考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇unit-20

新东方出版的考研英语阅读理解精读100篇共有25个单元，本文档包含第一个单元，更多英语考研信息请点击UNIT ONETEXT ONETesco is preparing a legal battle to clear its name of involvement in the dairy price-fixing scandal that has cost consumers £270 million. Failure to prove that it had no part in collusion with other supermarkets and dairy processors may land it with a fine of at least £80 million. The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) said yesterday that Asda, Sainsbury’s and the former Safeway, plus the dairy companies Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company, had admitted being in a cartel to fixprices for milk, butter and cheese. They were fined a total of just over £116 million as part of a leniency deal offered by the watchdog to companies that owned up quickly to anti-competitive behaviour.Officials at the OFT admitted privately that they did not think they would ever discover which company or individual had initiated the pricing formula. But the watchdog recognises that at the time supermarkets were under pressure from politicians and farmers to raise the cost of milk to save dairy farming, though it is not certain that money found its way to farmers. The OFT claimed in September that it had found evidence that the retail chains had passed future milk prices to dairy companies, which then reached a fixed price among themselves.The average cost to each household is thought to be £11.25 over 2002 and 2003. Prices went up an extra 3p on a pint of milk, 15p on a quarter of a pound of butter and 15p on a half pound of cheese. There is no direct recompense for consumers, however, and the money will go to the Treasury. The National Consumer Council gave warning that the admissions would dent consumer confidence in leading high street names and that people would become sceptical of their claims. Farmers For Action, the group of farmers that has led protests over low milk prices since 2000, is seeking legal advice on whether it can now bring a claim for compensation.The OFT investigation is continuing, however, in relation to Tesco, Morrisons and the dairy group Lactalis McLelland, and any legal action is expected to be delayed until that is completed.Tesco was defiant and said that it was preparing a robust defence of its actions. Lucy Neville-Rolfe, its executive director, said: “As we have always said, we acted independently and we did not collude with anyone. Our position is different from our competitors and we are defending our own case vigorously. Our philosophy is to give a good deal to customers.”Morrisons has supported the OFT in inquiries into the former Safeway business that it took over, but in a statement said that it was still making “strong representations”in its defence. A spokeswoman for Lactalis McLelland said that the company was “co-operating” with the OFT. Industry insiders suggested that the three companies were deliberately stalling the OFT investigation.Sainsbury’s admitted yesterday that it had agreed to pay £26 million in fines, but denied that it had sought to profiteer. Justin King, the chief executive, said he was disappointed that the company had been penalised for actions meant to help farmers but recognised the benefit of a speedy settlement. Asda declined to say how much it would pay in fines and also said that its intention had been to help farmers under severe financial pressure.1. From the first paragraph, we may infer that _____[A] Tesco is the most resolute among all the retailers to defend its reputation.[B] it is already proved that Tesco has colluded with Asda, Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company in fixing the dairy price. [C] Tesco is offered a leniency deal of £80 million because of its quick response to the anti-competitive behaviors[D] Tesco is trying its best to prove its innocence of the scandal.2. Who is most probably the initiator of the pricing formula?[A] Retail chains.[B] Farmers.[C] Dairy companies.[D] Politicians3. The word “defiant”(Line 1, Paragraph 5) most probably means _____.[A] resisiting[B] angry[C] deficient[D] confident4. We may infer from Morrisons’statement that _____ [A] Morrisons turn out to be the most defentive when dealing with OFT.[B] Morrisons is reluctant to support the inquiries into the former Safeway business. [C] industry insiders suggest that Morrisons was trying to delay the OFT investigation with non-cooperation.[D] Morrisons indeed refuses to admit its involvement in the scandal.5. The writer’s attitude to Tesco can be said to be _____[A] biased.[B] objective.[C] sympathetic.[D] optimistic.篇章剖析：本文介绍了目前奶制品公司因内部设定价格而面临受到的调查和处罚的状况。

