一个英语生的文学导论课笔记

语言语言学经历了三个阶段：一、规定性的。

从古希腊语法－18世纪的语言研究，属于传统语法，都是规定性的；二、描写性的。

到19世纪，描写性语言学开始萌芽，到索绪尔语言学时期则完全确立。

（今天，描写主义已成为语言学的基本原则，规定主义作为非科学已被放弃）三、解释性的。

到了20世纪60年代从乔姆斯基开始，语言学进入了解释性阶段语言：语言是符号系统，是以语音为物质外壳，以语义为意义内容的，音义结合的词汇建筑材料和语法组织规律的体系。

语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具，是进行思维和传递信息的工具，是人类保存认识成果的载体。

语言具有稳固性和民族性。

文学：文学是指以语言文字为工具形象化地反映客观现实的艺术，包括戏剧、诗歌、小说、散文等，是文化的重要表现形式，以不同的形式（称作体裁）表现内心情感和再现一定时期和一定地域的社会生活。

文学是一种对语言使用的重新认识，它以一种特殊的方式，将日常语言，通过各种修辞手法，将世界呈现在我们面前。

从时间顺序上来看，似乎是先有语言，然后才有文学：法国南部的拉斯科岩洞的壁画，距今两万多年；苏美尔人创造的“楔形文字”，距今五千多年。

从所谓学术上来讲，是先有文学，然后再有语言研究。

语言对文学的影响工具论;不同的文学样式对语言材料的各种功能在使用上各有侧重。

戏剧侧重于语言的会话功能，小说侧重于语言的叙事功能，诗歌则侧重于语言的抒情功能语言的演变对文学的影响（如诗歌）语言的表达局限对文学的影响。

文学是用语言写成的，文学的物质媒介是语言。

文学在一定程度上依赖语言，同时又是超语言的（难以言传，以及语言的言外之意）。

最终，语言要被消解，展示给读者的是作家审美经验所编织的世界，这是一个终点,作家和读者在走向她时又都必须沿着言语的路径。

文学对语言的影响优秀的文学作品是民族文化的瑰宝，使得这些作品的语言对民族语言的统一和共同语的形成起着重要的推动作用。

如：1）古俄语的历史是与俄国古代英雄史诗《伊戈尔远征记》联系在一起的，现代俄罗斯民族标准语的形成是与普希金的创作活动和作品流传是分不开的；2）中世纪意大利诗人以托斯卡纳地区的通俗拉丁语写成的著名史诗《神曲》为统一意大利的语言做出了不可磨灭的贡献，他也因此被成为意大利语之父文学对词语构成的形式也产生了一定的影响。

