Outcome 4.Lecture 4

托福听力tpo46lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (19)原文 (19)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:I'd like to continue our discussion of animal behavior and start off today's class by focusing on a concept we haven't yet touched upon—swarm intelligence.Swarm intelligence is a collective behavior that emerges from a group of animals,like a colony of termites,a school of fish,or a flock of birds.Let's first consider the principles behind swarm intelligence,and we'll use the ant as our model.Now,an ant on its own is not that smart.When you have a group of ants,however, there you have efficiency in action.You see,there's no leader running an ant colony. Each individual,each individual ant operates by instinctively following a simple set of rules when foraging for food.Rule number1:Deposit a chemical marker…called a pheromone.And rule2:Follow the strongest pheromone path.The strongest pheromone path is advantageous to ants seeking food.So,for example,when ants leave the nest,they deposit a pheromone trail along the route they take.If they find food,they return to the nest on the same path and the pheromone trail gets stronger—it's doubled in strength.Because an ant that took a shorter path returns first,its pheromone trail is stronger,and other ants will follow it, according to rule2.And as more ants travel that path,the pheromone trail gets even stronger.So,what's happening here?Each ant follows two very basic rules,and each ant acts on information it finds in its immediate local environment.And it's important to note: Even though none of the individual ants is aware of the bigger plan,they collectively choose the shortest path between the nest and a food source because it's the most reinforced path.By the way,a-a few of you have asked me about the relevance of what we're studying to everyday life.And swarm intelligence offers several good examples of how concepts in biology can be applied to other fields.Well,businesses have been able to use this approach of following simple rules when designing complex systems,for instance,in telephone networks.When a call is placed from one city to another,it has to connect through a number of nodes along the way.At each point,a decision has to be made:Which direction does the call go from here?Well,a computer program was developed to answer this question based on rules that are similar to the ones that ants use to find food.Remember,individual ants deposit pheromones,and they follow the path that is most reinforced.Now,in the phone network,a computer monitors the connection speed of each path, and identifies the paths that are currently the fastest—the least crowded parts of the network.And this information,converted into a numeric code,is deposited at the network nodes.This reinforces the paths that are least crowded at the moment. The rule the telephone network follows is to always select the path that is most reinforced.So,similar to the ant's behavior,at each intermediate node,the call follows the path that is most reinforced.This leads to an outcome which is beneficial to the network as a whole,and calls get through faster.But getting back to animal behavior,another example of swarm intelligence is the way flocks of birds are able to fly together so cohesively.How do they coordinate their movements and know where they're supposed to be?Well,it basically boils down to three rules that each bird seems to follow.Rule1:Stay close to nearby birds.Rule2:Avoid collision with nearby birds.And rule3:Move in the average speed and direction of nearby birds.Oh,and by the way,if you're wondering how this approach can be of practical use for humans:The movie industry had been trying to create computer-generated flocks of birds in movie scenes.The question was how to do it easily on a large scale?A researcher used these threerules in a computer graphics program,and it worked!There have also been attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people using this bird flocking model of swarm intelligence.However,I'm not surprised that more research is needed.The three rules I mentioned might be great for bird simulations,but they don't take into account the complexity and unpredictability of human behavior.So,if you want to create crowds of people in a realistic way,that computer model might be too limited.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Various methods that ants use to locate foodB.A collective behavior common to humans and animalsC.A type of animal behavior and its application by humansD.Strategies that flocks of birds use to stay in formation2.According to the professor,what behavior plays an important role in the way ants obtain food?A.Ants usually take a different path when they return to their nest.B.Ants leave chemical trails when they are outside the nest.C.Small groups of ants search in different locations.D.Ants leave pieces of food along the path as markers.3.What are two principles of swarm intelligence based on the ant example?[Click on2answers.]A.Individuals are aware of the group goal.B.Individuals act on information in their local environment.C.Individuals follow a leader's guidance.D.Individuals instinctively follow a set of rules.4.According to the professor,what path is followed by both telephone calls on a network and ants seeking food?A.The path with the least amount of activityB.The most crowded pathC.The path that is most reinforcedD.The path that has intermediate stopping points5.Why does the professor mention movies?A.To identify movie scenes with computer-simulated flocks of birdsB.To identify a good source of information about swarm intelligenceC.To emphasize how difficult it still is to simulate bird flightD.To explain that some special effects in movies are based on swarm intelligence6.What is the professor's attitude about attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people?A.She believes that the rules of birds'flocking behavior do not apply to group behavior in humans.B.She thinks that crowd scenes could be improved by using the behavior of ant colonies as a model.C.She is surprised by how realistic the computer-generated crowds are.D.She is impressed that computer graphics can create such a wide range of emotions.答案C B BD C D A译文下面听一段生物学讲座的片段。

《新视野大学英语读写教程3》教案Unit 3 Let’s go一、单元教学概况（一）教学目标1. 知识目标（1）语言层面：学生能够学会并使用本单元重点词汇、短语、句型结构，并能够掌握主题相关词汇。

（2）内容层面：学生能够通过篇章学习，理解旅游的意义，了解不同的旅游方式。

2. 能力目标（1）词汇应用能力：学生能够使用主题相关词汇进行话题内容阐述。

• 学生能够描述一段旅行，意思表达准确，词汇丰富。

• 学生能够就旅行相关话题表达观点，同时能够就旅行话题相关观点进行分析评价。

（2）阅读能力：学生能够分析文章结构，了解不同的写作文体，并识别文章的写作风格。

（3）写作能力：学生能够准确进行因果关系论述，论点论据清晰，逻辑性强，并使用准确、丰富的标记词汇。

（4）应用能力：学生能够根据目的地制定多日旅行计划，学会制定日程表，内容全面。

（5）思辨能力：学生能够分析旅游的意义与可能遇到的挑战；能够比较、分析独自旅游的优劣势3.思政育人目标学生能够运用主题相关词汇介绍进入联合国世界文化遗产和自然遗产名录的中国景点，介绍自己家乡景点，培养学生家国情怀。

（二）教学基本内容本单元聚焦“旅行”主题，围绕三篇“旅行”主题相关的阅读素材，进行相关内容、词汇、技能等层面的学习，并在单元最后，应用单元所学，完成一个综合型产出任务。

本单元三篇学习素材各有侧重，旨在从不同维度加深学生对于旅游意义的思考：Text A阐释了旅行的意义，Text B描述了单独旅行的意义， Text C则介绍了一对老年夫妇在退休之后的旅行经历。