Unit 13Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.脑中有知识，胜过手中有金钱。

P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].T ext 1What is sports violence? The distinction between unacceptable viciousness and a game’s normal rough-and-tumble is impossible to make, so the argument runs. This position may appeal to our inclination for legalism, but the truth is most of us know quite well when an act of needless savagery has been committed, and sports are little different from countless other activities of life. The distinction is as apparent as that between a deliberately aimed blow and the arm failing of the losing his balance. When a player balls his hand into a fist, when he drives his helmet into an unsuspecting opponent in short, when he crosses the boundary between playing hard and playing to hurt—he can only intend an act of violence.Admittedly, rough acts in sports are difficult to police. But here, too, we find reflected the conditions of everyday life. Ambiguities in the law, confusion at the scene, and the reluctance of witnesses cloud almost any routine assault case. Such uncertainties, however, have not prevented society from arresting people who strike their fellow citizens on the street.Perhaps our troubles stem not from the games we play but rather from how we play them. The 1979 meeting between hockey stars from the Soviet Union and the National Hockey League provided a direct test of two approaches to sport—the emphasis on skill, grace, and technique by the Russians and the stress on brutality and violence by the NHL. In a startling upset, the Russians embarrassed their rough-playing opponents and exploded a long-standing myth: that success in certain sports requires excessive violence.Violence apologists cite two additional arguments. First, they say, sports always have been rough; today things are no different. But arguments in American’s Old West were settled on Main Street with six guns, and early cave dwellers chose their women with a club. Civilizing influences ended those practices; yet we are told sports violence should be tolerated. The second contention is that athletes accept risk as part of the game, and, in the case of professionals, are paid handsomely to do so. But can anyone seriously argue that being an athlete should require the acceptance of unnecessary physical abuse? And, exaggerated as it may seem, the pay of professional athletes presumably reflects their abilities, not a payment againstcombat injuries.“Clearly we are in deep trouble,”says perplexed former football player AL DeRogatis. “But how and w hy has it gotten so bad?‖1. According to the author,deliberate violence in sports is[A] impossible to tell from paying hard.[B] ambiguous in any circumstances.[C] too apparent to escape observation.[D] evident if enough attention is paid to.2. A violence apologist probably thinks that[A] violence in sports is a rare occurrence.[B] violence in sports is not necessary.[C] athletes are paid enough for their injuries.[D] professional athletes enjoy violence.3. In the last paragraph the author indicates that[A] nothing can be done about violence in sports.[B] football players are concerned about violence in sports.[C] violence in sports is worse now than it ever was.[D] athletes are confused about what should be allowed in sports.4. According to the author,which of the following is true？[A] athletes’ personalities have effects on the inclination for violent.[B] athletes who emphasis on skill,grace and technique will win.[C] athletes should not have to accept unnecessary physical abuse[D] athletes need higher salaries to compensate for their injuries.5. We can infer from the text that[A] violence in sports is illegal.[B] skill is more important than aggression.[C] athletes should not be injured in sports.[D] violence in sports is not necessary.T ext 2Bruno Lundby, 39, was one of the ranks of typically low-paid, low-status workers who fill supermarket shelves, serve fast food, change hotel beds or empty office waste bins, often at unsocial hours and with little expectation of anything better. Lacking formal qualifications, he drifted from the army into odd cleaning jobs. Then, unexpectedly, he found the opportunity for advancement in a management training program offered by ISS, the Danish support services group. Today he sits in a spotless, air-conditioned office supervising all ISS damage control operations in the greater Copenhagen area.“I couldn’t have imagined getting to where I am today when I started,”he says.“I was surprised to be offered a future at ISS in 1993 when I became a supervi sor.‖ In the past three years, he has been promoted three times.ISS, which employs 272,000 people in 36 countries in Europe, Asia and Latin America in cleaning and other contract work, still appears to be an exception in the services sector in offering career progression to workers.The pursuit of customer satisfaction is a strong feature of companies that treat blue-collar staff as more than a commodity. Tesco, the supermarket group that is the UK’s largest private sector employer with 210,000 employees, recently formalized a practice of nurturing management potential among shelf-stackers and check-out staff.“The ones who respect customers are the oneswho get on,”says Clare Chapman, human resources director. In the past five months, 245 employees have been promoted from general store assistant to section manager, 149 from section manager to senior store team and 33 from senior team to store manager. These staff are coached, assessed and then trained for their new responsibilities. The talent-spotting program applies to all staff, including 45,700 in Tesco’s overseas stores.ISS acknowledges that by offering career progression it has changed the nature of its contract with blue-collar employees, raising expectations on both sides that may not always be met.④For Mr. Lundby, career progress has induced loyalty to his employer and greater self-esteem.“Personal skills are often more important than high educational qualifications if you have to deal with people every day,”he says. “I’m a practical, not an academic person. I know the business from the bottom. I know the loopholes and the hardships.”6. It can be infered from paragraph 1 that Mr. Lundby[A] has anticipated his condition would be improved.[B] works hard but still has no chance to get improved.[C] has been promoted for he has formal qualifications.[D] had some of the toughest, dirtiest jobs before.7. Which of the following is true about the service sector?[A] Blue-collar workers in it have little chance to be promoted.[B] Companies in it always pursue customer satisfaction.[C] Companies in it always treat blue-collar staff as a commodity.[D] Workers in it have more chance to be promoted than in others8. In Tesco, employees will have chance to be promoted if[A] they are loyal to their employer.[B] they join management training program.[C] they make their customers satisfied.[D] they work as hard as they’re expected.9. By offering career progression to blue-collars,companies[A] will have more managers.[B] will be more competitive.[C] will have high expectations.[D] will have less responsibility.10. Which of the following is the best title of this passage?[A] The Story of Bruno Lundby.[B] Management Training Program.[C] Career Progression Inducing Self-esteem.[D] From Dead-end Job to Bright Career.T ext 3The Internet, e-commerce and globalization are making a new economic era possible. By the middle of the 21st century, capitalist markets will largely be replaced by a new kind of economic system based on networked relationships, contractual arrangements and access rights.Has the quality of our lives at work, at home and in our communities increased in direct proportion to all the new Internet and business-to-business Intranet services being introduced intoour lives? I have asked this question of hundreds of CEOs and corporate executives in Europe and the United States. Surprisingly, virtually everyone has said, ―No, quite the contrary.‖ The very people responsible for ushering in what some have called a ―technological renaissance‖ say they are working longer hours, feel more stressed, are more impatient, and are even less civil in their dealings with colleagues and friends — not to mention strangers. And what’s more revealing, they place much of the blame on the very same technologies they are so aggressively championing.The techno gurus promised us that access would make life more convenient and give us more time. Instead, the very technological wonders that were supposed to liberate us have begun to enslave us in a web of connections from which there seems to be no easy escape.If an earlier generation was preoccupied with the quest to enclose a vast geographic frontier, the dotcom generation, it seems, is more caught up in the colonization of time. Every spare moment of our time is being filled with some form of commercial connection, making time itself the most scarce of all resources. Our e-mail, voice mail and cell phones, our 24-hour electronic trading markets, online banking services, all-night e-commerce, and 24-hour Internet news and entertainment all holler for our attention.And while we have created every kind of labor-and-time-saving device to service our needs, we are beginning to feel like we have less time available to us than any other humans in history. That is because the great proliferation of labor-and-time-saving services only increases the diversity, pace and flow of commodified activity around us. For example, e-mail is a great convenience. However, we now find ourselves spending much of our day frantically responding to each other’s electronic messages. The cell phone is a great time-saver. Except now we are always potentially in reach of someone else who wants our attention.Social conservatives talk about the decline in civility and blame it on the loss of a moral compass and religious values. Has anyone bothered to ask whether the hyper-speed culture is making all of us less patient and less willing to listen and defer, consider and reflect?Maybe we need to ask what kinds of connections really count and what types of access really matter in the e-economy era. If this new technology revolution is only about hyper efficiency, then we risk losing something even more precious than time —our sense of what it means to be a caring human being.11.The author suggests that the most valuable resource in today’s society is[A] technology. [B] economic assets. [C] access to information. [D] time.12.According to the text, many corporate executives feel that[A] technological advances are essential to today’s economic system.[B] technology has actually led to a decline in their quality of life.[C] longer hours are making their workers more impatient and uncivil.[D] technology can be blamed for many of today’s social problems.13.The phrase ―the colonization of time‖ (Line 2, Para.4) refers to[A] the filling of every moment of our time.[B] the quest for efficiency in the workplace.[C] the growing use of time-saving services.[D] the impact of technology on our sense of time.14.In the sixth paragraph, the author suggests that[A] new technologies may make people more impatient.[B] social conservatives do not understand the importance of technology.[C] the speed of modern culture may impact our moral and religious values.[D] people in the technology sector are less civil than those in other fields.15.The best title for this text could be[A] The Failure of the Technological Renaissance.[B] Even Corporate Executives Get the Blues.[C] The New Internet Economy.[D] The Disadvantages of Too Much Access.T ext 4The Net success of ―Lazy Sunday‖ represents a defining moment for the film and television business. Advances in digital video and broadband have vastly lowered the cost of production and distribution. Filmmakers are now following the path blazed by bloggers and musicians, cheaply creating and uploading their work to the Web. If it appeals to any of the Net’s niches, millions of users will pass along their films through e-mail, downloads or links. It’s the dawn of the democratization of the TV and film business—even unknown personalities are being propelled by the enthusiasm of their fans into pop-culture prominence, sometimes without even traditional intermediaries like talent agents or film festivals.―This is like bypass surgery,‖ says Dan Harmon, a filmmaker whose mo nthly L.A.–based film club and Web site, Channel 101, lets members submit short videos, such as the recent 70s’ music mockumentary ―Y acht Rock,‖ and vote on which they like best. ―Finally we have a new golden age where the artist has a direct connection to the audience.‖The directors behind ―Lazy Sunday‖ embody the phenomenon.When the shaggy-haired Samberg, 27, graduated from NYU Film School in 2001, he faced the conventional challenge of crashing the gates of Hollywood. With his two childhood friends Akiva Schaffer and Jorma Taccone, he came up with an unconventional solution: they started recording music parodies and comic videos, and posting them to their Web site, .The material got the attention of producers at the old ABC sitcom ―Spin City‖, where Samberg and Taccone worked as low-level assistants; the producers sent a compilation to a talent agency. The friends got an agent, made a couple of pilot TV sketch shows for Comedy Central and Fox, featuring themselves hamming it up in nearly all the roles, and wrote jokes for the MTV Movie A wards. Even when the networks passed on their pilots, Samberg and his friends simply posted the episodes online and their fan base—at 40,000 unique visitors a month earlier this year —grew larger. Last August, Samberg joined the ‖S NL‖ cast, and Schaffer and Taccone became writers. Now they share an office in Rockefeller Center and ―are a little too cute for everyone,‖ Samberg says, ―We are friends living our dream.‖Short, funny videos like ―Lazy Sunday‖ happen to translate online, but not everything works as well. Bite-size films are more practical than longer ones; comedy plays better than drama. But almost everything is worth trying, since the tools to create and post video are now so cheap, and ad hoc audiences can form around any sensibility, however eccentric.16. The sentence ―It’s dawn of the democratization of…‖(Line 5-6, Para.1) shows that[A] film and television business is enjoying an unprecedented success[B] the general public are playing an active role in pop-culture[C] filmmakers are showing great enthusiasm for success on the Web[D] e-mail, downloads or links are now the main means of film distribution17. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] ―Lazy Sunday‖ is the representative of realizing dream by the Net.[B] Artists should develop a direct relationship with the public.[C] Short videos on the Web would prove to be the most popular productions[D] The film and television business can be compared to a bypass surgery18. Samberg’s solution was unconventional because[A] newcomers were usually denied access to Hollywood[B] he and his two childhood friends got accepted into Hollywood[C] he recorded music parodies and comic videos all by himself[D] he and his friends created and uploaded their productions to their Web site19. Which of the following plays a key role in the Net success of ―Lazy Sunday‖?[A] Producers at the old ABC sitcom ―Spin City‖.[B] Conventions of Hollywood.[C] Comic nature of the video.[D] Eccentricity of audiences online.20. The text intends to tell us[A] the unexpected success of Samberg.[B] a new direction for TV and film business.[C] the reasons behind Sambeig’s su ccess.[D] a new phenomenon in pop-culture.Part BDirections: In the article, following sentences have been removed. For Questions 21-25, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]—[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Many of the philosophers we have been reading in class seem to me to be hopelessly dated．Of course, it’s easy to become trapped in writing only for the period a person lives in, and a philosophy is necessarily dependent on the historical situation and the extent of man’s knowledge. 21.However, Victor Hugo said that if he were writing for his own time only, he would have to break his pen and throw it away. 22. And it seems to me that the most frequent objections to modern and pre modern philosophers come from the incompatibility of their philosophies with what is considered to be established scientific fact. For instance, Plato’s theory of forms does not, to me, seem to jibe with modern physics and cosmology. And although I can only vaguely glimpse, the psychology which underlies Kant, it seems to be highly questionable.23.After all, physics can give us insights into metaphysics, since both seek different ways to do the same thing；psychology, sociology, anthropology, and archeology can give us insights into epistemology；various “soft”sciences dealing with comparative cultures can provide food for thought in ethics, and so on.24. Sartre, although he developed some of his ideas from Nietzsche andKierkegaard, probably could not have expounded those same ideas of existentialism in their times; Nietzsche, who popularized the idea that “God is dead”, could not have written in the time of Descartes; and Descartes could not have expressed his radically individualist ideas during the time of Plato.I suppose that my point, which I am being exceedingly long-winded about, is that philosophy does not (and should not, and must not) stand apart from the rest of the sciences.25. Although the other sciences can provide us with data, observations, and theories, only philosophy can integrate those into a coherent whole, tell us what to do with them, or provide a meaningful context for using these facts in our daily lives.[A] In my view, application of Kant s epistemology and metaphysics could never produce an artificial intelligence capable of passing a Turing test.[B] Rather, Philosophy should be integrated with the rest of the sciences through a method of rational judgment. Rather than sailing behind, or next to but away from, the rest of the sciences, philosophy should be the flagship of the group.[C] And many of the philosophers who have existed over the course of the centuries have necessarily had to worry about governmental, church, or societal disapproval, censorship, or punishment.[D] History is, of course, necessary to any understanding of a philosophy: how it came about, what people did with it, etc.[E] Although some philosophical people are not necessarily considered as philosophers today —but whose work was influential and instrumental in developing one of the social sciences (psychology, sociology, political science, education) or in advancing theoretical science (what is now called philosophy of science).[F] And so, it seems to me, the best way that a philosopher can keep from being dated is to be aware of scientific knowledge, and integrate it into philosophy. Of course, this necessitates an independent evaluation of the merits and drawbacks of a given scientific idea, which necessitates, in turn, a thorough knowledge of that theory.[G] And so, it seems to me that, in order for a philosopher to be relevant for the future as well as the present，he must take into account all of the objections to his philosophy which can be anticipated at the present time．Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.What are feelings for? Most nonscientists will find this a strange question. Feelings just are. They justify themselves. Emotions give meaning and depth to life. They need serve no other purpose in order to exist. 26)On the other hand, many evolutionary biologists, in contrast to animal behaviorists, acknowledge some emotions primarily for their survival function. For both animals and humans, fear motivates the avoidance of danger, love is necessary to care for young, and anger prepares one to hold ground. 27)But the fact that a behavior functions to serve survival need not mean that that is why it is done. Other scientists have attributed the same behavior to conditioning, to learned responses. Certainly reflexes and fixed action patterns can occur without feeling or conscious thought. A gull chick pecks at a red spot above it. The parent has a red spot on its bill; the chick pecks the parent’s bill. The gull parent feeds its chick when pecked on the bill. The baby gets fed. The interaction need have no emotional content.At the same time, there is no reason why such actions cannot have emotional content. In mammals, including humans, that have given birth, milk is often released automatically when a new baby cries. This is not under voluntary control; it is reflex. Y et this does not mean that feeding a new baby is exclusively reflex and expresses no feeling like love. Humans have feeling about their behavior even if it is conditioned or reflexive. 28)Y et since reflexes exist, and conditioned behavior is widespread, measurable, and observable, most scientists try to explain animal behavior using only these concepts. It is simpler.29)Pref erring to explain behavior in ways that fit science’s methods most easily, scientists have refused to consider any causes for animal behavior other than reflexive and conditioned ones. Scientific orthodoxy holds that what cannot be readily measured or tested cannot exist, or is unworthy of serious attention. But emotional explanations for animal behavior need not be impossibly complex or unstable. 30)They are just more difficult for the scientific method to verify in the usual ways, cleverer and more sophisticated approaches are called for. Most branches of science are more willing to make successive approximations to what may prove ultimately unknowable, rather than ignoring it altogether.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AT ext 1语境词汇1.viciousness n.恶意, 邪恶2.tumble n.混乱；跌倒v.被绊倒3. inclination n. 倾斜，倾向；爱好4.legalism n.墨守成规；法律术语，条文5.ball v.把…捏成球n.球；舞会6.deliberately adv.故意地；慎重地7.police v.监督；守卫n.警察部门；警察8.ambiguity n.含糊不清；模棱两可的话9.cloud vt.使模糊；笼罩n.云；一群；阴影10.assault n. 攻击，突袭vt.殴打，袭击；强暴难句突破1. [In a startling upset], the Russians embarrassed their rough-playing opponents and exploded a long-standing myth: {that success in certain sports requires excessive violence}.【分析】复合句。