Chapter 1 The Beginning Period of English LiteratureI. 1. OverviewA. The history of Britain♦a. Iberians from the Mediterranean (about 3000 BC)♦b. Celtic tribes from Europe (about 750BC)♦c. The Roman occupation (55BC-410) (around from Han to Jin) Julius Caesar♦d. Anglo-Saxon Times (449-1100) (from Jin to North Song) King Arthur, heptarchy♦e. The invasion of Vikings and the Danish Rule (1013-1042)♦f. The Norman conquest (1066-1485)B. The history of Christianity♦a. In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent his emissary Augustine to convert the Jutes in Kent.♦b. In Northumbria, monks from Ireland were active, setting up monasteries and preaching Christianity.♦c. Christianity enabled them to learn book knowledge as the early education.♦d. They traveled long distances to Rome on pilgrimages for broadening their spiritual powers.C. The class polarization♦The class polarization of Anglo-Saxons had appeared during Heptarchy.♦The village system replaced the clan system.♦There had been the King, lords, knights, freemen, semi-freemen, slaves whom peasants became.2. Beowulf: An English epic♦Time: around A.D.700 (Tang Dynasty)♦Narration: Violence—conquer—more violence/ revenge—conquer—new violence—conquer with sacrifice♦Theme: the evil should be punished and the righteous will be rewarded.♦Trait: Christian culture & Germanic culture. Pagan heroism and fatalism are mingled with Christian qualities.♦Comments: Human beings struggle hard to survive in a hostile environment, for they had to face various difficulties regarded as unconquerable supernatural forces.II. The transitional period♦The Seafarer and The Wanderer are 2 lyrics.♦The Seafarer is a monologue, describing an old sailor between the attraction of the sea and its perils.♦The Wanderer is a monologue, telling a man’s joyful days of comradeship and his sorrow over the harshness after the death of his friend.III. Three major poets in 14th century England♦The Norman Conquest (1066-1485) (from North Song to Early Ming)♦a. In 1066, William the Conqueror defeated the Anglo-Saxons.♦b. Land was the basis of the feudal system.♦c. England was ruled by 2 royal families:the Normans (1066-1154) & the Plantagenets (1154-1485)♦d. Chivalry was the important code of behavior for the knights.♦e. Medieval romances became a popular form of literature. (adventures for love, faith, excitement)♦f. Black Death made people’s life harsher.Three major poets in 14th century England♦Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340-1400)♦William Langland &The Vision of Piers Plowman (c. 1362)♦The Gawain-poet &Sir Gawain and Green Knight (1325-1400)Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340-1400)♦Chaucer’s poetry belongs to both the Medieval Ages and the Renaissance.♦A middle class of merchants and craftsmen began to gain power.c. Chaucer’s works♦The Book of the Duchess (1369) is an elegy in memory of Blanche, the Duchess of Lancaster. ♦Troilus and Criseyde (c. 1385) is the tragedy of the love story between Troilus, a prince of Troy, and Criseyde, a capture.♦The Canterbury Tales (c. 1387-1400) is a collection of stories told by pilgrims on their way to Canterbury.♦Comments: The structural link is meticulously planned. The poem presents 24 tales.♦Significance: He was accepted by lower and upper class people.♦Theme: His works reveal a broader understanding of human weakness and human virtue.2. The Vision of Piers Plowman(c.1362)♦Theme: Salvation is the 3 stages of the journey to heaven—Do-Well, Do-Better, Do-Best. Honest work and devotion to religion is the way to lead one to heaven.♦Comments: It shows the unhappy side of lif e in feudal England: social injustices, the church’s corruption, the power struggle in the court, sufferings of the poor peasants.♦Moral: Bribery and corruption can’t be reconciled with conscience and virtue.♦Style: The poem is allegorical and satirical. Its language is plain and direct.3. The Gawain-poetSir Gawain and Green Knight (1325-1400)♦a. It is about the Celtic legend of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.♦b. The story is a chivalrous romance based on an ancient legend of a Green Knight who challenges the courage of King Arthur’s Knights.Chapter2The Glory of Poetry:From Sidney to PopeI.Overview 1. The Tudors before Queen Elizabeth•The War of the Roses (1455-1485):wars between the Duke of York and Lancaster.•Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster ended and the House of Tudor began. •Feudalism was on the decline.•Henry VIII rebelled against Pope in Rome and declared head of the English Church.•The Protestant movement developed rapidly.2. The Renaissance•“Rebirth”, the reintroduction of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome into Western Europe.•It changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one.•It started in Italy during the 14th century.•The intellectual wisdom encouraged a rebirth of human spirit, human potential of development and creation.•The essence of the Renaissance spirit: “Man is the measure of all things” and he could control his own destiny.3. The Reign of Queen Elizabeth•She managed to keep a balance between Protestantism and Catholicism.•She established a strong central government and defeated the king of Spain.•She encouraged court entertainment, so English literature thrived.II.Major poets of the Elizabethan Age1. Sir Philip Sidney(1554-86)Sidney’s works•Arcadia(1580), a prose romance filled with lyrics.•Astrophel and Stella (1591) The sonnet sequence became popular in England.•Defense of Poetry(1579) is a prose essay that describes the nature of poetry and defends it against Puritan objections.Astrophel and Stella (1591)•It is a love romance.•Stella (Penelope Rich) was unhappily married to Lord Rich.•The complex feeling of a lover: hope & despair, tenderness & bitterness, conceit & modesty. •Its language is clear and direct.2. Edmund Spenser (1552-99)Edmund Spenser’s poems•The Shepheardes Calendar(1579) contains 12 eclogues牧歌in a variety of meters. •Amoretti(1594) is the sonnet sequence to his wife.•The Faerie Queen is dedicated to the Queen.The Faerie Queen•Gloriana, the queen of Fairyland represents glory and Queen Elizabeth.•The six completed books relate the adventures of the knights who represent the various good qualities of holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice, and courtesy.•It is remarkable for its vivid style and rich content, combining Greek, Latin, Italian, and English traditions.3. Shakespeare and Marlowe as poetsHero and Leander is a tale of 2 tragic lovers.Hero is a nun and lives on the northern shore; Leander falls in loves with her and lives on the southern. He loses his life for meeting her; she dies to grieve him.Shakespeare’s Sonnets•Sonnets represent the finest poetic craftsmanship of Elizabethan poetry.Shakespeare’s Sonnets•He praises a young man’s beauty and virtue and exposes their triangular relationship with “the Dark Lady”.•Various themes: human nature, moral conflicts, the immortality of art, friendship, sorrows. •One sonnet has 14 lines with 3 quatrains and 1 couplet.•It has rhyme scheme of “abab cdcd efef gg”.4. John Donne (1572-1631)His poems•“The Flea”•“An Anatomy of the World” (1611)•Devotions upon Emergent Occasions (1624)•Holy SonnetsThe comments of John Donne’s poems•His poems are considered obscene and vulgar.•He also wrote poems of serious philosophical thinking.•His love poetry is cynical and sensuous.•His ideas challenge the mainstream thoughts of his time.•He is regarded a man full of doubts, fears, and spiritual uncertainties.III. Metaphysical poets (玄学派)1. Donne and others•John Donne•George Herbert (1593-1633) & The Temple•Richard Crashaw (c. 1613-49) & Steps to the Temple•Henry Vaughan (1621-95) & Silex Scintillans2. “Metaphysical poems”•The poetry emphasized intellect or wit as against feeling and emotion.•It rejected the romantic exaggeration of Elizabethan love poetry.•The poets used new and shocking expressions for their sophisticated ideas.•Their language was rough.•The poetry had a psychological depth.IV John Milton (1608-74)2. Milton’s wo rks•“L’Allegro” (quick and light-hearted) & “Il Penseroso” (slow and thoughtful) (c.1631)•“Lycidas” (1637) is an elegy in memory of his classmate, Edward King.•Comus (1634) lures travelers and changes them into half-monsters. •“Areopagitica” (1644) is a pro se for the freedom of the press.•17 Sonnets “On His Blindness” (1655)•“On the Late Massacre in Piedmont” & “On His Deceased Wife” (1658)3. Paradise Lost (1667)•It’s largely based on the Biblical story of God, His Son, Adam and Eve.•Its setting is the whole universe.•Satan enters the body of a serpent and tempts Eve to taste the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. They are all punished for their sin.•Satan is read as a hero, but he commits a great sin—his excessive pride.4. Paradise Regained(1671)•It’s less im pressive.•It is concerned with human salvation through Christ.•Satan tries to corrupt Jesus, but Jesus resists against all these temptations.5. Samson Agonistes (1671)•Milton employed the Old Testament story of Samson to sing a song in praise of courage and sacrifice.•It is written as a “closet drama” not for performance but for reading.•It’s viewed as a deficient drama: It had a beginning and an end without no proper middle.V. The NeoclassicistsIt was influenced by French Enlightenment.•The intricate, bold, extravagant literary style gradually gave way to a style which was simple, clear and regular.•Contemporary and intelligible themes were preferred to ancient and difficult ones.1. John Dryden (1631-1700)1. John Dryden as a poet (1631-1700)•“Annus Mirabilis” (“The Year of Wonders” 1667)•The Hind and the Panther (1687) He defended his switch from the Church of England to Catholicism.•“A Song for St. Cecilia’s Day” (1687)•“Alexander’s Feast” (1697)•Aeneid is his translation of Virgil’s work.•2. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)Pope’s works•The Rape of the Lock (1712, 1714) is a social satire on leisure aristocracy.•The Dunciad 《愚人记》(1728) is a remarkable satire.•Iliad (1720) & Odyssey (1726) was translated.•“Essay on Man” (1734)•An Essay on Criticism (1711) is a neat exposition of 3 basic rules of poetry in 18th century. •Follow human nature and human experience•Imitate the classic poets•State ideas in greater control & polishChapter 3 The Golden Age of English DramaI. Origins and Influences●1. The thriving theater: In 1576 the Elizabethan actor James Burbage built England’s 1st playhouse, called “The Theater.”●2. Miracles plays were called mystery plays, because they showed the miracles performed by saints.●3. Morality plays are dramatized allegories in which abstract virtues and vices appear in personified form.●4. Interludes were general short, performed during the interval of a long play.II. The Elizabethan dramatists who influenced ShakespeareA. University wits●Robert Greene (c. 1560-1592)●John Lyly (c. 1554-1606)●Thomas Nashe (1567-1601)●Thomas Lodge (c. 1558-1625)●Thomas Kyd (1558-1594)●George Peele (1556- c. 1597)●Christopher Marlowe (1564-93)B. Christopher Marlowe (1564-93)Marlowe’s works●Tamburlaine (c. 1587)《帖木儿》is a drama in blank verse (free verse).●The Massacre at Paris (1594)●Edward II (1594)●The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (1594)●The Jew of Malta (1592)III. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)The 1st period (1590-1595)●History plays:●Henry VI and Richard III (1593)●4 comedies:●The Comedy of Errors (c. 1592)●The Taming of the Shrew (c. 1593)●The Two Gentlemen of Verona (c.1594)●Love’s Labor’s Lost (c. 1594)●Tragedies:●Titus Andronicus (c. 1593)●Romeo and Juliet (c. 1595)The 2nd period (1595-1600)●History plays:●King John (c. 1595)●Richard II (c. 1595)●Henry IV (c. 1597)●Henry V (c. 1598)●Shakespeare’s comedies:●A Midsummer Night’s Dream (c. 1595)●The Merchant of Venice (c. 1596)●The Merry Wives of Windsor (c. 1599)●Much Ado about Nothing (c. 1599)●As You Like It (c. 1599)●The 1st tragedy: Julius Caesar (c. 1599)The 3rd period (1600-1608)●His four greatest tragedies:●Hamlet (c. 1601) His hesitation delays his revenge.●Othello (c. 1604) It demonstrates how easily a noble heart can be destroyed.●King Lear (c. 1605) It’s caused by human folly.●Macbeth (c. 1606) It’s caused by human ambition.More tragedies●Antony and Cleopatra (c. 1606)●Coriolanus (c. 1608)●Timon of Athens (c. 1608)4 comedies●Twelfth Night (c. 1601)●Troilus and Cressida (c. 1602)●All’s Well that Ends Well (c. 1602)●Measure for Measure (c. 1604)The 4th period (1608-1612)●His principal romantic tragicomedies:●Pericles, Prince of Tyre (c. 1608)●Cymbeline (c. 1610)●The Winter’s Tale (c. 1610)●The Tempest (c. 1611)IV. Other major dramatists of the period: Ben Jonson (1572-1637)Jonson’s plays●Every Man in His Humor (1598) is a comedy filled with humor.●Masques: The Satyr (1603) Masque of Beauty (1608), and Masque of Queens (1609)●2 tragedies: Sejanus (1603) and Catiline (1611)4 comedies●Volpone, or the Fox (1606) describes an old man plays a trick on those who desire to inherit his wealth.●The Alchemist (1610) is about human desire for easy money.●Epicene, or the Silent Woman (1609)●Bartholomew Fair (1614)Chapter 4. The Beauty of ProseFrancis Bacon (1561-1626)Bacon’s works♦The Advancement of Learning (1605)♦Essays (1597, 1612, 1625)♦The History of Henry VII (1622)♦The New Atlantis (1626)♦Novum Organum (The New Instrument of Learning 1620) 《新工具》won Bacon the title of Father of Modern Science.♦His essays were successful and liked by the public.♦The literary form as “essay” was new to English audience.♦His essays cover many subjects, such as truth, beauty, friendship, marriage, family, etc.