工程造价专业课程名翻译

高级语言程序设计Advanced Language Programme Design工程造价治理Project Pricing Management工业行业技术评估概论Introduction to Industrial Technical Evaluation 公共关系Public Relations公关礼仪Etiquette for Public Relations治理沟通Managerial Communication国际关系与政治International Relationship and Politics国际技术贸易International Technology Trade机械制图Mechanical Drawing运算机科学Computer Science技术创新Technological Innovation技术经济Technological Economics价钱学Pricing建筑项目预算Constructive Project Budgeting金融治理软件Financial Management Software经济文献检索Economic Document Searching经济文写作Economic Article Writing经贸科研论文与写作Research Project on Economics & Trade伦理学Ethics逻辑学Logic社会保障Social Security社会调查Social Survey社会学Sociology世界经济概论Introduction to World Economy世界经贸地理World Geography for Economics and Trade世界市场行情World Market Survey世界政治经济与国际关系World Politics, Economy and International Relations 数据结构Database Structure数据库治理Database Management数据库及其应用Database and Applications数据模型与决策Digital Models and Decision-making外国经济地理Economic Geography of Foreign Countries外国经济史History of Foreign Economies外贸函电Business Correspondence for Foreign Trade外贸口语Oral English for Foreign Trade外贸实务Foreign Trade Practices物流运输打算治理Logistics Planning & management系统工程System Engineering现代国际政治与经济Contemporary International Politics and Economics信息分析Information Analysis信息技术与新组织Information Technology and New Organisations形式逻辑Formal Logic英语经贸文章选读Selected English Readings of Economic and Trade Literature 营销治理Marketing Management营运治理Operation Management运筹学Operations Research战略治理Strategic Management职业道德伦理Professional Ethics中国对外经贸政策与投资环境Chinese Foreign Trade Policy and Investment Environment中国对外贸易史History of Chinese Foreign Trade中国外贸概论Introduction to Chinese Foreign Trade资刊选读Selected Reading from Foreign Magazines组织行为学Organisational Behaviour大学课程英文名称（做英文成绩单有效）Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics 高等计算流体力学Advanced Mathematics 高等数学Advanced Numerical Analysis 高等数值分析Algorithmic Language 算法语言Analogical Electronics 模拟电子电路Artificial Intelligence Programming 人工智能程序设计Audit 审计学Automatic Control System 自动操纵系统Automatic Control Theory 自动操纵理论Auto-Measurement Technique 自动检测技术Basis of Software Technique 软件技术基础Calculus 微积分Catalysis Principles 催化原理Chemical Engineering Document Retrieval 化工文献检索Circuitry 电子线路College English 大学英语College English Test (Band 4) CET-4College English Test (Band 6) CET-6College Physics 大学物理Communication Fundamentals 通信原理Comparative Economics 比较经济学Complex Analysis 复变函数论Computational Method 计算方式Computer Graphics 图形学原理Computer Interface Technology 运算机接口技术Contract Law 合同法Cost Accounting 本钱会计Circuit Measurement Technology 电路测试技术Database Principles 数据库原理Design & Analysis System 系统分析与设计Developmental Economics 进展经济学Digital Electronics 数字电子电路Digital Image Processing 数字图像处置Digital Signal Processing 数字信号处置Econometrics 经济计量学Economical Efficiency Analysis for Chemical Technology 化工技术经济分析Economy of Capitalism 资本主义经济Electromagnetic Fields & Magnetic Waves 电磁场与电磁波Electrical Engineering Practice 电工实习Enterprise Accounting 企业会计学Equations of Mathematical Physics 数理方程Experiment of College Physics 物理实验Experiment of Microcomputer 微机实验Experiment in Electronic Circuitry 电子线路实验Fiber Optical Communication System 光纤通信系统Finance 财政学Financial Accounting 财务会计Fine Arts 美术Functions of a Complex Variable 单复变函数Functions of Complex Variables 复变函数Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformations 复变函数与积分变换Fundamentals of Law 法律基础Fuzzy Mathematics 模糊数学General Physics 一般物理Graduation Project(Thesis) 毕业设计（论文）Graph theory 图论Heat Transfer Theory 传热学History of Chinese Revolution 中国革命史Industrial Economics 工业经济学Information Searches 情报检索Integral Transformation 积分变换Intelligent robot(s); Intelligence robot 智能机械人International Business Administration 国际企业治理International Clearance 国际结算International Finance 国际金融International Relation 国际关系International Trade 国际贸易Introduction to Chinese Tradition 中国传统文化Introduction to Modern Science & Technology 今世科技概论Introduction to Reliability Technology 靠得住性技术导论Java Language Programming Java 程序设计Lab of General Physics 一般物理实验Linear Algebra 线性代数Management Accounting 治理会计学Management Information System 治理信息系统Mechanic Design 机械设计Mechanical Graphing 机械制图Merchandise Advertisement 商品广告学Metalworking Practice 金工实习Microcomputer Control Technology 微机操纵技术Microeconomics & Macroeconomics 西方经济学Microwave Technique 微波技术Military Theory 军事理论Modern Communication System 现代通信系统Modern Enterprise System 现代企业制度Monetary Banking 货币银行学Motor Elements and Power Supply 电机电器与供电Moving Communication 移动通信Music 音乐Network Technology 网络技术Numeric Calculation 数值计算Oil Application and Addition Agent 油品应用及添加剂Operation & Control of National Economy 国民经济运行与调控Operational Research 运筹学Optimum Control 最优操纵Petroleum Chemistry 石油化学Petroleum Engineering Technique 石油化工工艺学Philosophy 哲学Physical Education 体育Political Economics 政治经济学Primary Circuit （反映堆）一回路Principle of Communication 通信原理Principle of Marxism 马克思主义原理Principle of Mechanics 机械原理Principle of Microcomputer 微机原理Principle of Sensing Device 传感器原理Principle of Single Chip Computer 单片机原理Principles of Management 治理学原理Probability Theory & Stochastic Process 概率论与随机进程Procedure Control 进程操纵Programming with Pascal Language Pascal语言编程Programming with C Language C语言编程Property Evaluation 工业资产评估Public Relation 公共关系学Pulse & Numerical Circuitry 脉冲与数字电路Refinery Heat Transfer Equipment 炼厂传热设备Satellite Communications 卫星通信Semiconductor Converting Technology 半导体变流技术Set Theory 集合论Signal & Linear System 信号与线性系统Social Research 社会调查SPC Exchange Fundamentals 程控互换原理Specialty English 专业英语Statistics 统计学Stock Investment 证券投资学Strategic Management for Industrial Enterprises 工业企业战略治理Technological Economics 技术经济学Television Operation 电视原理Theory of Circuitry 电路理论Turbulent Flow Simulation and Application 湍流模拟及其应用Visual C++ Programming Visual C++程序设计Windows NT Operating System Principles Windows NT操作系统原理Word Processing 数据处置姓名NAME性别SEX入学时间1ST TERM ENROLLED IN系别DEPARTMENT专业SPECIALITY毕业时间GRADUATION DATE 19XX-19YY学年度第一/二学期1st/2nd TERM. 19XX-19YY课程名称COURSE TITLE学分CREDIT成绩GRADE高等数学 Advanced Mathematics工程数学 Engineering Mathematics中国革命史 History of Chinese Revolutionary程序设计 Programming Design机械制图 Mechanical Drawing社会学 Sociology体育 Physical Education物理实验 Physical Experiments电路 Circuit物理 Physics哲学 Philosophy法律基础 Basis of Law理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics材料力学 Material Mechanics电机学 Electrical Machinery政治经济学 Political Economy自动控制理论 Automatic Control Theory模拟电子技术基础 Basis of Analogue Electronic Technique 数字电子技术 Digital Electrical Technique电磁场 Electromagnetic Field微机原理 Principle of Microcomputer企业管理 Business Management专业英语 Specialized English可编程序控制技术 Controlling Technique for Programming 金工实习 Metal Working Practice毕业实习 Graduation Practice。

⏹（一）1.政府机构governmental agency2.承包商contractor3.分包商subcontractor4.建筑师architect5.保险公司insurance company6.担保公司surety company7.材料商material dealer/supplier8.施工现场construction site⏹（二）项目规划设计和施工project planning, design and construction临时设施temporary job facilities项目预算project budget投资和合同授予过程bidding and contract award process质量控制quality control项目的监督project supervision7.进度款progress payment合同变更contract change满足业主要求suit the individual owner's requirements以业主的名义in the name of the owner◆（三）卷入诉讼------ be involved in litigation公共工程------ public work承包商的注册-- contractors’ register某此因素------ certain factors合同工期------ duration of contract相对重要性---- relative importance担保能力------ bonding capacity现有工作任务-- current workload⏹（四）投标公告notice to bidders招标邀请函invitation to bidders标书格式bid forms标书分析bid analysis主要供应商major supplier投标保函bid bonds未预见情况unforeseen circumstances质量保证期quality guarantee period标书接收的地点和时间the time and place for the receipt of bids警察，消防和街道代表police, fire, and street department representatives●（五）材料价格material price分包商的报价subcontractor's quotation机具设备租赁费equipment hire rates向供应商询价enquire supplier工程量清单bill of quantitie s墙砖wall tiles / brick防潮层damp-proof courses水泥cement粗骨料coarse aggregates回扣discount◆（刘）平面布置图和立面图schematic layouts and elevations规划许可planning permission建筑业管理许可building regulations approval工程质量project quality装修工程的造价the cost of decoration projects合同文本contract documents合同图纸contract drawings承包人义务contractor's obligations指定供应商和分包商specified suppliers and subcontractors 开工和竣工时期the start and completion dates中期付款interim payments缺陷责任期the defects liability period⏹（七）法律框架legal framework相关各方parties concerned标准文本standard forms标准条款standard clauses特殊条款special clauses业主姓名the name of the employer工料测量师quantity surveyor公共机构public bodys签名和印章signature and seal印花税stamp duty●（八）投标明细或价值明细表bid breakdown or schedule of values污水处理厂wastewater treatment plant地下管线underground utility lines道路改建roads improvements开挖与回填excavation and backfill筑堤embankment延长英尺linear feet平方英尺square feet延期罚款条款liquidated damages clauses for delay工程造价construction pricing /cost of construction管理费和利润overhead and profit合同管理contract administration（九）造价师/工料测量师quantity surveyor建筑设计阶段building design stage 可行性分析阶段feasible analysis stage概算approximate estimate施工图设计阶段construction drawing design stage建筑面积floor spac e成本效益分析cost and profit analysis养护费maintenance cost◆（十一）项目经理project manager现场管理Management of construction field项目成本和时间控制project cost and time control技术复杂性technical complexity施工方法construction methods设计阶段design stage材料替代material substitute/alternatives管理机构regulatory agency材料和设备供应商material and equipment suppliers材料和设备的运输时间the delivery times of materials and project equipment●Twelve总承包商the general contractor业主the owner影响费用impact costs间接损失consequential damages项目总进度计划overall project schedule项目网络图project network变更条款change clauses备忘录memoranda延迟提交索赔defer claims submission提出索赔file a claim。

《工程造价专业英语》课程教学大纲课程名称：《工程造价专业英语》课程编码：暂空英文名称：Special English in construction cost总学时：30 学分：2适应层次：本科、专科专业英语学习开课学期：第四学期适用专业：工程造价（半脱产）课程类别：理论课程性质：专业拓展课先修课程：计价与控制建筑工程招投标与合同管理工程建设法规与案例学习形式：课堂多媒体教学一、课程性质及目的（一）课程性质本课程为工程造价文科专业拓展课。

本课程主要讲述工程造价专业相关理论的英语表述方法，并结合新的科技文献开拓学生视野，从而使学生掌握专业文献的特点及常用词汇以及相关的工程造价知识在专业英语中如何描述，使学生基本能够阅读和翻译本专业各种体裁的英文文献，具备初步的英文文献写作能力。

（二）课程目的通过对本课程的学习，目的是使使学生掌握专业文献的特点及常用词汇以及相关的工程造价知识在专业英语中如何描述，使学生基本能够阅读和翻译本专业各种体裁的英文文献，具备初步的英文文献写作能力。

教学目标：1.基础知识目标了解工程造价专业英语的特点；掌握工程造价专业英语的学习方法和翻译技巧；熟悉工程造价专业英语单词、句子成分、词类转化、词序转变、被动语态、后置定语、长句的翻译法及握撰写英文摘要的方法和技巧。

2.能力训练目标能运用所学习知识顺利阅读专业英语文章，初步具备阅读和翻译专业外文文献的能力。

3.个性品质目标培养学生专业外语的兴趣，积极了解专业知识的最新国外动态，主动拓展所学专业学科知识的能力。

二、课程内容及学习方法（一）课程内容序号教学内容内容要点教学标准一绪论1 工程造价专业英语的特点；2工程造价专业英语的学习方法和翻译技巧概述；3学习工程造价专业英语的目的和要求。

1.了解工程造价专业英语的特点；2.掌握工程造价专业英语的学习方法和翻译技巧。

二专业英语翻译法1 单词的翻译法2 词类转化的翻译法3 句子成分转化的翻译法4 词序转变的翻译法5 被动语态的翻译法6 后置定语的翻译法7 长句的翻译法1.了解词类转化、词序转变、被动语态、后置定语、长句的翻译法；2.熟悉并掌握工程造价专业英语单词、句子成分。

Unit11.政府机构-governmental agency2.承包商—contractor3.分包商—sub—contractor 4。

建筑师—architect5.保险公司-insurance company6.担保公司-surety company7.材料商—material dealer 8。

施工现场—construction site9.合同承包 contract letting 9.各行各业 walks of life10.全靠胆量 by sheer courage 11.土木工程 civil engineeringUnit21.项目规划、设计和施工-project planing，design，and construction2.临时设施-temporary job facilities3.项目预算—project budget4.投标合同授予过程—bidding and contract award5.质量控制—quality control6.项目的监督—project supervision7.进度款—progress payments 8。

合同变更-contract changes9.满足业主要求-suit the owner’s requirements10.以业主的名义-in the name of ownerUnit31.卷入诉讼-involve someone litigation2.公共工程—public work3.承包商的注册—contractor’s register 4。

某些因素-certain factor 5.合同工期-duration of contract 6.相对重要性—relative importance 7.担保能力-bonding capacity 8。