1. 词汇（1）重点词汇：ambiguity, cluster, compulsory, contemplate, drawback, globalization, groan, loosen, offset , stubborn, annoyance, cognitive, , trivial, be open to, endow...with, make up for, mi ngle with, more often than not, on sale, settle for, trade...for（2）主题相关词汇：Types of travel: trip, journey, voyage, ...Destinations: resorts, nature reserve, ...Describing a trip: adventurous, exciting, ... // tiring, exhausting, ...UNESCO world heritage sites in China: the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, ... Transportation and accommodation: HSR, metro, tram…;motel, hostel …2.技能• 阅读技能：梳理篇章结构、常用文体类型，并通过对比分析Text A和Text B写作特点，了解非正式语域的特点。

Outcome 4: Assessment task 2Supplement to the case studyThe mergerDavid and Neil had their usual Friday meeting. This week the main area for discussion was the business’s need to re-structure. This issue had increased in priority when Neil explained that John Colbert Civil Engineering Contractors had approached him about a merger. John Colbert Senior was about to retire and the firm believed that continued success and growth could best be accomplished by creating a business that would cater fully for both the design and development of civil and structural engineering projects. One main reason behind this was that more and more clients wanted cost savings that could be derived from the synergy that would result from dealing with one organisation for design and development. Although both firms had reputations for high quality work, increasing competition and the need to make efficiency savings was making it more and more important that the two businesses looked to new possibilities for managing and developing. Over the past four years the two firms had worked together on a number of projects and they were about to start work on two major developments: the new leisure complex and the office block for the Scottish Executive, the latter of which was only secured as a result of the close working arrangement of the two firms. John and Neil were also aware that successful completion of this project could lead to more Scottish Executive projects.Currently John, a chartered civil engineer, employed two teams. Each team comprised a team leader, digger driver and three qualified builders. When working on large developments the two teams would work on site together, but be responsible for different aspects of the site development. For instance, in road development, one team would concentrate on road production whilst the other team concentrated on bridges or pathways, depending on the design specification.Neil agreed with John that, from a business perspective, a merger of the two companies could be beneficial in a number of ways:The merger would primarily be beneficial because the engineers would have the formal authority to manage the construction staff. At the moment, as designers, there was an informal acceptance that the design engineer was in charge of a given project on site. A merger would help clarify this relationship.John’s firm was based out of town and, in addition to the space for his equipment, he had a large office that would cope with the additional staff from Barbour Brown. In the past, engineering consultants had always preferred to be based in town centres. This was mainly to allow clients easy access to the engineers. As a result of new technology and computer networks, design communication tended to be done through phone calls and email. It was very rarely that clients visited the offices. When meetings were essential, these tended to take place either on site or at the client’s main office. The building that housed the offices of Barbour Brown was in a prime town location that could beredeveloped. Aware of this potential, Neil was eager to give the merger his full consideration.In addition to the re-location, John also has a small, but efficient, administration team that handles reception, secretarial support, accounts and wages. Again, savings could be made by reducing the administration costs currently incurred by having two administration sections. Neil was aware that the merger, should it go ahead, would create some redundancies.Although not always keen to make major changes, David did agree that, since their business needed re-structured, the merger would provide the ideal reason for making changes to the current method of working, and the proposal to merge should go ahead.David and Neil星期五都有例会。

二、三级基本核心词汇A1.ability 能力，才能2.absent 不在的，缺席的3.accent 口音4.accident 意外事故，偶然事故5.achieve 完成，达到，实现6.action 行为，作用7.actor 男演员8.addition 加；附加9.advance 前进，推进10.advice 忠告，意见11.afraid 害怕的，恐怕12.agree 同意，赞成；一致13.aim 瞄准，目标14.alarm 惊吓，警报15.altogether 全部，总共16.amount 合计，数量17.analysis 分析，分解18.ancient 古代的，古老的19.animal 动物，动物的20.announce 通知，宣布21.anxious 忧虑的，担心的22.apartment 公寓，一套房间23.appear 出现，显现24.application 申请，应用25.approve 赞成，同意26.argue 辩论，争论27.arrange 排列，安排28.arrest 逮捕29.arrival 到达30.aside 在一边，旁边31.aspect 方面32.assure 保证；使确信33.attack 攻击，进攻34.attend 出席，参加35.attempt 企图，尝试36.attract 吸引，引起37.author 作者，作家38.authority 权力，权威39.average 平均的，普通的40.awake 醒，唤起B 1.base 基础；基地2.bath 洗澡3.beach 海滨，海滩4.beat 打，拍5.beef 牛肉6.beer 啤酒7.believe 相信；认为8.beneath 在…之下9.bicycle 自行车；骑自行车10.bill 账单；清单11.birth 出生，诞生；产生12.blank 空的，空白的13.blow 一击，殴打14.boil 烧开，沸腾15.bomb 炸弹，轰炸16.border 边(沿)，边界17.boring 无聊的，无趣的18.borrow 借19.bother 打扰，扰乱20.bottom 底，底部21. brain 脑, 头脑22. branch 分枝, 部门23. breath 呼吸, 气息,24. brief 摘要, 简短的25. bright 明亮的聪明的26. broad 宽的,广泛的27. build 建造, 建筑28. burst 爆裂,爆发29. bury 埋葬, 掩埋30. business 商业, 生意C1. cake 蛋糕, 饼, 块2. calm 平静的3. camera 照相机4. campus 校园5. cap 帽子, 戴帽子6. capable 能干的, 有可能的,7. capital 首都, 大写字母8. card 纸牌, 卡片9. career 事业, 生涯,10. case 事, 病例, 案例11. catch 捕捉, 赶上(车船等)12. cause 原因, 事业13. celebrate 庆祝, 赞美14. center 中心, 中央15. central 中心的16. century 世纪, 百年17. chairman 主席, 会长18. challenge 挑战19. champion 冠军20. channel 海峡,频道21. character 特征品质, 人物22. charge 费用, 主管23. chart 图表24. cheap 便宜的, 不值钱的25. check 支票, 检查26. cheer 愉快27. chemical 化学的, 化学制品28. cheque 支票29. chief 首领；主要的30. choice 选择（名）31. choose 选择（动）32. church 教堂, 教会33. cigarette 香烟, 纸烟34. cinema 电影院, 电影35. circle 圆周, 环绕36. claim 要求, 认领37. climate 气候38. climb 攀登, 爬39. cloud 云40. club 俱乐部, 夜总会41. coach 四轮大马车, 教练42. coast 海岸43. code 代码, 密码, 编码44. coin 硬币，铸造(硬币)45. collect 收集, 聚集46. combine 使结合，使联合47. comfort 安慰,慰问48. command 命令49. comment 评论50. commerce 商业,贸易51. committee 委员会52. common 普通的;常见的53. communicate 沟通,交流54. community 社区55. companion 同伴, 伴侣, 朋友56. compare 对比, 比较57. compete 竞争, 对抗, 比赛58. concern 担心, 使不安59. conclude 结束, 推断出, 决定60. conduct 实施, 管理61. confident 确信的, 自信的62. confirm 证实, 批准63. connect 连接,连结64. consider 考虑, 考虑到65. construction 建造, 建设66. contact 接触, 交往67. content 满足的, 内容68. continue 继续, 持续69. contract 契约, 合同70. control 控制, 支配71. convenient 合宜的, 方便的72. conversation 会话, 谈话73. convince 使信服, 说服74. cooperate 合作,协作75. corner 角, 街角76. correspond 符合,一致77. cost 费用, 成本78. count 计算, 数79. couple (一)双; 夫妇80. courage 胆量, 英勇81. course 课程, 科目82. cover 遮盖, 覆盖83. crash 碰撞, 坠落84. crazy 疯狂的, 狂热的85. cream 奶油, 乳脂86. create 创造;创作;设计87. creature 生物;动物88. crime 罪, 犯罪活动89. cruel 残忍的,残酷的90. culture 文化,教养91. cure 治愈, 治疗92. curious 好奇的, 求知的93. current 当前的, 通用的94. curse 诅咒, 咒语95. curtain 窗帘, 门帘96. custom 习惯, 风俗97. customs 海关97. cycle 周期, 循环, 自行车D1. daily 每日的, 日常的2. damage 损害, 伤害3. danger 危险, 威胁4. date 日期, 约会5. dawn 黎明, 拂晓6. deal 交易, 处理7. death 死, 死亡8. decade 十年, 十9. decide 决定, 判决10. declare 断言, 宣称11. defeat 击败, 战胜12. defend 防护, 辩护13. degree 度数, 程度学位14. delicious 美味的15. demand 要求, 需求(量)16. department 部门, 系17. depend 依靠, 依赖18. desert 沙漠, 放弃, 遗弃19. desire 想望, 期20. detail 细节, 详情21. destroy 破坏, 毁坏, 消灭22. determine 决定, 确定,23. develop 发展, 洗印24. devote 投入于, 献身25. dial 刻度盘, 拨26. difference 差异27. difficulty 困难, 难点28. direction 方向, 指导, 趋势29. disagree 不一致, 不同意30. discover 发现, 发觉31. disease 疾病, 弊病32. distance 距离, 远离33. divide 分开, 隔开34. doubt 怀疑, 疑问35. dozen 一打, 十二个36. drug 药, <俗> 吸毒37. duck 鸭子38. during 在...的期间39. duty 义务, 责任E1. eager 热心于, 渴望着2. earn 赚, 挣得3. earthquake 地震, [喻]在震荡4. economic 经济的, 经济学的5. educate 教育, 训练6. effect 效能，效果，7. elect 推选, 选(举)8. electricity 电，电学9. emotion 情感，情绪10. employ 雇用11. empty 空的，空着的12. energy 能，能量。