♦His essays are short, powerful, and elegant.Chapter 5 The Rise of the Novel1. Overview●The English novel matured in the 18th century.●It developed over a century slower than European novels.●English novel was influenced by European novels, esp. French, Italian, Spanish novels.●“Novel” came from the Italian word novella.●Samuel Richardson’s Pamela (1740) is the 1st mature English novel.●Prose fiction before 1700 helped to nurture the English novel.2. John Bunyan (1628-88)His works and achievements●The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678) was written during his 2nd imprisonment.●It depicts the pilgrimage of a human soul searching for salvation.●He travels from Destruction to the Heaven, through a series of tests.●It is filled with realistic description, lucid prose and familiar images.II. The rise of the novel in the 18th century●Novel allowed writers a creative space to examine society with depth and breadth.●Writers criticized the deep gap between different classes and the unsatisfactory society.●Early English novels dramatized the rise of bourgeoisie.●Writers could make a living through the sale of their works without patronage.The social setting●The control of government passed into the hand of bourgeoisie.●The Glorious Revolution of 1688 forced James II to flee.●Commercial developments made the middle class wealthier than aristocracy.●Intermarriage between them fused them into one large group.●The Coffee House became popular for people to meet and to do business.2. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)His works and achievements●An Essay upon Projects (1695) includes practical schemes for social progress, such as women education.●The True-Born Englishman (1701) is a poem criticizing people’s belief in racial and national superiority.●The Shortest Way with Dissenters (1702) satirizes the Anglican’s hostility toward the dissenters.●The Review (1704-1713) is a triweekly news journal.His novels and comments●A journalist, a trader, a soldier, a thinker, a spy●At the age of 60, starts to be a novelist●The Life and Adventure of Robinson Crusoe (1719) is based on the adventure of a seaman, Alexander Selkirk.●The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders (1722) relates the adventures of a London prostitute who finally enjoys a peaceful life.The Life and Adventure of Robinson Crusoe (1719)Different themes:●A story of sea adventure●An artistic projection of colonist expansion●The dignity of labor●Back to nature●Religious devotion3. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)His works and achievementsPoems: The Journal to Stella (1766) is his love letters and poems to Esther Johnson whose education he supervised.●Cadenus and Vanessa is a poem to depict Vanessa loves him but he keeps devotion to Esther.●Novels: Gulliver’s Travels (1726)Prose: The Battle of the Book (1697) is a humorous satire on the sham scholarship.●A Tale of a Tub(1704) is a satirical work of a parable about 3 sons of an old man who represent Catholicism, Anglican Church, and the dissenters.●“A Modest Proposal” (1729) proposes the ironic plan that the rich serve the flesh of the poor on their tables, turning an economic burden to general profit.Gulliver’s Travels (1726)●The voyage to Lilliput 小人国The voyage to Brobdingnag 巨人国The voyage to Laputa and other countriesThe voyage to Houyhnhnms 半人半马●He held a dark view of human nature.●It condemns the vanity and hypocrisy of upper and middle class.●It is full of political implication.3. Henry Fielding(1707-54)His works and achievements●Farce: Tom Thumb (1730) is critical of corruption in governmental institutions.●Joseph Andrews (1742) is to poke fun at the sentimental moralism of Richardson’s novel. ●The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great (1743) is based on a thief’s life to give ironical comments on delinquency, cruelty and hypocrisy.●Amelia (1751) is a study of justice an penal system in England. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749)●The story depicts Tom’s adventures to win back his heritance.●Careful and intermingled plot with uncertainty and suspense●A panorama of the social background●Complex character with different traits●More care about human virtues●He devised a new structure and theory of fiction writing.Chapter 7 Emotion and Nature in Romantic PoetryRomanticism vs. EnlightenmentRomanticism EnlightenmentThe spiritual and emotional life of man Rationalism, logic,objectivity, materialismThe human rights and dignity of the individual Philosophic novels withsocial moral and reasonRomanticism vs. NeoclassicismRomanticism NeoclassicismIndividualitySociety Internal worldExternal world Spiritual essenceSocial civilization The spontaneous feelingsThe elevated sentiments Natural and rustic feelings Rich and artificial feelingsEscape from the limitations of reality Portray a world of harmony and balanceII. William Blake (1757-1827)His works and achievementsCollections of Blake’s poemsPoetical Sketches (1783) Some are original in substance, daring in form, exquisite in quality.Songs of Innocence (1789) praises the beauty of nature and the innocence of the child.Songs of Experience (1794) shows poverty and distress, the sufferings of the poor, and a wish for freedom and revolution.The symbolist: BlakeInfluenced by the Swedish writer Emanuel SwedenborgBelieves material things are the symbols of a spiritual realityHis mind was full of fantasies.A liberator of human spirit and a rebellious genius in artIII. Robert Burns (1759-96)Burns Scottish styleHe was nurtured by the Scottish cultural traditions.Content: drinking, friends, pleasures of lifeThemes: love and friendship, sympathy and patriotism, sorrows and joys of Scottish farmers His works and achievementsPoems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (1786) depicts Scottish rural life with compassion and humor.Over 200 songs were published in James Johnston’s Scot’s Musical Museum.About 100 were published in George Thomson’s Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs. IV. William Wordsworth (1770-1850)Friendship with ColeridgeThough different, they published Lyrical Ballads (1798).Contrasts between them“Lake poets”Poetry is spontaneousAll good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.Subjects: common things, common people, common incidents from common life“The Solitary Reaper” is simple and common with profound feelings.“Ode to Duty” marks a change in his attitude towards life from optimism to pessimism.Nature inspires poetryThe most elementary sensations of man in his dialogue with nature are universal and old.“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”“Intimations of Immortality”“Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey”“My Heart Leaps Up”Common subjects can be poeticThemes: searching and revealing the feelings of common people, such as rural life and ordinary people in the English countrysideHe showed man’s associatio n with nature.He rejected the contemporary emphasis on form and an intellectual way.V. Samuel Taylor Coleridge(1772-1834)His works and achievementsPoems:The Fall of Robespierre is written with Robert Southey and it depicts a Utopian emigrant society.Lyrical Ballads is to deal with supernatural subjects“Kubla Khan” 《忽必烈可汗》“Christabel”“This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison”“Frost at Midnight”“The Nightingale”His works and achievementsProse:Biographia Lituararia, or Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions (1817) is to explain the task of critic was not to judge but to appreciate and interpret.Subjects: the nature of poetry, the role of imaginationHe can be regarded as the 1st critic of the romantic school.*“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”Form: a balladContent: an ancient mariner tells his adventures at sea. A kind and helpful seabird—killing with inhospitality—punishment of shipmates’ death.It is full of horror and introduces to the reader a supernatural realm.He combines the natural with the supernatural, the ordinary with the extraordinary.VI. George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824)His works and achievementsFugitive Pieces (1807)Hours of Idleness deals with childish recollections and early friendships.English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809) is a satire to challenge all the celebrities of the day. Childe Harold (1812)The Prisoner of Chillon (1816)Childe Harold’s PilgrimageDon Juan (1819-24) his masterpieceCain (1821) a poetical dramaThe Prophecy of Danta (1821)The Vision of Judgment (1822)Major poems and commentsChilde Harold’s Pilgrimage expres ses Byron’s own philosophical and political views of his hatred for English high society and his escape from it.Don Juan tells his adventures in different social backgrounds and his actions in different historical events. He displayed himself as a romanticist and a realist.VII. Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)His works and achievements“The Necessity of Atheism” (1811)Queen Mab (1813) takes the form of a fairy-tale dream.The Revolt of Islam (1818)Masque of Anarchy (1819), his famous allegorical poemPrometheus Unbound,a lyrical dramaThe Cenci, a historical tragedy on an Italian subject“Ode to the West Wind”“A Dirge”VIII. John Keats (1795-1821)His works and achievements5 long poemsEndymion is a love story between the shepherd-prince and the goddess of the moon.“Isabella” is a love tragedy.“The Eve of St. Agnes” is full of beautiful imagery, rich color and word music.“Lamia” is on the appreciation of sensuous beauty.Hyperion describes a struggle for power in heaven.His shorter poems“Ode to Autumn”“Ode on a Grecian Urn”“Ode to a Nightingale”He created a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid reality.Chapter 8Female Novelists in 19th-Century EnglandThe social settingThe Industrial Revolution of the 18th centuryThe lower-class women became workers.Economic independence led to political independence.During the French Revolution, women fought for liberation, equality, and fraternity.Feminist voice in EnglandMary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)William Godwin, Mary’s husband, Political JusticeThe pen became a symbol of masculine privilege.Women used man's pennames to publish their works.II Jane Austen (1775-1817)Her works and achievements6 NovelsSense and Sensibility (1811)Pride and Prejudice (1813)Mansfield Park (1814)Emma (1816)Persuasion (1818)Northanger Abbey (1818)Sense and Sensibility (1811)Subjects: the story of 2 sisters and their love affairs. Elinor has good sense; Marianne has sensibility.Theme: Girls should have reason to deal with men. She criticized selfish and irresponsible behaviors in their marriage.Pride and Prejudice (1813)Subjects: Elizabeth has prejudice; Darcy has pride. The conflict between them is the conflict between 2 wrong views.Theme: People should give up their pride and prejudice to choose their spouse. Austen established a new image of women with intelligence.CommentsSubjects: the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class EnglishStyle: the character drawing with vivid languageTheme: young women’s social growth and self-discovery, women’s maturity through the loss of illusionMary Wollstonecraft ShellyHer achievementsShe had a dark view of life and her novels are more imaginative than Jane Austen’s.She believed in free and true love.The Last ManFrankensteinThe world is the creation of Frankenstein, a scientist.The monster symbolizes the terrible destructive force of men.It is a warning against the negative consequence of technological development.It brings up the theme of isolation and love.The Brontë sistersCharlotte Brontë (1816-55)Emily Brontë (1818-48)Anne Brontë (1820-49)Charlotte Brontë (1816-55)Her works and achievementsProfessorJane Eyre (1847)Shirley (1849)Villette (1853)EmmaJane Eyre (1847)Narration: Love—love lost—religious love—love regainedSubjects: female issues and concerns; a free woman with independenceTheme: Love should be not physical, not material, but moral. Women can rescue poor men with deconstructive creation. Women can become the dominant power to control their own life. Emily Brontë (1818-48)Wuthering Heights (1847)Content: attractive description and passion on love, jealousy, hatred and vengeanceNarration: the loss of love—absence—double revenge—hatred—forever unhappinessStyle: a Gothic novel with a remote and alien settingTheme: the unconventional, the uncommon aspects of human nature, human weakness. Sometimes love is a source of tragedy.Anne Brontë (1820-49)Her works and achievementsAgnes Grey (1847) is sensitively constructed.Subjects: the adventures of a governess with an end of a happy marriageStyle: detailed descriptions of kinds of peopleThe Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) is based on her own family story—her brother.Chapter 9Social Images in 19th-Century English Novels IntroductionOverview•The English novel flourished during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. •Romanticism gave way to realism.•Remote and mystic atmosphere gave way to observation of personal and social problems •During the Victorian Age the novel became the main form of literature.Charles John Huffan Dickens (1812-70)His works and achievements•A magazine: Sketches by Boz•Oliver Twist (1837-38)•Nicholas Nickleby (1838-39)•The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-41)•American Notes (1842)•Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-44)•A Christmas Carol (1843)Social criticism•Dombey and Son (1846-48)•David Copperfield (1849-50)•Bleak House (1852-53)•Hard Times (1854)。