现有工作任务—current workloadUnit41.招标公告—notice to bidder 2。

外文文献：Project Cost Control: The Way it WorksBy R. Max WidemanIn a recent consulting assignment we realized that there was some lack of understanding of the whole system of project cost control, how it is setup and applied. So we decided to write up a description of how it works. Project cost control is not that difficult to follow in theory.First you establish a set of reference baselines. Then, as work progresses, you monitor the work, analyze the findings, forecast the end results and compare those with the reference baselines. If the end results are not satisfactory then you make adjustments as necessary to the work in progress, and repeat the cycle at suitable intervals. If the end results get really out of line with the baseline plan, you may have to change the plan. More likely, there will be (or have been) scope changes that change the reference baselines which means that every time that happens you have to change the baseline plan anyway.But project cost control is a lot more difficult to do in practice, as is evidenced by the number of projects that fail to contain costs. It also involves a significant amount of work, as we shall see, and we might as well start at the beginning. So let us follow the thread of project cost control through the entire project life span.And, while we are at it, we will take the opportunity to point out the proper places for several significant documents. These include theBusiness Case, the Request for (a capital) Appropriation (for execution), Work Packages and the Work Breakdown Structure, the Project Charter (or Brief), the Project Budget or Cost Plan, Earned Value and the Cost Baseline. All of these contribute to the organization's ability to effectively control project costs.FootnoteI am indebted to my friend Quentin Fleming, the guru of Earned Value, for checking and correcting my work on this topic.The Business Case and Application for (execution) FundingIt is important to note that project cost control is most effective when the executive management responsible has a good understanding of how projects should unfold through the project life span. This means that they exercise their responsibilities at the key decision points between the major phases. They must also recognize the importance of project risk management for identifying and planning to head off at least the most obvious potential risk events.In the project's Concept Phase• EvEry projEct starts with somEonE idEntifying an opportunity or need. That is usually someone of importance or influence, if the project is to proceed, and that person often becomes the project's sponsor.• to dEtErminE thE suitability of thE potEntial projEct, most organizations call for the preparation of a "Business Case" and its"Order of Magnitude" cost to justify the value of the project so that it can be compared with all the other competing projects. This effort is conducted in the Concept Phase of the project and is done as a part of the organization's management of the entire project portfolio.• thE cost of thE work of preparing the Business Case is usually covered by corporate management overhead, but it may be carried forward as an accounting cost to the eventual project. No doubt because this will provide a tax benefit to the organization. The problem is, how do you then account for all the projects that are not so carried forward?• if thE businEss casE has sufficiEnt mErit, approval will bE givEn to proceed to a Development and Definition phase.In the project's Development or Definition Phase• thE objEctivE of t he Development Phase is to establish a good understanding of the work involved to produce the required product, estimate the cost and seek capital funding for the actual execution of the project.• in a formalizEd sEtting, EspEcially whErE big projEcts arE involved, this application for funding is often referred to as a Request for (a capital) Appropriation (RFA) or Capital Appropriation Request (CAR).• this rEquirEs thE collEction of morE dEtailEd rEquirEmEnts and data to establish what work needsto be done to produce the required product or "deliverable". From this information, a plan is prepared in sufficient detail to give adequate confidence in a dollar figure to be included in the request.• in a lEss formalizEd sEtting, EvEryonE just triEs to muddlE through.Work Packages and the WBSThe Project Management Plan, Project Brief or Project Charter• if thE dElivErablE consists of a numbEr of diffErEnt ElEmEnts, thEsE are identified and assembled into Work Packages (WPs) and presented in the form of a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).• Each wp involvEs a sEt of activitiEs, thE "work" that is plannEd and scheduled as a part of the Project Management Plan. Note, however, that the planning will still be at a relatively high level,and more detailed planning will be necessary during execution if the project is given the go ahead.• this projEct managEmEnt plan, by thE way, should bEcomE thE "bible" for the execution phase of the project and is sometimes referred to as the "Project Brief" or the "Project Charter".• thE cost of doing thE various activitiEs is thEn EstimatEd and thEsE estimated costs are aggregated to determine the estimated cost of the WP. This approach is known as "detailed estimating" or "bottom up estimating". There are other approaches to estimating that we'll come to in a minute. Either way, the result is an estimated cost of the totalwork of the project.Note: that project risk management planning is an important part of this exercise. This should examine the project's assumptions and environmental conditions to identify any weaknesses in the plan thus far, and identify those potential risk events that warrant attention for mitigation. This might take the form of specific contingency planning, and/or the setting aside of prudent funding reserves.Request for capitalConverting the estimate• howEvEr, an EstimatE of thE work alonE is not sufficiEnt for a capital request. To arrive at a capital request some conversion is necessary, for example, by adding prudent allowances such as overheads, a contingency allowance to cover normal project risks and management reserves to cover unknowns and possible scope changes.• in addition, it may bE nEcEssary to convErt thE Estimating data into a financial accounting formatthat satisfies the corporate or sponsor's format for purposes of comparison with other projects and consequent funding approval.• in practicE all thE data for thE typE of "bottom up" approach just described may not be available.In this case alternative estimating approaches are adopted that provide various degrees of reliability in a "top down" fashion. Forexample:Order of Magnitude estimate – a "ball park" estimate, usually reserved for the concept phase onlyAnalogous estimate – an estimate based on previous similar projects Parametric estimate –an estimate based on statistical relationships in historical data• whichEvEr approach is adoptEd, hopEfully thE sum thus arrivEd at will be approved in full and proves to be satisfactory! This is the trigger to start the Execution Phase of the projectNote: Some managements will approve some lesser sum in the mistaken belief that this will help everyone to "sharpen their pencils" and "work smarter" for the benefit of the organization. This is a mistaken belief because management has failed to understand the nature of uncertainty and risk in project work. Consequently, the effect is more likely to result in "corner cutting" with an adverse effect on product quality, or reduced product scope or functionality. This often leads to a "game" in which estimates are inflated so that management can adjust them downwards. But to be fair, management is also well aware that if money is over allocated, it will get spent anyway. The smart thing for managements to do is to set aside contingent reserve funds, varying with the riskiness of the project, and keep that money under careful control.Ownership of approved capital• if sEnior managEmEnt approvEs thE rfa as prEsEntEd, thE sum in question becomes the responsibility of the designated project sponsor. However, if the approved capital request includes allowances such as a "Management Reserve", this may or may not be passed on to the project's sponsor, depending on the policies of the organization.• for thE approvEd rfa, thE projEct sponsor will, in turn, further delegate expenditure authority to the project's project manager and will likely not include any of the allowances. An exception might be the contingency allowances to cover the normal variations in work performance.• thE nEt sum thus arrivEd at constitutes the project manager's Approved Project Budget.Note: If management does not approve the RFA, you should not consider this a project failure. Either the goals, objectives, justification and planning need rethinking to increase the value of the project's deliverables, or senior management simply has higher priorities elsewhere for the available resources and funding.The Project's Execution PhaseThe project manager's Project Budget responsibility• oncE this approvEd projEct budgEt is rElEas ed to the project manager, a reverse process must take place to convert it into a working control document. That is, the money available must be divided amongstthe various WBS WPs that, by the way, have probably by now been upgraded! This results in a project execution Control Budget or Project Baseline Budget, or simply, the Project Budget. In some areas of project management application it is referred to as a Project Cost Plan.• on a largE projEct whErE diffErEnt corporatE production divisions are involved, there may be a further intermediate step of creating "Control Accounts" for the separate divisions, so that each division subdivides their allocated money into their own WBS WPs.• obsErvE that, sincE thE total projEct budgEt rEcEivEd formal approval from Executive Management, you, as project manager, must likewise seek and obtain from Executive Management, via the project's sponsor, formal approval for any changes to the total project budget. Often this is only justified and accepted on the basis of a requested Product Scope Change.• in such a casE thE projEct's sponsor will EithEr draw down on thE management reserve in his or her possession, or submit a supplementary RFA to upper management.• now that wE havE thE projEct budgEt monEy allocatEd to Work Packages we can further distribute it amongst the various activities of each WP so that we know how much money we have as a "Baseline" cost for each activity.• this providEs us with thE basE of rEfErEncE for thE cost controlfunction. Of course, depending on the circumstances the same thing may be done at the WP level but the ability to control is then at a higher and coarser level.Use of the Earned Value technique• if wE havE thE nEcEssary dEtails anothEr control tool that wE can adopt for monitoring ongoing work is the "Earned Value" (EV) technique. This is a considerable art and science that you must learn about from texts dedicated to the subject.• but EssEntially, you takE thE costs of thE schEdulE activitiEs and plot them as a cumulative total on the appropriate time base. Again you can do this at the activity level, WP level or the whole project level. The lower the level the more control information you have available but the more work you get involved in.The Cost Baseline• this plannEd reference S-curve is sometimes referred to as the "Cost Baseline", typically in EVparlance. That is, it is the "Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled" (BCWS), or more simply the "Planned Value" (PV).• Observe that you need to modify this Cost Baseline every time there is an approved scope change that has cost and/or schedule implications and consequently changes the project's Approved Project Budget.• now, as thE work progrEssEs, you can plot thE "actual cost of workPerformed" (ACWP or simply "Actual Cost" - AC).• you can plot othEr things as wEll, sEE diagram rEfErrEd to abovE, and if you don't like what you see then you need to take "Corrective Action".CommentaryThis whole process is a cyclic, situational operation and is probably the source of the term "cycle" in the popularly misnamed "project life cycle".As an aside, the Earned Value pundits offer various other techniques within the EV process designed to aid in forecasting the final result, that is, the "Estimate At Completion" (EAC). EAC is what you should really be interested in because it is the only constant in a moving project. Therefore, these extended EV techniques must be considered in the same realm of accuracy as top-down estimating. They are useful, but only if you recognize the limitations and know what you are doing!But, as we said at the beginning, it is a lot more difficult to do in practice –and involves a significant amount of work. But, let's face it, that's what project managers are hired for, right?中文译文：项目成本控制：它的工作方式R.马克斯怀德曼我们在最近的咨询任务中意识到，对于整个项目成本控制体系是如何设置和应用的这个问题，我们仍有一些缺乏了解。

the stage of the project cost managementAbstract：Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives.Keywords：project cost；the current stage of the project；project cost management；Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world community，China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However，the current budget for the construction projects - estimate，budget，Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost.As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process，stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage，the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages，use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s，1980s perfect together. Performance of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget，content，methods and approval，the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation，approval，management authority，and so on.With the historical process，after recovery，reform and development，formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management system. However，as the socialist market economic development，the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking，the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. Enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy，and，at the time under the conditions of productivity，will inevitably become a shortage in the economy.In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions，as long as a certain level of investment，will be certain outputs. In this environment，the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices，wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment，the budget estimate for the system approved project cost，help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role.As the socialist market economic system established，requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years，international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China，the traditional practice in an objective light onthe cause decision-making，implementation heavy，light the economy and technology，First，the consequences of victimization，Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control，cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals.Second，the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances，My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept，building departments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height.Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal，learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries，and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system，efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage，the project's technical and economic decision-making，of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence，The construction cost is an important stage control.China's current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price，and focusing only on the construction process of cost control，neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. Ithas a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects，the information cannot be fully，comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small，estimated inadequate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something.The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost，many owners have the wrong understanding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue，and should be a number of factors，a combination of practical，comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage，the project's technical and economic decision-making，Cost of the project after the completion of the project and the economic benefits，with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage，rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role.In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study，the work is done well，returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise，invest more，less effective，resulting in loss of control and waste of investment.At present，some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue，false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors，actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems，lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project andhad to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective，even become hopeless completion of the beard works.Therefore，in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs，we must do the following aspects: Implementationof the construction project and corporate accountability，Construction of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds.A realistic approach to market analysis，to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making，reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness，design task more scientific and reliability.Capital financing must have a formal commitment document，the parties must do investment funds in place，and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure.To strengthen the engineering geology，hydrology，geology and land，water，electricity，transport，environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds.Taking extensive investigation and research，comparison of similar projects，seriously functional analysis，multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economic evaluation，and the final technologically advanced，functional and reliable. Reasonable economic projects，thus calculate a more accurate and realistic estimation of theamount of investment，so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonable level.The design phase of the project cost control for a long time，China's building control very effective，- investment projects is not uncommon，this will affect owners of investment returns，it adds to the owners and within budget，as well as difficulties in fund owners，the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears，and so on. Hence，the control of the project cost is of great significance，however the project cost is the primary means of control design，Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost control，and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact，it is wrong，on the contrary，Design phase of the project cost control is the most important step. Because it determines engineering design，construction methods，materials and equipment types，models of the project cost is of critical significance，design optimization phase of the program or minor changes，project cost will have a significant impact，Design phase of the project cost control of the total project cost of 70%. Following is how to control the project from design to create the Law: As the owners must design，the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level，and the design quality products in the level of direct influence on the pricing of the works. Different design units on the same project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost on the existence of differences between，We assume that with a design from two different design institute to design，Construction plans after the completion of a requested advisory unit cost to do the budget，certainly different design institute the total cost of the project is absolutely not the same，and most of the difference between the two over 10% even more than30%，and not necessarily high cost than the design of low cost，and good design is often low cost，We all know that different people have different design styles and different levels，the design works naturally，therefore chosen to design units is the control on the first step. Through tender to select the design of the units is a good method，the tender documents to elaborate on this particular aspect of the requirements，cost control targets，and so on.Otherwise，in the subsequent design process design units will put an increase in the cost of the design requirements; through tendering the project design into the market，compared to select the best design units.Promoting the design bidding and design optimization campaign mode design units assessed by experts using scientific group France，in accordance with applicable，economic，aesthetic principles and advanced technology，reasonable structure to meet building energy efficiency and environmental requirements，comprehensive assessment of the merits of the program design，selection of the best determination of the successful program.Successful investment program estimated to be close to the general construction project scope of investment. This means two design contracts will help design the program of choice and competition to ensure that the selected design advanced technology，unique novelty，adaptability，as well as to control the cost of the project. Design units should strive to improve their quality of the project design clever idea，contemporary reducing the project cost on to rack their brains to improve design quality，strive to put the design phase of the project cost control approval of the investment ceiling.Strengthening the design stage of the design phase to strengthen supervision of the Commissioner to determine a reasonable design，maturetechnology，reduction in the construction phase major design changes and changes in the program，in the effective control of the project cost will play a role. 1 to the design of the project if the project supervision to get involved，excluding unfavorable factors may generally is excluded from the 80% errors. In the entire process of building cost control，construction began at best to save and invest 20%，the key lies in the construction phase of the identification and control costs. Supervision of the design phase include : Design Institute under the design drawings and notes help owners deal with different design options for the economy，capital expenditure to develop the preliminary estimates，to ensure that the investment can be most effectively utilized. With the owners of the Commissioner include:According to the Design Institute to provide design drawings and notes to help owners deal with different design options for the economy，capital expenditures to develop the preliminary plan to ensure that investment can be most effectively used; with the owners of different design options，the need to calculate their own materials and equipment to conduct a cost analysis and study，to the design staff costs，to assist them in the investment limit within limits designed to save and invest. To seek a one-time small investment and economic good design program made the most rational economic indicators.Design actively promote the so-called cap limit design，even with the approval of the design task and investment estimates，guarantee the functional requirements of the premise. The preliminary design and control budget，according to the preliminary approval of the total budget for the design and construction design control. Limits，and every one professional，each of whom have a design threshold of a target. In the design process，designers should progress to more programs，design optimization，ensuring that the design is technically advanced and reasonable，innovative，stylish，and do not break the limit investment objectives，thus eliminating theengineering design raise the factor of safety and design standards，or only consider the technical feasibility of the program，rather than economic rationality phenomenon，the project cost to ensure effective control.Also known as the value of value engineering analysis，is a modern scientific management technique，is a new techno-economic analysis，is the product of functional analysis to conserve resources and reduce the cost of the purpose of an effective method. It made up for the traditional cost management simply focus on cost reduction and quality management only emphasizes improving the quality deficiencies，construction is conducive to resolving the long-standing long period，a lot of wastage，poor quality，high-cost problems. Value Engineering laws generally divided into three steps: assessment of the design of object technology and economic Score; Calculation of the target group of technical and economic indicators; calculate the geometric design of the object，on average; From comparison choose the best design.Construction phase of the project implementation unit construction cost management to control the cost of the project is reasonable in the project to meet quality standards premise，in the investment decision-making stage，the design phase and construction phase of the project put the project approval occurred in the control limits，strive in various construction projects rational use of human，material and financial resources to achieve good investment returns and social benefits.The project cost control and management is a dynamic process. The dynamic market economy，to make the investment in the identification and control become more complex，this will require the construction units to the management of project cost to the project runs through the entire process，it is necessary to have a comprehensive focus. The implementation phase of the projects. The implementation phase of the project cost management is theimplementation of the entire process of project management. Project implementation phase of the project cost management can be divided into three parts: the tender management，construction management and settlement management.Bidding for the construction phase of the construction units Bidding system control engineering cost effective means，bid organization can improve the cost-effectiveness of construction projects and ensure the quality of construction projects，shortening the construction cycle return on the investment，construction units can take full advantage of bidding for the effective means of cost control.Construction No. 10 on the 7th ministerial decree issued a "contract with the Construction Contract Pricing Management." clearly pointed out in bidding for projects using inventories. This requires the building of units conducting the tender exercise，in the tender document to include not only the usual content，like tender notes before schedule，tender notes，the conditions of the contract，the contract terms of the agreement，contract format，technical specifications，drawings，tender documents and other reference format，it is also necessary to provide the engineering inventory，Bidding as a reference document of the important components.Construction units in the tender document for the project inventory，in accordance with state or local rules promulgated by the calculation that the reunification of the divided projects，unified measurement units and the reunification of the engineering calculation rules，according to design drawings to be calculated and statistical arranged，obtain the list. Quantities to be followed in the preparation of an objective，impartial，scientific，and rational principle. Compilers must have strong manly budget，and should have certain knowledge of the engineering design and construction experience，and the material and mechanical construction technology forcomprehensive scientific knowledge，in order to calculate the volume of the works without heavy missed. The basis of which must be in accordance with state regulations engineering calculation rules，and the sub-projects division engineering units，and in accordance with design drawings，design essential Love tender documentation requirements are calculated.Quantities of the project should have a testing general，the entries must be simple，while not appear Lousing wrong items Pricing should guarantee the correctness of the project. Should the requirements of the different grades separate engineering division，the situation was different; We may have different prices for the items separately. This requires the preparation of the list compilers，seriously study design drawings，Analysis of the tender documents include the elements of the work and the different technical requirements，all familiar with the process，and to the scene of serious investigation，is forecast to make possible the construction of the case，right will have an impact on the Price of projects to be broken down. In addition，because the project inventories to calculate the amount of the project is not complete engineering and consider the interests of the construction units，clearly paying the price for the same overall price，the quantity list by the number of actual construction is a practical terms.In the evaluation and review of the tender offer should do the units total individual Price quotations and the comprehensive assessment. Price does not meet the requirements of individual shows Price meets the requirements，and the lowest total Price could not explain the single lowest bidder. Bidders often know the total cost to maintain the same circumstances; the project is likely to change smaller projects to lower the price.Changes may be larger projects price increases to achieve the completion of clearing works will be added for the purpose. We would also do price and the corresponding quantity of comprehensive engineeringassessment of the large volume of projects to focus on the price analysis. Price will do with the contents of the work，construction program，a comprehensive technical evaluation process，thereby preferred choice of a construction unit. Construction of the construction phase of the contract cost control basis. Signed tight construction contract，while strengthening the construction contract management can guarantee that the contract price is reasonable，legitimacy and reduce the performance of the contract A，B in disputes and safeguard the interests of both the contract，effective control of the works investment costs.After the signing of the contract，to do the management contract documentation，contract and the supplementary contract agreement until the regular meeting site in minutes. Work contacts such as a single content of a contract extension and explained that the integrity must be preserved，in addition to establishing a technical files，Implementation of the contract for dynamic analysis，results of the analysis to take proactive measures.Construction phase in the construction phase construction plan is based on the budget or Ken works contract price of the target，Ken control the cost of the project. At this stage of conservation has room for a small，but the possibility of waste is great. Thereby to control the cost of the project to give sufficient attention.Construction program to strengthen the comparative technical and economic construction program is construction design of a re - to the contents of the work，a reasonable construction plan，shorten the construction period and ensure the quality of the project，improving economic efficiency，Construction of the program right from the technical and economic evaluation were compared，through qualitative and quantitative analysis，the quality，time，Cost three technical and economic indicators，be rational，and effective use of manpower，material and financial resources，achieve better economic efficiency，good construction management relations，a comprehensive cost management is an important way.Strictly related changes to the project budget control in the proposed budget. Construction of the changes caused by many reasons，including works poorly designed，so that the engineering contract with the drawings provided inconsistent; The current market supply of materials does not meet the standard specifications of the design requirements. These issues have to leave breadwinner project cost factors. Therefore，in the construction process，we must tighten customs change，through no design changes to expand the scale and improve the design standards; increase the construction and contents，the best implementation of the "grade control，visa quota" system. Right to change the design，particularly as it relates to the cost of the design changes must be approved by the design units，construction units scene representatives，supervision engineers common signature，and should be ahead of this type of change，reduce losses，because it has been completed or partially completed project will entail the demolition of the contents，it is bound to cause major changes to the loss. Therefore，the construction units should be assigned to the project cost management professionals Permanent construction site，to grasp at any time. Control project cost of the changes.Works on the scene visa formalities through strict control of the construction project supervision system，the establishment of specialized departments，Professional use of the professional management of projects and to avoid project management personnel just visas，not economic account of the phenomenon. Investment out of control caused serious consequences. To serious change visa procedures to be taken to the building，Supervisor，the construction site together representatives signed the way toensure that change，visa authenticity，legitimacy，economic and avoid fraud and the resulting phenomena arising from the dispute.In the course of construction，the construction units to enhance on-site construction management，supervision and construction side according to the drawings，and strictly control the change of the negotiations，materials substitution，the scene visas，and various additional extra budgetary labor costs for the necessary changes should be done first afterwards，after money，Change event on the timely change in the calculation of the workload and the cost of change occurred to grasp at any time cost of the project level，things to avoid a backlog of work that the true cost of the project.Construction unit representatives to the scene to supervise doing a good job record，particularly concealed records and visas，reduce clearing the passing phenomenon. Many works visa scene is not as serious，works to bring a very large settlement of the trouble，lead to considerable economic losses，the scene strict visa management of the construction phase of the project cost control key.Of project list rigorous review of the project on the review of inventories，Engineers’ monitor list of measures to control the project. BOQ to provide the list of measures is to complete construction projects，occurred in the pre-construction engineering and construction process technology，life and safety aspects of non-engineering projects entities. At this stage because many projects are in construction plans and the construction site of the imperfections on the tender wait until the construction tender of the project design and actual scene have better access. Management Engineer addresses the gathering first-hand information on the original，itemized checking identification，inconsistent make revisions.Control material consumption，rationally define material prices. Cost of the project control materials price control is the main，the cost of materials in engineering often holds substantial proportion，usually accounts for the estimated costs of 70%，representing the direct costs of 80%. It is necessary in the construction phase in strict accordance with the contract amount of material control; material set reasonable prices，so as to effectively control the cost of the project. Market economy material supply a variety of channels，variety and price range materials，construction unit budget management and field personnel should pay close attention to market rates，with the progress of the scene，the market，hand in the construction of the information and materials for the completion of the accounts provide a strong basis.Technology and economic integration，strengthening investment control. Effective control of the investment，from organizational，technical，economic，contracts，and other measures. Therefore，the construction units must strengthen management，engineering and technical personnel of the "economy" concept，the quality of education，Training pragmatic working style，the construction side to help improve construction design，reasonable security，financial，and material resources. Accelerate the pace of work to improve the quality of the projects. Construction should encounter problems in a timely manner with the designer linked to choose both economic and scientific potential solutions，overcome the waste caused by command，to give due attention to the importance of investment in conservation，is responsible for the engineering technician with the combination of economic officers from the tender，contract negotiations，costing the budget，signed paid to the progress of the completion of the accounts，a cost analysis，the whole process management and strictly control the cost of the project.。