1. IntroductionIn both the consumer and trade market, Zen plastics are a manufacturer of moulded plastic products. Recently, they are concentrate on domestic market but now they are looking for a new international market. There are advices that given to them on decision making and strategy before they enter the international market, this is the purpose of the report.2. The selection of suitable product requirementsMeet customer needsThey must know the Australia customers’needs well while entering the Australia market, such as the color, size, style and the goods. Zen plastics will avoid unlucky logo so that can suit customers flavor.Meet legal requirementsWhile entering the Australia market, Zen plastics should know the low of Australia and observe it. Therefore they have to meet the legal requirements of Australia. After this, Zen plastics can trade and make business well in their range. The international trade agreements will be negotiated. While negotiating, Zen plastics must obey the rules that accord with Australia low. Australian are pay attention to what Zen plastics’influences to them, such as the risk of trade between them and the environment polluted issues. When Zen plastics exporting, they must avoid these issues so that promoting business trade.3. Evaluate the types of promotion required for success in the Australian marketThere are four type of promotion required for success in the Australia market that Zen plastics would choose to promotion, they are advertising, personal selling, public relations, sales promotion.As for the advertising, it success or not depend on its words, sometimes words are translate to other language that lose its meaning. The message must be translated in such a way to keep the meaning intact. Except this, the other is the medium, different countries with different level of prosperous should choose different medium which are suitable for the situation of the country.As for the personal selling, as the name suggests this involves the use of sales people in the international market. To the exporter, there are four potions, appoint a team of sales people who are based at the company headquarters, appoint sales people abroad, open up a branch office in the selected market and appoint a sales force to work from that branch and appoint an agent.While using personal selling, there are some point should be considered. The size of the market to be covered, the extent of effective of personal selling in the market, the number of potential customers.Public relations are press coverage in the overseas market. The definition of PR is usually given as: the deliberate planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its public. The strategies are normally long term and take account of problems that may befall the company. The PR function is both damage limitation and to try and put a positive spin on events. Additional information about overseas countries can be obtained from the Department of Trade and Industry, which has oversea desk for every country in the world.Sales promotion generally covers marketing activities, but not the personal selling or public relations. The basic points are: Demonstrations, exhibitions, catalogues, special offer stamps, buy three for the price two or buy one get one free (BOGOF), special offers, competitions , coupons , free samples and sponsorship.For Zen plastics, making advertisement is the best choice. Also, Zen plastics can put the advertising board on the streets, buildings, or even on the buses and subways which are the most common places of a person’s normal life. This is a effective way for promotion.4. Identify and evaluate the factors that would affect pricing decisions.The price strategy is a very important part when exporting. Zen plastics have to consider the cost of producing the product. The sale price of the product must be higher than the total cost of the product, or the company won’t get any profit.The customers’ buying ability also be considered by Zen plastics. The company has to know the average income and also the disposable income of the consumers. The company will lose money and market share if the price of the product is higher than their ability to pay, then no one will buy the product.Zen plastics also have to consider the competition, The price of Zen plastics shouldn’t be too much higher than the competitors, it is the best choice if the price is the samewith the competitors or much cheaper than the competitors, which can attract the consumers.The exchange rate, , there must be the exchange of the money, so the company has to consider the rate, the selling price must include the extra money of the exchange rate when exporting to another country5. Select suitable distribution channels to be used in the Australian market.The distribution channels to be used by Zen plastics in the Australia market are appoint an agent and wholesalers.AgentThere are advantages of it, the agent will be familiar with the language, customs and market in that country, the agent will already be established in that country with similar products, the export can test the market without incurring high capital investments, the initial investment cost is low and results may be immediate.There are also disadvantages of it, if the exporter dose not support the agent with time and money, the agent may become dissatisfied and may not give the product the amount of time it deserves. This will lead to falling sales, most agents offer a number of product line and can not give their undivided attention to just one product. WholesalersAdvantages of wholesalers are: relatively inexpensive way for an exporter to test out a foreign market, low financial investment required, wholesaler ensures good market coverage.Disadvantages of it: if you have to appoint an intermediary such as a wholesaler they will add a percentage onto the producer’s price to ensure they make a profit, there is reduced profit for the producer, you may need to offer incentives for the wholesaler which may include promotional material, special offers and you may need to offer support in the form of in store demonstrations, training and merchandising.The agents are more suitable than the wholesaler for Zen Plastics. Since the profit is the most important thing for Zen plastics, so they have to pay attention to getting as more profit as they can.。