Chapter 5 The Modern Period_The English LiteratureAn Introduction to the modern period1) Modernism rose out of skepticism and idsillusion of capitalism.2) In the mid-1950s and early 1960s, there appeared a group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background, who were known as "the Angry Young Men."3) James Joyce is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness movelist. In Ulysses, Leopold Bloom, who becomes the symbol of everyman in the post-World-War-I Europe.4) George Bernard Shaw is considered to be the best-known english dramatist since Shakespeare.5) The English dramatic revolution came in the 1950s under various European and American influences. This revolution developed in two directions: the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd.6) John Osborne was the man who started the first change in drama by presenting his play, Look Back in Anger, in 1956. Osborne brought vitality to the English theater and became known as the first "Angry Young Man."7) Samuel Beckett, whose Waiting for Godot, is regarded as the most famous and influential play of the Theater of Absurd.George Bernard Shaw1) With great efforts, he wrote five novels in all. The best known is Cashel Byron's Profession.2) His first play is Widowers' Houses which is a grotesquely realistic exposure of slum landlordism; Mrs. Warren's Profession, written in 1893 but published 5 years later, is a play about the economic oppression of women. These two can be regarded as the typical representatives of Shaw's early plays.3) Structurally and thematically, Shaw followed the great traditions of realism. As a realistic dramaticst, he took the modern social issues as his subjects with the aim of directing social reforms. Most of his ploays can be termed as problem plays. And his plays have one passion, and one only, i.e. indignation, "indignation against oppression and exploitation, against hypocrisy and lying, against prostitution and slavery, against poverty, dirt and disorder."(George Bernard Shaw is the leading playwright of his time. What's Bernard Shaw's viewpoint on literature? (A) His playwrights have a variety of subjects. His early plays were mainly concerned with social problems and directed towards the criticism of the contemporary social, economic, moral and religious evils. (B)Structurally and thematically, Shaw followed the great traditions of realism. As a realistic dramaticst, he took the modern social issues as his subjects with the aim of directing social reforms. (C) One feature of Shaw's characterization is that he makes the trick of shwoing up one character vividly at the expense of another. Another feature is that Shaw's characters are the representatives of ideas and points of view. (D) Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation.John Galsworthy1) whose first book, From the Four Winds(来自四位吹奏者) ( a volume of short stories), in 1897 under the pseudonym of John Sinjohn. His first play, The Silver box, and The Man of Property, established him as a prominent novelist and plyawright in the public mind.2) The Forsyte Sage( 弗尔塞特世家三部曲）, his first trilogy: The Man of Property, In Chancery(骑虎难下), and To Let (出租). His second Forsyte trilogy, A Modern Comedy (现代喜剧), appeared in 1929, and the third, End of the Chapter,（篇章末尾） posthumously in 1934.3) Galsworthy was a conventional writer, having inherited the fine traditions of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism such as Dicknes and Thackeray.The Man of Property 1) which is the first novel of the Forsyte trilogies which tell the ups and downs of the Forsyte family from 1886 to 1926. Soames Forsyte, a typical Forsyte, represents the essence of the principle that the accumulation of wealth is the sole aim of life, for he consides everything in terms of one's property.2) the Forsyte Sage, a typical Forsyte has a remarkable characteristic, a strong sense of property.William Butler Yeats1) In 1923, he was awarded Nobel Prize for literature.2) In his poem, "No Second Troy," Yeats expressed a strong feeling towards love and towards the Irish reality with scornful irony. In the poem, "September 1913," Yeats, with severe satire, assaulted the bourgeois philistines and their meanness of spirit and selfish materialism.3) In his famous poem, "Sailing to Byzantium," Yeats explored the problems of death, love, old age and art. "Leda and the Swan," his strange but powerful sonnet, expresses a tragic sense of history as a series of patterns of behavior and action.4) His first play, The Countess Catheleen (凯瑟琳伯爵夫人).Cathleen ni Houliham, The Land of Heart's Desire（心欲的土地）, The Shadowy Waters（布满阴影的水城） and Purgatory(炼狱). Later Yeats began experimenting with techniques borrowed from the Japanese Noh plays, such as the use of masks, of ritualized actions, and of symbolic languages together with the conbination of music and dance.The Lake Isle of Innisfree(伊尼斯弗利的湖中沙洲)1) This poem is written in 1893. Tired of the life of his day, Yeats sought to escape into an ideal fairyland where he could live calmly as a hermit and enjoy the beauty of nature. The poem consists of three quantrains of iambic pentameter, with each stanza rhymed abab. Innisfree is an inlet in the lake in Irish legends. Here the autoor is referring to a place for hermitage. ( I will arise and go now, and go to Ininisfree,/ And a samll cabin build there, of clay and wattles amde:/ Nine bean-rows will I have there, a hive for the honeybee,/ And live alone in the bee-loud glade.D own by the Salley Gardens (走过萨利花园)1) Originally entitled "An Old song Resung," with Yeats's footnote: "This is an attempt to reconstruct an old song from three lines imperfectly remembered by an old peasant woman in the village of Ballysodare, Sligo, who often sings them to herself.T. S. Eliot1) His first important poem, "The love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock," appeared in 1915.2) "Gerontion" is a poem of dramatic monologue in which an old man reminisces about his lost power to live and his lost hope of spiritual rebirth. The poem is a prelude to The Waste Land, helping to point up the continuity of Eliot's thinking. The Hollow Men, which bears a strong thematic resemblance to The Waste Land, is generally regarded as the darkest of Eliot's poems.3) The Waste Land, Eliot's most important single poem, has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th century English poetry, comparable to Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads. The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose. The poem has developed a whole set of historical, culturla and religious themjes; but it's often regarded as being primarily a reflection of the 20th-century people's disillusionment and frustration in a sterile and futile society.4) Ash Wednesday, and Four Quartets reflect his allegiance to the Churcxh of England.5) who has five full-length plays: Murder in the Cathedral, The Family Reunion, The Cocktail Party, The Confidential Clerk, and The Elder Statesman. All the plays have something to do with Christian themes. (教堂的谋杀，家人团圆，鸡尾酒传报，机要人员，及年长的政客). Generally speaking, Murder in the Cathedral is the best of his plays in the sense that it contains the best poetry and the most coherent drama. The Family Reunion has a modern setting:6) T. S. Eliot was alos an important prose writer. In his famous essay, "Tradition and Individual Talent," (传统与个人天才)Eliot put great emphasis on the importance of tradition both in creative writing and in criticism.The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (Ｊ。