Unit 15Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.心之所愿，无所不成。

P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].T ext 1The video game poses a world — a much simpler world than our own, wherein success is very clearly defined and, for a time, clearly attainable. Through practice, a player can control this world for a while. He can escape from the anxieties of real life into a place where his own actions always count, where he can be a hero. When the game is over, he hasn‟t lost or been beaten. Is a surfer beaten when he flies from a wave?Most video games call for some semblance of hand-eye coordination, and some hospitals are now using them in rehabilitation programs for brain-damaged patients. It has been found that some patients who were otherwise thought to be unreac hable have been “brought out” through their use. Moreover, experimental research is now being conducted regarding the feasibility of video games as a test for drunken driving.Intoxicants act to slow reaction time and impair coordination — and nowhere is this kind of impairment more measurable than on the video game play field. Some day a poor showing at “Six-Pack Man” may cost you your license.Video games for the microcomputer are not restricted to mere “twitch” games,however. Strategy games are at last as popular, and among these are the so-called “fantasy role-playing” adventures. These games allow the player to construct a whole new personality, choosing strengths and weaknesses from a list of possible character traits.Nowadays, more and more adolescents are crowded in electronic game houses for whole days to experience what they perceive to be excitement. In the due course, they train their abilities in confronting with new situations, and what‟s more,they learn how to communicate with their targeted rivals, in a novel and friendly way. But there is such a large amount of criticism concerning the electronic games that they are generally seen as a vile ways of discovering hostility and belligerence. And the managers of such businesses are severely criticized by the schools and parents alike. On the other hand, this business seems never fading, but instead it becomes a success in many places, even it is strictly controlled by certain policies.One might choose, for instance, a character who is extremely dexterous and swift, but these positive traits must be traded off against others, such as strength and endurance. Players have a tendency to become extremely attached to their characters. My preference runs toward brawn as opposed to brain, which probably reflects some compromise between reality and my own desires.I‟m also attached to extrasensory powers, which are likewise denied to me in the real world.1. According to the text, the video game player can[A] be successful in his life if success is clearly defined.[B] control the world of our own for a time.[C] forget about the uneasiness of real life for a while.[D] never lose the game when he plays a hero.2. It can be inferred from the passage that “Six-Pack Man”[A] is a kind of video game. [B] costs you a lot of money.[C] is dangerous to public morals. [D] helps conduct experiment.3. It can be inferred from the text that video games can improve[A] extrasensory powers. [B] personalities and characters.[C] physical and mental power. [D] cooperation between hands and eyes.4. The author would probably agree that[A] video games create a world which reflect our real life.[B] video games contribute to teenagers‟ hostility and belligerence.[C] more video games should be developed regarding the benefits of them.[D] video games mirror a balance between reality and our own wishes.5. According to the test, which of the following statements is true?[A] Video games have been used in the test for drunken driving.[B] Video games can help healing brain-damage.[C] It‟s no good for the youth to play video games.[D] Some video games allow constructing perfect personalities.T ext 2For a variety of reasons, travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobody wants. As a result, many travelers go abroad ill prepared to avoid serious disease.Why is travel medicine so unloved? Partly there‟s an identity problem.Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges on the health of travelers, this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across the traditional disciplines. It delves into everything from seasickness, jet lag and the hazards of camels to malaria and plague. But travel medicine has a more serious obstacle to overcome. Travel clinics are meant to tell people how to avoid ending up dead or in a tropical diseases hospital when they come home, but it is notoriously difficult to get anybody pay out money for keeping people healthy.Travel medicine has also been colonized by commercial interests —the vast majority of travel clinics in Britain are run by airlines or travel companies. And while travel concerns are happy to sell profitable injections, they may be less keen to spread bad news about travelers diarrhea in Turkey, or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take. “The NHS finds it difficult to define travelers health,” says Ron Behrens, the only NHS consultant in travel and tropical medicine and director of the travel clinic of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London. “Should it come within the NHS or should it be paid for? It‟s a gray area, and opinion is split. No one seems to have any responsibility for defining its role,” he says.To compound its low status in the medical hierarchy, travel medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best. In most cases we just don‟t know how many Britons contract diseaseswhen abroad. And even if a disease is linked to travel there is rarely any information about where those afflicted went, what they ate, how they behaved, or which vaccinations they had. This shortage of hard facts and figures makes it difficult to give detailed advice to people, information that might even save their lives.A recent leader in the British Medical Journal argued: “Travel medic ine will emerge as a credible discipline only if the risks encountered by travelers and the relative benefits of public health interventions are well defined in terms of their relative occurrence, distribution and control.” Exactly how much money is wasted by poor travel advice? The real figure is anybody‟s guess, but it could easily run into millions. Behrens gives one example. Britain spends more than 1 million each year just on cholera vaccines that often don‟t work and so give people a false sense of security, “Information on the prev ention and treatment of all forms of diarrhea would be a better priority,” he says.6. Travel medicine in Britain is[A] not something anyone wants to run. [B] the responsibility of nobody.[C] administered by the government. [D] handled adequately by travel agents.7. Travel companies deal with travel medicine to[A] prevent people from falling ill. [B] make money out of it.[C] give travelers preventive measures. [D] get the government to pay for it.8. The word “colonize” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to[A] establish a colony. [B] transplant. [C] invade. [D] transform.9. In Behren‟s opinion the question that who should run travel medicine[A] is for the government to decide. [B] should be left to specialist hospitals.[C] can be left to travel companies. [D] has no clear and simple answer.10. People will only think better of travel medicine if[A] it is given more resources by the government and the NHS.[B] more accurate information on its value is available.[C] the government takes over responsibility from the NHS.[D] travelers pay more attention to the advice they get.T ext 3The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihood of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “intuition” to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process to thinking.Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg‟s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers‟ intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behaviorpatterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands, on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that “thinking” is inseparable from acting. Since managers often “know” what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.11.The traditional way of decision making includes[A] the search for definite goals of a decision[B] the close analysis of various right options.[C] the appraisal of solutions to a problem[D] the integration of action into thinking.12. It can be inferred from Para.2 that “writers on management”[A] criticized managers for not following the classical rational model.[B] did not base their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.[C] misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.[D] did not acknowledge the role of intuition in managerial practice.13. According to the author，managers use intuition to[A] define a problem and pin down goals.[B] pratcise painstakingly to build skills.[C] draw bits of facts and practice into a picture.[D] speed up the creation of the right solution.14. Which o f the following best exemplifies “an …Aha!‟ experience”?[A] A manager risks taking an action whose outcome is unpredictable.[B] A manager performs well-learned behavior patterns to solve a problem.[C] A manager suddenly connects some facts and experiences and gets the solution.[D] A manager rapidly identifies the methodology got by systematic analysis.15. Which of the following best describes the author‟s logic of the text?[A] Present a view at the beginning and then give relevant arguments.[B] Describe a phenomenon and then introduce studies on it.[C] Compare two different studies on one phenomenon.[D] Describe a phenomenon and then develop his own position on it.T ext 4The free market economy is no doubt the primary stimulus that has led to the United States‟dominance in the world economic community. By naturally rewarding those producers that excel, excellence is actively encouraged and those that inefficiently produce goods or services not valued are eliminated. Thus, the economy becomes a self-sustaining and self-maintaining machine, consistently and constantly achieving the best possible result.The free market economy is entirely based on the principle of supply and demand. Under this concept, consumers decide for themselves which companies will stay in business, voting with their dollars by spending on those businesses they consider most worthy. By doing so, those companies that are best liked, or most in demand, are granted the privilege of supplying the goods and services that consumers pay for. In that sense, efficiency is achieved. For those companies that best perform to the expectations of consumers are left prosperous in the market, while their less efficient counterparts simply die out of the market, starved of the dollars of consumers who simply prefer not to buy their products.With such a system in place, American businesses are literally forced to be efficient to the highest degree. As a rule, what‟s efficient in one place will be efficient in most other places, thus American businesses are fierce competitors no matter where they choose to sell their product, having been formed in a competitive environment that breeds optimality.When the opposition is made up of businesses overly protected or directed by their respective governments, the tough American businesses usually make short work of them. It has been proven that the free market system more efficiently allocates capital and resources than any central planner could, and America has seized on that concept. With such an edge at a basic level, it‟s no wonder that the United States is on top of the financial world. The cycle is a self-perpetuating one. As more money is pumped into the system by efficient businesses, more leverage is attained, allowing America to dictate the rules of the game, to its own advantage, of course.Other countries are beginning to adopt the competitive nature of the American economic system, producing companies that are giving their American counterparts a good run for their money. It can be arguably stated that within a few decades, the United States will have to deal with competition just as well equipped as its own. For the time being, however, the game is stacked in favor of America.16. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that[A] the free market economy is based on the free choice of the consumers.[B] consumers decide by voting which company should be eliminated from the market.[C] those who produce goods with a high value can survive in a highly competitive market.[D] the competitive environ ment contributes to American businesses‟ high efficiency.17. According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true?[A] American businesses hold the upper hand wherever they compete.[B] the competitive edge serves American businesses well in international markets.[C] government control over business invariably results in inferior companies.[D] American is on top of the financial world because it has capital and resources.18. The relative efficiency of American businesses[A] decreases as many companies make America their counterpart.[B] will result in American dominance in all financial markets.[C] may not last indefinitely as other countries imitate their methods[D]is a result solely of the competitive environment.19. The author would most likely agree with that[A] American businesses are superior to all their foreign counterparts.[B] the free-market system is superior to all other market systems.[C] the free-market system will be adapted by nations all over the world.[D] American businesses will have to change to meet new competition.20. The best title for this text would be[A] The American Edge: Competition.[B] America as the Prototype for Future World Business.[C] A Study of Current American Business Structure.[D] A Historical Analys is of America‟s Competitive Advantage.Part BDirections: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about the personal qualities of a teacher.Choose the most suitable heading from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered paragraph (21-25). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.[A] It‟s the teachers‟ obligation to be upright[B] Good characteristics are important[C] Teachers should show endurance[D] Teachers can make quick adjustment[E] Teachers should never stop learning[F] Teachers should identify with studentsHere I want to try to give you an answer to the questions what personal qualities are desirable in a teacher? Probably no two people would draw up exactly similar lists, but I think the following would be generally accepted.21.First, the teacher‟s personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain, or even ugly, because many such have great personal charm. But it does rule out such types as the over-excitable, melancholy, frigid, sarcastic, cynical, frustrated, and over-bearing: I would say too, that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality. I still stick to what I said in my earlier book that school children probably “suffer more from bores than from brutes.”22.Secondly, it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy — in the literal meaning of that word; a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people, especially, since most teachers are school teachers, to the minds and feelings of children. Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant — not, indeed, of what is wrong,but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people, and again especially children, to make mistakes.23.Thirdly, I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest. This does not mean being a plaster saint. It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths, and limitations, and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided. There is no contradiction in my going on to say that a teacher should be a bit of an actor. That is part of the technique of teaching, which demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to put on an act — to enliven a lesson, correct a fault, or award praise. Children, especially young children, live in a world that is rather larger than life.24.A teacher must remain mentally alert. He will not get into the profession if of low intelligence, but it is all too easy, even for people of above-average intelligence, to stagnate intellectually —and that means to deteriorate intellectually. A teacher must be quick to adapt himself to any situation, however improbable and able to improvise, if necessary at less than a moment‟s notice.25.On the other hand, a teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This, I must say, is largely a matter of self-discipline and self-training; we are none of us born like that. He must be pretty resilient; teaching makes great demands on nervous energy. And he should be able to take in his stride the innumerable petty irritations any adult dealing with children has to endure.Finally, I think a teacher should have the kind of mind which always wants to go on learning. Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect; there is always something more to learn about it. There are three principal objects of study: the subject, or subjects, which the teacher is teaching; the methods by which they can best be taught to the particular pupils in the classes he is teaching; and — by far the most important — the children, young people, or adults to whom they are to be taught. The two cardinal principles of British education today are that education is education of the whole person, and that it is best acquired through full and active cooperation between two persons, the teacher and the learner.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points —periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. 26)It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one‟s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.27)Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, and leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods, where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “what happened?” and “How did it happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis,and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psycho historians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it.28)Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theories.29)Psycho historians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” expla nation of any event, which other explanations fall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. 30)It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AT ext 1语境词汇1. semblance n.类似；外表；外观2. rehabilitation n.复原3. intoxicant n.致醉药物a.使醉的4. impair vt.损害5. twitch n.猛拉，晃动vt.抽动，颤动6. perceive vt.感觉，觉察。

初三英语阅读策略与提升英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists in history. He was born in Germany in 1879. From an early age, Einstein showed a great interest in science and mathematics. He had a curious mind and was always asking questions.Einstein's major achievement is the theory of relativity. This theory completely changed our understanding of space and time. It showed that time and space are not absolute but are relative to the observer. Einstein's theory also led to many important discoveries in physics, such as the existence of black holes.Einstein's work had a profound impact on the world. His ideas inspired generations of scientists and thinkers. His theories have been used in many fields, including astronomy, cosmology, and nuclear physics.Einstein was not only a great scientist but also a humanitarian. He was deeply concerned about the future of humanity and spoke out against war and violence. He believed that science should be used for the benefit of all people.In conclusion, Albert Einstein is a truly remarkable figure. His contributions to science and his commitment to peace and justice make himan inspiration to us all.1. Albert Einstein was born in ___.A. 1878B. 1879C. 1880D. 1881答案：B。