2017级B1班第一学期词汇使用说明：从第6周到第17周，共12周，每周要求学生记20个单词或者短语，总共240个。

其中，需要说明的是，第7、10、13、16周的单词任务里分别包含了课本Unit 1，Unit 4，Unit 5，Unit 6单词表中的四级高频或常考词汇(这样编排主要是参照了教学进度安排表中的授课进度)。

第6周1. absence [ˈæbsəns] n.缺席,不在•Ms. Lee will be in charge during my absence (=while I am away).2. necessity [niˈsesiti] n.必需品；必要(性)，(迫切)需要•Most people seem to consider a car a necessity, not a luxury.3. absorb [əbˈsɔ:b] vt.吸收；吸引…的注意•It's hard to absorb so much information.•Simon was so absorbed in his computer game that he didn't notice me come in.4. candidate [ˈkændideit] n.申请求职者；应试者；候选人•They are interviewing candidates for the job of sales managers.5. imply [imˈplai] vt.暗示，含有…的意思•What did she imply in her words?6. abstract [ˈæbstrækt] a.抽象(派)的； n.摘要•Reading improves your ability to imagine and your abstract thinking skills.7. capacity [kəˈpæsiti] n.容量，容纳人数；才能，产能•The new stadium has a seating capacity of 50,000.•Last year the American car industry had the capacity to make 17 million vehicles.8. illustrate [ˈiləstreit] vt.说明，阐明；给……作插图说明•Let me give an example to illustrate the point.9. abuse [əˈbju:z] n./ vt.滥用；虐待•Drug and alcohol abuse contributed to his early death.•She was physically abused as a child.10. casual [ˈkæʒuəl] a.随便的，随意的；偶然的；临时的•On Friday, staff were allowed to wear casual clothes to work.11. academic [ˌækəˈdemik] a.学校(院)的；学术的 n.大学教师•Harvard is a university with high academic standards.12. characteristic [ˌkæriktəˈristik] n.特性，特征•The UK shares many characteristics with other European countries. 13. accurate [ˈækjurət] a.正确无误的；准确的，精确的•We hope to become more accurate in predicting earthquakes.14. launch [ˈlɔ:ntʃ] vt.发动，推出；上市，发行；•The organization has launched a campaign to raise $150,000.•BBC is going to launch a new women’s magazine this year.15. commercial [kəˈmə:ʃəl] a.商业(务)的，贸易的；n.商业广告•The film was a huge commercial success.•We'll be right back with you after a commercial break.16. communication [kəˌmju:niˈkeiʃən] n.交流，沟通；通信，通信工具•The school is improving communication between teachers and parents.17. benefit [ˈbenifi t] n.好处，利益； vt.有益于； vi.得益•It is highly questionable whether this drug has any benefits at all. •Many thousands have benefited from the new treatment.18. comment [ˈkɔment] n.评论，意见；闲话，议论 vt./vi.评论，谈论•I don't want any comments on my new haircut, thank you!•The official refused to comment on the matter.19. behavior [biˈheiviə] n.行为，举止，表现；•Did you notice anything abnormal about his behavior?20. available [əˈveiləbəl] a.可用的，可获得的；有空的•Are there any tickets still available for Saturday’s concert?•Mr. Wang is on holiday and was not available for comment.第7周1. associate [əˈsəuʃieit] vt.使联合，使联系起来； a.副的•Most people associate this brand with good quality.•Mr. Lin became associate director of this institution last month.2. assignment [əˈsainmənt] n.(分配的)工作，(指定的)作业； assign vt.指派，分配•He stayed up late to complete a class assignment which would be due on Friday.3. tedious [ˈti:diəs] a.乏味的，冗长的•It was a tedious lecture and I almost fell asleep.4. reputation [repjuˈteiʃən] n.名声，名誉•Over the years, the company has gained a worldwide reputation for making quality products.5. inspire [inˈspaiə] vt.鼓舞，激励；给…以灵感•I hope this success will inspire you to work harder.6. formal [ˈfɔ:məl] a.正式的，正规的；刻板的，拘谨的•We insist on formal dress for that dinner party.7. excessive [ikˈsesiv] a.过分的，过度的； excessively ad.过分地•They accused the police of using excessive force.8. severe [siˈviə] a.严重的；朴素的•In parts of Africa there is a severe food/water shortage.9. tackle [ˈtækəl] vt.处理，应付•With the development of technology, we now have new ways to tackle crime. 10. distribute [diˈstribju:t] vt.分发，分送，分配•Food and medicine have been distributed to citizens after the earthquake.11. scan [skæn] vt.浏览，粗略地看•I scanned the page for her name.12. extraordinary [ikˈstrɔ:dinəri] a.不平常的，特别的，非凡的•He's the most extraordinary man I've ever met.13. image [ˈimidʒ] n.形象；印象；图像•The politician wants to give the public a positive image.14. put down写下•Put down your name and address here.15. command [kəˈmɑ:nd] n./ vt.命令；掌握•The army is under the king's direct command.•He commanded his troops to attack the enemy.•I have a good command of French and I speak English fluently.16. discipline [ˈdisiplin] n.纪律；惩罚，处分•Exercising at home alone requires a tremendous amount of self-discipline.17. what’s more此外•I’ve been fortunate to find a career that I love and, what's more, I get well paid for it. 18. hold back控制（感情、眼泪等）•She struggled to hold back her tears.19. avoid [əˈvɔid] vt.避免•They managed to avoid paying taxes.20. career [kəˈriə] n.生涯，职业•He realized that his acting career was over.(来自Unit 1 Text A)第8周1. tradition [trəˈdiʃən] n.传统，惯例•The region has a tradition of wine making which goes back to Roman times.2. maintain [meinˈtein] vt.维持；保持；坚持•Britain wants to maintain its position as a world power.•Educators maintain that these reforms will lead to a decline in educational standards.3. registration [ˌredʒiˈstreiʃən] n.登记，注册•There is a high voter registration rate which means many people will be voting for the first time.4. compare to相比，比得上；把……比作•They all started to compare him to Lei Feng.5. represent [ˌrepriˈzent] vt.代表，象征；表现•He was chosen to represent France at the Olympics.6. expectation [ˌekspekˈteiʃən] n.期待，预期•His performance did not live up to our expectations (=was not as good as we expected). 7. significance [sigˈnifikəns] n.意义，意思；重要性，重大•The police said the new evidence was of great significance.8. innocent [ˈinəsənt] a.