英美文学史复习笔记5篇第一篇：英美文学史复习笔记英美文学复习时期划分——Early & Medieval literature 包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 和The Anglo-Norman Period ——Renaissance 文艺复兴——Revolution & Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟——Enlightenment 启蒙运动——Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期——Critical Realism 批判现实主义——20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题：nature, life, death, belief, time, youth, beauty, love, feelings of different kinds, reason(wisdom), moral lesson, morality.修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵, sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration头韵, form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步, iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格, anapest抑抑扬格, dactyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁：诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧novel起源：Christianity 基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、1、The Anglo-Saxon period(496-1066)这个时期的文学作品分类：（pagan异教徒）（Christian基督徒）2、代表作：The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》(national epic)（民族史诗）采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)Canto 诗章受到法国影响English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.1、romance传奇文学 Arthurian romances亚瑟王传奇2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵的长诗 knighthood 骑士精神三、Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里。

Chapter 2 The Neoclassical PeriodA basic introduction to the neoclassical period.1) What we now call the neoclassical period is the one in English literature between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 17982) The English society of the neoclassical period was a turbulent one.3) Towards the middle of the eighteenth century, England had become the first powerful capitalist country in the world. It had become the work-shop of the world, her manufactured goods flooding foreign markets far and near.Briefly discuss "Enlightenment Movement" ---4) The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centures. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and relations, every superstition, injustice and oppression was to yield place to "eternal truth," "eternal justice' and natural equality."5) They called for a reference to order, reason and rules: the enlighteeners advocated universal education; They believed that human beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education. If the masses were well educated, they thought, there would be great chance for a democratic and equal human society. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.1) What is "neoclassicism"? ---1) In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about (导致)a revival of interest in the old classical works. The tendenchy is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers and those of contemporarhy French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary experssions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.1) The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form--- the modern English novel, which, contray to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This --- the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century---is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English middle class. Among the pinoeers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias, George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.2) Gothic novels: mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles.3) Robert Burns and William Blake also joined in, paving the way for the flourish of Romanticism earlyu the next century.4) In the theatrical world, Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the leading figure among a host of playwrights. And of the witty and satiric prose, those written by Jonathan Swift are especially worth studying, his A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English literary history.Daniel Defoe1) It's a real wonder that such a busy man as Defoe would have found time for literary creation. The fact is that, at the age of nearly 60, he started his first novel Robinson Crusoe, Which was an immediate success. In the following years, he wrote four other novels: Captain Singleton, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack and Roxana, apart from the second and thethird part of Robinson Crusoe and a pseudo-factual account of the Great Plague in 1664-1665, A Journal of the Plague Year (1722)2) Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece.RobinsonCrusoe 1) Here Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of Conceit orthe external beauty of language but to pay soecial attention to True Wit which is best setin a plain style.2) The poem, as a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism, exertedgreat influence upon Pope's contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules andpopularizing the meoclassicist tradition in England.3)(节选) Some to conceit alone their taste confine, And glittering thoughts struck out atevery line; Pleased with a work whre nothing's just or fit, One glaring chaos and wildheap of wit. Poets, like painters, thus unskilled to trace, The naked nature and the livinggrace, With gold and jewels cover every part, And hide with ornaments their want ofart, true wit is Nature ot advantage dressed, What oft was thought, but ne'er so wellexpressed.An Essay on CriticismJohn Bunyan1) In prison he wrote The Pilgrim's Progress, which was published in 1678 after his release.2) Bunyan's other works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, The Life and Death of Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The Pilgrim's Progress, Part II.3) The Pilgrim's Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. Besides, a rich imagination and a natural talent for storytelling also contribute to the success of the work which is at once entertaining and morally in structive.4) Vanity Fair seels all kinds of merchandise such as hourses, lands, honors, titles, lusts, pleasures. It symbolizes the society where everything becomes goods and can be bought by money.Alexander Pope1) As a representative of the Englishtenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.2) Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.The Dunciad , generally considered Pope's best satiric work took him over ten years for final completion.1) Robinson Crusoe is supposed based on the real adventure of an Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island for five years. Actually, the story is an imagination.2) In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a naive nad artless youth into a shrewd and handened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.3) In the novel, Robinson is a real hero and he is an embodiment of the rising middle-class virtues in the mid-eighteenth century England.4) Robinson Crusoe is an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time. so it verysuccessfulTo the RightHonorable theEarl ofChesterfield.1) The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, and The History of Amelia. The foremer is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature and the latter the story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a maudlin picture of the social life at the time.2) Fielding has been regarded by some as "Father of the English Nove." fo his contribution to theestablishement of the form of the modern novel. Of all the 18 century novelists he was the first to set out,both in theory and practice, to write specifically a comic epic in prose." the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.1) Tom Jones, the full title being The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, is generallyconsidered Fielding's masterpiece.2) For a time, tom became a national hero. People were fond of this young fellow withmanly virtues and yet not without fault-honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits. In a way, the young man stands for a wayfaring everyman, who is expelled from the paradise and has to gothrough hard experience to gain a knowledge of himself and finally to approach perfectness.3) Tom Jones brings its author the name of the "Prose Homer." By this, Fielding hasindeed achieved his goal of writing a "comic epic in prose."Tom Jones, the full title being The History of Tom Jones Samuel Johnson1) As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the firstg English dictionary by an Englishman---A Dictionary of the English Language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years.2) Samuel Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century.Jonathan Swift1) Jonathan Swift, in 1726, he wrote and published his greatest satiric work, Gulliver's Travels.2) Swift is a master satirist. His A Modest Proposal" is generally taken as a perfect model. By suggesting that poor Irish parents sell their one-year-old babies to the rich English lords and ladies as food, Swift is making hte most devastating protest aginast the inhuman exploitation and oppression of the Irish people by the English ruling class.3) Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. "Proper words in proper places."4) SWIFT'S CHIEF WORKS ARE: A taleof a Tub, The Battle of the Books, The Drapier's Letters,Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal1) Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan's best fictional work, was published in 1726, under thetitle of Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, by Samuel Gulliver. Thebook contains four parts, each dealing with one particular voyage during which Gullivermeets with extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met withshipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune.2) As a whole, the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms andsatires of all aspects in the then English and European life---socially, politically,religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. its social significance is greatand its exploration into human nature profound." My gentleness and good behaviour had gained so far on the Emperor and his count,and indeed upon the army and people in general, that I began to conceive hopes ofgetting my liberty in a short time, I took all possible methods to cultivate this favorabledisposition."Gulliver's TravelsHenry Fielding1) In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of humanlife with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the common folk withthe great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance.2) Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them.Elegyh Written in a Country Churchyard Richard Brinsley Sheridan1) The year 1777 saw the appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal, which brought him quite a fortune.2) Sheridan was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. His plays, especially The Rival and the School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.3) Besides The Rivals and The School for Scandal, Sheridan's other works included: St. Patrick's Day, or the Scheming Lieutenant, a two-act farce; the Duenna, a comic opera; The Critic, a burlesque and a satire on sentimental drama; and Pizarro, a tragedy adapted from a German play.The School for Scandal.1) The School for Scandal is one of the great classics in English drama. It is a sharpsatire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the eighteenth-century England, on the vicious scandal-mongering among the idle rich, on the reckless life of extravagance and love intrigues in the high society and, above all, on the immorality and hypocrisy behind the mask of honorable living and high-soundingmoral principles. And in terms of theatrical art, it shows the playwright at his best. Nowonder, the play has been regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare.Thomas Gray1) Horace Walpole, author of the famous Gothic novel The Old Castle of Otranto2) Thomas Gray declined the Poet laureateship in 1757.3) His masterpiece, "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" was published in 1751. The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially " the Graveyard School." hHis poems, as a whole, are mostlhy devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life,past and present.4) His other poems include "Ode on the Spring, Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College, Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat, Hymnb to Adversity, and two translations from old Norse: the Descent of Odin,and The Fatal Sisters.。