UNIT FIVETEXT ONEBoosted by booming international financial markets, the City of London has not had it so good since the end of the dotcom bonanza in the late 1990s. Basking in double-digit growth rates, London's law firms have both contributed to that success and benefited fromit. The earnings of top City lawyers can now exceed £2m a year.Having opted to expand and go global ahead of most others, Britain's leading law firms tend to be bigger than their American rivals. Indeed, according to a survey of the world's top 50 law firms, compiled by Legal Business, a British trade paper, five of the world's top six law firms—in terms of turnover—are now British (if DLA Piper, the resultof an Anglo-American merger, is included). But they have tended to lag behind in terms oftheir profitability. That is now changing.The profit margins of the City's five “magic circle” firms—Clifford Chance, Slaughter and May, Allen & Overy, Linklaters and Freshfields—have soared in recent yea rs and are now comparable with, if not higher than, those of New York's “white shoe” elite. Slaughter and May, the only one of the five not to have gone global, has the joint second-highest profit margin among the top 50.Not so long ago, a London surgeon could expect to earn as much as a City lawyer. Buteven the recent big rises in hospital consultants' earnings pall in comparison with those enjoyed by London lawyers. At Slaughter and May, for example, average profits per equity partner (PEP) jumped by almost a third (in dollar terms) last year to $2.75m—more than atany other of the top 50 law firms bar two in New York where PEP averaged $2.8m and $3.0m respectively. Some senior partners get a lot more of course.Competition for the best lawyers is fierce and poaching frequent. Hence the need to keep headline PEP figures up—even at the cost of getting rid of equity partners, leaving a bigger share of the bounty for the remaining ones. Freshfields is in the process of shedding around 100 of its equity partners. Other leading firms are also undertaking painful restructuring.Newly qualified lawyers' salaries have also been shooting up in the search for the best talent. Both Freshfields and Allen & Overy now pay their first-year associates £65,000, rising to around £90,000 after three years. (First-year associates at America's top law firmsget the equivalent of £80,000.)But, as many other top-rank City employers have discovered, big earnings do not necessarily guarantee big satisfaction. According to a YouGov poll, published by the Lawyer earlier this month, a quarter of Britain's lawyers (including a fifth of law-firmpartners) would like to leave the profession. The disgruntled complained about cripplingly long hours, intense competition and the impersonality of the biggest firms (some with more than 3,000 lawyers). So why don't they quit? Because, say three-quarters, of the pay.1. Which one of the following is TURE of the status quo of London’s economy?[A] London is enjoying its best time of economic development since 1990s.[B] The growth rate of London is doubled since the beginning of the 1990s.[C] The growth rate started to boost since the end of the dotcom era.[D] The current economy of London is mostly driven by its legal instead of financial market.2. The world’s top 50 law firms are graded according to _____[A] their annual margin.[B] their profitability.[C] their sale volume.[D] their quantity of business.3.The phrase “white shoe” (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means____[A] white collars.[B] first-class law firms.[C] financial agencies.[D] international banks.4. In order to be competitive, the law firms take the following measures except_____.[A] dismissing equity partners.[B] carrying out restructuring.[C] having their best lawyers turn more competitive.[D] raising salaries for recruiting talents.5. From the YouGov poll, it can be inferred that____[A] this profession is far from satisfactory.[B] most lawyers will leave the profession sooner or later.[C] most lawyers are satisfied with the profession because of the fat pay.[D] high salary is always contradictory to big satisfaction.文文文文：这这文文这这这这这这这这这这这这这这。

Unit 2Custom makes all things easy.P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1In 1967, in response to widespread public concern aroused by medical reports of asbestos-related deaths, the National Medical Research Council organized committee of inquiry to investigate the health threats associated with the use of asbestos in the building industry.After examining evidence provided by medical researchers and building workers and management, the Council published a report which included advice for dealing with asbestos. The report confirmed the findings of similar research in the United States and Canada. Exposure to relatively small quantities of asbestos fibers, they concluded, was directly responsible for the development of cancers, asbestosis and related diseases. Taking into account evidence provided by economists and building industry management, however, the report assumed that despite the availability of other materials, asbestos would continue to play a major role in the British building industry for many years to come because of its availability and low cost.As a result, the council gave a series of recommendations which were intended to reduce the risks to those who might be exposed to asbestos in working environments. They recommended that, where possible, asbestos free materials should be employed. In cases where asbestos was employed, it was recommended that it should be used in such a way that loose fibers were less likely to enter the air.The report recommended that special care should be taken during work in environments which contain asbestos. Workers should wear protective equipment and take special care to remove dust from the environment and clothing with the use of vacuum cleaner.The report identified five factors which determine the level of risk involved. The state and type of asbestos is critical to determining the risk factors. In addition, dust formation was found to be limited where asbestos was used when wet rather than dry.The choice of tools was also found to affect the quantities of asbestos particles that enter the air. Machine tools produce greater quantities of dust than hand tools and, where possible, the use of the latter was recommended.A critical factor takes place in risk reduction in the adequate ventilation of the working environment. When work takes place in an enclosed space, more asbestos particles circulate and it was therefore recommended that natural or machine ventilation should be used. By closelyfollowing these words of advice, it was claimed that exposure can be reduced to a reasonably practical minimum.1. Exposure to asbestos fibers can cause cancer[A] only when asbestos is used in building industry.[B] only when it is used in large quantities.[C] even if it is used in small quantities.[D] if it is used when wet rather than dry.2. Exposure to asbestos fibers is harmful to people‟s health[A] so the use of asbestos is limited.[B] but asbestos will continue to be used for a long time.[C] so other new kinds of materials are under development.[D] but they will not be so when ventilation devices are used.3. Evidence from the economists and the building industries shows that[A] exposure to asbestos fibers is cancer-causing.[B] asbestos is in extensive use in building industry.[C] use of asbestos is being reduced gradually.[D] exposure to asbestos fibers can be reduced significantly.4. According to the text, which of the following is true?[A] Choice of tools can not affect the quantities of asbestos particles that enter the air.[B] State and type of asbestos is meaningless to determining the risk factors.[C] Quantity of asbestos has no relation to the risk factors.[D] Ventilation plays an important role in reducing the harm brought by asbestos.5. It can be inferred from the text that the real danger comes from[A] the asbestos dust that people take in.[B] the contact of the worker‟s skin with asbestos particles.[C] the inferior quality of the asbestos itself.[D] the excessive use of man-made asbestos material.Text 2It‟s a bran d new world — a world built around brands. Hard charging, noise making, culture shaping brands are everywhere. They‟re on supermarket shelves, of course, but also in business plans for dotcom startups and in the names of sports complexes. Brands are infiltrating（渗透）people‟s everyday lives —by sticking their logos on clothes, in concert programs, on subway station walls, even in elementary school classrooms.We live in an age in which CBS newscasters wear Nike jackets on the air, in which Burger King and McD onald‟s open kiosks in elementary-school lunchrooms, in which schools like Stanford University are endowed with a Yahoo! Founders Chair. But as brands reach (and then overreach) into every aspect of our lives, the companies behind them invite more questions, deeper scrutiny — and an inevitable backlash by consumers.“Our intellectual lives and our public spaces are being taken over by marketing — and that has real implications for citizenship,” says author and activist Naomi Klein. “It‟s important for any healthy culture to have public space — a place where people are treated as citizens instead of as consumers. We‟ve completely lost that space.”Since the mid-1980s, as more and more companies have shifted from being about products to being about ideas — Sta rbucks isn‟t selling coffee; it‟s selling community! — those companies have poured more and more resources into marketing campaigns.To pay for those campaigns, those same companies figured out ways to cut costs else where —for example, by using contract labor at home and low-wage labor in developing countries. Contract laborers are hired on a temporary, per-assignment basis, and employers have no obligation to provide any benefits (such as health insurance) or long-term job security. This saves companies money but obviously puts workers in vulnerable situations. In the United States, contract labor has given rise to so-called McJobs, which employers and workers alike pretend are temporary — even though these jobs are usually held by adults who are trying to support families.The massive expansion of marketing campaigns in the 1980s coincided with the reduction of government spending for schools and for museums. This made those institutions much too willing, even eager, to partner with private companies. But companies took advantage of the needs of those institutions, reaching too far, and overwhelming the civic space with their marketing agendas.6. The text intends to tell us[A] the problems with current corporate practices.[B] the nature of current marketing campaigns and strategies.[C] the importance of brands in American culture.[D]the excessive presence of brands and marketing in people‟s lives.7. Which of the following does the author state as a factor in the increasing presence of brands in peopl es‟ lives?[A] The aggressive nature of corporate marketing.[B] The willingness of schools and museums to cooperate with private companies.[C] The lack of government regulations of marketing methods.[D] The marketing campaigns take up public spaces.8. Naomi Klein‟s attitude towards the infiltration of brands into public spaces is one of[A] concern. [B] ambivalence. [C] outrage. [D] acceptance.9. The text suggests that most contract laborers in the U.S.[A] pretend to be temporary workers.[B] may have trouble supporting their families financially.[C] have work conditions comparable to those of low-wage workers overseas.[D] are likely to receive health benefits from their employers.10. We may infer from the last paragraph that[A] inadequate federal funding facilitated the privatization of schools and museums.[B] government reduced spending for schools and museums for their cooperation with companies.[C] public institutions were too quick to accept corporate marketing as a source of funding.