(of) 无辜的；天真的，无知的•Several innocent citizens were killed in the terrorist attack.•He is innocent of murder.•She is so innocent that she doesn't understand anything which is happening around.9. estimate [ˈestimət, ˈestimeit] vt.估计，估量•Scientists estimate that smoking reduces life expectancy by around 12 years on average. 10. tough [tʌf] a.不幸的；困难的；坚强的；牢固的•We've had to make some tough decisions.•You have to be tough to be successful in business.11. postpone [pəustˈpəun] vt.推迟，延期•Due to the bad weather, the match had to be postponed until next week.12. reference [ˈrefərəns] n.提及，提到；查阅，参考•The official made only a passing reference to the problem of unemployment (=he mentioned it quickly).•Keep their price list for future reference (=so that it can be looked at in the future).13. absolute [ˈæbsəlu:t] a.绝对的，完全的•Some of the advertisements on TV is absolute rubbish.14. destination [ˌdestiˈneiʃən] n.目的地，终点；目标，目的•Hong Kong is a popular tourist destination for many westerners.15. extent [ikˈstent] n.程度，范围•To some extent, she was responsible for the accident.16. injury [ˈindʒəri] n.伤害，损伤• A pair of good shoes will lessen the risk of injury when one plays sports.17. despair [diˈspeə] n.绝望•She committed suicide in despair.18. principle [ˈprinsəpl] n.信条，原则，原理•It’s against my principles to accept gifts from clients.19. highlight [ˈhailait] n.最精彩的部分；最重要的事件；vt.强调，突出•Your résumé should highlight your skills and achievements.•We were looking forward to seeing the pyramids, which would definitely be the highlight of our trip in Egypt.20. bring about 引起，导致• A huge amount of environmental damage has been brought about by the destruction of the rainforests.第9周1. global [ˈgləubəl] a.全球的，世界的•Scientists from all the countries have been discussing global warming and its possible effects.2. ensure [inˈʃuə] vt.保证，担保，确保•Please ensure that all examination papers have your name at the top.3. inform [inˈfɔ:m] vt.通知，告诉•We are sorry to inform you that your application has been rejected.4. grasp [grɑ:sp] n./ vt.抓紧，抓牢；理解，领会•She is ready to grasp any opportunity to expand the business.•Steven has a good grasp of the European legal system.5. concept [ˈkɔnsept] n.概念，观念•We had no concept that this tiny mistake would ruin the whole plan.6. sufficient [səˈfiʃənt] a.足够的，充分的•The money I have saved is sufficient for buying a car.7. convey [kənˈvei] vt.表达，传达•They asked me to convey their sincere apology to you.8. responsibility [ˌrispɔnsəˈbiliti] n.责任•It is your responsibility to make sure that the assignment is done on time.9. contact [ˈkɔntækt] n.联系；vt.与……联系(接触)•Asians tend to avoid having direct eye contact with strangers.•You can contact me on 3889146.10. civilization [ˌsivilaiˈzeiʃən] n.文明•Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world.11. immediately [iˈmi:diətli] ad.立即，马上•He retired immediately after Christmas.12. victim [ˈviktim] n.牺牲品，受害者•Children are the innocent victims of wars.13. frustrate [frʌˈstreit] vt.使沮丧，使灰心；挫败•He always turns me down. It really frustrates me.14. outcome [ˈautkʌm] n.结果•It was impossible to predict the outcome of the election.15. gradual [ˈgrædʒuəl] a.逐渐的，渐变的•There has been a gradual increase in the number of people owning cars.16. process [ˈprəuses] n.过程，进程•Increasing the number of women in top management jobs will be a slow process.17. conclusion [kənˈklu:ʒən] n.过程，进程•In conclusion, I would like to thank our guest speaker for her inspiring talk this morning.18. professional [prəˈfeʃənəl] a.职业的，专业的； n.专业人员•Everyone considering buying a house should seek professional advice.19. challenge [ˈtʃælindʒ] n.质问；挑战； vt. 反向…挑战；对…质疑•The company is ready to meet the challenges of entering a new market. •Nowadays no one will challenge the fact that the earth is round.20. organic [ɔ:ˈgænik] a.有机(体)的，有机物的•People’s interest in organic food is increasing in recent years.第10周1. assume [əˈsju:m] vt. 假设，以为；•I didn’t see your car, so I assumed you had gone out.2. work out制定出；解决；运动，锻炼•The UN has worked out a set of proposals to solve the economic problems.•Don't worry - everything will work out in the end.•She works out in the gym every day.3. determination [diˌtə:miˈneiʃən] n.决心，决定；•Determination and hard work led Susan from poverty to success.4. personnel [ˌpə:səˈnel] n.[总称] 全体人员，全体职员；人事部门•All personnel must attend the meeting.•He is the personnel manager of this company.5. precision [priˈsiʒən] n.精确(性)，精密(度)•She parked the car with great precision.6. turn down拒绝•Dan had two offers and he turned down the one at the investment bank.7. instrument [ˈinstrumənt] n.仪器，器械，工具•All students at this school have the opportunity to learn a musical instrument.8. loan [ləun] n.贷款，借，贷；vt. 借出，贷给•It’ll be years before we’ve paid off th e loan.9. reluctant [riˈlʌktənt] a.不情愿的，勉强的•Peter was reluctant to talk about his unfortunate marriage.10. discard [disˈkɑ:d] vt. 丢弃，抛弃•People who discard their litter in the streets would be fined heavily.11. hardware [ˈhɑ:dwɛə] n.(计算机的)硬件；五金器具•The company has spent millions of dollars replacing outdated computer hardware.12. confidence [ˈkɔnfidəns] n.信心•I have complete confidence in Mr. White. He'll be perfect for the job.13. amaze [əˈmeiz] vt. 使惊愕，使诧异•He amazed us by his knowledge of Chinese history.14. abandon [əˈbændən] vt. 抛弃，放弃•We were sinking fast, and the captain gave the order to abandon ship.15. property [ˈprɔpəti] n.