Aabandoned tender 废标acceptance 验收,承兑acceptance certificate 验收证书acceptance inspection 验收检查acceptance lot 验收批量acceptance of divisional work 分部工程验收acceptance of sub-divisional work 分项工程验收acceptance of tenders 接受投标acceptance of works 工程验收acceptable quality 合格质量accepted bid 中标accepted bidder 中标者accessories 附件accessory building 附属建筑accommodation 住处，膳宿，适应性调节acknowledge 告知已收到action 对……起诉addenda 补遗，附录additional building 附加房屋additional charges 附加费用additional clause / article 附加条款additional regulations 补充规定additional remarks 补充说明additional document 补充文件additional protocol 附加议定书adjudication 裁判,裁决，裁定adjusted manhours 修正的人工时估算值administration 管理advance 预付款；预付；预付的（款项）advanced charge 预付费用advance payment 预付advance payment for material 预付材料款advertisement for bids 招标广告advisory architect 顾问建筑师advisory engineer 顾问工程师affix 贴上,盖（印章）agency 代理机构aggregate cement ratio 骨料水泥比agreement by piece 计件合同allocate 分配,配给alternate material 代用材料amalgamation 合并,混合物amend 修正amount of work 工作量amplify 详述，进一步补充说明analysis estimate 分析估算annulment 宣告无效，废止，取消annex 附件,附属建筑anticipated approved cost 认可的预计费用apparatus 设备,壮志,器具appendix 附录，附件applicable 适用的application for payment 付款申请书approval analysis during construction stage 施工阶段核算approved client change 认可的用户变更approximate calculation 近似计算approximate estimate on cubic meter basis 单立方概算approximate estimate on square meter basis 单方概算appurtenant work 附属工程arbitration 仲裁arbitration agreement 仲裁协定arbitrator 仲裁人architect in charge 主任建筑师architect—engineer / architectural engineer 建筑工程师architect’s approval 建筑师认可证明architect's basic services 建筑师基本服务项目architect's office 建筑师事务所architecture 建筑architectural area 建筑面积architectural control 建筑管理architectural decoration / ornament 建筑装饰architectural design 建筑设计architectural discipline 建筑专业architectural drawing 建筑图architectural firm 建筑师事务所architectural sketch 建筑草图architectural volume 建筑体积area planning 区域规划around-the-clock job 昼夜施工，日夜施工arrangement 筹备,安排,准备as—built drawings 竣工图asset 资产，财产assign 受让人assistant engineer 助理工程师assistant architect 助理建筑师associate / associated architect 合作建筑师association of architects 建筑师协会attached drawing 附图attachment 附件attorney 代理人authenticate 鉴定，证明authoried change 批准的变更authorization 授权，许可auxiliary project / building 附属工程/建筑average contingency 基本不可预见费average cost 平均成本award 裁决，授予Bbackfilling plate 垫板base bid 基本标价base bid specifications 基本标价清单，基本标价项目说明书basic services 基本服务项目be attributable to 把……归因于,认为……系某人所为,可归因于bearing plate 支撑板beneficiary 受益人bid date 招标期限bid price 标价，投标报价,递价，出价bid tabulation 标价汇总表bid time 招标期限biding 有约束力的bidding documents 招标文件bidding period 招标期bidding sheet 标价单bill of estimate 估价单bill of materials 材料表bill of quantities 工程数量表，数量明细表blank endorsed or blank endorsement 空白背书block planning 建筑用地规划bond 担保，保函cost of bulk material 散装材料费用/ 散装材料购买费用block 砌块block masonry 砌块砌体block masonry structure 砌块砌体board 板材bonded prestressed concrete structure 有粘接预应力混凝土结构brake member 制动构件breadth of wall between windows 窗间墙宽度brick masonry 砖砌体brick masonry column 砖砌体柱brick masonry wall 砖砌体墙bonus and penalty contract 奖罚合同bonus clause 奖金条款bonus for completion 竣工奖金budget 预算budget control 预算控制budget documents 预算文件budget items 预算项目budget making 预算编制budget sheet 预算表budget statement 预算书budgeter 预算员budgetary planning 预算budgetary engineer 预算工程师buildable area 可建面积builder’s risk insurance 建筑工程风险保险building act / law 建筑法building alteration 改建工程building area 建筑占地面积building authorities 建筑主管部门building codes and standards 建筑法规和标准building codes of practice 建筑执行法规building contract 建筑合同building construction company 建筑工程公司building / construction / job site 建筑施工/工地building contractor 建筑承包商building cost 建筑造价building cost analysis 建筑造价分析building cost index 建筑造价指数building cost estimate 建筑估价building fund 建筑资金building industry 建筑业building lot 建筑用地building material 建筑材料building permit 建筑许可证,施工许可证，施工执照building project 建筑工程building regulation / rule 建筑条例building site 施工现场building standards 建筑标准building structural materials 建筑结构材料building structural unit 建筑结构单元building structure 建筑结构，房屋结构Ccaisson method 沉箱法caisson work 沉箱施工法call for bids 招标capital construction project 基本建设项目capital expenditure 基本建设费用capital works 基本建设工程capital repair 大修carcassing work 主体工程certificate 证书，证件certificate for payment 付款证明书certificate of completion by stages 分期竣工证书certificate of completion of works 工程竣工证书certificate of conformity 合格证明书certificate of inspection 合格证certificate of occupancy 建筑使用证书certificate of quality 合格证，质量证明change in the work 工程变更change order 工程变更通知单charges prepaid 预付费用check and acceptance 验收chief architect 总建筑师circulating fund 周转资金civil 土建的，土木的civil engineering 土木工程clause 条款check estimate 核定估算clear 付清，清算client change / contract change 业主变更/合同变更commencement time of the work 开工时间commencement of works 工程开工commercial invoice 商业发票commission 委托，佣金commitment 承诺。

常用工程造价专业英语词汇估算/费用估算：estimate/cost estimate;估算类型：types of estimate;详细估算：是偏差幅度最小的估算，defined estimate;设备估算：equipment estimate;分析估算：analysis estimate;报价估算:proposal estimate;控制估算：control estimate;估算/费用估算：estimate/cost estimate;估算类型：types of estimate;详细估算：是偏差幅度最小的估算，defined estimate;设备估算：equipment estimate;分析估算：analysis estimate;报价估算:proposal estimate;控制估算：control estimate;初期控制估算：interim control estimate/initial control estimate批准的控制估算：initial approved cost核定估算：check estimate首次核定估算：first check estimate二次核定估算：production check estimate人工时估算：man hour estimate材料费用/直接材料费用：material cost/direct material cost设备费用/设备购买费用：equipment cost/purchased cost of equipment散装材料费用/散装材料购买费用：bulk material cost/purchased cost of bulk material施工费用：construction cost施工人工费用：labor cost/construction force cost设备安装人工费用：labor cost associated with equipment散装材料施工安装人工费用：labor cost associated with bulk materials人工时估算定额：standard manhours施工人工时估算定额：standard labor manhours标准工时定额：standard hours劳动生产率：labor productivity/productivity factor/productivity ratio修正的人工时估算值：adjusted manhours人工时单价：manhours rate施工监督费用：cost of construction supervision施工间接费用：cost of contruction indirects分包合同费用/现场施工分包合同费用：subcontract cost/field subcontract cost公司本部费用：home office cost公司管理费用：overhead非工资费用：non payroll开车服务费用：cost of start-up services其他费用：other cost利润/预期利润：profit/expected profit服务酬金：service gains风险：risk风险分析：risk analysis风险备忘录：risk memorandum未可预见费：contingency基本未可预见费：average contingency最大风险未可预见费：maximum risk contingency用户变更/合同变更：cilent change/contract change认可的用户变更：approved client change待定的用户变更：pending client change项目变更：project change内部变更：internalchange批准的变更：authoried change强制性变更：mandatory change选择性变更：optional change内部费用转换：internal transfer认可的预计费用：anticipated approved cost涨价值：escalation项目费用汇总报告：project cost summary report项目实施费用状态报告：project operation cost status report 总价合同：lump sum contract偿付合同：reimbursible contract预算：budgetFinancial:财务completion:竣工final:决算accounts:审计and:和project:工程construction cost:造价audit:审计Financial completion final accounts audit财务竣工决算审计project construction cost audit工程造价审计。