[D] by the 1980s, very few public institutions were not being funded by corporations.Text 3The Manchruian Candidate, Frank Sinatra, unable to fathom the depth and extent of the evil that had been done to the mind of a man programmed to become a killer cries, “Hell,hell!” People may say the same thing after last week‟s school shooting of a six-year-old girl by a six-year-oldboy. On Tuesday the boy brought a pistol to an elementary school in Mount Morris Township, near Flint, Mich., and shot a classmate, Kavla Rolland, to death. He is too young to be charged with anything, but the county prosecutor has charged the man who left the loaded gun lying around with involuntary manslaughter, contributing to the delinquency of a minor and gross neglect each of which has a wider application. The story may be too unusual for the drawing of larger lessons, but one reason it is so troubling is that it touches the worst of America‟s social ills, including the shaping of a boy who became a loaded gun himself.Who killed Kayla Rolland? A six-year-old classmate did it. On Tuesday morning, he went to the Theo J. Buell Elementary School carrying both a concealed Davis 32 semiautomatic handgun, advertised as “the original pocket pistol”, and a knife. Another kid reported the knife to a teacher and it was taken away. The boy held on to the gun shortly before 10 a.m.. Chris Boaz, a seven-year-old boy, witnessed the following scene. The children were changing classrooms, from a small reading group to a computer training class. This is contrary to the police report that the crime occurred inside a classroom. The kids were on the first level heading to the second when the boy pulled out his pistol. Kayla was walking ahead of him up the school stairs. He called out, “I don‟t like yo u.” She had her back to him, then turned and asked as a challenge, “So?” The boy, who had first pointed the gun at another classmate, swung around and fired a single bullet that entered Kayla‟s right arm and traveled through her vital organs. Boaz says he saw blood on both sides of Kavla‟s stomach. She grabbed her stomach then her neck, gasping for air.The shooter ran to the bathroom to hide and tossed the gun into the trash, Kayla was treated by paramedics at the school and was taken to Hurley Medical Center where she was pronounced dead at 10:29 a.m.. Immediate after the shooting, the principal made all students stay in classrooms, and locked classroom doors in the school. The boy, who did not attempt to run away, was taken to the principal‟s office where he was questioned.11. The shooting is disturbing in that[A] it happens in an elementary school.[B] many people don‟t pay enough attention to it.[C].it reveals one of America‟s social problems.[D] it turns a little boy into a loaded gun.12. In the first paragraph, the author is mainly concerned with[A] showing that children are not free from crimes.[B] indicating that society should draw lessons from the case.[C] implying that handguns can be fatal.[D] informing us that better weapons will lead to more victims.13. According to the text, a “paramedic” (Line1, Para 3) is probably[A] a surgeon who has operations.[B] a physician who majored in stomach diseases.[C] a medical worker who treats minor illnesses.[D] a dentist who helps his patients with their teeth.14. According to the passage, we can learn that[A] The boy shooter will be accused of his delinquency sooner or later.[B] The shooting disclosed one of the worst evils of the U.S. school.[C] The police reported immediately and exactly what had happened.[D] Had Kayla not challenged the boy, she might not have been shot.15. The best title for this text is[A] Child Killer. [B] A Catastrophe.[C] An Evil of the U.S. [D] Child Delinquency.Text 4The economic effects are easy to see. Since 1978, some 43 billion jobs have been lost, largely to forms of technology — either to robotics directly or to computers that are doing what they are supposed to be doing, being labor-saving device. Today, there is no such thing as a lifetime job; there is no such thing as a career for most people anymore. The jobs that are not done away with are being deskilled, or they are disposable jobs. Even for those jobs that many of you may feel secure with, there are people who are working on what are called …expert systems‟ to be able to take jobs away from doctors and judges and lawyers. The machine is capable of shredding these jobs as well.But it‟s not just the jobs.The economy of jobs and services is trivial compared to the “Nintendo capitalism” that now operates in the world. Four trillion dollars a day is shuffled around the earth as wealth created there. The inevitable result of a Nintendo economy —pulling itself apart, losing jobs, insecure — is the shriveling of the society in which it exists. What we have is an apartheid society, with growing gaps between the rich and poor, and the rich spending a lot of time cocooning themselves from the effects of the poor.A further result of information technology — something that nobody seems to wish to pay much attention to — is the shredding everywhere of the natural world.Forget about the amount of toxins that go into producing these computers, and the resources that go into producing them, such that 40,000 pounds of resources are necessary for a four-pound laptop.That‟s trivial compared to the direct effect that computers and the industrial system as a result have on the atmosphere and climate, the pollution of air and water.The development in technology does not always bring human beings goods; there is bad news too. But most people are ignorant of the drawback of the new technology at first. In this century, however, the development in science and technology really aroused people‟s attention of the weak points. But the technology has an even darker effect, because it is enabling us to conquer nature. Industrial society is waging a war of the techno-sphere against the biosphere. That is the Third World War. The bad news is that we are winning that war.16. According to the text, information technology affects[A] human society and natural environment. [B] natural environment and economy.[C] domestic economy and human society. [D] society，economy and environment.17. What does “Nintendo capitalism” mean?[A] A capitalism that is prosperous. [B] A capitalism that is dooming.[C] A worship of capitalism. [D] A worship of technology.18. T he term “the Third World War” refers to[A] Human‟s conquering of the bio-system.[B] T echnology‟s destruction of nature.[C] Industrial society‟s control over man.[D] Technology‟s conquering of man.19. The author‟s attitude towards information technology is[A] fear. [B] criticism. [C] skepticism. [D] optimism.20. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] The Influence of Nintendo Capitalism.[B] The Cause of the “Third World War”.[C] The Drawbacks of Information Technology.[D] The War of Techno-sphere against the Biosphere.Part BDirections: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about Humankind and the Earth.Choose the most suitable heading from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered paragraph(21-25). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extraheading which you do not need to use.[A] The urgency to see the utterly change of human relationship to the earth[B] Startling change of population explosion in a historical context[C] The ultimate resolution of human relation to the earth[D] The outrageous consequence of scientific and technological revolution[E] The accelerating ongoing of scientific and technological revolution[F] The cautious recognition and reconsideration of human relation to the earthThis century has witnessed dramatic changes in two key factors that define the physical reality of our relationship to the earth: a sudden and startling surge in human population, and a sudden acceleration of the scientific and technological revolution, which has allowed an almost unimaginable magnification of our power to affect the world around us by burning, cutting, digging, moving, and transforming the physical matter that makes up the earth.21.From the emergence of modern humans 200,000 years ago until Julius Caesar’s time, fewer than 250 million people walked on the face of the earth. When Christopher Columbus set sail for the New World 1,500 years later, there were approximately 500 million people on earth. By the time Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the number had doubled again, to 1 billion. By midway through this century, at the end of World War II, the number had risen to just above 2 billion people.22.It is now an axiom in many fields of science that more new and important discoveries have taken place in the last ten years than in the entire previous history of science. While no single discovery has had the kind of effect on our relationship to the earth that nuclear weapons have had on our relationship to warfare, it is nevertheless true that taken together, they have completely transformed our cumulative ability to exploit the earth for sustenance —making the result of unrestrained exploitation every bit as unthinkable as the result of unrestrained nuclear war.23.It is necessary for us to promptly recognize that the startling images of environmental destruction now occurring all over the world have much more, in common than their ability to shock and awaken us. They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have ever faced. Global warming, ozone depletion, the loss of living species, deforestation —they all have a common cause: the new relationship between human civilizationand the earth’s natural balance.24.There are actually two aspects to this problem. The first is to realize that our power to harm the earth can indeed have global and even permanent effects. The second is to realize that the only way to understand our new role as a co-architect of nature is to see ourselves as part of this complex system.The problem is not effect on the environment so much as our relationship with the environment. As a result, any solution to the problem will require a careful assessment of that relationship as well as the complex interrelationship among factors within civilization and between them and the major natural components of the earth’s ecological system.25.Some argue that a new ultimate technology, whether nuclear power or genetic engineering, will solve the problem. Others hold that only a drastic reduction of our reliance on technology can improve the conditions of life. But the real solution will be found in reinventing and finally healing the relationship between civilization and the earth. This can only be accomplished by undertaking a careful reassessment of all the factors that led to the relatively recent dramatic change in the relationship. The transformation of the way we relate to the earth will, of course, involve new technologies, but the key changes will involve new ways of thinking about the relationship itself.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.What is it that brings about such an intimate connection between language and thinking? Is there no thinking without the use of language?26)We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete independence from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment. Yet most likely the mental shape of an individual, growing up under such conditions, would be very poor. Thus we may conclude that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language. This makes us realize to what extent the same language means the same mentality. In this sense thinking and language are linked together.What distinguishes the language of science from languages as we ordinarily understand the word? How is it that scientific language is international? 27)What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. As an illustration, let us take the language of Euclidean geometry and Algebra. They manipulate with a small number of independently introduced concepts, respectively symbols, such as the integral number, the straight line, the point, as well as with signs which designate the fundamental concepts. This is the basis for the construction, respectively definition of all other statements and concepts.28)The super-national character of scientific concepts and scientific language is due to the fact that they have been set up by the best brains of all countries and all times. In solitude and yet in cooperative effort as regards the final effect they created the spiritual tools for the technical revolutions which have transformed the life of mankind in the last centuries. Their system of concepts has served as a guide in the bewildering chaos of perceptions so that we learned to graspgeneral truths from particular observations.What hopes and fears does the scientific method imply for mankind? I do not think that this is the right way to put the question. Whatever this tool in the hand of man will produce depends entirely on the nature of the goals alive in this mankind. Once these goals exist, the scientific method furnishes means to realize them. Yet it cannot furnish the every goals. 29)The scientific method itself would not have led anywhere, it would not even have been born without a passionate striving for clear understanding.Perfection of means and confusion of goals seem—in my opinion—to characterize our age.30)If we desire sincerely and passionately the safety, the welfare and the free development of the talents of all men, we shall not be in want of the means to approach such a state. Even if only a small part of mankind strives for such goals, their superiority will prove itself in the long run.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1. inquiry n. 质询；调查2. asbestos n. 石绒；石棉3. responsible adj. 有责任的，责任重大的，负责的4. asbestosis n. 石棉沉滞病5. recommend v. 推荐，劝告，介绍；推荐；提出建议6. formation n. 构造，形成，编队7. particle n. 粒子，极小量，点8. ventilate v. 使空气流通，宣布，使通风9. enclose v. 围绕，装入，放入封套10. practical adj. 实际的，实用性的，现实的难句突破1. [In 1967], [in response to widespread public concern aroused by medical reports ofasbestos-related deaths], the National Medical Research Council organized committee of inquiry [to investigate the health threats associated with the use of asbestos in the building industry].【分析】本句是长单句。