财产，所有物；(房)地产•The hotel is not responsible for any loss of guests’ personal property.•He owns a number of properties in the centre of London.16. sponsor [ˈspɔnsə] n.发起者，主办者；保证人； vt.发起，主办；资助•Coca Cola is a major sponsor of the Olympics.•The team is sponsored by NIKE, so the players wear the letters NIKE on their shirts.17. amuse [əˈmju:z] vt. 逗乐；给…提供娱乐•I bought a magazine to amuse myself while I was on the train.18. approach [əˈprəutʃ] v.接近；n.途径，方式，方法•Christmas is approaching. Do you have any plans?•He decided to adopt a different approach to teaching the Bible, maybe through story-telling.19. handle [ˈhændl] n.柄，把手；vt.处理，应付；操纵•She turned the handle and slowly opened the door.•If you can't handle the job I'll get someone else to do it.20. vision [ˈviʒən] n.远见；想象(力)，幻想，幻觉；视力，视觉•The first Emperor of Qin was a man of grand vision and he played a significant role in the history of China.•She suffered temporary loss of vision after the accident.(来自Unit 4 Text A)第11周1. assist [əˈsist] n./ v.帮助，协助；assistance [əˈsistəns] n.帮助，援助•Julia was assisting him to prepare his speech.•She can still come downstairs with assistance but she's very weak.2. assure [əˈʃuə] vt.使确信，使放心•Government officials recently assured Hindus of protection.3. competitive [kəmˈpetitiv] a.好竞争的；有竞争力的•I'm a very competitive person.•Our prices are competitive.4. indifferent [inˈdifrənt] a.冷漠的，不关心的，不积极的；一般的•People have become indifferent to the suffering of others.5. complain [kəmˈplein] vi.抱怨，诉苦 complaint [kəmˈpleint] n.抱怨•The American couple complained about the high cost of visiting Europe.•People have been reluctant to make formal complaints to the police.6. increasingly [inˈkri:siŋli] ad.日益，越来越多地•He was finding it increasingly difficult to make decisions.7. complicated [ˈkɔmplikeitid] a.复杂的，难懂的•The situation in Lebanon is very complicated.8. confirm [kənˈfə:m] vt.进一步确定，确认；证实，证明•Could you confirm the dispatch date?•His letter confirmed everything.9. individual [ˌindiˈvidʒuəl] a.单独的，个人的；独特的；n.个人(体)•They wait for the group to decide rather than making individual decisions.•No individual shall overtop the law.10. adapt [əˈdæpt] vt.使适应(合)；修改，改编；vi. (to) 适应•It's hard to adapt this novel for children.•They have had to adapt themselves to a war economy.11. adopt [əˈdɔpt] vt.收养；采取(纳，用)；通过，批准•There are hundreds of people desperate to adopt a child.•They adopt new techniques in raising sheep.12. indispensable [ˌindiˈspensəbəl] a.必不可少的，必需的•She was becoming indispensable to him.13. location [ləuˈkeiʃən] n.位置，场所；(电影的)外景拍摄地•The first thing he looked at was his office's location.14. lower [ˈləuə] a.较低的；下面的；vt.放下，降低，缩小•The nation's highest court reversed the lower court's decision.•The Central Bank has lowered interest rates by 2 percent.15. comparison [kəmˈpærisən] n.比较，对照•We can only tell good from bad by comparison.16. apply [əˈplai] vi.申请 vt.使用，应用•I am continuing to apply for jobs.•We should not only know the theory but also how to apply it to practice.17. conflict [ˈkɔnflikt, kənˈflikt] n.冲突，争论•This is an irreconcilable conflict.18. limitation [ˌlimiˈteiʃən] n.限制，限度；[常 pl.] 局限•All the talk had been about the limitation of nuclear weapons.•Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.19. appreciate [əˈpri:ʃieit] vt.赏识；为…表示感激；领会•Anyone can appreciate our music.•I'd appreciate it if you wouldn't mention it.20. insure [inˈʃuə] vt.给…保险，投保；保证，确保•I'd like to insure this package for 50 dollars.•His talent and dedication will insure his success.第12周1. indicate [ˈindikeit] vt.指出；表明• A survey of retired people has indicated that most are independent and enjoying life.2. reject [riˈdʒekt] vt.拒绝•He rejected their offer of a job.3. accuse [əˈkju:z] vt.指控，控告，指责•How dare you accuse me of lying!4. achievement [əˈtʃi:vmənt] n.成就，成绩 achieve [əˈtʃi:v] vt.完成，实现•I felt a great sense of achievement when I reached the top of the mountain.•I've achieved only half of what I'd hoped to do.5. interpret [inˈtə:prit] vi./vt.口译；vt.解释，诠释•To interpret at the UN is a difficult task.•She interpreted his silence as arrogance.6. critical [ˈkritikəl] a.批评(判)的，挑剔的；决定性的，关键性的•Our clients are very critical on quality.•The President's support is critical to this project.7. criticize [ˈkritisaiz] vt.批评，批判•Basically, there is nothing to criticize in his works.8. alternative [ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv] a.两者择一的，供替代的；n.取舍；可供选择的食物•For vegetarian guests there is an alternative menu.•New ways to treat headache may provide an alternative to painkillers.9. mission [ˈmiʃən] n.使命，任务，天职•Tom’s mission was to help young people in his local community to find a job. 10. infer [inˈfə:] vt.推论，推断•We can infer from the evidence that the victim knew her killer.11. annual [ˈænjuəl] a.年度的，一年一次的•The school trip has become an annual event.12. budget [ˈbʌdʒit] n.预算•Congress has approved the new educational budget.13. isolate [ˈaisəleit] vt.使隔离，使孤立•We should never isolate ourselves from the masses.14. arouse [əˈrauz] vt.引起，唤起•His sufferings aroused our sympathy.15. commitment [kəˈmitmənt] n.承诺；献身•If you are serious about our relationship, you should make a commitment.•We want to demonstrate our commitment to human rights.16. inevitable [iˈnevitəbəl] a.不可避免的•But most agree that change is inevitable.17. approach [əˈprəutʃ] v.接近；n.途径，方式，方法•Christmas is approaching. Do you have any plans?•He decided to adopt a different approach to teaching the Bible, maybe through story-telling.18. motivate [ˈməutiveit] vt.