1 办公自动化 Office Automation3 保险会计 Insurance Accounting4 保险学 Insurance5 比较管理学 Comparative Management6 比较审计学 Comparative Auditing7 毕业实习 Graduation Practice8 财务报表分析 Financial Statements Analysis9 财务报告环境 Financial Reporting Environment10 财务分析 Financial Analysis11 财务风险控制 Management of Financial Risks12 财务管理 Financial Management13 财务会计 Financial Accounting14 财务造假对策 Countermeasure for Financial Fraudulence15 财政概论 Introduction to Fiscal Science16 财政学 Fiscal Science17 财政与信贷 Finance and Credit18 成本会计 Cost Accounting19 程序设计语言 Programme Design Language20 促销与广告 Promotion and Advertising21 大学生活导论 Guidance of Campus Life22 大学英语 College English23 大学语文 College Chinese24 当代国际经济 Contemporary World Economy25 道德教育 Moral Education26 邓小平理论 Introduction to Deng Xiaoping's Theory27 电影美学 Aesthetics of Cinema28 独立审计 Independent Auditing29 对外贸易保险 Foreign Trade Insurance30 对外贸易运输 Foreign Trade Transportation31 发展经济学 Development Economics32 法律 Law33 法律基础 Basics of Law34 法学概论 Introduction to Law35 法学基础 Fundamentals of 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Accounting65 管理经济学Managerial Economics66 管理伦理学Business Ethics67 管理心理学Management Psychology68 管理信息Management Information69 管理信息系统Management information system70 管理学Management71 管理学原理Principle of Management72 管理战略Management Strategy73 管理咨询Business Consulting74 国际工商管理International Business Management75 国际关系与政治International Relationship and Politics76 国际会计International Accounting77 国际货物买卖合同Contract of International Goods Sales78 国际技术贸易International Technology Trade79 国际结算International Settlement80 国际金融International Finance81 国际金融市场International Financial Market82 国际经济合作概论International Economic Cooperation83 国际经济合作原理Principles of International Economic Cooperation84 国际经济组织International Economic Organizations85 国际经营管理International Business Management86 国际贸易International Trade87 国际贸易实务International Trade Practices88 国际企业管理International Business Management89 国际商法International Business Law90 国际税务International Taxation91 国际信贷International Credit92 国际信贷与结算International Credit and Settlement93 国际营销学International Marketing94 国际招标与投标International Tendering95 国家公务员制度介绍Introduction to Civil Servant System96 国民经济管理学Management of National Economy97 国民经济核算National Economic Accounting98 国外统计资料分析Analysis of Foreign Statistical Data99 国有资产管理State-owned Property Management100 航空概论Introduction to Aviation101 合资企业会计Accounting for Joint Venture Business102 宏观经济学Macroeconomics103 宏微观经济学Macro-economics & Micro-conomics104 会计电算化Computerised Accounting105 会计概论Introduction to Accounting106 会计理论Accounting Theory107 会计审计实践Accounting and Auditing Practices108 会计史History of Accounting109 会计体系设计Design of Accounting System110 会计学Accounting111 会计原理Principles of Accounting112 会计制度设计Design of Accounting System113 会计专题Special Topics on Accounting114 会计专业英语Accounting English115 货币银行学Money & Banking116 机械概论Introduction to Machinery117 机械制图Mechanical Drawing118 基建会计Accounting for Capital Construction119 计量经济学Econometrics120 计算机科学Computer Science121 计算机网络Computer Network122 计算机应用基础Foundations of Computer 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Applications 216 数据模型与决策Digital Models and Decision-making217 数理统计Mathematical Statistics218 税法Taxation Law219 税收学Taxation220 税务概论Introduction to Taxation221 税务计划Tax Planning222 思想道德修养Ideological & Moral Cultivation223 唐宋诗词Poetry of Tang and Song Dynasties224 体育Physical Education225 听力技巧Skills in English Listening Comprehension226 统计学原理Principles of Statistics227 投入产出与分析Input & Output Analysis228 投资会计Investment Accounting229 投资金融管理电算化Computerized Investment Financial Management230 投资项目经济分析Economic Analysis of Investment Projects231 投资项目评估Assessment on Investment Projects232 投资项目评估学Investment Project Evaluation233 投资信息概论Introduction to Investment Information234 投资信用学Investment Credit235 投资学Investment236 外币交易会计Accounting for Transactions in Foreign Currency237 外国经济地理Economic Geography of Foreign Countries238 外国经济史History of Foreign Economies239 外国文学Foreign Literature240 外汇风险管理Foreign Exchange Risk Management241 外贸函电Business Correspondence for Foreign Trade242 外贸会计Foreign Trade 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Government Budgeting306 政治经济学 Political Economics307 知识产权 Intellectual Property308 职业道德伦理 Professional Ethics309 中共党史 History of the Communist Party of China310 中国财政思想史 History of Chinese Financial Thoughts311 中国对外经贸政策与投资环境 Chinese Foreign Trade Policy and Inves tment Environment312 中国对外贸易史 History of Chinese Foreign Trade313 中国革命史 Chinese Revolutionary History314 中国会计与审计 Chinese Accounting and Auditing315 中国近代经济史 Chinese Modern Economic History316 中国近代史 Modern Chinese History317 中国通史 General History of China318 中国外贸概论 Introduction to Chinese Foreign Trade319 中国文学 Chinese Literature320 中国现行税制 Current Chinese Taxation Systems321 中级会计 Intermediate Accounting322 中外合资企业会计 Sino-foreign Joint Venture Accounting323 专利法 Patent Law324 资本主义企业财务会计 Financial Accounting for Capitalist Busines s325 资产评估 Asset Appraisal326 资刊选读 Selected Reading from Foreign Maganes327 自然科学概论 Introduction to Natural Sciences328 组织行为学 Organizational Behaviour。

工程造价专业课程名翻译工程造价专业是现代经济建设和管理的重要学科之一。

由于工程造价涉及到众多国际工程项目，不同国家的命名方式也有所不同，因此为促进不同国家之间的合作和交流，需要对工程造价专业课程名进行翻译和暂定。

下面是一些常见的工程造价专业课程名翻译及其相应的英文缩写：1.工程造价基础：Introduction to Engineering Cost（IEC）2.工程概算：Engineering Budget（EB）3.工程决算：Engineering Final Accounts（EFA）4.工程变更管理：Engineering Change Management（ECM）5.工程造价分析：Engineering Cost Analysis（ECA）6.工程造价实验：Engineering Cost Experiment（ECE）7.工程造价估算：Engineering Cost Estimate（ECEs）8.工程成本管理：Engineering Cost Management（ECMg）9.工程项目管理：Engineering Project Management（EPM）10.工程合同管理：Engineering Contract Management（ECM）以上翻译均为暂定翻译，可根据具体需求进行修改和调整。

工程造价基础的课程内容主要包括工程造价专业定义、构成与形成，影响工程造价的因素以及成本控制等基础知识。

工程概算主要是针对工程项目进行预算，包括预算的原则、方法和技术等。

工程决算则主要是基于工程项目的实际情况进行结算，包括结算的方式、方法和计算公式等。

工程变更管理主要是对工程项目进行变更管理和控制，包括变更的原因、影响、内容及流程等。

工程造价分析是通过对工程项目实际造价进行分析，从而寻找造价分析的规律和方法。

工程造价实验则是通过实际操作，进行成本分析和管理。

工程造价估算主要是针对工程项目进行成本估计和预测，包括成本估计的方法、预测范围和准确性等。

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)The significance of control construction costs manages on entireprocessFirst, The necessary of control construction costs manages on entire process Talk about the management and the control on construction costs, that the field we are just accustomed to is thought of is a project advance in final account. Indeed , right away at present system and reality,what the job of that the management and the control on construction costs is advance in final account. Be that in advance, the people who work on final account according that already be ascertaied of the working drawing to calculate project amounts，apply a quota mechanically, the meter mechanically fetching cost, or designing that according to the drawing sheet and construction organization after construction is over as well as the scene construction visa takes notes weaves the final account being completed. This is necessary , useful no doubt. But we must see that when pre-final accounts personnel weave working drawing budget or the final account being completed, the construction plan and thedesign paper already determined. But construction being to take according to picture as principle, so then in advance, job done by final account personnel is only the change secretly scheming against cost produced by design alteration and prevents upvaluation from calculating boldly. But suppose the project is unreasonable on economy, there is a fault in decision-making; suppose designing a scheme feasible or be not optimum on the technology; the final account personnel can do nothing for sb then in advance. Job of final account personnel does accounts in advance only under just saying system currently in effect, after the event , can only reflect already complete project amounts inactively , can only reflect design and be under construction passively. This evidently is single-faceted , insufficient , we must carry out the entire proceeding supervisory control on the construction costs of building a project.Concrete conditions of union our country, cost of construction manages have problems as follows:1、Be not enough to take investment decision into the stage of construction costs seriously charge indeed.Investment decision is to produce the construction costs headstream, This one stage blow the expense at take up the total investment forehead about 0.5%～3%,but that can have an effect to raise the project benefit of investment. That the project carries out rational choice on construction is that resource carries out direct , the most important optimization deploy means on economy , project benefit of investment affects efficiency and beneficial result to entire national economy. The developed country charges attach importance to control on investment decision stage construction costs,and costs not stinting big capital of money making the studies on the stage of carrying out investment decision energetically, make relatively comparatively accurate construction costs , go along the controlFor a long time, there is the grave phenomenon investing in swelling in engineering construction of our country,bring the limit for a project feeling longer and longer, construction costs is higher and higher. The cause of that is short of the effective basis of the building of earlier stage ascertaining construction costs, only basis the already completed according to the expert , decision-makers draw lessons to estimate the project construction costs. Because a lot of factor effects, the“three surpass " phenomenon very common, there are main cause as follows:(1) personal factor brings about rough estimate lessening(2) equipment composes in reply material price's not working out according to market quotations.(3) construction units bring forward the too high for exceeding a design criterion 2、The design stage of construction costs is not under the control of strictThe design stage is the faucet in that project construction costs controls. After the investment decision is be made rationally , that is the process of plan the technology and organic together economly . Effective control the cost of construction requires strictly and all-round in the enginee designing . Engineering design of current our country also puts move bidding system , fair competition into practice , cost of construction looks on control engineering effective to design stage as one of thestandard choosing main part being hit by the bid unit , cost of construction carries out the administration controlling on the entire proceeding .Our country major part design that the unit carries out thorough analysis lack on construction project technology and economy , big multiple technologies make light of economy in design but at present , design that the personnel is responsible seemingly only to design project mass , are concerned with the construction costs height not very. Optimize a design plan to such an extent as having no way to pass, the first step designs , the rough estimate gets to the effect controlling general cost of construction's establishment. Mass and depth that engineering design pursues etc. is also insufficient , amounts project mistakes in amounts project detailed lists calculates , misses and not calculating, can't arouse increasing by estimating a project momentary, the mass making a tender work is difficult to ensure that , have no way to have an effect to control construction costs asa result also.3、Has not adopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being applied or used universally on the international all roundAdopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being put into use commonly on the international , is that our country construction costs system reforms and cause the inevitable trend reforming to bid system in invitation to bid tender.One of important act carrying out project public bidding system being to build socialist market economy and to perfect construction market operating mechanism in construction field. After the construction project tender is carried out all round in our country, the effect is obvious in the respect of shortening the mass building a time limit for a project , ensuring a project , reducing construction costs , boycotting an unhealthy tendency. Have ensured the invitation to bid people and bidder's lawful rights and interests also effectively. With the socialist market economy uninterrupted growth,the original tender stage puts the budget quota valuation pattern into practice already doing not adapting , adopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being put into use commonly on the international to carry out a tender is an inevitable trend. Ministry of Construction has issued amounts project detailed list valuation method , amounts project detailed list valuation has been in construction project tender job , person has provided project quantity from invitation to bid according to national unification project amounts calculation regulation , quoted price, and classics have judged the reason bidder autonomously trying the at a low price middle bid construction costs valuation pattern.That carrying out amounts project detailed list valuation method is one important measure of item of construction costs deepen the reform, is standard tender behavior effective measure. This method is beneficial to changing over taking that "amounts" ", "price" are "quota-consuming" as dominant static state managing a pattern , make project amounts in detailed list not enter competition, competition being confined to price only; Beneficial to rightness appraises enterprise strength; Project mass beneficial to ensuring that, reduces construction costs; May cut down the physical labour complicated and overloaded repeating the amounts calculating a project; Facilitate the tender quoted price job; Argue with the dispute back and forth in cutting down project settlement; Receive a track step by step with the convention "controllingamounts , guiding price , competing for a fee's on" the international, deepen the reformation that project valuation manages mainly according to the marketplace changes development, taking one's place on the international market for our country contracts business creates condition.4、The stage being under construction controls lack to construction costsWant to have strict control design alteration too in the stage being under construction. Guard the pass though that working drawing appears in joint trial or are able to have all sorts of problems, but call for to design a branch in the process of construction hard to avoid is strict out of the construction works complexity, the situation changing after avoiding doing first, is also that the weight avoiding break a rough estimate , effective control engineering of construction costs cost of construction plays with a link. At the same time, the sharpening contract manages , ensures equality and mutual benefit issuing contract of method and contracting method.5、The construction costs being completed settling a stage's controls a project inefficientlyThat the final account being completed is that entire construction costs is under the control of the most important one is encircled by construction works. How the final account being completed can reflect actual entire project cost of construction honestly , have also reflected the ability issuing contract of method and contracting method to construction costs administration , have finished handling a project in time the final account being completed must collect , arrange settling a data , pursuing , designing the certificate material changing notice , various warning including that the project is completed and so on being completed. These data collecting must pay attention to whose validity with obtaining evidence, specimen seal impression having designing personnel's signature and being related to if the design alteration advice note must be made known to lower levels by plain design organ. Scene inspection and control visa must label seal and the ratification going on a punitive expedition to such that designing a personnel etc. having construction site person in charge of first party. Great majority our country construction projects are completed in the project being under construction when the final account, during the period of the final account being completed contracting method , are are under construction contracting method calculating commonly much in the book being completed winding up an account , are issue contract of haggie just inexhaustible in devices and schemes , are dispute over trifles phenomenon is grave , project settlement drags repeatedly , some confirmation having drug once and , greatly, affecting engineering construction project sigmatism and building construction costs.A construction project includes the following procedure from brewing , planning , designing that to establishing completion and commissioning: Be that the project letter of advice stage , feasibility appraise the stage , design stage , the stage being under construction , acceptance check stage and the queen being completed estimate that.Correspondingly, the construction costs ascertaining that and the project construction phase job look at and appraise the stage adapting to , several being allotted in general for the following: The investment studying stage establishment inthe project letter of advice and feasibility is estimated, design stage establishment designs a rough estimate in the first step, budget designing that the stage weaves working drawing in working drawing, budget builds ampere of construction costs face to face with working drawing for basis tender project engineering contract, price is also that the form ascertains that with the business contract; Project amounts putting stage into practice being going to be completed according to contracting reality in project, takes contract price as basis , considers cost of construction rise aroused by inflation of prices at the same time , considers the project and cost being difficult to estimate that to designing middle but happening in putting stage reality into practice , the example is ascertained estimating price; All-in cost costing in the reality being completed checking and accepting a stage , assembling into engineering construction process middle all round, weaves the final account being completed , embodies the actual cost of construction that a construction project according to the facts."Four guess that two-valence "is interrelated , the former restricts the latter , the latter supplements the former.What is called, build the construction costs administration and control, it is the occurrence contracting the stage and construction in the investment decision stage , design stage , construction project putting stage into practice with construction construction costs to control within the cost of construction quota O. K. , correcting the deviation happening at any time, to ensure that the project manages the target realization , get fairly good benefit of investment and social benefits in an attempt being able to use manpower and material resources, financial resources rationally in building a project one by one.Second, the importance of the investment decision-making stage of project cost controlConstruction projects in the investment decision-making stage, the project of the techno-economic decision-making, as well as the cost of construction projects completed and put into production after the project cost-effective, have a decisive impact on the construction project cost control is an important stage. Project cost management as a decision-making stage in the feasibility study report shall be prepared, and economic evaluation of the proposed project, select the technically feasible and economically the construction of example programs and to optimize the construction program on the basis of the preparation of high-quality items investment is estimated that the project construction so that the real control of the project has played the role of total investment.The impact of the decision-making phase of the project cost are the main factors: a, the determine level of construction standards; b, the choice of built-up areas; c, building location (site) selection; d, project the economic scale; e, technology selection f, equipment selection .Such as the choice of built-up areas, there is a basic principle, that is close to raw materials, fuel and consumer principles. This project completed and put into production, you can avoid the raw materials, fuels, and finished the long-haul transport, reduce costs, lower costs; transportation distance may be shortened to reduce the flow of time, speed up cash flow and is conducive to business. If theproject's economic size, economies of scale, product standard is a reasonable means of production volume, a number of products under certain conditions, was "increasing returns" of economic phenomena, that is, with the expansion of production volume, unit cost reduction, revenue increase.Therefore, in order to phase in the investment decision-making control over project cost effective, we must do a good job in the following areas:(1) the implementation of construction project legal person responsibility system, the construction project from planning to implementation of the whole process of the use of funds and repayment responsibilities to people and projects at the same time establish a system of matching corporate oversight mechanisms, by the competent authorities and supervision of the industry sector establishment of a monitoring group to oversee the use of project funds.(2) to conduct market analysis and seeking truth from facts, to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making, reduce risk and lower investment, give full consideration to construction projects in the future competitiveness of the market so that more scientific book design and reliability(3) Capital financial capital must be committed to a formal document, investment funds must be put in place the parties, there must be a funding document to ensure that projects are implemented on schedule after approval. Conditions of the loans should be carefully analyzed and compared to minimize the interest burden and repayment pressure.(4) Strengthening of engineering geology, hydrogeology, as well as land, water, electricity, transport, environmental protection projects such as the work of the depth of the external conditions, so that there is sufficient basis to estimate the investment. At the same time, extensive research should be to compare similar projects, a serious functional analysis, comparison and choice of multi-program, a full-scale technical feasibility studies and economic evaluation, the finalization of technologically advanced, reliable, economical and rational project construction program in order to estimate more accurate and realistic estimate of the amount of investment in order to make the project cost from the start position in a more reasonable level.Third, the design phase of the importance of project cost controlMake investment decisions in the project, the project cost control is the key to the design. Design is in the technical and economic implementation of the proposed project to conduct a comprehensive arrangement, is also planning the construction process. Technologically advanced, economical and rational design can reduce the project construction period, savings investment, to improve efficiency. According to expert analysis, design fee generally equal to the construction of the project life-cycle cost of less than 1%, which costs less than 1% of project cost accounts for the impact of degrees above 75%. Because of the general construction projects, selection of materials and equipment accounted for more than 50% of the cost of the project, and in the design phase of architectural forms, structural type, the selection of equipment and materials have been identified in the construction of post-implementation phase, the impact of the project cost a small (10 % or less). This shows that the design quality is crucial to the entire projectThe same construction project, the same single unit of work can have different programs, which have different costs, it is therefore necessary to meet the function under the premise of doing a number of options, through technical comparison, economic analysis and efficiency evaluation, selection of technology selection into the application of economic and rational design, that is, the process of design optimization. Often used to optimize the design of the program, also known as the value of value engineering analysis, that is, as far as possible in meeting the functionality or improve the function of the premise, as far as possible to reduce costs.Occurred in the cost of all parts of the application of value engineering, construction investment will require a lot of people, financial, and material, and thus the value of engineering construction works great. For a rather mature and effective management methods, value engineering in a number of works have been widely used in construction.In the engineering design phase correctly handle the technical and economic relationship between the unity of opposites, we can control the key to investment, design and cost management must work closely with staff to make a lot of the technical and economic comparison, in the reduction and control of project efforts, engineering Cost management in the design process should be timely investment analysis on the comparison, the cost of information feedback and dynamic impact on the design, in order to ensure effective control over investment.At the design stage to project cost control should focus on the following aspects.(1) to promote the design and the design of the bidding campaign optimization design approachThe assessment team of experts using scientific methods, in accordance with applicable, economic, aesthetic principles, as well as technologically advanced, well-structured to meet the building energy saving and environmental requirements, a comprehensive assessment of the merits of design, selection of the best in determining the successful program. Estimates of selected investment program in general to be close to the scope of construction projects. The design of these two methods both contract design choice and competition, to ensure selection of the design of technologically advanced, innovative and unique, adaptable, and help control project cost. Design units should strive to improve their own quality, clever engineering design ideas, great care, in order to reduce the project cost more than their brains in order to improve design quality, and strive to put at the design stage in the approval of project cost control within the investment limits.(2) actively pursuing the design limitThe so-called cap design, is in accordance with the approved design of the book and investment is estimated that in the guarantee under the premise of the functional requirements. Preliminary design and budget control, in accordance with the approved budget for the preliminary design and total control of the construction design. Through the ceiling design, every professional, every designer has a target investment limit. During the design process, designers should be more into the program to compare and optimize the design, Not only to ensure that technically advanced and reasonable design, innovative aesthetics, but also the investment limit is not exceededthe target in order to put an end to the design of the project to raise the factor of safety and design standards, or only consider the feasibility of technical solutions, rather than the phenomenon of economic rationality to ensure effective cost control.(3) the implementation of the design of reward and punishment systemIn order to limit the design of the implementation into practice, the limit should be set up and sound system designed to reward and punishment. To limit the design is done well, cost savings and control of investment there is the effectiveness of the project legal person should be given appropriate incentives and design units. Design to limit the development of the internal design of assessment and incentive methods to limit attention to the design, made to save investment and effective cost control offices and the significant achievements of individuals, should be rewarding. Do not attach importance to limit the design, do not take measures to save the investment, resulting in more than a design limit investment offices and individuals should be given to economic penalties. Do reward and encourage designers to design deep potential economic importance to design the control of a reasonable project cost will be a major breakthrough.Fourth、the cost control of the implementation phase of construction project1, the bidding process stageThe implementation of construction project bidding is effective means of construction projects to control the implementation phase of the project cost. If we want To do a good job for bidding, the first we should make sure that qualification is clearance, and resolutely put an end to bribery, such as all the Phenomenon about destruction of all bidding discipline; Secondly, we should strengthen the bid management, to ensure the accuracy and confidentiality of bid preparation; Third, make sure the method of Evaluation and Calibration are Scientific .when select the successful projects as a standard we should concern about the reasonable, short period, reputable companies, construction considerations such as experience. when we evaluation, the first is technical standard assessment, the follow is business assessment,this can ensure open, fair and just.2, the construction phaseIn the construction phase construction ,the goles based on project budget or contract price of Civil works and installation works and project cost control of Civil works and installation works. At this stage the scope for savings has been small, but it is likely to lead to waste,this make us give them adequate attention for the control of project cost.(1) strengthen the technical and economic comparison of construction programConstruction is an important work of the design of constructing orgnization. Reasonable constructing program can shorten the period of constructing, ensure the quality of the project and enhance economic efficiency. Comparing and analysing the constructing program from technical and economic view and comparing the three techno-economic index of the quality, duration and cost through qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis can take good use of manpower, material and financial resources, achieving better economic benefits. Consequently, good construction management is an important way of all-round cost management.(2) a sound system design change Examination and approval systemIf design subject need to be change, we should take action as far as possible in advance, because the sooner the change, the smaller loss; Second, before each design ofchanges we must analysis the quality of project and cost, and this should receive the consent of the original design. If it breakthrough the total project cost estimates after the change, this must be approved by the review of the relevant departments, we should prevent these things happened such as increasing design elements ,improving the design standards, increasing the project cost.(3) check strictly with visa procedures of the project site we should Construct project management system , establish the specialized departments,and through the use of specialized management of professionals for the project, to avoid the phenomenon that project management staff just care visa only, take no concern about the economic accounts, resulting the serious consequences such as investment is out of control.For Seriously changes of visa procedures we should make the building side, supervision side, the construction site together representatives signed a manner to ensure that the authenticity of the visa, the rationality of the economy of changes and to avoid the disputes caused by the phenomenon of fraud.(4) do a good job in the completion of the audit settlement priceClearing refers to the completion of construction enterprises in accordance with the terms of the contract completed by the contractor within the engineering, land quality experience, and in accordance with the contract, the construction units to carry out the final project settlement price. Completion of the project audited settlement is approved in accordance with the construction of the project cost. Therefore, the completion of settlement of the audit is a very important work, should focus on the following:① check the accuracy of the project quantity.the check of project Quantity is the most important and most complicated, the most detailed work in process of the settle of completed project, this must be based on completion of the project plan, changed design and construction of the scene .it strictly in accordance with the provisions of the rules one by one in terms of project review to prevent the units of construction to increase the volume of inflated project cost in the settlement on completion of the project.② examine whether the additional apply is right . check the sub-projects listed in the price in line with the fixed unit price, check whether the name, specification, measurement units and the content consistent with the units of the valuation table; for the unit price of conversion, the first step is to check if the conversion price was fixed allowed, followed check if the conversion price is correct.③ check if the standards for the admission fee In line with the cost of the fixed and the cost of policies and regulations of the project during the construction.Fifth, the thinking and outlook of project cost management system From a long time, we generally ignore the the project cost control of preparatory work for the construction phase, and control projects often focus on the cost of the construction phase - the budget review working drawings and reasonable settlement。