Part One Basic Knowledge of LiteratureI. Literature contains fiction and non-fiction.Under fiction there are four genres --- novels, short stories, plays and poems. Fiction is referred to as creative or figurative expression of life.Non-fiction is called a literal expression of life or discursive writing. Another term for non-fiction is essay, which has traditionally been classified into four categories. These rhetorical divisions, usually called the forms of discourse, are description, narration, exposition, and argumentation.II. Novel:A novel is a highly strained prose account of fictional reality in the form of story with profundity for the purpose of changing the reader’s mind by the aid of the reader’s active involvement while providing entertainment and super truth of life.Elements of the novel:Plot, a plot is a plan or groundwork for a story, cased on conflicting human motivation, with the actions resulting from believable and realistic human response. It is response, interaction, opposition, and causation that make a plot out of a simple series of action. (internal conflict and external conflict)(exposition, complication, climax or crisis, falling action, and resolution)Characters: the term character applies to any individual in a literary work. For the purpose of analysis, characters in fiction are customarily described by their relationship to plot, by the degree of development they are given by the author, and by whether or not they undergo significant character change. (protagonist and antagonist, flat and round characters, dynamic and static characters)Setting: the stage against which the story unfolds we call the setting. In its narrowest sense, setting is te place and time of the narration, but eventually it encompasses the total environment of the work. Setting, therefore, in its broadest sense, encompasses the physical locale that frames the action, the time of day or year, the climatic condition, and the historical period during which the action takes place.Point of view: A story must have a storyteller: a narrative voice, real or implied, that presents the story to the reader. When we talk abou narrative voice, we are talking about point of view, the method of narration that determines the position, or angle of vision, from which the story is told.(first, second, third, and mingling)Theme: the theme is the cental idea or statement about life that aunifies and controls the total work. Theme is not the issue, or the problem, or subject with which the work deals, but rather the comment or statemnet the author makes about the issue, problem, or subject.Style: the style is unsterstood to mean the way in which writers assemble words to tell the story, develop the argument, dramatize the play, or compose the poem. Often the definition is extended to distinguuish style from content.Tone: tone refers to the methods by which writers convey attitudes, although the discussion of tone sometimes on the attitudes themselves.Symbolism: a symbol is something that stands for something else by reason of relationship, association, convention, or accidental resemblance … a visible sign of something invisible. In literature, symbols --- in the form of words, images, objects, settings,events, and characters --- are often used deliberately to suggest and reinforce meaning, to provide enrichement by enlarging and clarifying the experience or work, and to help to organize and unify the whole.III. Short Story: a short story is a brief work of prose fiction.IV. Poetry:Poetry is an oldest form of art, and is reputed as the most democratic art. Poetry as a genre must be a particular form combined with a particular quality. The word poetry brings to our mind a picture of words special arrangements. In a poem, the sentences are seldom pla ced one after another in the same line. The readers have to actually “read between the line”. Poetry uses language and it uses language in a different manner. Therefore, poetry is a literary genre that communicates experience in the most condensed form.Kinds: ballad; lyric; narrative poem; epic; sonnet; ode; elegy; pastoral; blank verse; free verseElements: rhyme; metrical rhythm; foot; tone; image; themeDevices: simile; metaphor; conceit; personification; symbol; paradox; ambiguity; onomatopoeia)Sonnet:A sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite scheme.Shakespearean sonnet: it si structured of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg.Petrachan sonnet: this form contains an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba and a sestet of various rhyme patterns such as cdecde or cdcdcd.Spenserian sonnet: a Spenserian sonnet comprises three quatrains and a couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee.Sir Thomas Wyatt is credited with introducing the sonnet into English -- father of English sonnet.V. Drama:Drama is the for of compositon designed for performance in the theatre, in which actors take the role of the characters, perform the indicated action, and utter the written dialogue (the common alternative name for a dramatic compositon is a play).VI. Essay:Any short composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a theis on any subject, or simply entertain is an essay.Part Two Notes About British LiteratureI. English literature in the Old and Medieval periods(the Anglo-Saxon and Norman Period 449--1066--1485)1.Historical background1.1 The original people lived on the island were Celts.1.2 The invasion of the Romans from about 55BC to 410AD for about 400years.1.3 The invasion by Teutonic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes. They are the forefathers of English .1.4 The conquer of Normans in 1066 which brought England into the Feudal system.1.5 The consequence of the Norman ConquestThe Norman Conquest brought England more than a change of rulers. Politically, a feudalist system was established in England; religiously, the Rome-backed Catholic Church had a much stronger control over the country; and great changes also took place in languages. After the conquest, three languages coexisted in England. Old English was spoken only by the common English people; French became the official language used by the King and the Norman lords; and Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and was used by the clergymen and scholars in universities. The conquest opened up England to the whole European continent, so that with the introduction of the culture and literature of France, Italy and other European countries, a fresh wave of Mediterranean civilization came into England.2.Literature2.1 The original form is orature.2.2 It falls into two divisions: pagan(represented by The Song of Beowulf) and Christian(represented by Caedmon and Cynewulf).2.3 Terms during this period2.3.1 ballad: ~ is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. It is passed down from generation to generation.2.3.2 epic: ~ refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.2.3.3 romance: ~ is a popular literary form in the medieval England. It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, lo yalty and kindness to the weak and the poor) is the spirit of romance.2.3.4 alliteration: !means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line of group. It is a traditional poetic device in English literature.2.4 The Song of BeowulfIt is regarded as the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.It describes the heroic deeds of a Scandinavian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful mother and a fire-breathing dragon.The theme: the righteous triumphs over the evil.2.5 Geoffrey Chaucer2.5.1 main works: The Canterbury Tales; The House of Fame; The Parliament of Fowls; The Legend of Good Women; Troilus and Criseyde.2.5.2 the Father of English Poetry(1)Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the old English alliterative verse. He’s the first to use the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter, which is to be called the heroic couplet. (2) He was the first to write in the current English language, and he did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language. (3) In his works, he developed his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.2.5.3 His masterpiece: The Canterbury TalesIn The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer gives us a faithful picture of the society of his time; taking the standard of the rising bourgeoisie, he affirms men and opposes the dogma of asceticism by the church; as a forerunner of Humanism, he praises man's energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life, and his tales expose and satirize the evils of his time. They attack the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge, and the corruption of the Church, etc.2.5.4 Chaucer is the first poets to be buried at the Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.II. English literature in the Renaissance period(1485--1603)1.Historical background1.1 1453--1485 The War of Roses: a new dynasty in power，the Tudors1.2 1485 the beginning of modern western civilization1.3 the Enclosure Movement (sheep devoured men)1.4 In 1492，Christopher Columbus's voyage to the America opened European eyes to the existence of the New World.1.5 reign of Queen Elizabeth I from 1558 to 16031.6 The greatest of the Tudor monarchs was Henry VIII，whose needs for the annulment of his first marriage in order to father a son and heir to the line brought him into direct conflict with Catholic Church，and with Pope Clement VII in particular. In reaction to the Catholic Church’s rulings against remarriage, Henry took a decisive step which was to influence every aspect of English life and culture from that time onwards. He ended the rule of the Catholic Church in England, closed (and largely destroyed) the monasteries --- which had for centuries been the depositors of learning, history, and culture --- and established himself as both the head of Church and the head of state. Now England became Protestant1.7 The emergence of humanism was another feature of the Renaissance.2.Terms in this period2.1 Renaissance: ~ means rebirth or revival. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. It refers to the transitional period from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century. The essence of the Renaissance id Humanism. The English Renaissance didn't begin until the reign of Henry VIII. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. This period produced such literary giants as Shakespeare, Spenser, Marlowe, Bacon etc.2.2 Humanism: ~ is the essence of Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.2.3 sonnet (see basic knowledge)2.4 blank verse: ~ refers to verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. It is a very popular form in English poetry. It was extensively employed in English poetry of the Renaissance.It was Christopher Marlowe who made blank verse the principle vehicle of expression in drama.2.5 stanza: ~ is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to afixed plan. It is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.2.6 University Wit: ~ refers to any of a notable group of pioneer English dramatists who wrote during the last 15 years of the 16th century. They transformed the native dramatic inheritance of interlude and chronicle play into a potentially great drama by writing plays of quality and diversity. Their plays paved the way for William Shakespeare. UW include John Lily, Robert Greene, Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Kyd, etc.2.7 soliloquy: ~, indrama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks hia or her thoughts aloud.2.8 narrative poem: a ~ refers to a poem tells a story.2.9 meter: the word "meter" is derived from the Greek word "metron", meaning "measure". In English when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllable. The analysis of the meter is called scansion.3.Works in this period3.1 The main literary genre in this period is DRAMA.3.2 Main figures: Shakespeare, More, Bacon, Spenser etc.3.2.1 Edmund Spenser and his Faerie Queene(1) Spenser is often referred to as "the poets' poet" because his influence on later poets was considerable. He is generally acknowledged to be the greatest non-dramatic poet of the Elizabethan Age.(2) Spenser' s fame in English literature is chiefly based upon his masterpiece The Faerie Queene.(3) The Faerie Queene is a long poem planned in twelve books, of which he finished only six. In the poem Spenser speaks of 12 virtues of a perfect gentleman. The poem was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. The whole poem is suffused with genuine devotion to the queen and the country.(4) The long poem is written in the form of allegory. It has sweet melody and its lines are very musical.(5) Spenser invented a new verse form for this poem. The verse form has been called "Spenserian Stanza" since his day. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter form, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line. The rhythm scheme is abab bcbc c.3.2.2 Thomas More and his UtopiaOne of the greatest of the English Humanists3.2.3 Christopher Marlowe(1)He is the most gifted of the University Wits.(2)Works: Tamberlaine 《贴木儿大帝》；Dr. Faustus; The Jew of Malta; Shepherd to His Love.(3)It was Christopher Marlowe who made blank verse the principle vehicle of expression in drama.3.2.4 Francis Bacon(1)He is a philosopher, a scientist and the first English Drama.(2)Bacon's works may be divided into three groups: the philosophical works; the literary works and the professional works.(3)He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge.(4)Works: Essays; The Advancement of Learning; Novum Organum(The New Instrument); Of Studies.