2018如何复习考研英语用《阅读基础90篇》分分钟搞定阅读复习考研英语，主要是复习考研英语阅读。

而考研英语阅读又是英语基础薄弱的考研党最搞不定的。

所以今天就给大家推荐一本基础薄弱者专用的考研英语一真题阅读解析书吧。

书名叫做“阅读基础90篇”，下面给大家详细讲讲这本书。

一、如何复习考研英语——补基础是头等大事英语基础不好不是什么大问题，大家只要在复习前期把基础知识补起来就行了。

“阅读基础90篇”就能帮助大家做到这一点。

它为了让基础不好的同学能够看懂真题阅读文章，打好阅读基础，选取了年代较早（1986-2008年），难度较低的90篇考研英语真题阅读，并对这些真题阅读文章进行了逐字逐句的解析。

就是会详细讲解每句话的语法结构（简单句用文字说明的方式指明句子的语法结构，长难句用图解方式层层解剖句子主干和各类修饰成分）；详细注解每句话中出现的考研英语核心单词，这样大家就能在真题中补齐自己欠缺的语法知识点，迅速扩充词汇量。

二、如何复习考研英语——小技巧有大用处阅读技巧对考研阅读题目的杀伤力是很大的。

所以大家不妨在复习之余学习一下考研阅读各类题型的解题技巧。

“阅读基础90篇”就给大家赠送了一本“阅读满分兵法册”，这本册子详细讲解了考研英语阅读8大题型的解题技巧，并在每个解题技巧之下都配有真题实例的讲解，大家看后一定会收获颇丰。