工程造价Course 工学学士Bachelor of EngineeringMajor工程造价Cost EngineeringUnit Type Year 1 Unit Name Credit Points通识必修课Generalcompulsorycourses中国近现代史纲要Modern History of China 2 通识选修课General elective course 思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics andfundamentals of law0.5公共必修课Public compulsory 大学英语1级College English 1 levels 2.5 大学英语2级College English 2 levels 2.5 计算机操作基础Basic computer skills 0.75 文字处理技术Word processing skills 1.25 电子表格应用Spreadsheet applications 1.25 演示文稿制作Making presentations 0.75 高等数学2-1 Advanced Mathematics 2-1 4专业必修课Professional courses 土木工程概论Introduction of civil engineering 2 工程制图Engineering drawing 3 认识实习Cognition practice 1 管理学Management 2课外教学The extracurricular teaching 体育4-1 Physical education 4-1 1 军训和军事理论Military training and military theory 2 导师课The tutorial 0.5 管理学分Management of credit 0.5 1st Half Total通识选修课General electivecourse 大学生礼仪与修养Etiquette and Culture 2思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics andfundamentals of law0.5公共必修课Public compulsory 大学英语3级College English 3 levels 2.5 大学英语4级College English 4 levels 2.5 程序设计Program design 2 高等数学2-2 Advanced Mathematics 2-2 4专业必修课Professional courses 土木工程CAD Civil engineering CAD 2 土木工程CAD课程实训Civil engineering CAD course training1施工图识读实训Construction plans literacy training 2 土木工程材料Civil Engineering Materials 2课外教学The extracurricular teaching 体育4-2 Physical education 4-2 1 导师课The tutorial 0.5管理学分Management of credit 0.52nd Half TotalYear TotalUnit Type Year 2 Unit Name Credit Points通识必修课Generalcompulsorycourses马克思主义基本原理概论Basic Principles of Marxism 3通识选修课General electivecourse 大学生心理健康教育导论The introduction ofpsychological health education of College Students2 思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics andfundamentals of law0.5 通识公选课General elective course 1公共必修课Public compulsory 大学英语5级College English 5 levels 2.5 大学英语6级College English 6 levels 2.5 线性代数Linear Algebra 2专业必修课Professional courses 工程力学Engineering mechanics 2 房屋建筑学Housing architecture 4 建设法规Building regulations 2课外教学The extracurricular teaching 体育4-3 Physical education 4-3 1 管理学分Management of credit 0.5 1st Half Total通识必修课Generalcompulsorycourses中国马克思主义概论Introduction to Chinese Marxism 4 通识选修课General elective course 思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics andfundamentals of law0.5公共必修课Public compulsory 大学英语7级College English 7 levels 2.5 大学英语8级College English 8 levels 2.5 概率论与数理统计Probability and Statistics 2专业必修课Professional 结构力学Structural Mechanics 4 工程项目管理Project Management 3courses 建筑结构识图与工程量计算Building structure is figureand calculation of quantities3工程定额Project quota 2工程算量实训Count the amount of training projects 3公选课Elective course 微积分Calculus 2 线性代数Linear Algebra 2 概率论与数理统计Probability and Statistics 2 数学综合习题课Mathematics comprehensive recitation 2课外教学The extracurricular teaching 体育4-4 Physical education 4-4 1 中国马克思主义概论（社会实践）Introduction to Chinese Marxism（social practice）2 管理学分Management of credit 0.5 2nd Half TotalYear TotalUnit Type Year 3 Unit Name Credit Points通识选修课General elective course 思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics andfundamentals of law0.5专业必修课Professional courses 工程结构Engineering structures 4 运筹学Operations Research 3 建筑水暖设备工程施工Building construction plumbing equipment3 工程经济学Engineering Economics 2 工程算量软件实训Engineering calculation softwaretraining3专业选修课Specializedelectivecourse工程财务管理Project Financial Management 3公选课Elective course 微积分Calculus 2 线性代数Linear Algebra 2 概率论与数理统计Probability and Statistics 2 数学综合习题课Mathematics comprehensive recitation 2 大学英语9级College English 9 levels 2.5 大学英语10级College English 10 levels 2.5课外教学Theextracurricularteaching管理学分Management of credit 0.51st Half Total通识选修课General electivecourse 思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics andfundamentals of law0.5 人际沟通与交流Interpersonal communication andexchange2公共必修课Publiccompulsory应用文写作Practical writing 2专业必修课Professional courses 建筑与装饰工程施工Building and DecorationEngineering Construction4 建筑与装饰工程施工实训Building and Decoration Engineering Construction Training3 工程招投标与合同管理Project bidding and contract management2 安装工程计价Installation Project Valuation 2 工程造价管理Project Cost Management 2 建筑电气Electrical Building 2专业选修课Specialized electivecourse 建筑工程监理Construction supervision 3 专业外语Professional foreign language 2公选课Elective course 微积分Calculus 2 线性代数Linear Algebra 2 概率论与数理统计Probability and Statistics 2 数学综合习题课Mathematics comprehensive recitation 2 大学英语9级College English 9 levels 2.5 大学英语10级College English 10 levels 2.5课外教学Theextracurricularteaching管理学分Management of credit 0.52nd Half TotalYear TotalUnit Type Year 4 Unit Name Credit Points通识选修课General elective course 就业指导与创业教育Employment guidance and entrepreneurship education2专业必修课Professional courses 顶岗实习Post practice 8 安装工程计价实训Installation Project Valuation Training 2 建筑工程施工组织Building construction organization 2 建筑工程施工组织实训Building constructionorganization training1工程造价管理实训Project Cost Management Training 2工程成本规划与控制Cost Planning and ControlEngineering3 专业选修课SpecializedelectivecourseFIDIC合同条件FIDIC Conditions of Contract 2公选课Elective course 微积分Calculus 2 线性代数Linear Algebra 2 概率论与数理统计Probability and Statistics 2 数学综合习题课Mathematics comprehensive recitation 2课外教学The extracurricular teaching 形势与政策Situation and policy 2 第二课堂The second class 2管理学分Management of credit 0.51st Half Total专业必修课Professional courses 毕业实习Graduation Practice 4 毕业设计（论文）Graduation design (Thesis) 12课外教学Theextracurricularteaching管理学分Management of credit 0.52nd Half TotalYear TotalCourse Total。

襄樊职业技术学院《建筑专业英语》课程标准一、课程定位工程造价专业主要面向建设单位、施工单位、工程造价中介机构、工程造价主管部门等企事业单位，培养在生产、服务第一线能从事土建工程建设、施工、监理和工程造价核算与咨询、工程招标标底和投标报价的编制等建筑工程的岗位群工作，具备建筑行业诚实信用的职业素养，工程造价领域专业知识和职业技能，德、智、体、美、劳等方面全面发展，具有职业生涯发展基础的高素质高技能人才。