激励，激发• A good teacher is one who can motivate his students.19. artificial [ˌɑ:tiˈfiʃəl] a.人工(造，为)的；虚假的•There are several artificial lakes in this city.•She welcomed us with an artificial smile on her face.20. burden [ˈbə:dn] n.重担,负荷•The developing countries bear the burden of an enormous external debt.第13周1. instant [ˈinstənt] n.瞬间；立即a.(食品)已配制好的，调制快速方便的，速溶的•In the desert, dust storms can rise up in an instant.•instant coffee; instant noodles;2. classic [ˈklæsik] a.典型的；传统的；古典的； n.经典；杰作•Dan is a classic example of a child who's clever but lazy.•Jane Austen's 'Pride and Prejudice' is a classic of English literature.3. retire [riˈtaiə] vi.退休(役)•My mom retired from the company in 1990 at age 60.4. executive [igˈzekjutiv] n.管理人员，行政领导；行政部门； a.行政的•Tim Cook is the current Chief Executive Office of Apple.5. survivor [səˈvaivə] n.幸存者，生还者 survive vi.幸存•She was the only survivor of the air crash.6. give up 放弃•I've given up trying to persuade Sara to come - she's just not interested. 7. compete [kəmˈpi:t] vi.竞争，比赛•It's difficult for a small store to compete against/with the big malls.8. care for 照顾•She has to stay at home to care for her elderly mother.9. manufacture [ˌmænju:ˈfæktʃə] n./ vt.(大量)制造•He works for a company that manufactures car parts.10. embarrass [imˈbærəs] vt.使尴尬，使局促不安•My dad always embarrasses me in front of my friends.11. odd [ɔd] a.奇怪的；临时的，零散的；• It seems odd to me that no one has seen him.•After his father died he did a lot of odd jobs to pay for the tuition and fees.12. favorite [ˈfeivərit] n.特别喜爱的人(或物)； a.特别受喜爱的•I like all the books on the shelf but this one is my favorite.13. replace [ri:ˈpleis] vt.代替，取代 replacement； n.接替者，替代物•The factory replaced most of its workers with robots.14. finance [ˈfainæns] n.财政，金融 [ pl.] 财力；vt.提供(筹措)资金•He is a well-known expert in finance.•The concerts are financed by the Arts Council.15. inquiry [inˈkwaiəri] n.打听，询问•I've made some inquiries about the company’s new product.16. priority [praiˈɔriti] n.优先(权)，重点；优先考虑的事•List your tasks in order of priority.17. relax [riˈlæks] v.放松，(使)松弛• A hot bath should help you to relax.18. detail [ˈdi:teil] n.细节，详情•She told me the plan in detail.19. schedule [ˈʃedju:l] n.时刻表，日程；清单•David had a very tight schedule for the trip. (=including a lot of things that must be done in a short time).20. exchange [iksˈtʃeindʒ] vt.互换，交换；交流•May I exchange seats with you?第14周1. analysis [əˈnæləsis] n.分析•We did an analysis of the way that government money has been spent in the past.2. considerate [kənˈsidərit] a.体贴的，考虑周到的•I think he's the most charming, most considerate man I've ever known.3. considerable [kənˈsidərəbəl] a.相当大(或多)的•It is a considerable sum of money.4. approve [əˈpru:v] vt.批准；认可 vi.(of)赞成•The president has approved a program of radical economic reforms.•I didn't approve of his manner.•I approved of the proposal.5. influence [ˈinfluəns] n.影响(力)； vt.影响•I have rather a large influence over a good many people.•The angry crowds could influence the government.6. consequence [ˈkɔnsikwəns] n.后果；重要(性)•An economic crisis may have tremendous consequences for our global security.•It’s of no consequence.7. neglect [niˈglekt] vt.忽视，忽略•No country can afford to neglect education.8. consumption [kənˈsʌmpʃən] n.消耗量；消耗，消费•There's too great a consumption of alcohol in China.•The government encourages individual consumption.9. interaction [ˌintəˈrækʃən] n.相互作用，互动•Price is determined through the interaction of demand and supply.10. moral [ˈmɔrəl] a.道德的，有道德的•We differ about moral standards.11. contrary [ˈkɔntrəri] a.(to) 相反的，对抗的•My sister's taste in dresses is contrary to my own.12. intensive [inˈtensiv] a.密集的，十分细致的•An intensive search failed to reveal any clues.13. curiosity [ˌkjuəriˈɔsiti] n.好奇(心)•To satisfy our own curiosity we traveled to Baltimore.14. literature [ˈlitərətʃə] n.文学，文学作品•She majors in English literature.15. inferior [inˈfiəriə] a.劣等的n.下级，下属•They never sell inferior goods.• A gentleman should always be civil, even to his inferiors.16. authority [ɔ:ˈθɔriti] n.权力机构，官方；权威•The government is the highest authority in the country.•We see him as an authority on the subject.17. aware [əˈweə] a.意识到的，知道的•Smokers are well aware of the dangers to their own health.18. intend [inˈtend] vt.打算，计划 intention n.意图，打算•My husband trusts me and I don't intend to break that trust.•What do you think was the author's intention in this passage?19. investigate [inˈvestigeit] v.调查，调查研究•The police are investigating the murder.20. limited [ˈlimitid] a.有限的• A limited number of cars is available.第15周1. upset [ʌpˈset] vt.使心烦意乱，使苦恼； a.心烦的•She warned me not to say anything to upset him.•Mike got very upset when I told him the news.2. ignorant [ˈignərənt] a.(of)不知道的；无知的，愚昧的；ignorance n.无知，愚昧•Many young people are ignorant of recent history.3. senior [ˈsi:niə] a.地位高的；年长的 n.年长者；毕业班学生•We work in the same department but she is senior to me.•I took French when I was a senior.4. financial [fəˈnænʃəl] a.财政的，金融的•Wall Street is the financial center of the US.5. accumulate [əˈkju:mjuleit] vt.积累，积聚 (~ wealth/debt/evidence) •How can I accumulate enough cash to get out of debt?6. ancestor [ˈænsəstə] n.祖宗，祖先；先驱•My ancestors originally came from Ireland.7. intellect ual [ˌintiˈlektʃuəl] a.智力的，善于思维的；n.知识分子•I like romantic movies, nothing too intellectual.8. affect [əˈfekt] vt.影响•Smoking affects your health = Smoking has an effect on your health.9. industrial [inˈdʌstriəl] a.