三、如何复习考研英语——练真题来查漏补缺真题反映了考研阅读的命题规律和出题重点，所以大家一定要在前期复习结束之后再回到真题中去。

“阅读基础90篇”就给大家赠送了一本“真题演练册”，这本册子中收录了2009到最新一年的考研真题阅读题。

大家前期复习结束之后可以做一做这些真题阅读，检验一下自己前期复习的如何。

大家还可以把看不懂的地方通通划出来，在以后复习真题时重点攻克。

UNIT NINETEXT ONEFor many college students, back to school also means back to downloading music over the university's high-speed Internet connection. But not so fast: The music industry's crackdown on piracy on campus didn't stop with the end of the spring semester.In August, the Recording Industry Association of America sent pre-litigation letters to 58 colleges—coast to coast, from Boston University to San Diego State. Morethan 2,400 letters already have been sent to students at schools targeted by the RIAA. The letters offer students the option of paying a settlement fee based on the number of tunes the student allegedly downloaded illegally or taking the risk of a potentially more expensive lawsuit.The music association isolates Internet addresses that generate high downloading and file-sharing traffic, then asks the school to turn over the identity of those students, so it can get in touch with them. Some schools, like the University of Wisconsin, have declined to assist the RIAA, explaining that "to identify the IP users and forward the letters to them would put the university in an uncomfortable and inappropriate alliancewith the RIAA," says Meg McCall, a spokesperson for the university. "While we agreethat violation of copyright law is serious and should be addressed, the only way to be certain of infractions is to pursue acStudents also are a bit flummoxed by the pre-litigation letters, though many appear to be opting for the quick settlement. When Cassandra Hunt, then a sophomore at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, received a notice from the school stating she was identified for violating copyright law, she asked the RIAA about the settlement fees. Explaining that it had identified 272 songs, which could potentially cost $750 persong should her case go to trial, it offered her a settlement fee. "Now, I know what you're thinking," wrote the physics major in an op-ed for The Tech last year. "With a collection of 272 whole songs, no wonder the RIAA felt compelled to squash my threatto the sanctity of music. However the lady on the phone told me they'd be willing to settle for $3,750." And that fee, explains Hunt, was requested to be paid within 15 days (though the RIAA offers a six-month payment plan).Colleges are taking their own measures to persuade students not to pirate music. Some schools are making deals with music download services such as Ruckus to provide their students with free, legal options. Penn State is one of the schools that have signed up for Ruckus, which also incorporates social-networking features. Users can "friend" others to see what playlists they are putting together and download those songsin seconds if their school has a Ruckus server installed. "We like to think of ourselves as a discovery tool," explains Charlie Moore, a senior vice president of Ruckus. But the songs downloaded can be listened to on the Ruckus player only, explains Moore. While some portable media devices can play the songs, Ruckus tunes can't be imported into iTunes or iPods. Students at Penn State also have reported some problems getting the Ruckus service to work on Apple's Mac computers. Nevertheless, that's still likely less commotion than they face from a pre-litigation letter.1. Which one of the following is not the measure taken by RIAA to fight against music piracy on campus?[A] Sending pre-litigation letters to students who have violated copyright law.[B] Blocking the access to downloading music to the students.[C] Asking schools to sign up for music download services.[D] Providing schools with charged legal access of music downloading services.2. University of Wisconsin declined to assist the RIAA because_____[A] they wanted to protect the students’ privacy.[B] they thought RIAA’s request was inappropriate.[C] they considered that actions should be carried through legal procedures.[D] they did not want to made an alliance with the RIAA.3. The word “flummoxed” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____[A] perplexed. [B] irritated.[C] annoyed.[D] disturbed.4. The case of Cassandra Hunt implies that _____[A] the students shows unexpected willingness to work with the RIAA on how to make the settlement fees more reasonable.[B] there exists contradiciton between RIAA’s payment plan and the actual payment requirment.[C] there exists some problems in RIAA’s acion against the students’ piracy.[D] RIAA attempts to assist students by cutting off the fees and lengthen the payment period.5. About services provided by Rucks to the students, which one of the following is NOT true?[A]Those who are friended by the users of Rucks can download the songs in seconds given that both ends have access to Ruckus server.[B] Music downloaded from the Ruckus server can only be played on the Ruckus player.[C] Users can download songs freely and legally but have to face the problem of incompatibility.文章剖析：[D] There are some problems in playing the songs downloaded with other players.这篇文章讲述美国唱片产业协会对校园音乐盗版现象采取的措施。

Unit 19A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.一知半解，自欺欺人。

P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1Every profession or trade, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary, the function of which is partly to refer to things or processes which have no names in ordinary English, and partly to secure greater exactness in nomenclature. Such special dialects, or jargon, are necessary in technical discussion of any kind. Being universally understood by the devotees of the particular science or art, they have the precision of a mathematical formula. Besides, they save time, for it is much more economical to name a process than to describe it. Thousands of these technical terms are very properly included in every large dictionary, yet, as a whole, they are rather on the outskirts of the English language than actually within its borders.Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts and other occupations, such as farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language. Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their older strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons, and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary.Yet, every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political sciences and in the mechanic arts. Hence new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet no profession is nowadays, as all profession once were, a closed guild. The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, and the cleric associate freely with his fellow creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way.Furthermore, what is called popular science makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provinciallaboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it — as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus, our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.1. The last sentences in paragraph 1 shows that technical terms[A] are used in the urban areas. [B] are used in the rural areas.[C] are not the core of common speech. [D] are not understood by common people.2. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 and 3 ?[A] Technical terms from remote times are too old for us to understand today.[B] Special dialects of law, medicine and so on are restricted to cultivated people[C] The words of the English language have changed a lot in the last fifty years.[D] One can never be sure what a word means without consulting an expert.3. The sentence “Yet no professions…closed guilds” means that[A] it is much easier to become a professional today than it was.[B] there is more communication between professionals and others.[C] popular science has told her secrets to the world.[D] anyone can now understand anything in a profession.4. Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy are mentioned to show[A] rapid occurrence of jargon. [B] rapid disappearance of jargon.[C] precision of jargon in meaning. [D] popular familiarity with jargon.5. What’s t he author’s main purpose in writing this text ?[A] to describe a phenomenon. [B] to argue about a belief.[C] to propose a solution. [D] to stimulate an action.Text 2Computer programmers often remark that computers, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computer’s “intelligence” on the details of its own perceptions and in its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal-minded, and simple-minded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simple-mindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, mathematicians may be surprised to learn that the Sehrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation which takes account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects. They may also be shocked to see this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at the original Sehrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians’ literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists’ theoretical assumptions, that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context—what happens if the axioms are relaxed?—is thereby ignored.The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small disturbances of its underlying assumptions.6. The author discusses computers in the first paragraph primarily in order to[A] prove that computers carry out tasks in a mechanical way.[B] discuss computers from the psychological terms to explain its features.[C] compare the work of mathematicians with that of computer programmers.[D] illustrate his views about the approach of mathematicians to problem solving.7. Scientists are skeptical toward their equations because they[A] are unable to express their data in terms of multiple variables.[B] know well-defined problems are often the most difficult to solve.[C] work to explain real, rather than theoretical or simplified situations.[D] are unable to accept mathematical explanations of natural phenomena.8. The author suggests that the approach of physicists to solving scientific problems is[A] harmful to scientific progress.[B] practical for scientific purposes.[C] effective, but rarely recognized as such.[D] helpful, but of little long-term value.9. Why do mathematicians present a danger to scientists?[A] Scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue.[B] Scientists may begin to provide imprecise but convincing arguments.[C] Mathematicians may convince scientists that theoretical assumptions are facts.[D] Scientists may define situations in an incomprehensible way to mathematicians.10. From the last paragraph, the assumption made by scientists about scientific arguments is that[A] the premises on which the arguments are based may change.[B] the arguments probably will be convincing only to other scientists.[C] the conclusions of the arguments do not necessarily follow from their premises.[D] the arguments necessarily ignore the central question of scientific investigation.Text 3There he was—America’s first president with a MBA, the man who loves to boast about his business background, whose presidential campaign raised unprecedented sums from corporatewallets and whose cabinet is stuffed with chief executives—standing before 700 pinstriped titans in a New York hotel ballroom, dressing them down. Faith in the integrity of American business leaders was being undermined, George Bush said fiercely, by executives “breaching trust and abusing power”. It was time for “a new ethic of personal responsibility in the business community”. He was going to “end the days of cooking the books, shading the truth and breaking our laws”Only months ago, the idea that Mr. Bush would publicly lambaste America’s corporate bosses was laughable. As a candidate, borne on the wave of a decade-long economic boom and an unprecedented 18-year bull market, he cashed in on American’s love affair with corporate success. But things are different now. The stock market bubble has burst and, despite signs of economic recovery, Wall Street seems to be sunk in gloom. A string of scandals at some of America’s most high-flying firms─including Enron, Xerox, Tyco, Global Crossing and most recently, World Com. —has radically changed the public mood.As political pressure for reform increases, so too does the heart on Mr. Bush. Is the businessman’s president really prepared to take business on and push hard for reform? Despite the set jaw and aggrieved tone in Now York, probably not. Mr. Bush thinks the current crisis stems from a few bad-apple chief executives rather than the system as a whole. Hence his focus on tough penalties for corrupt businessmen and his plea for higher ethical standards. The president announced the creation of a “financial-crimes SWAT team” at the Justice Department to root out corporate fraud, and wants to double the maximum prison sentence for financial fraud from five to ten years. But he offered few concrete suggestions for systemic reform: little mention of changes to strengthen shareholders’ rights, not even an endorsement of the Senate corporate-reform bill.There are few signs yet that cleaning up corporate America is an issue that animates the voters. Polls show that Americans have little faith in their business leaders, but politicians do not seem to be suffering as a result. Mr. Bush’s approval ratings have fallen from their sky-highs, but they are still very strong.The president, therefore, need do no more than talk tough. This alone will convince ordinary Americans that he is on top of the issue. As the economy rebounds and public outage subsides, the clamor for change will quieten. Democratic attacks will fizzle, and far-reaching reform bills will be watered down before they become law. Politically, the gamble makes sense. Unfortunately for American capitalism, a great opportunity will be missed.11. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Mr. Bush has taken tough action to prohibit cooking the books.[B] Mr. Bush contributed a lot to a decade-long economic boom.[C] Because of economic recovery, the public pick up faith in the business leaders.[D] Mr. Bush got unprecedented support in his presidential campaign.12. We can infer from the third paragraph that[A] Mr. Bush didn’t intend to take business on and push hard for reform.[B] Mr. Bush did not do anything at all in the presence of the current situation.[C] Mr. Bush took shareholders’ rights into account, but he didn’t approve the reform bill.[D] Mr. Bush took some measures to pave the way for the reform.13. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Mr. Bush had to offer concrete suggestions for reform as political pressure increases.[B] At present, the maximum prison sentence for financial fraud is five years.[C] It is laughable that Mr. Bush publicly attacked America’s corporate bosses.[D] Americans have little faith in their business as well as political leaders.14. The phrase “a great opportunity” mentioned in the last paragraph refers to[A] an opportunity to carry out reform.[B] an opportunity to boom economy.[C] an opportunity to animate the voters.[D] an opportunity to attack chief executives.15. What is the author’s attitude towards the reform?[A] Indifferent. [B] Optimistic.[C] Skeptical. [D] Favorable.Text 4The simple act of surrendering a telephone number to a store clerk may seem innocuous—so much so that many consumers do it with no questions asked. Yet that one action can set in motion a cascade of silent events, as that data point is acquired, analyzed, categorized, stored and sold over and over again. Future attacks on your privacy may come from anywhere, from anyone with money to purchase that phone number you surrendered. If you doubt the multiplier effect, consider your e-mail inbox. If it’s loaded with spam, it’s undoubtedly because at some point in time you unknowingly surrendered your e-mail to the wrong Web site.Do you think your telephone number or address are handled differently? A cottage industry of small companies with names you’ve probably never heard of—like Acxiom or Merlin—buy and sell your personal information the way other commodities like corn or cattle futures are bartered. You may think your cell phone is unlisted, but if you’ve ever ordered a pizza, it might not be. Merlin is one of many commercial data brokers that advertises sale of unlisted phone numbers compiled from various sources—including pizza delivery companies. These unintended, unpredictable consequences that flow from simple actions make privacy issues difficult to grasp, and grapple with.In a larger sense, privacy also is often cast as a tale of “Big Brother”—the government is watching you or a big corporation is watching you. But privacy issues don’t necessarily involve large faceless institutions. A spouse takes a casual glance at her husband’s Blackberry, a co-worker looks at e-mail over your shoulder or a friend glances at a cell phone text message from the next seat on the bus. While very little of this is news to anyone—people are now well aware there are video cameras and Internet cookies everywhere—there is abundant evidence that people live their lives ignorant of the monitoring, assuming a mythical level of privacy. People write e-mails and type instant messages they never expect anyone to see. Just ask Mark Foley or even Bill Gates, whose e-mails were a cornerstone of the Justice Department’s antitrus t case against Microsoft.And polls and studies have repeatedly shown that Americans are indifferent to privacy concerns. The general defense for such indifference is summed up a single phrase. “I have nothing to hide.” If you have nothing to hide, why shouldn’t the government be able to peek at your phone records, your wife see your email or a company send you junk mail? It’s a powerful argument, one that privacy advocates spend considerable time discussing and strategizing over.It is hard to deny, however, that people behave different when they’re being watched. And it is also impossible to deny that Americans are now being watched more than at any time in history.16. The telephone number is cited as an example to show[A] telephone has become the predominant means of communication.[B] careless surrendering of personal information can be harmful.[C] the communication via email is replacing that via telephone.[D] data can be acquired, analyzed, categorized, stored and sold.17. Companies like Acxiom or Merlin[A] make a profit by acquiring and selling personal information.[B] compile telephone directories for local business transaction.[C] are law firms specializing in dealing with privacy issues.[D] are agencies whose major mission is to protect privacy.18. Which of the following is true according to the third paragraph?[A] Cases of intrusion on privacy are the most serious in large institutions.[B] People are now clearly aware how their privacy can be invaded.[C] The Justice Department has done nothing about privacy issues so far.[D] Bill Gates’ email messages have been used against him in his lawsuit.19. It can be inferred from para. 4 that[A] Americans are puzzled about privacy concerns.[B] Americans are frank enough to hide nothing.[C] the government has the right to check your phone records.[D] people actually care about privacy concerns.20. What advice might the author give to the ordinary people?[A] Never leave your telephone number anywhere.[B] Raise your awareness of self-protection.[C] Use your cell phone and email wisely.[D] Don’t respond too readily to telephone messages.Part BDirections: In the article, following sentences have been removed. For Questions 21-25, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]—[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.The need for a surgical operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a severe shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances, most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and aesthetics. 21.In the early years of this century there was little specialization in surgery. A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of fifty years ago.22. However, not every surgeon wants to, or is qualified to carry out every type of modern operation.23. Deaths from most operations are about 20% of what they were in 1910 and surgery has been extended in many directions, for example to certain types of birth defects in newborn babies, and, at the other end of the scale, to life-saving operations for the octogenarian. The hospital stay after surgery has been shortened to as little as a week for mostmajor operations. Most patients are out of bed on the day after an operation and may be back at work in two or three weeks.24.One of the most revolutionary areas of modern surgery is that of organ transplants. Until a few years ago, no person, except an identical twin, was able to accept into his body the tissues of another person without reacting against them and eventually killing them. Recently, however, it has been discovered that with the use of x-rays and special drugs, it is possible to graft tissues from one person to another which will survive for periods of a year or more. Kidneys have been successfully transplanted between non-identical twins. Heart and lung transplants have been reasonably successful in animals, though rejection problems in humans have yet to be solved.25. As yet, surgery is not ready for such miracles. In the meantime, you can be happy if your doctor says to you, “Yes, I think it is possible to operate on you for this condition.”[A] “Spare parts”surgery, the simple routine replacement of all worn-out organs by new ones, is still a dream of the distant future.[B] Many developments in modern surgery are almost incredible. They include the replacement of damaged blood vessels with simulated ones made of plastic; the replacement of heart valves with plastic substitutes; the transplanting of tissues such as the lens of the eye; the invention of the artificial kidney to clean the blood of poisons at regular intervals and the development of heart and lung machines to keep patients olive during very long operations.[C] Patients do not often believe they really need surgery-cutting into a part of the body as opposed to treatment with drugs.[D] New techniques in orthopedic surgery have also been introduced, including the use of cementing substances to unite bones destroyed by tumor and the replacement of joints with metal or plastic devices.[E] The heart can be safely opened and its valves repaired. Clogged blood vessels can be cleaned out，and broken ones mended or replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life.[F] In the 20th century, surgery has benefited from an improved understanding of the causes of shock and its treatment; knowledge of blood group typing and transfusion techniques; understanding of blood clotting and the use of anticoagulants; and the development of antibiotics to control infection and analgesics to control pain.[G] The scope of surgery has increased remarkably in this century. Its safety has increased too.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.As an alternative to simply identifying levels of literacy with years of schooling, some scholars have distinguished levels of literacy in another way. 26)Environmental or lay literacy is the term used to designate that form of unspecialized competence involved in generally dealing with a literate environment. Such literacy need never be taught. It is a type of literacy that is acquired through participating in a literate environment in which written signs, labels, trademarks, headlines, sports scores, and the like are ubiquitous. 27)Such a general, if low, level of literacy,which stands somewhat apart from the particular skills of reading and writing, first arose in Europe in the later Middle Ages with the development of what the Canadian historian Brian Stock refers to as “textual communities.” A textual community consisted of a band of believers formed around an interpreter who read and interpreted religious texts. Because the authority of the teacher rested in the text rather than in the church, members of the community came to know certain general truths about texts and about writing: that they could be read, understood, studied, consulted; that they were more reliable than hearsay; that they were permanent; and that they possessed authority. Everyone in a literate society is literate in this sense; all know the nature, uses, and functions of writing even if they do not personally practice it.A literate society is also dependent upon the development of elite literacy, a high level of literate competence, possessed by a relatively small percentage of the population, in such specialized fields of endeavour as science, law, or literature. 28)High levels of literate competence involve learning a somewhat specialized vocabulary as well as the nuances of meaning that are relevant to lexical choice. It is estimated that literate people have a reading vocabulary, consisting of words that are encountered only in reading and writing, that may be more than double the size of their ordinary speaking vocabulary. 29)In addition to specialized vocabularies, high levels of literate competence involve knowledge of specialized grammatical constructions that serve to set out explicitly the logical form of an argument and of specialized genres or literary forms such as description, explanation, argument, and instructions that can be used for building complex linguistic structures or genres, such as narrative and expository texts. These specialized skills require for mastery many years of formal schooling. Once such forms are acquired in literate contexts they can also be used in speech. 30)For this reason literacy is not tied exclusively to writing; just as one can write in an essentially oral style, so one can speak in a manner characteristic of written language. Literacy makes it possible to speak a written language.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1. nomenclature n.术语，专门名称2. devotee n.致力于、献身于某一事物的人3. divinity n.神学；神，上帝a.宗教的；神学的4. cultivated a.有教养的；耕耘的5. abandon vt.丢弃，抛弃；放弃6. coinage n.新造的字及词语等7. confine vt.限制，局限于；禁闭8. guild n.行会；协会9. acquainted a.知晓的；有知识的10. commonplace n.平常的东西；老生常谈难句突破1. Every profession or trade, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary, (the function of which is partly to designate things or processes (which have no names in ordinary English), and partly to secure greater exactness in nomenclature).【分析】复合句。