建筑专业英语是工程造价专业中职业综合技能学习领域中的一门限选课。

本课程的教学目的在于培养工程造价专业学生在涉外交际中应具备的该行业所需的阅读和撰写英文资料和招投标合同的能力。

通过专业英语的学习，使学生具备一定的工程造价专业英语词汇和专业术语，掌握招投标合同文件的结构和语法特点，初步具有使用英语撰写招投标文件合同的能力。

本课程的前置课程为：《大学英语》、《工程招投标与合同管理》等。

本课程的后置课程为：毕业设计、顶岗实习二、课程目标（一）能力目标1．能借助词典等工具阅读和翻译工程造价专业相关的英文资料或Fidic合同。

2．能在涉外交际的日常活动和业务活动中进行专业相关的简单口头和书面交流。

（二）知识目标1．掌握工程造价专业相关常用英语术语。

2．掌握论文英文摘要和相关应用文的撰写方法。

3．掌握英语求职材料的撰写方法。

4．初步掌握工程造价专业相关的英文资料或Fidic合同的翻译方法和技巧。

（三）态度目标1.使学生初步具备严谨思维的能力。

2.运用多种教学手段、设置教学场景，培养学生的学习兴趣和创新意识。

3.了解文化差异，培养学生的爱国精神和世界意识，为学生步入社会和进一步学习奠定基础。

三、课程设计1. 设计思想（1）课程整体设计说明本课程是经过专业老师及英语老师的反复讨论研究后，根据工程造价高等职业教育学生的学习特点和职业能力需求设定的。

根据专业英语的学习特点以及建筑工程涉外招投标合同管理工作过程设定了建筑专业英语学习的内容和方法、工程招标相关英文合同、工程投标相关英文合同和工程合同谈判与索赔四个模块，并根据每个单元的学习任务安排学习内容，组织课堂教学。

高级语言程序设计Advanced Language Programme Design工程造价管理Project Pricing Management工业行业技术评估概论Introduction to Industrial Technical Evaluation 公共关系Public Relations公关礼仪Etiquette for Public Relations管理沟通Managerial Communication国际关系与政治International Relationship and Politics国际技术贸易International Technology Trade机械制图Mechanical Drawing计算机科学Computer Science技术创新Technological Innovation技术经济Technological Economics价格学Pricing建筑项目预算Constructive Project Budgeting金融管理软件Financial Management Software经济文献检索Economic Document Searching经济文写作Economic Article Writing经贸科研论文与写作Research Project on Economics & Trade伦理学Ethics逻辑学Logic社会保障Social Security社会调查Social Survey社会学Sociology世界经济概论Introduction to World Economy世界经贸地理World Geography for Economics and Trade世界市场行情World Market Survey世界政治经济与国际关系World Politics, Economy and International Relations 数据结构Database Structure数据库管理Database Management数据库及其应用Database and Applications数据模型与决策Digital Models and Decision-making外国经济地理Economic Geography of Foreign Countries外国经济史History of Foreign Economies外贸函电Business Correspondence for Foreign Trade外贸口语Oral English for Foreign Trade外贸实务Foreign Trade Practices物流运输计划管理Logistics Planning & management系统工程System Engineering现代国际政治与经济Contemporary International Politics and Economics信息分析Information Analysis信息技术与新组织Information Technology and New Organisations形式逻辑Formal Logic英语经贸文章选读Selected English Readings of Economic and Trade Literature营销管理Marketing Management营运管理Operation Management运筹学Operations Research战略管理Strategic Management职业道德伦理Professional Ethics中国对外经贸政策与投资环境Chinese Foreign Trade Policy and Investment Environment中国对外贸易史History of Chinese Foreign Trade中国外贸概论Introduction to Chinese Foreign Trade资刊选读Selected Reading from Foreign Magazines组织行为学Organisational Behaviour大学课程英文名称（做英文成绩单有用）Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics 高等计算流体力学Advanced Mathematics 高等数学Advanced Numerical Analysis 高等数值分析Algorithmic Language 算法语言Analogical Electronics 模拟电子电路Artificial Intelligence Programming 人工智能程序设计Audit 审计学Automatic Control System 自动控制系统Automatic Control Theory 自动控制理论Auto-Measurement Technique 自动检测技术Basis of Software Technique 软件技术基础Calculus 微积分Catalysis Principles 催化原理Chemical Engineering Document Retrieval 化工文献检索Circuitry 电子线路College English 大学英语College English Test (Band 4) CET-4College English Test (Band 6) CET-6College Physics 大学物理Communication Fundamentals 通信原理Comparative Economics 比较经济学Complex Analysis 复变函数论Computational Method 计算方法Computer Graphics 图形学原理Computer Interface Technology 计算机接口技术Contract Law 合同法Cost Accounting 成本会计Circuit Measurement Technology 电路测试技术Database Principles 数据库原理Design & Analysis System 系统分析与设计Developmental Economics 发展经济学Digital Electronics 数字电子电路Digital Image Processing 数字图像处理Digital Signal Processing 数字信号处理Econometrics 经济计量学Economical Efficiency Analysis for Chemical Technology 化工技术经济分析Economy of Capitalism 资本主义经济Electromagnetic Fields & Magnetic Waves 电磁场与电磁波Electrical Engineering Practice 电工实习Enterprise Accounting 企业会计学Equations of Mathematical Physics 数理方程Experiment of College Physics 物理实验Experiment of Microcomputer 微机实验Experiment in Electronic Circuitry 电子线路实验Fiber Optical Communication System 光纤通讯系统Finance 财政学Financial Accounting 财务会计Fine Arts 美术Functions of a Complex Variable 单复变函数Functions of Complex Variables 复变函数Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformations 复变函数与积分变换Fundamentals of Law 法律基础Fuzzy Mathematics 模糊数学General Physics 普通物理Graduation Project(Thesis) 毕业设计（论文）Graph theory 图论Heat Transfer Theory 传热学History of Chinese Revolution 中国革命史Industrial Economics 工业经济学Information Searches 情报检索Integral Transformation 积分变换Intelligent robot(s); Intelligence robot 智能机器人International Business Administration 国际企业管理International Clearance 国际结算International Finance 国际金融International Relation 国际关系International Trade 国际贸易Introduction to Chinese Tradition 中国传统文化Introduction to Modern Science & Technology 当代科技概论Introduction to Reliability Technology 可靠性技术导论Java Language Programming Java 程序设计Lab of General Physics 普通物理实验Linear Algebra 线性代数Management Accounting 管理会计学Management Information System 管理信息系统Mechanic Design 机械设计Mechanical Graphing 机械制图Merchandise Advertisement 商品广告学Metalworking Practice 金工实习Microcomputer Control Technology 微机控制技术Microeconomics & Macroeconomics 西方经济学Microwave Technique 微波技术Military Theory 军事理论Modern Communication System 现代通信系统Modern Enterprise System 现代企业制度Monetary Banking 货币银行学Motor Elements and Power Supply 电机电器与供电Moving Communication 移动通讯Music 音乐Network Technology 网络技术Numeric Calculation 数值计算Oil Application and Addition Agent 油品应用及添加剂Operation & Control of National Economy 国民经济运行与调控Operational Research 运筹学Optimum Control 最优控制Petroleum Chemistry 石油化学Petroleum Engineering Technique 石油化工工艺学Philosophy 哲学Physical Education 体育Political Economics 政治经济学Primary Circuit （反应堆）一回路Principle of Communication 通讯原理Principle of Marxism 马克思主义原理Principle of Mechanics 机械原理Principle of Microcomputer 微机原理Principle of Sensing Device 传感器原理Principle of Single Chip Computer 单片机原理Principles of Management 管理学原理Probability Theory & Stochastic Process 概率论与随机过程Procedure Control 过程控制Programming with Pascal Language Pascal语言编程Programming with C Language C语言编程Property Evaluation 工业资产评估Public Relation 公共关系学Pulse & Numerical Circuitry 脉冲与数字电路Refinery Heat Transfer Equipment 炼厂传热设备Satellite Communications 卫星通信Semiconductor Converting Technology 半导体变流技术Set Theory 集合论Signal & Linear System 信号与线性系统Social Research 社会调查SPC Exchange Fundamentals 程控交换原理Specialty English 专业英语Statistics 统计学Stock Investment 证券投资学Strategic Management for Industrial Enterprises 工业企业战略管理Technological Economics 技术经济学Television Operation 电视原理Theory of Circuitry 电路理论Turbulent Flow Simulation and Application 湍流模拟及其应用Visual C++ Programming Visual C++程序设计Windows NT Operating System Principles Windows NT操作系统原理Word Processing 数据处理姓名NAME性别SEX入学时间1ST TERM ENROLLED IN系别DEPARTMENT专业SPECIALITY毕业时间GRADUATION DA TE19XX-19YY学年度第一/二学期1st/2nd TERM. 19XX-19YY课程名称COURSE TITLE学分CREDIT成绩GRADE高等数学Advanced Mathematics工程数学Engineering Mathematics中国革命史History of Chinese Revolutionary程序设计Programming Design机械制图Mechanical Drawing社会学Sociology体育Physical Education物理实验Physical Experiments电路Circuit物理Physics哲学Philosophy法律基础Basis of Law理论力学Theoretical Mechanics材料力学Material Mechanics电机学Electrical Machinery政治经济学Political Economy自动控制理论Automatic Control Theory模拟电子技术基础Basis of Analogue Electronic Technique 数字电子技术Digital Electrical Technique电磁场Electromagnetic Field微机原理Principle of Microcomputer企业管理Business Management专业英语Specialized English可编程序控制技术Controlling Technique for Programming 金工实习Metal Working Practice毕业实习Graduation Practice。

工程造价翻译Engineering Cost Translation (700 Words)Engineering cost refers to the total amount of money required for the construction, renovation, and maintenance of a project. It includes various expenses such as materials, labor, equipment, and overhead costs. Accurate estimation and management of engineering costs are crucial for the successful completion of any construction project.There are several factors that influence engineering costs. The first factor is the type of project. Different types of projects have different cost requirements. For example, a residential building project will have different cost considerations compared to an industrial construction project.Another factor is the location of the project. Construction costs can vary depending on the region, as labor and material costs may differ. For example, building a project in a remote area may require additional transportation costs for materials and equipment. The size and complexity of the project also play a significant role in determining engineering costs. A larger and more complex project will typically require more resources, resulting in higher costs. The design of the project is another factor that affects costs.A well-designed project can save costs by maximizing the use of resources and minimizing waste.The accuracy of cost estimation is crucial in managing engineering costs. Estimating the cost of each component of the project, suchas materials, labor, and equipment, helps in creating an accurate budget. Cost estimation should consider all possible expenses, such as permits, inspections, and legal fees.During the construction phase, it is essential to monitor and control costs to avoid excessive spending. Regular cost tracking and reporting help in identifying any deviations from the budget and taking corrective actions. Implementing cost control measures, such as value engineering and cost-saving initiatives, can help in reducing expenses without compromising the quality of the project.Effective cost management also involves proper negotiation and procurement of materials and services. Obtaining competitive bids from suppliers and contractors can help in reducing costs. Regular communication and coordination with suppliers and subcontractors also contribute to efficient cost management.In addition to construction costs, engineering costs should also consider ongoing maintenance and operational expenses. Proper maintenance is essential for preserving the longevity and functionality of the project. Planning and budgeting for maintenance activities, such as regular inspections, repairs, and replacements, are critical for cost-effectiveness.Overall, engineering cost translation involves accurately estimating, managing, and controlling the financial aspects of a construction project. It requires careful attention to details, comprehensive cost estimation, effective cost tracking, and proactive cost control measures. By efficiently managing engineering costs, constructionprojects can be completed within budget and meet the set objectives.。

