一般考英语二，难度较低，但是对于很多艺术学生而言，还是很难的。

我们的具体建议为：第一，英语二复习主要看单词＋2010年以来真题，仔细分析，最好是老师指导下分析；第二，一定要重视作文和翻译，这是基础薄弱学生的拿分点，以往的经验是针对性的进行强化复习；第三，考前一定要进行5-6次全真模拟练习，育明考研有公共课阅卷老师进行一对一指导。

【考研方法】对于专业课而言，我们建议考生最晚在7月之前就要明确每本书的重点，可以通过研究历年考研真题，也可以通过有经验的学长学姐的指导，这点非常重要，值得注意的是，在明确重点之前千万不要做笔记，因为这个时候做笔记主要就是抄书；8-10月份进行背诵，同时进行专题和热点的总结；11-12月进行强化背诵和全真模拟考试，起码要5-6次，不考不知道，一考吓一跳，所以，大家一定要仔细认真的全真模拟。

2010-2020年艺术硕士MFA考研真题预测及考研参考书笔记艺术创作论【考点26】艺术家★★★★★〖考点内容〗艺术家是专门从事艺术生产创造者的总称。

艺术家应当具备艺术的天赋和艺术的才能，掌握专门的艺术技能和技巧，具有丰富的情感和艺术修养，能够通过自己的创造性劳动来满足人们特殊的精神需求即审美需求。

第一艺术家内部有多种多样的职业和分工。

清华大学美术学院硕士研究生入学考试历年理论试题涉及专业：工业、环艺、陶瓷、装潢、染服、信息、工艺、设计史论2004年艺术概论试题一．解释（任选5题，每题6分，共30分）1．意大利文艺复兴2．曹雪芹3．雨果4．达芬奇5．印象派艺术6．“波普”艺术7．梁思成8．托尔斯泰二．简答（任选2题，每题30分，共60分）1．以史前洞穴壁画为例说明原始艺术是社会生活的反映。

2．现实主义的主要特征。

3．举例说明艺术形象的作用及特征。

三．论述（任选1题，60分）1．车尔尼雪夫斯基与黑格尔关于艺术美与现实美的关系的主要特征是什么？他们是怎样论证的？试评论其长处与短处。

2．试述艺术批评的社会作用。

（考试时间3小时，满分150分）世界设计史试题一．解释（任选5题，每题8分，共40分）1．“工艺美术”运动2．荷兰“风格派””3．法国“装饰艺术”运动4．包豪斯5．孟菲斯集团6．德国“工业同盟7．解构主义二．简答（任选2题，每题25分，共50分）1．“功能主义”2．斯堪的纳维亚设计风格3．乌尔姆的设计教育三．论述（任选1题，每题25分，共50分）1．现代主义设计的影响及其意义。

2．包豪斯对现代设计和设计教育的意义。

（考试时间3小时，满分150分）中外工艺美术史试题一．名词解释（任选6题，每题5分，共30分）1．缂丝2．明式家具3．雕漆4．青铜器5．艺术与手工艺运动6．玛雅文化7．装饰艺术运动8．巴洛克二．简答（任选2题，每题30分，共60分）1．中国青花瓷的起源与发展2．古希腊陶器的艺术特色3．中国原始彩陶的主要成型方法及艺术特征4．欧洲文艺复兴时期的工艺美术三．论述（任选1题，60分）1．中国汉代与罗马工艺美术的比较2．罗可可艺术与清代工艺美术的比较（考试时间3小时，满分150分）2005年艺术概论试题一．解释（任选5题，每题6分，共30分）1．灵感2．风格3．意境4．象征5．抽象6．康德7．朱光潜8．悲剧二．简答（任选2题，每题30分，共60分）1．艺术与宗教的关系2．情感在艺术中的地位与作用3．艺术真实与科学真实的本质区别三．论述（任选1题，60分）1．艺术作品的内容、形式及其关系。

2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题T ext 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me p roud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ________.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact thatthe American ________.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market53. What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed tothe ________.[A] turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in education。

2000英一考研阅读真题2000年一英语考研阅读真题解析2000年的英语考研阅读真题是为了考察考生在阅读理解方面的能力和技巧。

本文将针对这道真题进行解析，帮助考生更好地理解并应对类似的题目。

正文：Passage 1:A group can be defined as a set of individuals who have frequent and direct interaction with one another, shared common goals, a strong sense of belonging to the group, and a common identity. People join groups for a variety of reasons, including affiliation, achievement, and power. Groups serve a variety of functions, such as fulfilling basic survival needs, providing a social framework, and offering individuals a sense of belonging and identity.In the context of organizations, groups often form naturally due to the division of labor and the need for collaboration. These work groups can be classified into different types based on their purpose and structure. For example, formal groups are deliberately created by management to achieve specific goals, while informal groups emerge naturally among individuals with common interests or social connections.One important aspect of group dynamics is the influence of group norms on individual behavior. Group norms are the informal rules and expectations that guide the behavior of group members. They define what is consideredacceptable and unacceptable within the group. Norms can be explicit or implicit, and they can have a powerful impact on individual behavior, as individuals tend to conform to the norms to gain acceptance and avoid rejection.Understanding group dynamics and norms is crucial for effective teamwork and collaboration. Leaders and managers need to be able to recognize and shape group norms to create a positive and productive work environment. Additionally, individuals within a group need to be aware of the influence of group norms on their behavior and be able to navigate them appropriately.Passage 2:The field of cognitive psychology focuses on studying mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, and language. Cognitive psychologists investigate how individuals acquire, process, store, and retrieve information. They are particularly interested in understanding cognitive processes involved in problem-solving, decision-making, and learning.One key concept in cognitive psychology is the theory of information processing. According to this theory, information is processed in a series of stages, including input, encoding, storage, retrieval, and output. Each stage involves specific cognitive processes, such as attention, perception, and memory. By understanding how information is processed, cognitive psychologists can design experiments and interventions to improve cognitive functioning.Another important aspect of cognitive psychology is the study of cognitive biases and heuristics. Cognitive biases are systematic errors in thinking and judgment that result from limitations in attention, memory, and reasoning processes. Heuristics, on the other hand, are mental shortcuts that individuals use to make judgments and decisions more efficiently. While heuristics can be helpful in certain situations, they can also lead to cognitive biases and errors.The field of cognitive psychology has applications in various areas, including education, business, and healthcare. For example, cognitive psychologists can study how students learn and develop effective teaching strategies. In the business context, they can help design user-friendly interfaces and improve decision-making processes. In healthcare, cognitive psychology can contribute to the understanding and treatment of cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.In conclusion, the field of cognitive psychology is concerned with studying mental processes and how individuals acquire, process, store, and retrieve information. By understanding cognitive processes and biases, cognitive psychologists can contribute to various areas of society and improve cognitive functioning.。