工业的，产业的•The government is giving high priority to industrial development. 10. function [ˈfʌŋkʃən] n.作用，功能； vi.运行，起作用•The main function of the Red Cross is to raise money for charity. •The alarm system was not functioning when the paintings were stolen.11. jam [dʒæm] n.果酱；拥挤； vi.发生故障；堵塞•We were stuck in a traffic jam for two hours.12. humble [ˈhʌmbəl] a.谦卑的；卑微的•He is very humble about his success.13. poverty [ˈpɔvəti] n.贫穷，贫困•According to the research, 41% of Brazilians live in poverty.14. leisure [ˈleʒə] n.空闲时间，闲暇•Reading is the most popular leisure activity for British people.15. luxury [ˈlʌkʃəri] n.奢侈，奢华；奢侈品•At the time, people generally had no money to spend on luxuries. 16. scare [skɛə] v.(使)惊慌，(使)恐惧•The recent bomb attacks have scared the tourists away.17. complex [ˈkɔmpleks] a.复合的；复杂的•The seminar focuses on the complex relationship between government, the military, and the media.18. manual [ˈmænjuəl] a.体力的；用手的，手工做的•25% of manual workers will lose their jobs as a result of company cutbacks.19. swear [sweə] v.宣誓，发誓•She swore that she was at home at the time of the accident.20. miracle [ˈmirəkl] n.奇迹，令人惊奇的人(或事)•He'll need a miracle to pass this test.第16周1. grand [grænd] a.宏伟的；壮丽的•The prince was brought up in the grand palace.2. reflect [riˈflekt] vt.反映，显示•Her sad looks reflected the thought passing through her mind.3. thoughtful [ˈθɔ:tfəl] a.深思的；体贴的•He had a thoughtful look on his face.• A thoughtful present is always appreciated.4. insight [ˈinsait] n.洞察力，深刻的见解•The book is filled with remarkable insights.5. previous [ˈpri:viəs] a.早先的，先前的•His previous attempts had been unsuccessful.6. locate [ləuˈkeit] vt.找到……的位置；使坐落于•We've simply been unable to locate him.•They decided to locate a new school in the suburbs.7. correspond [ˌkɔriˈspɔnd] vi.相类似；通信•The two maps of London correspond closely.•I correspond with him regularly.8. overseas [ˌəuvəˈsi:z] ad./ a.(在，去)海(国)外(的)•She is an overseas student in Britain.9. fertile [ˈfə:tail] a.肥沃的，富饶的•This fertile land bears the hopes of the farmers.10. sustain [səˈstein] vt.保持，使(努力等)持续下去；支持•They had sufficient food to sustain life.•The ice will not sustain your weight.11. slim [slim] a.苗条的；薄的；(机会)少的•I remember her as a slim young girl.•John hasn't worked enough, but there is still a slim chance that he will pass his examination.12. split [split] v.(使)分裂；破裂•She split the class into groups of four.13. keen [ki:n] a.强烈的；热切的，热衷的•I got quite keen on the idea.14. sensible [ˈsensəbəl] a.明智的，合情理的•It might be sensible to get a lawyer.15. hesitate [ˈheziteit] vi.犹豫，踌躇•She hesitated a long time and then she said 'Yes'.16. identify [aiˈdentifai] vt.识别，鉴定•Identify how the incident occurred.17. grateful [ˈgreitful] a.感激的•She was grateful to him for being so good to her.18. broaden [ˈbrɔ:dn] v.(使)变宽；(使)扩大•I thought you wanted to broaden your horizons.19. wisdom [ˈwizdəm] n.明智；智慧•She had acquired much wisdom during her long life.20. in response to 作为对……的回应•In response to their hospitality, we wrote a thank-you note.(来自Unit 6 Text A)第17周1. access [ˈækses] n.通道，入口；接近，进入•The only access to the village is by boat.2. benefit [ˈbenifit] n.好处，利益； vt.有益于； vi.得益•It is highly questionable whether this drug has any benefits at all.•Many thousands have benefited from the new treatment.3. device [diˈvais] n.装置，设备，器械•Rescuers used a special device for finding people trapped in collapsed buildings.4. discourage [disˈkʌridʒ] vt.使泄气，使灰心；阻止，劝阻•My father is a lawyer, and he discouraged me from entering the field.5. proceed [prəˈsi:d] vi.继续进行•She sat down and proceeded to tell me about her plan.6. competent [ˈkɔmpitənt] a.有能力的，能胜任的•I wouldn't say he was brilliant but he is competent to carry out the work.7. essential [iˈsenʃəl] a.必要的，最重要的•It is essential that our employees (should) be given the best possible training.8. concentrate on集中(注意力、精力等)于•She gave up her job to concentrate on writing a novel.9. solve [sɔlv] vt.解决，解答•The government of this city did nothing to solve the problem of unemployment.10. appropriate [əˈprəupriət] a.(适)恰当的•Is this film appropriate for young children?11. cut down减少•He cut down on coffee and cigarettes, and ate a balanced diet.12. effective [iˈfektiv] a.有效的•Exams are not the most effective method of assessing students’ abilities.13. confuse [kənˈfju:z] vt.使困惑•I always confuse you with your sister – you look so alike.14. communicate [kəˈmju:nikeit] vi.交流；vt.传达，传播•Parents sometimes find it difficult to communicate with their kids.15. strategy [ˈstrætidʒi] n.战略，策略•The firm is considering a change in its marketing strategy.。

新标准大学视听说4答案新标准大学视听说4是一本广泛使用的英语教材，它涵盖了大学英语四级考试所需的听力、口语和阅读能力。

作为学生，我们经常会遇到一些难题，需要及时查阅答案来核对自己的答案，以便更好地提高英语学习效率。

下面是新标准大学视听说4的部分答案，希望对大家有所帮助。

Unit 1。

Part I。

1. B2. A3. C4. D5. A。

Part II。

1. encourage2. confident3. effective4. fluent5. improve。

Part III。

1. What do you think of the movie we saw yesterday?2. How do you like the idea of going hiking this weekend?3. What's your opinion on the new English teacher?4. Do you have any thoughts on the plan for the school trip?Unit 2。

Part I。

1. C2. B3. A4. D5. C。

Part II。

1. affordable2. fascinating3. traditional4. comfortable5. reasonable。

1. What do you think about the idea of having a picnic this weekend?2. How do you feel about the new policy at work?3. What's your take on the issue of environmental protection?4. Do you have any opinions on the plan for the summer vacation?Unit 3。