常用大学课程中英文对照大学课程中英文对照大汇集英文字母开头的课程ALGOL语言ALGOLLanguageBASIC&FORTRAN语言BASICLanguage&FORTRANLanguageBASIC语言BASICLanguageBASIC语言及应用BASICLanguage&ApplicationC语言CLanguageC++程序设计C++ProgramDesigningCAD概论IntroductiontoCADCAD/CAMCAD/CAMCET-4CollegeEnglishTest(Band4)CET-6CollegeEnglishTest(Band6)COBOL语言COBOLLanguageCOBOL语言程序设计COBOLLanguageProgramDesigningC与UNIX环境CLanguage&UnixEnvironmentC语言科学计算方法ScientificComputationMethodinCC语言与生物医学信息处理CLanguage&BiomedicalInformationProcessing dBASEⅢ课程设计CourseExerciseindBASEⅢFORTRAN77语言FORTRAN77LanguageFORTRAN语言FORTRANLanguageFoxBase程序设计FoxBaseProgrammingHopf代数HopfAlgebraHopf代数与代数群量子群HopfAlgebra,AlgebraicGroupandQuantumGroupIBM-PC/XTFundamentalsofMicrocomputerIBM-PC/XTIBM-PC微机原理FundamentalsofMicrocomputerIBM-PCIBM汇编及高级语言的接口IBMAssembly&itsInterfaceswithAdvancedProgrammingLanguages Internet与Intranet技术InternetandIntranetTechnologyLSI设计基础BasicofLSIDesigningOS/2操作系统OS/2OperationSystemPASCAL大型作业PASCALWideRangeWorkingPASCAL课程设计CourseExerciseinPASCALPASCAL语言PASCALLanguagePC机原理PrincipleofPCUnix编程环境UnixProgrammingEnvironmentUnix操作系统分析AnalysisofUnixSystemVLSI的EDA技术EDATechniquesforVLSIVLSI技术与检测方法VLSITechniques&ItsExaminationVLSI设计基础BasisofVLSIDesignWindows系统WindowsOperationSystemX光分析X-rayAnalysisX射线金属学X-Ray&MetallographyX射线与电镜X-ray&ElectricMicroscopeZ-80汇编语言程序设计Z-80PragramminginAssemblyLanguagesB开头的课程板壳非线性力学NonlinearMechanicsofPlateandShell板壳理论PlateTheory,TheoryofPlateandShell板壳力学PlateMechanics办公自动化OfficeAutomatization办公自动化系统毕业设计OfficeAutomatizationThesis办公自动化系统设计OfficeAutomatizationDesign半波实验SemiwaveExperiment半导体变流技术SemiconductorConvertingTechnology半导体材料SemiconductorMaterials半导体测量MeasurementofSemiconductors半导体瓷敏元件SemiconductorPorcelain-SensitiveElements半导体光电子学SemiconductorOpticElectronics半导体化学SemiconductorChemistry半导体激光器SemiconductorLaserUnit半导体集成电路SemiconductorIntegratedCircuitry半导体理论Semi-conductiveTheory半导体器件SemiconductorDevices半导体器件工艺原理TechnologicalFundamentalsofSemiconductorDevice半导体器件课程设计CourseDesignofSemiconductorDevices半导体物理SemiconductorPhysics半导体专业Semi-conductionSpecialty半导体专业实验SpecialtyExperimentofSemiconductor半群理论Semi-groupTheory保健食品监督评价EvaluationandSupervisiononHealthFoods保险学Insurance保险学Insurance报告文学专题SpecialSubjectOnReportage报刊编辑学Newspaper&MagazineEditing报刊选读SelectedReadingsofNewspaper&Magazine报纸编辑学NewspaperEditing泵与风机PumpsandFans泵与水机Pumps&WaterTurbines毕业论文GraduationThesis毕业设计GraduationThesis毕业实习GraduationPractice编译方法CompilationMethod编译方法MethodsofCompiling编译技术TechniqueofCompiling编译原理FundamentalsofCompiling,PrinciplesofCompiler编译原理课程设计CourseDesignofCompiling变电站的微机检测ComputerTestinginTransformerSubstation变电站的微机检测与控制ComputerTesting&ControlinTransformerSubstation变分法与张量CalculusofVariations&Tensor变分学CalculusofVariations变流技术SemiconductorConvertingTechnology变质量系统热力学与新型回转压VariableQualitySystemThermalMechanics&NeoRo 表面活性剂化学及应用ChemistryandApplicationofSurfactant表面活性物质SurfaceReactiveMaterials并行处理ParallelProcessing并行处理与并行程序设计ParallelProcessingandParallelProgramming并行算法ParallelAlgorithmic波谱学Spectroscopy,WaveSpectrum波谱学实验SpectroscopicExperiment薄膜光学FilmOptics薄膜物理ThinFilmPhysics不育症的病因学EtiologyofInfertilityC开头的课程材料的力学性能测试MeasurementofMaterialMechanicalPerformance材料化学MaterialChemistry材料力学MechanicsofMaterials财税法规与税务会计LawsandRegulationsofFinanceandTaxes财务案例分析CaseAnalysisofFinanceManagement财务案例分析CaseAnalysisofFinancialManagement财务报告分析AnalysisofFinancialStatement财务成本管理FinancialCostManagement财务管理FinancialManagement,FinancialCostManagement财务管理与分析FinancialManagementandAnalysis财务会计FinancialAccountancy财政学PublicFinance财政与金融Finance&Banking财政与税收Finance&Revenue财政与税收理论TheoriesonPublicFinanceandTaxRevenue财政与信贷Finance&Credit操作系统DiskOperatingSystem(DOS)操作系统课程设计CourseDesigninDiskOperatingSystem操作系统与编译原理DiskOperatingSystem&FundamentalsofCompiling操作系统原理FundamentalsofDiskOperatingSystem,PrinciplesofOperatingSystem 测量技术基础FoundationofMeasurementTechnology测量原理与仪器设计MeasurementFundamentals&MeterDesign测试技术TestingTechnology测试与信号变换处理Testing&SignalTransformationProcessing策波测量技术TechniqueofWhipWaveMeasurement策略管理StrategicManagement产品学Production产业经济学IndustrialEconomy产业组织IndustrialOrganization产业组织学IndustrialOrganizationTechnology常微分方程OrdinaryDifferentialEquations场论FieldTheory超导磁体及应用SuperconductiveMagnet&Application超导及应用Superconductive&Application超高真空科学与技术ScienceandTechnologyofUltrahighVacuum60超精密加工和微细加工Super-Precision&MinutenessProcessing超精微细加工Super-Precision&MinutenessProcessing超声及应用SupersonicsApplication成本会计CostAccounting成像原理与技术Principles&TechniqueofImaging成组技术GroupingTechnique城市规划原理FundamentalsofCityPlanning城市社会学UrbanSociology程控数字交换ProgramControllingofDigitalExchange程序设计ProgramDesigning程序设计方法学MethodologyofProgramming,MethodsofProgramming程序设计及算法语言ProgramDesigning&AlgorithmicLanguage程序设计语言ProgrammingLanguage齿轮啮合原理PrinciplesofGearConnection冲击测量及误差PunchingMeasurement&Error冲压工艺SheetMetalFormingTechnology抽象代数AbstractAlgebra初等数学PrimaryMathematics传坳概论IntroductiontoPassCol传动概论IntroductiontoTransmission传感技术SensorTechnique传感技术及应用SensorTechnique&Application传感器及应用Sensors&Application传感器与检测技术Sensors&TestingTechnology传感器原理FundamentalsofSensors传感器原理及应用FundamentalsofSensors&Application传热学HeatTransfer船舶操纵ShipControlling船舶电力系统ShipElectricalPowerSystem船舶电力系统课程设计CourseExerciseinShipElectricalPowerSystem 船舶电气传动自动化ShipElectrifiedTransmissionAutomation船舶电站ShipPowerStation船舶动力装置ShipPowerEquipment船舶概论IntroductiontoShips船舶焊接与材料Welding&MaterialsonShip船舶机械控制技术MechanicControlTechnologyforShips船舶机械拖动ShipMechanicTowage船舶建筑美学ArtisticDesigningofShips船舶结构ShipStructure船舶结构力学StructuralMechanicsforShips船舶结构与制图ShipStructure&Graphing船舶静力学ShipStatics船舶强度与结构设计DesigningShipIntensity&Structure船舶设计原理PrinciplesofShipDesigning船舶推进ShipPropelling船舶摇摆ShipSwaying船舶摇摆与操纵ShipSwaying&Manipulating船舶振动ShipVibration船舶阻力ShipResistance船体建造工艺Ship-BuildingTechnology船体结构ShipStructure船体结构图ShipStructureGraphing船体结构与制图ShipStructure&Graphing船体振动学ShipVibration船体制图ShipGraphing船用电器设备MarineElectricalEquipment创造心理学CreativityPsychology词汇学Lexicology磁测量技术MagneticMeasurementTechnology磁传感器MagneticSensor磁存储设备设计原理FundamentalDesignofMagneticMemoryEquipment磁记录Magnetographic磁记录技术MagnetographicTechnology磁记录物理MagnetographicPhysics磁路设计与场计算MagneticPathDesigning&MagneticFieldCalculati磁盘控制器MagneticDiskControler磁性材料MagneticMaterials磁性测量MagneticMeasurement磁性物理Magnetophysics磁原理及应用PrinciplesofCatalyzation&Application催化原理PrinciplesofCatalysisD开头的课程大电流测量Super-CurrentMeasurement大电源测量Super-PowerMeasurement大机组协调控制Coordination&ControlofGeneratorNetworks大跨度房屋结构Large-SpanHousestructure大型锅炉概况IntroductiontoLarge-VolumeBoilers大型火电机组控制ControlofLargeThermalPowerGeneratorNetworks大型数据库原理与高级开发技术PrinciplesofLarge-ScaleData-BaseandAdvancedDevelopmentTechnology 大学德语CollegeGerman大学俄语CollegeRussian大学法语CollegeFrench大学日语CollegeJapanese大学生心理学PsychologyIntroduction大学物理CollegePhysics大学物理实验ExperimentofCollegePhysics大学英语CollegeEnglish大学语文CollegeChinese大众传播学MassMedia代数几何AlgebraicGeometry代数几何AlgebraicGeometry代数曲面AlgebraicSurfaces代数图论AlgebraicGraphTheory代数拓扑AlgebraicTopology代数学Algebra代用燃料SubstituteFuel代用运放电路SimulatedTransmittalCircuit单片机与接口技术Mono-ChipComputers&InterfaceTechnique单片机原理FundamentalsofMono-ChipComputers单片机原理及应用FundamentalsofMono-ChipComputers&Applications弹塑性力学Elastic-PlasticMechanics弹性波ElasticWaves弹性力学ElasticMechanics,TheoryofElasticMechanics弹性元件的理论及设计TheoryandDesignofElasticElement蛋白质结构基础PrincipleofProteinStructure蛋白质生物化学技术BiochemicalTechnologyofProtein当代国际关系ContemporaryInternationalRelationship当代国外社会思维评价EvaluationofContemporaryForeignSocialThought 当代文学ContemporaryLiterature当代文学专题TopicsonContemporaryLiterature当代西方哲学ContemporaryWesternPhilosophy当代戏剧与电影ContemporaryDrama&Films当代资本主义经济ContemporaryCapitalistEconomy党史HistoryoftheParty导波光学WaveGuidingOptics德育MoralEducation等离子体工程PlasmaEngineering低频电子线路LowFrequencyElectricCircuit低温测试技术CryoTestingTechnique低温传热学CryoConduction低温固体物理CryoSolidPhysics低温技术原理与装置FundamentalsofCryoTechnology&Equipment低温技术中的微机原理PriciplesofMicrocomputerinCryoTechnology低温绝热CryoHeatInsulation低温气体制冷机CryoGasRefrigerator低温热管CryoHeatTube低温设备CryoEquipment低温生物冻干技术BiologicalCryoFreezingDryingTechnology低温生物学原理与应用Principle&ApplicationofCryobiology低温实验技术CryoExperimentationTechnology低温物理导论CryoPhysicConcepts低温物理概论CryoPhysicConcepts低温仪表及测试CryoMeters&Measurement低温原理CryoFundamentals低温原理与设备CryoFundamentals&Equipment低温制冷机CryoRefrigerator低温中的微机应用ApplicationofMicrocomputerinCryoTechnology低温装置CryoEquipment低噪声电子电路Low-NoiseElectricCircuit低噪声电子设计Low-NoiseElectronicDesigning低噪声放大与弱检Low-NoiseIncreasing&Decreasing低噪声与弱信号检测DetectionofLowNoise&WeakSignals地基基础课程设计CourseDesignofGroundsillBasis地理Geography第二次世界大战史HistoryofWorldWarII典型计算机分析ClassicalComputerAnalysis电测量技术ElectricMeasurementTechnology电厂计算机控制系统ComputerControlSysteminPowerPlants电磁测量实验技术ElectromagneticMeasurementExperiment&Technology电磁场计算机ElectromagneticFieldComputers电磁场理论TheoryofElectromagneticFields电磁场数值计算NumericalCalculationofElectromagneticFields电磁场与电磁波ElectromagneticFields&MagneticWaves电磁场与微波技术ElectromagneticFields&Micro-WaveTechnology电磁场中的数值方法NumericalMethodsinElectromagneticFields电磁场中的数值计算NumericalCalculationinElectromagneticFields电磁学Electromagnetics电动力学Electrodynamics电镀Plating电分析化学Electro-AnalyticalChemistry电工材料ElectricalMaterials电工测量技术基础MeasurementTechnologyofElectricalEngineering电工测试技术基础TestingTechnologyofElectricalEngineering电工产品学ElectrotechnicalProducts电工电子技术基础ElectricalTechnology&ElectricalEngineering电工电子学ElectronicsinElectricalEngineering电工基础FundamentalTheoryofElectricalEngineering电工基础理论FundamentalTheoryofElectricalEngineering电工基础实验BasicExperimentinElectricalEngineering电工技术Electrotechnics电工技术基础FundamentalsofElectrotechnics电工实习ElectricalEngineeringPractice电工实验ExperimentofElectricalEngineering电工实验技术基础ExperimentTechnologyofElectricalEngineering电工学ElectricalEngineering电工与电机控制ElectricalEngineering&MotorControl电弧电接触ElectricalArcContact电弧焊及电渣焊ElectricArcWelding&ElectroslagWelding电化学测试技术ElectrochemicalMeasurementTechnology电化学工程ElectrochemicalEngineering电化学工艺学ElectrochemicalTechnology电机Motor电机测试技术MotorMeasuringTechnology电机电磁场的分析与计算Analysis&CalculationofElectricalMotor&电机电磁场的数值计算CalculationofElectricalMotor&ElectromagneticFields 电机电磁场理论TheoryofElectricalMoto&ElectromagneticFields电机电器与供电MotorElementsandPowerSupply电机矩阵分析法AnalysisofElectricalMotorMatrix电机课程设计CourseExerciseinElectricEngine电机绕组理论TheoryofMotorWinding电机绕组理论及应用Theory&ApplicationofMotorWinding电机设计DesignofElectricalMotor电机瞬变过程ElectricalMotorChangeProcesses电机统一理论TheoryofElectricalMotorIntegration电机学ElectricalMotor电机学及控制电机ElectricalMachineryControl&Technology电机与拖动ElectricalMachinery&Towage电机原理PrincipleofElectricEngine电机原理与拖动PrinciplesofElectricalMachinery&Towage电机专题LecturesonElectricEngine电接触与电弧ElectricalContact&ElectricalArc电介质物理DielectricPhysics电镜ElectronicSpeculum电力电子电路PowerElectronicCircuit电力电子电器PowerElectronicEquipment电力电子器件PowerElectronicDevices电力电子学PowerElectronics电力工程ElectricalPowerEngineering电力企业管理ManagementofElectricalEnterprise电力生产技术TechnologyofElectricalPowerGeneration电力生产优化管理OptimalManagementofElectricalPowerGeneration电力拖动ElectricTraction电力拖动基础FundamentalsforElectricalTowage电力拖动控制系统ElectricalTowageControlSystems电力拖动与电气控制ElectricalTowage&ElectricalControl电力系统PowerSystems电力系统电源最优化规划OptimalPlanningofPowerSourceinaPowerSystem电力系统短路PowerSystemShortcuts电力系统分析PowerSystemAnalysis电力系统规划PowerSystemPlanning电力系统过电压Hyper-VoltageofPowerSystems电力系统继电保护原理PowerSystemRelayProtection电力系统经济分析EconomicalAnalysisofPowerSystems电力系统经济运行EconomicalOperationofPowerSystems电力系统可靠性PowerSystemReliability电力系统可靠性分析PowerSystemReliabilityAnalysis电力系统课程设计CourseDesignofPowerSystems电力系统无功补偿及应用Non-WorkCompensationinPowerSystems&Applicati 电力系统谐波HarmoniousWavesinPowerSystems电力系统优化设计OptimalDesigningofPowerSystems电力系统远动OperationofElectricSystems电力系统远动技术OperationTechniqueofElectricSystems电力系统运行OperationofElectricSystems电力系统自动化AutomationofElectricSystems电力系统自动装置PowerSystemAutomationEquipment电力系统最优规划OptimalPlanninginPowerSystem电力装置课程设计CourseDesignofPowerEquipment电力装置与系统PowerEquipment&System电路测量与实验CircuitMeasurement&Experiment电路测试技术CircuitMeasurementTechnology电路测试技术基础FundamentalsofCircuitMeasurementTechnology电路测试技术及实验CircuitMeasurementTechnology&Experiments电路分析基础BasisofCircuitAnalysis电路分析基础实验BasicExperimentonCircuitAnalysis电路分析实验ExperimentonCircuitAnalysis电路和电子技术CircuitandElectronicTechnique电路基本理论BasisTheoryofCircuitry电路及电子线路CADCircuitryCAD电路理论TheoryofCircuit电路理论基础FundamentalTheoryofCircuit电路理论实验ExperimentsinTheoryofCircuct电路设计与测试技术CircuitDesigning&MeasurementTechnology电气测量技术ElectricalMeasurementTechnology电气传动ElectrifiedTransmission电气控制技术ElectricalControlTechnology电器设计ElectricalAppliancesDesigning电器学ElectricalAppliances电器与控制ElectricalAppliances&Control电生理技术基础BasicsofElectricphysiologicalTechnology电视传感器图象显示TelevisionSensorGraphicDisplay电视接收技术TelevisionReceptionTechnology电视节目TelevisionPrograms电视节目制作TelevisionProgramDesigning电视新技术NewTelevisionTechnology电视新闻TelevisionNews电视原理PrinciplesofTelevision电网调度自动化AutomationofElectricNetworkManagement电学实验ElectricalExperiment电影艺术ArtofFilmMaking电站微机检测控制ComputerizedMeasurement&ControlofPowerStatio电子材料与元件测试技术MeasuringTechnologyofElectronicMaterialandElement 