(5)The New Instrument is a successful treatise written in Latin on methodology. The argument is for the use of inductive method of reasoning in scientific study.(6)Of Studies is the most popular one. It analyses what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character. Forceful, compact and precise, the essay reveals to us Bacon's mature attitude toward learning.3.2.5 William Shakespeare(1)He is the greatest of all Elizabethan dramatists.(2)He wrote 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets.(3)Comedies:Shakespeare wrote his comedies in his early period. In these plays he portrayed the young people who had just freed themselves from the feudal fetters. He sang of their youth, their love and ideal of happiness. The heroes and heroines were sons and daughters of the Renaissance. They trust not in God or King but in themselves.Shakespeare's comedies are imbued with bourgeois ideas and show progressive significance. Shakespeare produced 16 comedies altogether. His main comedies are: Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night's Dream, As You Like It, The Winter's Tale, and The Twelfth Night.(4) Tragedies:Shakespeare's great tragedies are associated with a period of gloom and sorrow in his life. During this period, England witnessed a general unrest, and social contradictions became very sharp. What caused the writer's personal sadness is unknown to us. It is generally attributed to the political misfortune of his friend and patron, Earl of Essex, who was killed by the Queen. Shakespeare wrote 11 tragedies. His main tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. All of these plays express a profound dissatisfaction with life. They show the struggle and conflicts between good and evil of the tune, between justice and injustice. In these plays, the writer Shakespeare condemns the dark and evil society. (5)Historical plays:Shakespeare's historical plays are political plays. The principal idea of these plays is the necessity for national unity under one sovereign. At his time, this idea was anti-feudal in nature; and it summed up the general opinion of the rising bourgeoisie in Shakespeare's own day. Shakespeare's historical plays reflect the historical events of two centuries from RichardⅡ to Henry VIII. They show the horrors of civil war, the necessity for national unity, the responsibilities of efficient ruler, and the importance of legitimate succession to the throne.In Shakespeare' s historical plays there is only one ideal king Henry V, though his real prototype differs little from the other kings. Nevertheless, for English patriots of that time his name was associated with the military victories of England in the Hundred Y ear's War and became a symbol of English glory in the eyes of the well-to-do citizens of England. Among Shakespeare's 10 historical plays, Henry IV and Henry V are two remarkable plays. Henry V is the continuation of Henry IV. The two plays deal with the events of the 15th century and give the picture of a troubled reign.(6)Sonnets:The bulk of Shakespeare's sonnets were written between 1593 and 1598. Each line of a sonnet is in iambic pentameter, and the rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. His 154 sonnets seem to fall into two series: one series are addressed to W. H, evidently a patron, and the other addressed to "dark lady" who played the poet false. For depth of sentiment, for mastery of diction, for perfection of finish, they are among the most excellent of Elizabethan poetry.(7) Features of Shakespeare's Dramatic WorksShakespeare is a realist. He is one of the founders of realism in English literature. His plays are mirrors of his age, reflecting the major contradictions of that time. He described the decaying of the feudal society and the rising of the bourgeois spirit. His comedies reflect life of the young men and women who just freed themselves from the fetters of feudalism and who were striving for individual emancipation. His comedies lay emphasis on emancipation of women, which played a very important role in anti-feudalism. In his great tragedies, Shakespeare depicted the life and death struggle between the humanists, who represented the newly emerging forces, and the corrupted King and his feudal followers, who represented the dark power of that time.III. Literature in the Revolution and Restoration Period (1603--1688)1.Historical background1.1 The 17th century is a chaotic period.1.2 Elizabeth died in 1603 and James I came to the throne.1.3 Charles I succeeded James I in 1625.1.4 Conflicts and clashes appeared between the crown and the bourgeoisie. In 1628, Charles I dissolved the parliament because it wanted to limit the kings power in taxation. But in 1640, the king was compelled to it again.1.5 In 1642, a civil war broke out between Charles I and the parliament. The royalists were defeated by the parliament army led by Oliver Cromwell. In 1649 Charles was sentenced to death, and England was declared to be a commonwealth and Cromwell became the leader of the country.1.6 After the death of Cromwell, the parliament recalled CharlesⅡto England in 1660 and monarchy was restored.1.7 1688, Glorious Revolution. Modern England was firmly established and capitalism would develop freely within the state structure of modern England, constitutional monarchy.2.Literature in this period2.1 Mainstream thought(1)Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during this period. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work, but with very little extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor.(2)The Puritan Movement had two chief objects: the first was personal righteousness, the second was civil and religious liberty. So it aimed to make man honest and to make man free.2.2 Characteristics2.2.1 English literature of the revolution and restoration was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time.2.2.2 The main literary form of the period was poetry．2.2.3 Puritan literature is different from that of Elizabethan Period in the following three aspects：1) Elizabethan literature had a marked unity and the feeling of patriotism and devotion to the Queen, but in the Revolution Period，all this was changed, the king became the open enemy of the people, and the country was divided by the struggle for political and religious liberty. So literature was as divided in spirit as were the struggling parties.2) Elizabethan literature was generally inspiring. It throbbed with youth and hope and vitality．Literature in the Puritan Age expressed age and sadness. Even its brightest hours were followed by gloom and pessimism.3) Elizabethan literature was intensely romantic．The romantic spirit sprang from the heart of youth．People believed all things, even the impossible．But in literature of the Puritan period, we cannot find any romantic ardor.2.3 Main terms2.3.1 Metaphysical poetry(1) The term“metaphysical poetry”is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new world and new poetry. Thus, with a rebellious spirit, they tried to break away form the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, in particular the sonnet tradition, and favored in poetry a more colloquial language, a single-minded working of one theme.(2) John Donne (1573-1631) is the founder of the Metaphysical School.(3) George Herbert (1593-1633) is "the saint of the Metaphysical School".2.3.2 conceit(1)Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. (2) Conceit is extensively employed in John Donne's poetry.2.3.3 Allegory(1)~ is a story told to explain or teach something, especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself. (2) Allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. Characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice. (3) Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress is a good example of this kind.2.4 Writers and works2.4.1 John Donne(1)He is the leading figure of the metaphysical school(2)The most striking feature of Donne's poetry is his frequent use of conceit.(3)He is a religious poet.(4)His best work is The Songs and Sonnets. Love is the basic theme. He holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body.(5)His main works: The Sun Rising; The Holy Sonnets; Death, Be Not Proud; The Flea;A V alediction: Forbidding Mourning.(6)In A V alediction: Forbidding Mourning John Donne resents too much display foremotion when two lovers part. In this poem we are farmiliarized with his famous conceit: the two lovers are likened to the two points of a compass. The wife stays at home. She is the fixed foot and the husband "roams" around, but never deviates from the center.Summary : In 1611, John Donne wrote the poem to his wife, Anne More Donne, to comfort her while he sojourned in France on government business and she remained home in Mitcham, England, about seven miles from London. The poem then explains that a maudlin show of emotion would cheapen their love, reduce it to the level of the ordinary and mundane. Their love, after all, is transcendant, heavenly. Other husbands and wives who know only physical, earthly love, weep and sob when they separate for a time, for they dread the loss of physical closeness. But because Donne and his wife have a spiritual as well as physical dimension to their love, they will never really be apart, he says. Their souls will remain united–even though their bodies are separated–until he returns to England.Figures of SpeechMetaphor ....Donne relies primarily on extended metaphors to convey his message. First, he compares his separation from his wife to the separation of a man's soul from his body when he dies (first stanza).Donne compares his relationship with his wife to that of the two legs of a drawing compass. Although the legs are separate components of the compass, they are both part of the same object.He also compares himself and his wife to celestial spheresParadox ...In the sixth stanza, Donne begins a paradox, noting that his and his wife's souls are one though they be two; therefore, their souls will always be together even though they are apart.Simile .Stanza 6 , comparing the expansion of their souls to the expansion of beaten gold. Alliteration "s" "f" ...Theme Real, complete love unites not only the bodies of a husband and wife but also their souls. Such spiritual love is transcendent, metaphysical, keeping the lovers together intellectually and spiritually even though the circumstances of everyday life may separate their bodies.Rhyme Scheme and MeterEnd rhyme occurs in the first and third lines of each stanza and in the second and fourth lines. The meter is iambic tetrameter, with eight syllables (four feet) per line. Each foot, or pair of syllables, consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The first two lines of the second stanza demonstrate this metric pattern:2.4.2 John Milton(1)Main works: Paradise Lost 1665 Paradise Regained 1671 Samson Agonistes 1671(2)Paradise Lost①~ is the greatest of Milton's epics.②It is the only generally acknowledged epic in English since Beowulf.③The story is taken from the Bible. The theme of the epic is man's disobedience and loss of Paradise, with its prime cause -- Satan who rebels against God's authority and tyranny.④To Milton, the proud and somber Satan represented the spirit of rebellion against an unjust authority. By using Satan as his mouthpiece, Milton is uttering his intense hatred of tyranny in the capacity of the Revolutionary.(3)Paradise RegainedIt explores the theme of temptation and fall: in this case, it is the tempting of Jesus by Satan to prove his godhead.(4)Samson Agonistes①~ is the most perfect example of verse drama after the Greek style in English.②In the epic Milton presents to us a picture of how Samson, the Isreal's mighty champion, brings destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.③The whole poem strongly suggests Milton's passionate longing like Samaon's. In this sense, Samson is Milton.(5) Features of Milton's PoetryA. Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He is also an outstanding political pamphleteer of the Revolution period. He dedicated himself to the revolutionary cause. He made a strong influence on the later English poetry. Every progressive English poet since Milton has drawn inspiration from him.B. Milton is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style. That is because he made a life-long study of classical and Biblical literature. His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.C. Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous.D. Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He made a strong influence o later English poetry.2.4.3 John Bunyan(1)He is a religious novelist whose style was modeled after that of the English Bible.(2)His language is concrete and vivid.(3)His masterpiece, The Pilgrim's Progress, is the most successful religious allegory.(4)Over the centuries the book has been the most widely read work produced during the Puritan Age, and one of the most popular pieces of Christian writing ever to appear in English.(5)The two great forces at work in Bunyan’s life are vivid imagination and the spiritual ferment of the age.(6)The Pilgrim's Progress~ is Bunyan's masterpiece. It is the most successful religious allegory. It tells of the experience of a devout Christian the Pilgrim with a neighbor named Faithful in a world full of vice and wickedness. It is a prose allegory depicting the pilgrimage of a human soul in search of salvation. The novel is not only about something spiritual but also bears much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor is the metaphor of life as a journey. The most famous scene is V anity Fair.2.4.4 John Dryden(1)Dryden is the most notable representative of English classicism in the Restoration period.。