Unit 14Storms make trees take deeper roots.风暴使树木深深扎根P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].T ext 1When Julius Caesar made his triumphal entrance into Rome in 45 BC, he celebrated by giving a feast at which thousands of guests gorged on poultry, seafood and game. Similar celebrations featuring exorbitant consumption of animal flesh have marked human victories — in war, sport, politics and commerce —since our species learned to control fire. Throughout the developing world today, one of the first things people do as they climb out of poverty is to shift from their peasant diet of mainly grains and beans to one that is rich in pork or beef. Since 1950, per capital consumption of meat around the globe has more doubled.Meat, it seems, is not just food but reward as well. But in the coming century, that will change. Much as we have awakened to the full economic and social costs of cigarettes, we will find we can no longer subsidize or ignore the costs of mass-producing cattle, poultry, pigs, sheep and fish to feed our growing population. These costs include hugely inefficient use of fresh water and land, heavy pollution from livestock feces, rising rates of heart disease and other degenerative illness, and spreading destruction of the forests on which much of ou r planet’s life depends.First, consider the impact on supplies of fresh water. To produce 1kg of feedlot beef requires 7 kg of feed grain, which takes 1000 kg of water to grow. Pass up one hamburger, and you’ll save as much as water as you save by taking 40 showers with a low-flow nozzle. Y et in the U.S., 70% of all the wheat, corn and other grain produced goes to feeding herds of livestock. Around the world, as more water is diverted to raising pigs and chickens instead of producing crops for direct consumption, millions of wells are going dry. India, China, North Africa and the U.S. are all running freshwater deficits, pumping more from their aquifers than rain can replenish. As populations in water scarce regions continue to expand, governments will inevitably act to cut these deficits by shifting water to grow food, not feed. The new policies will raise the price of meat to levels unaffordable for any but the rich.That prospect will doubtlessly provoke protests that direct consumption of grain can’t provide the same protein that meat provides. Indeed, it can’t. But nutritionists will attest that most people in the richest countries don’t need nearly as much protein as we’re currently getting from meat, and there are plenty of vegetable sources — including the grains now squandered on feed —that can provide the protein we need.1. T he author cites the example of Caesar’s feat to suggest that[A] Caesar made a big triumphal entrance into Rome .[B] the victory was celebrated with various kinds of meat.[C] people think eating meat is a symbol of wealth and victory.[D] Caesar and his guests enjoy the feast with meet very much.2. The author compares meat eating to cigarette smoking because[A] both of them are personal habits.[B] they cost a lot of economic and social resources.[C] eating meat can be expensive if people like to smoke.[D] they can lead to some serious diseases.3. What can be inferred from paragraph 3?[A] To produce the same amount of beef needs 7000 times the weight of water.[B] The resources we need to make a hamburger equal to that of 40 showers.[C] As more water is used to raise poultry, water scarce regions will increase.[D] To control water deficit, governments will raise the price of meat.4. According to the text, which of the following is true?[A] Only a small part of the grain is directly consumed in the world.[B] Eating meat might be a symbol of richness in the future.[C] People today eat much more meat than what is necessary.[D] Many rich countries face the problem of fresh water shortage.5. Which is the best title for the text?[A] The change of food structure in America.[B] Water shortage caused by meat consumption.[C] The increase of meat supply around the globe.[D] The cost of meat consumption.T ext 2I agree that the Canadian immersion and bilingual schools have been successful in producing functionally bilingual students. In the province of Manitoba, there are French, Ukrainian, and German immersion schools; Hebrew bilingual schools; and a school for native Indian students. English immersion programs are popular for students from the province of Quebec as well as from countries such as Libya and Japan. However, Mr. Whelpton’s suggested condition that teachers in these schools must be fully bilingual may be unnecessary. For example, primary teachers can and do function with a smaller vocabulary than secondary teachers.Secondly, it is doubtful that students will use English because they “understand and accept the objective of making English the language of the classroom,”which is a rather sterile motive. One reason that Canadian immersion programs work is because of the commitment to Whole Language Learning ,that is, children learn a language,(first or second),by using it to transmit or receive meaningful messages that are interesting, real and important.They want to make their needs and desires known and to understand the world around them. Immersion programs integrate language and content in an activity-based, child-centered manner so that the child is motivated to use the second language as a tool to transmit and receive messagesrelated to social and academic interests. In addition the second language is modeled throughout the school, is encouraged and rewarded, and thus becomes the language of choice. It is not necessary to “abandon” Cantonese; an immersion program should provide some daily instruction in the first language.Mr. Whelpton’s third argument that all the students in one class need to be at approximately the same level of English proficiency when they switch to English is unrealistic and unprofitable. How does a teacher group children who have a huge vocabulary but poor grammar skills and others who have correct grammar but a poor vocabulary?Also, suppose the students have similar language abilities but different learning styles! The odds are that a teacher, at any point in time, will be teaching at a level that is too difficult for one-third, too easy for one-third and appropriate for the final one-third of the students. Hence the concept of co-operative learning: students in heterogeneous groups with a mixture of personalities, talents and weaknesses (a more realistic reflection of life) learn better as they co-operate, instead of compete, and depend on each other for support and information. This type of learning environment frees the teacher from the traditional lecturing mode in favor of circulating, monitoring and challenging the students to make use of their different experiences to expand their knowledge and skills.6. The writer’s attitude towards the Canadian immersion program is[A] balanced. [B] unenthusiastic.[C] supportive. [D] critical.7.The word “sterile” (Line 2, Para 2 )is closest in meaning to[A] uninspiring. [B] unusual.[C] stereotypical. [D] uninformative.8. The Canadian immersion program has been a success because[A] it makes English the language of the classroom.[B] students in classrooms are at about the same level.[C] students can use their first language freely in classrooms.[D] it works towards real life goals of the students.9. According to the author the reality of classroom teaching is[A] more straightforward than Mr. Whelpton describes.[B] more difficult to control than Mr. Whelpton describes.[C] more lively than Mr. Whelpton describes.[D] more complicated than Mr. Whelpton describes.10. The author uses a colon (Line 3, Para 5) to[A] give evidence for the point made. [B] explain the term.[C] introduce the consequence. [D] provide a reason.T ext 3The strongest case for globalization is the liberal one. It is almost never heard, least of all from governments or businessmen. International economic integration, on the liberal view, is what happens when technology allows people to pursue their own goals and they are given the liberty to do so. If technology advances to the point where it supports trade across borders, and if people then choose to trade across borders, you have integration, and because people have freelychosen it this is a good thing. Also, again because people have freely chosen this course, you would expect there to be economic benefits as well.By and large, theory and practice confirm that this is so. Adam Smith’s invisible hand does its work. People choose what serves their own self-interest, each of them making that judgment for himself. The result is that society as a whole prospers and advances spontaneously, not by design of any person or government.All kinds of qualifications and elaborations are needed, obviously, to fill out the argument properly. This survey will offer some of them in due course. But it is essential to understand one point from the outset. The liberal case for globalization is emphatically not the case for domestic or international laisser faire. Liberalism lays down no certainties about the requirements of social justice in terms of income redistribution or the extent of the welfare state. It recognizes that markets have their limits, for instance intending to the supply of public goods (such as a clean environment). A liberal outlook is consistent with support for a wide range of government interventions; indeed a liberal outlook demands many such interventions.But the starting point for all liberals is a presumption that, under ordinary circumstances, the individual knows best what serves his interests and that the blending of these individual choices will produce socially good results. Two other things follow. The first is an initial skepticism, at least, about collective decision making that overrides the individual kind. The other is a high regard for markets not as a place where profits are made, it must be stressed, but as a place where society advances in the common good.Why then are governments and business leaders rarely heard to put this case? Because for the most part they are not liberals. Perhaps it goes with the job that politicians of left and right, traditional and modern, have an exaggerated view of their ability to improve on the spontaneous order of a lightly governed society.11. What is the liberal’s understanding of the economic integration?[A] It is designed by the government.[B] It has nothing to do with technology.[C] It is people’s own choice.[D] It brings to people economic benefits.12. What does t he word “argument” (Line 1, Paragraph 3) refer?[A] People choose what serves their own self-interest.[B] Technology allows people to pursue their own goals.[C] Theory and practice confirm that this is so.[D] Society as a whole prospers and advances spontaneously.13. It can be inferred from Para 3 that[A] the global liberal is either domestic or international laisser faire.[B] liberalism requires social justice and the extent of the welfare state.[C] liberals can supply markets with a clean environment.[D] a liberal outlook demands many government interventions.14. The initial skepticism most probably thinks that[A] the combination of individual choices produces socially good results.[B] market is a place where society advances in the common good.[C] the individual knows best what serves his interests.[D] collective decision making overrides the individual kind.15. According to the text, who can be a liberal?[A] Adam Smith. [B] A businessman.[C] A business leader. [D] A politician.T ext 4A couple of months ago, Blanca Nubia Chamorro, aged 12, found a ball in her village in southern Nicaragua. As she was playing, it blew up. Blanca now lies in hospital without her left arm and right hand.Y ears after all fighting has stopped, landmines continue to cripple people in countries that have savage wars, including Nicaragua, Cambodia and Mozambique. Afghanistan, where new fighting is now awaited, may still be the most heavily mined area in the world. Moreover, the vile contraptions continue to be planted by governments or rebels in some 25 countries. According to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (IGBL), mines claim well over 15,000 victims a year in about 90 countries. At least matters are not as bad as they were. As they got together in Nicaragua on September 18th, the parties to the 1997 Ottawa convention which bans the use, production, stockpiling, sale and purchase of landmines had cause for congratulation. The ICBL was able to report that 185 square meters (46,000 acres) of mined territory was cleared last year; the number of producers has shrunk from 55 to 14 over the past few years; trade seems to have come to a halt; stockpiles are shrinking, with 27m mines destroyed; the number of new victims, while still high, is declining. There are now 120 full members of the convention, with another 21 on the way.Y et 240m landmines are still thought to be stockpiled in about 100 countries. The Ottawa convention requires members to clean up their arsenals within four years, but nearly 20 countries have not even started to do so. More to the point, most of the world’s landmines are held by countries that have declined to sign the treaty. Russia and America, two determined non-joiners, have stockpiles estimated at 65m and 11m respectively. Theoretically, the Ottawa convention is legally binding, but identifying the culprits, let alone enforcing the law, is not easy. Many members have not yet provided clear information about their landmines, an obligation under the convention. Monitoring what is happening to the mines is difficult and time-consuming and is not part of the convention: most of the work is carried out by the IGBL’s 115 researchers. And even when countries are found guilty, bringing them back into line depends on peer pressure, since no clear penalty system has been devised.Another troubling point is that the convention binds only governments. Y et landmines are a weapon of choice for rebels. The Nicaraguan meeting acknowledged that insurgents too should give them up. But it will take much more than peer pressure to get them to do so.16. The author’s purpose in writing Para.1 is[A] to make it interesting to attract the readers.[B] to show the tragedy that landmines produce.[C] to tell the reader a story of a pitiful girl.[D] to introduce something about landmines .17. Which of the following is true about landmines?[A] Mozambique and Afghanistan are among the most heavily mined areas.[B] In more than twenty countries, governments or rebels still use landmines.[C] The September 18th convention covers the use and sell of landmines[D] The landmine storage declines, thanks to the removal of many arsenals,.18. The IGBL congratulated because[A] a wide area of mined territory was found and the landmines were destroyed.[B] the reduction of producers caused the shrinking of landmine stockpiles.[C] trade of landmines had been stopped due to pressure from members.[D] the number of new victims in about 90 countries declined to a satisfying level.19. The phrase “on the way” (Line 10, Para 2) most probably means[A] planning to join. [B] planning to withdraw from the treaty.[C] planning to use landmines. [D] planning to abandon landmines.20. The underlined sentence in Para 3 shows that[A] many members haven’t reported their landmines clearly and timely.[B] surveying what is happening to the mines is difficult and wastes time.[C] it is difficult to put the culprits under penalty since the law is imperfect.[D] the convention binds both governments and rebels to plant landmines.Part BDirections:You are going to read a text, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best item from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered subheading (21-25). There is one extra item which you do not need to use.The high-tech revolution has inspired a seemingly endless stream of new and exciting electronic products that we just can’t live without. In fact, the dizzying speed of technological innovation can make last year’s must-have this year’s junk.And that’s the problem. The average life span of a personal computer has shrunk to around 18 months —and this had nothing to do with worn-out mice or damaged disk drives. Simply put, electronic products can become obsolete before you’ve even figured out how they work.21. However，out-fashioned electronic machines are disposed in ways disagreeable.Many end up in landfills and that is where the trouble really begins. Computer monitors can contain up to 3.5kg of lead and can actually be considered hazardous waste once they are no longer in use. Circuit boards in electronic products contain cadmium, chromium and mercury, all of which are toxic substances that can leach into groundwater if left in a landfill.22. Unfortunately, disposal problem is growing by the minute.In Europe, 6 million metric tons of electrical and electronic equipment were generated in 1998 alone, and that volume is expected to increase three to five percent per year — which means by 2010 it could nearly double.23. Actions are taken to answer the problem raised by techno-trash.24. Companies are searching for new ways of tackling disposal issues before they become a problem, thus eliminating the need for legislative solutions. One way to reduce waste is to avoid throwing this away in the first place. Many companies reuse parts from old products in new models. This is not cheating — it makes both environmental and economic sense.25. Electronic products garbage cannot necessarily be reined in during only one phase.IBM, meanwhile, recently unveiled programs in Canada and the U.S. that, for a small fee, will take back not just an IBM but any manufacturer’s computer. Depending on the age andcondition, the equipment will then be either refurbished and donated to charity, or broken down and mined for reusable parts and recyclable materials.[A] Canon, for example, has adopted a corporate philosophy known as”kyosei”. In Canon’s context it means “living and working together for the common good”—including a fundamental goal of achieving sustainable economic development and harmony between the environment and corporate activities. The company has even gone so far as to say that environmental assurance should come before all business activities, and that companies incapable of achieving such assurance do not deserve to remain in business.[B] In Japan alone, consumers throw away some 20 million TVs, washing machines, refrigerators and air conditioners each year.[C] In 1999, the recoverable ratio including closed recycling, was 97 percent for Bubble Jet ink cartridges in Japan.[D] The European Commission has proposed a directive that would require all electronic manufacturers to take back and properly dispose of all electronic products, regardless of their age. The details are still being ironed out, but some version of the directive will most probably become law in the next few years. Similar legislation is in preparation in the U. S. and has already been passed in Japan.[E] Old keyboards, monitors, organizers and CPUs are stashed away in the attic or forgotten in a corporate warehouse, taking up valuable space.[F] One concept，called “design for the environment”is in evidence at Kyocera Mita, whose Ecosys laser printers do not use disposable toner cartridges. Using advanced ceramics technology, these printers include a durable print drum with a super-hard coating that can produce up 300,000 pages of high-quality printing. Not only does this make ecological sense and keep cartridges out landfills, but also it saves the customer money.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Our age is in many ways unique, full of phenomena that never occurred before and never can again. They distort our thinking, making us believe that what is true now will be true forever, though perhaps on a larger scale. Because we have overcome distance on this planet, we imagine that we can do the same in space. 26)The truth is otherwise, and we will see it more clearly if we forget the present and turn our minds toward the past.To our ancestors, the vastness of the earth was a dominant factor in their thoughts and lives. No man could ever see more than a tiny fraction of the earth. Only a lifetime ago, parents waved farewell to their emigrating children, knowing that they would never see them again. Now, within one incredible generation, all this has changed. Psychologically as well as physically, there are no longer any remote places on earth. 27)When a friend leaves for what was once a distant country, we cannot feel that same sense of unchanged separation that saddened our forefathers. We know that he is only hours away by plane, and we have merely to reach for the telephone to hear his voice.When the satellite communication network is fully established, it will be as easy to see friends on the far side of earth as to talk to them on the other side of town. Then the world will shrink no more. 28)From a world that has become too small, we are moving out into one that will be forever large, whose frontiers will recede from us always more swiftly than we can reach outtoward them.Modern technology might seem to make even the solar system a comfortable homey place. Y ou might think that such giant planets as Saturn and Jupiter would come to hold the same place in our thoughts that African and Asia do today. 29)Remember, however, that as soon as we pass beyond the orbit of the moon, a mere quarter-million miles away, we will meet the first of the barriers that will separate the earth from her widely scattered children — time.The wonderful telephone and television network that will soon cover the whole world can never be extended into space. It will never be possible to talk with anyone on another planet.30)The problem is the length of time necessary for the transmission of the message, which will take minutes or hours to travel, because radio and light waves travel at the rate of 186,000 miles a second and cannot be hurried up. In distances of more than a million miles, the time lag will be intolerable. Under such circumstances an exchange of verbal messages is possible —but not a conversation.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AT ext 1语境词汇1. gorge vt.贪婪地吞咽n.咽喉；山峡2. exorbitant a.过度的；极高的3. subsidize vt.给…津贴或补贴4. degenerative a.变质的；退化的；退步的5. divert vt.使转移；使得到消遣6. aquifer n地下蓄水层；砂石含水层7. replenish vt.补充8. provoke vt.激起，激怒9. attest vt.证明；作为…的见证10. squander vt.（指钱、财产等）浪费难句突破1.[Much as we have awakened to the full economic and social costs of cigarettes,] we will find we can no longer subsidize or ignore the costs of mass-producing cattle, poultry, pigs, sheep and fish [to feed our growing population.]【分析】复合句。