电子材料元件ElectronicMaterialandElement电子材料元件测量ElectronicMaterialandElementMeasurement电子测量与实验技术TechnologyofElectronicMeasurement&Experiment电子测试ElectronicTesting电子测试技术ElectronicTestingTechnology电子测试技术与实验ElectronicTestingTechnology&Experiment电子测试实验ElectronicTestingExperiment电子测试与实验技术ElectronicTestingTechnology&Experiment电子机械运动控制技术TechnologyofElectronicMechanicMovementControl电子技术TechnologyofElectronics电子技术腐蚀测试中的应用ApplicationofElectronicTechnologyinErosionMeasurement 电子技术基础BasicElectronicTechnology电子技术基础与实验BasicElectronicTechnology&Experiment电子技术课程设计CourseExerciseinElectronicTechnology电子技术实验ExperimentinElectronicTechnology电子技术综合性设计实验ExperimentinElectronicTechnology电子理论实验ExperimentinElectronicTheory电子商务ElectronicCommerce电子系统的ASIC技术ASICDesignTechnologies电子显微分析ElectronicMicro-Analysis电子显微镜ElectronicMicroscope电子线路ElectronicCircuit电子线路的计算机辅助设计ComputerAssociateDesignofElectronicCircuit电子线路课程设计CourseDesignofElectronicCircuit电子线路设计与测试技术ElectronicCircuitDesign&MeasurementTechnology电子线路设计与测试实验ElectronicCircuitDesign&MeasurementExperiment电子线路实验ExperimentinElectronicCircuit电子学Electronics电子学课程设计CourseDesignofElectronics电子照相技术ElectronicPhotographingTechnology雕塑艺术欣赏AppreciationofSculpturalArt调节原理PrinciplesofRegulation调节装置RegulationEquipment动力机械CADDynamicalMachineCAD动力学Dynamics动态规划DynamicProgramming动态无损检测DynamicNon-DestructionMeasurement动态信号DynamicSignal动态信号分析与仪器DynamicSignalAnalysis&Apparatus动物病害学基础BasisofAnimalDisease动物免疫学AnimalImmunology动物生理与分子生物学AnimalPhysiologyandMolecularBiochemistry动物学Zoology动物遗传工程AnimalGeneticEngineering毒理遗传学ToxicologicalGenetics断裂力学FractureMechanics断裂疲劳力学FatigueFractureMechanics锻压测试技术ForgingTestingTechnique锻压工艺ForgingTechnology锻压机械液压传动HydraulicTransmissioninForgingMachinery锻压加热设备ForgingHeatingEquipment锻压设备专题LecturesonForgingPressEquipments锻压系统动力学DynamicsofForgingSystem锻造工艺ForgingTechnology锻造加热设备ForgingHeatEquipment对外贸易保险InternationalTradeInsurance对外贸易地理InternationalMarketingGeography对外贸易概论IntroductiontoInternationalTrade对外贸易运输InternationalTradeTransportation多层网络方法Multi-LayerNetworkTechnology多复变函数AnalyticFunctionsofSeveralComplexVariables多媒体计算机技术MultimediaComputerTechnology多媒体技术MultimediaTechnology多目标优化方法MultipurposeOptimalMethod多项距阵Multi-NominalMatrix多元统计分析MultivariableStatisticsF开头的课程发电厂PowerPlant发电厂电气部分ElectricElementsofPowerPlants发电厂电气部分与动力部分ElectricElements&DynamicsofPowerPlants发电厂电气部分与热力设备ElectricElements&ThermodynamicsEquipmentofPowerPlants 发电厂计算机控制ComputerControlinPowerPlant发酵工程ZymolysisEngineering发育生物学原理与实验技术PrincipleandExperimentalTechnologyofDevelopment发展经济学EvolutiveEconomics法理学Nomology法律基础FundamentalsofLaw法学概论AnIntroductiontoScienceofLaw法学基础FundamentalsofScienceofLaw翻译Translation翻译理论与技巧Theory&SkillsofTranslation反不正当经济法Anti-malfeasanceEconomicLaw泛读ExtensiveReading泛函分析FunctionalAnalysis泛函分析FunctionalAnalysis房屋建筑学ArchitecturalDesign&Construction房屋建筑学课程设计CourseDesignofHouseArchitecture仿真与辅助设计Simulation&ComputerAidedDesign放射生物学RadiationBiology放射学Radiology非电量测量Non-ElectricityMeasurement非金属材料Non-MetalMaterials非线性采样系统Non-LinearSamplingSystem非线性方程组的数值解法NumericalMethodsforNo-linearSystemsofEquations非线性光学NonlinearOptics非线性规划Non-LinearProgramming非线性控制理论Non-LinearControlTheory非线性双曲型守恒律解的存在性TheExistenceofSolutionsforNon-linearHyperbolicConservationLaws 非线性物理导论IntroductiontoNonlinearPhysics非线性振荡Non-LinearOscillation非线性振动NonlinearVibration废水处理工程TechnologyofWastewaterTreatment废水处理与回用SewageDisposalandRe-use沸腾燃烧BoilingCombustion分布式计算机系统DistributedComputerSystem/DistributedSystem分布式系统与分布式处理DistributedSystemsandDistributedProcessing分离科学SeparationScience分析化学AnalyticalChemistry分析化学实验AnalyticalChemistryExperiment分析力学AnalyticMechanics分析生物化学AnalyticalBiochemistry分析生物化学AnalyticalBiochemistry分子病毒学MolecularVirology分子进化工程EngineeringofMolecularEvolution分子生物学MolecularBiology分子生物学技术ProtocolsinMolecularBiology分子遗传学MolecularGenetics风机调节FanRegulation风机调节.使用.运转Regulation,Application&OperationofFans风机三元流动理论与设计Tri-VariantMovementTheory&DesignofFans风能利用WindPowerUtilization风险投资分析AnalysisofRiskInvestment服务业营销ServiceIndustryMarketing辅助机械AidedMachine腐蚀电化学实验ExperimentinErosiveElectrochemistry复变函数ComplexVariablesFunctions复变函数与积分变换FunctionsofComplexVariables&IntegralTransformation复合材料结构力学StructuralMechanicsofCompositeMaterial复合材料力学CompoundMaterialMechanics傅里叶光学FourierOpticsG开头的课程概率论ProbabilityTheory概率论与数理统计ProbabilityTheory&MathematicalStatistics 概率论与随机过程ProbabilityTheory&StochasticProcess概率与统计Probability&Statistics钢笔画PenDrawing钢的热处理Heat-TreatmentofSteel钢结构SteelStructure钢筋混凝土ReinforcedConcrete钢筋混凝土及砖石结构ReinforcedConcrete&BrickStructure 钢砼结构ReinforcedConcreteStructure钢砼结构与砌体结构ReinforcesStructureandMonsaryStructure 钢砼课程设计ReinforcedConcreteCourseDesign钢砼设计ExperimentofReinforcedConcreteStructure高层建筑基础TallBuildingFoundation高层建筑基础设计DesigningbasesofHighRisingBuildings高层建筑结构设计DesigningStructuresofHighRisingBuildings 高等材料力学AdvancedMaterialMechanics高等代数AdvancedAlgebra高等发光分析AdvancedLuminescenceAnalysis高等分析化学AdvancedAnalyticalChemistry高等工程力学AdvancedEngineeringMechanics高等光学AdvancedOptics高等环境微生物AdvancedEnvironmentalMicroorganism高等教育管理HigherEducationManagement高等教育史HistoryofHigherEducation高等教育学HigherEducation高等量子力学AdvancedQuantumMechanics高等生物化学AdvancedBiochemistry高等数理方法AdvancedMathematicalMethod高等数学AdvancedMathematics高等数值分析AdvancedNumericAnalysis高等土力学AdvancedSoilMechanics高等无机化学AdvancedInorganicChemistry高等有机化学AdvancedOrganicChemistry高电压测试技术High-VoltageTestTechnology高电压技术High-VoltageTechnology高电压技术与设备High-VoltageTechnologyandDevice高电压绝缘High-VoltageInsulation高电压实验High-VoltageExperiment高分子材料HighPolymerMaterial高分子材料及加工HighPolymerMaterial&Porcessing高分子化学HighPolymerChemistry高分子化学实验HighPolymerChemistryExperiment高分子化学与物理PolymericChemistryandPhysics高分子物理HighPolymerPhysics高分子物理实验HighPolymerPhysicsExperiment高级程序设计语言的设计与实现AdvancedProgrammingLanguage'sDesign&Implementation 高级管理信息系统AdvancedManagementInformationSystems高级计算机体系结构AdvancedComputerArchitecture高级计算机网络AdvancedComputerNetworks高级计算机网络与集成技术AdvancedComputerNetworksandIntegrationTechnology高级经济计量AdvancedEconomicMetrology高级软件工程AdvancedSoftwareEngineering高级生化技术AdvancedBiochemicalTechnique高级生物化学AdvancedBiochemistry高级食品化学AdvancedFoodChemistry高级视听AdvancedVideos高级数据库AdvancedDatabase高级数理逻辑AdvancedNumericalLogic高级水生生物学AdvancedAquaticBiology高级英语听说AdvancedEnglishListening&Speaking高级植物生理生化AdvancedPlantPhysiologyandBiochemistry高能密束焊HighEnergy-DenseBeamWelding高频电路High-FrequencyCircuit高频电子技术High-FrequencyElectronicTechnology高频电子线路High-FrequencyElectronicCircuit高维代数簇AlgebraicVarietiesofHigherDimension高压测量技术High-VoltageMeasurementTechnology高压测试技术High-VoltageTestingTechnology高压电场的数值计算NumericalCalculationinHigh-VoltageElectronicField高压电工程High-VoltageEngineering高压电技术High-VoltageTechnology高压电器High-VoltageElectricalAppliances高压绝缘High-VoltageInsulation高压实验High-VoltageExperimentation高压实验设备测量High-VoltageExperimentationEquipmentMeasurement高压试验技术High-VoltageExperimentationTechnology工厂电气设备ElectricEquipmentofPlants工厂供电FactoryElectricitySupply工程材料的力学性能测试MechanicTestingofEngineeringMaterials工程材料及热处理EngineeringMaterialandHeatTreatment工程材料学EngineeringMaterials工程测量EngineeringSurveying工程测量实习EngineeringMeasuringPractice工程测试技术EngineeringTestingTechnique工程测试实验ExperimentonEngineeringTesting工程测试信息InformationofEngineeringTesting工程测试与信号处理EngineeringTesting&SignalProcessing工程地质EngineeringGeology工程动力学EngineeringDynamics工程概论IntroductiontoEngineering工程概预算ProjectBudget工程经济学EngineeringEconomics工程静力学EngineeringStatics工程力学EngineeringMechanics工程热力学EngineeringThermodynamics工程数学EngineeringMathematics工程项目概预算EngineeringProjectEstimate&Budget工程项目评估EngineeringProjectEvaluation工程优化方法EngineeringOptimizationMethod工程运动学EngineeringKinematics工程造价管理EngineeringCostManagement工程制图GraphingofEngineering工业产品学IndustrialProducts工业电子学IndustryElectronics工业分析IndustrialAnalysis工业锅炉IndustrialBoiler工业会计学IndustrialAccounting工业机器人IndustrialRobot工业技术基础BasicIndustrialTechnology工业技术经济IndustrialTechnologyEconomics工业建筑设计原理PrinciplesofIndustrialBuildingDesign工业经济理论IndustrialEconomicTheory工业经济学IndustrialEconomics工业美术设计ArtDesigninginIndustry工业企业财务管理IndustrialEnterpriseFinancialManagement工业企业财务会计AccountinginIndustrialEnterprises工业企业管理IndustrialEnterpriseManagement工业企业经营管理IndustrialEnterpriseAdministrativeManagement 工业社会学IndustrialSociology工业心理学IndustrialPsychology工业窑炉IndustrialStoves工艺过程自动化TechnicsProcessAutomation工艺设计TechnicsDesign工艺实习TechnicsPractice工艺原理与研究方法Principles&ResearchofTechnics公差CommonDifference公差测试实验CommonDifferenceTestingExperiment公差技术测量TechnicalMeasurementwithCommonDifference公差与配合CommonDifference&Cooperation公共关系PublicRelationship公共关系学PublicRelations公司法CorporationLaw公司组织与管理OrganizationandManagement公司组织与管理OrganizationandManagementofCorporate公文写作DocumentWriting功能材料原理与技术PrincipleandTechnologyofFunctionalMaterials 功能高分子FunctionalPolymer功能性食品FunctionFoods古代汉语AncientChinese古典文学作品选读SelectedReadingsinClassicalLiterature骨科医学OsteopathicMedicine固体磁性理论TheoryofMagnetisminSolid固体激光SolidStateLaser固体激光器件SolidLaserElements固体激光与电源SolidStateLaser&PowerUnit固体理论SolidStateTheory固体物理Solid-StatePhysics故障诊断与容错技术MalfunctionDiagnoses&ToleranceTechnology 关税Tariff管理概论IntroductiontoManagement管理沟通ManagementCommunication,ManagementNegotiation管理会计ManagerialAccounting管理经济学ManagementEconomics管理科学专题ManagementScienceSpecialSubject管理数学ManagementMathematics管理系统FOXBASEManagementSystemofFOXBASE管理系统模拟ManagementSystemSimulation管理心理学ManagementPsychology管理信息系统ManagementInformationSystem管理学ManagementTheory,PrinciplesofManagement管理学PrinciplesofManagement光波导理论LightWaveGuideTheory光电技术PhotoelectricTechnology光电检测与信号处理OptoelectronicDetectionandProcessing光电课程设计PhotoelectricCourseExercise光电摄像技术PhotoelectricPhotographingTechnique光电探测及信号处理PhotoelectricInspect&SignalProcessing光电系统课程设计PhotoelectricSystemCourseDesign光电信号处理PhotoelectricSignalProcessing光电信号与系统分析PhotoelectricSignal&SystematicAnalysis光电信息计算机处理ComputerProcessinginPhotoelectricInformation光电子技术PhotoelectronicTechnique光电子学与光电信息技术OptoelectronicsandOptoelectronicInformationTechnology 光辐射探测技术RayRadiationDetectionTechnology光接入网技术TechnologyofLightAccessNetwork光谱Spectrum光谱分析SpectralAnalysis光谱学Spectroscopy光纤传感FibreOpticalSensors光纤传感器FibreOpticalSensors光纤传感器基础FundamentalsofFibreOpticalSensors光纤传感器及应用FibreOpticalSensors&Applications光纤光学FiberOptics光纤光学课程设计CourseDesignofFibreOptical光纤技术实验ExperimentsinFibreOpticalTechnology光纤实验ExperimentsinFibreOptical光纤通信基础BasisofFibreOpticalCommunication光纤通信技术FibreOpticalCommunicationTechnology光纤通信网络NetworksofFiberCommunications光纤通信系统FibreOpticalCommunicationSystem,SystemofFiberCommunications 光纤原理与技术FibreOpticalOperation&Technology光学Optics光学测量OpticalMeasurement光学分析法OpticalAnalysisMethod光学工艺实习OpticalTechnologyPractice光学计量仪器设计OpticalInstrumentGaugeDesigning光学检测OpticalDetection光学设计OpticalDesign光学信息导论IntroductionofOpticalInformation光学仪器设计OpticalInstrumentDesigning光学仪器与计量仪器设计OpticalInstrument&GaugeInstrumentDesigning光学仪器装配与校正OpticalInstrumentInstallation&Adjustment光学与统计物理OpticsandStatisticalPhysics光学与原子物理Optics&AtomicPhysics光子学器件原理与技术PrincipleandTechnologyofPhotonicsDevices光子学专题SpecialTopicsonPhotonics广播编辑学BroadcastEditing广播节目制作BroadcastProgramming广播新闻BroadcastJournalism广播新闻采写BroadcastJournalismCollection&Composition广告管理AdvertisingManagement广告学Advertisement锅炉课程设计BoilerCombustionCourseDesigning锅炉燃烧理论TheoryofBoilerCombustion锅炉热交换传热强化BoilerHeatExchange,Conduction&Intensification锅炉原理PrinciplesofBoiler国际财务管理InternationalFinance国际财务管理InternationalFinancialManagement国际会计InternationalAccounting国际会计专题InternationalAccountingSpecialSubject国际技术贸易InternationalTechnicalTrade国际结算InternationalBalance国际金融InternationalFinance国际金融研究InternationalFinanceResearch国际经济法InternationalEconomicLaw国际经济合作InternationalEconomicsCooperation国际经济行情InternationalEconomicsQuotation国际经济学进出口业务InternationalEconomicsImport&ExportBusiness国际理财InternationalFinancing国际贸易InternationalTrade国际贸易地理InternationalTradeGeography国际贸易法InternationalTradeLaws国际贸易实务InternationalTradeAffairs,PracticeofInternationalTrade国际贸易运输InternationalTradeTransportation国际商法InternationalCommercialLaw国际商品行情InternationalMarketQuotation国际商务谈判InternationalBusinessNegotiate,NegotiationonBusinessAffairs 国际市场分析与预测InternationalTradeAnalysis&Predicting国际市场学InternationalMarketing国际市场营销InternationalMarketing国际税收InternationalRevenue国际私法InternationalPrivateLaw国际投资学InternationalInvestment国际信贷InternationalCredits国际英语阅读InternationalEnglishReading国际营销研究InternationalMarketingResearch国贸与进出口实务InternationalTrade&ImportsandExportsAffairs国民经济核算NationalEconomicAccounting国民经济计划NationalEconomicalPlanning国外社会学理论OverseasTheoriesofSociology过程(控制)调节装置Process(Control)AdjustmentDevice过程调节系统ProcessAdjustmentSystem过程控制ProcessControl过程控制调节装置ProcessControl&RegulationEquipment过程控制系统ProcessControlSystem过程原理PrincipleofProcess过电压及数值计算Hyper-Voltage&NumericCalculation。