英语文学理论知识点总结一、文学理论概述文学理论是研究文学现象的学科，是文学批评的基础理论。

它通过对文学作品、文学艺术及其发展规律、创作过程和审美趋向等方面的研究，探讨文学的本质、规律和特点，揭示文学作品的审美意义和文学艺术的内在要素，以达到提高文学品位和鉴赏水平的目的。

文学理论包括文学概念、文学批评、文学史和文艺美学等多个方面的内容。

二、文学理论的起源与发展文学理论的起源可以追溯到古代希腊和罗马的文学批评理论。

古代希腊的文学批评家亚里士多德提出了著名的诗学理论，从形式、结构和内容等方面分析了文学作品的要素和美学特点，形成了不少文学批评理论的范畴。

另外，中国古代文学理论也有其独特的传统，如《论语》、《庄子》、《诗经》等经典著作都对文学创作和审美观念有较为系统的阐述。

近代文学理论的兴起与文学的发展有着密切的关系。

随着文学形式的多样化及文学思潮的变迁，文学理论逐渐呈现出多元化和理论体系化的趋势。

19世纪中后期，结构主义、后现代理论等新的文学批评思潮相继兴起，对传统文学理论提出了挑战，并且衍生了许多新的理论流派。

20世纪以来，文学理论呈现出了多元化的发展趋势，包括文学史研究、文学美学、形式主义、现代主义、后现代主义、女性主义、马克思主义等多种文学批评观念和理论流派。

三、文学理论的基本概念1. 文学概念文学是以语言为工具，以文字为载体的一种艺术形式。

它通过想象力和表达力来塑造人物形象、描绘场景、展示情节，以表达作者的审美情感和生活体验，使读者得到感官和心灵上的愉悦与享受。

文学作为一种独特的艺术形式，其审美效果主要体现在语言的运用和故事的构建上，其主要作用是娱乐、启迪和感染。

文学的种类包括小说、诗歌、散文、剧本、民间文学等。

2. 文学批评文学批评是对文学作品进行鉴赏、评价和分析的过程，其目的是揭示文学作品的内在意义和审美价值。

文学批评有多种方法论和批评观念，包括结构主义、后现代理论、女性主义、马克思主义、心理批评、生态批评等不同的批评理论体系。

English1.An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature 上古及中世纪英国文学简介The period of Old English :450~1066Genesis A创世纪甲本,Genesis B 创世纪乙本and Exodus出埃及记based on the Old Testament 旧约全书The Dream of the Rood 十字架之梦comes from the New Testament新约全书Beowulf 贝奥武甫the national epic poemThe Wanderer, Deor流浪者，狄奥尔；The Seafarer航海者, The Wife’s Complaint 妻子的抱怨Medieval period 中世纪from 1066 up to the mid-14th centurySir Gawain and the Green Kinght 高文爵士与他的绿衣骑士John Gower 约翰·高厄Piers Plowman 农夫皮尔斯William Langland 威廉·兰格伦The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集Geoffrey Chaucer吉奥弗雷·乔叟The Romaunt of the Rose 玫瑰传奇；The Legend of Good Women好女人的故事John Dryden 约翰·德莱顿called Chaucer the father of English poetry2.The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期Ⅰ.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞（1552-1599）The Shepheardes Calender 牧人日记Epithalamion 新婚喜歌The Faerie Queene 仙后The five main qualities of Spenser’s poetry are 1)a perfert melody;2)a rare sense of beauty;3) a splendid imagination;4)a lofty moral purity and seriousness; and 5) a dedicated idealism, he also uses strange forms of speech and obsolete words in order to increases the rustic effectⅡ.Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) 克里斯托夫·马洛Tamburlaine (1587-1588)帖木儿Dr. Faustus (1589)浮士德博士的悲剧The Jew of Malta(1590) 马耳他岛的犹太人Edward II(1592-1593)爱德华二世Hero and Leander 海洛与勒安得耳The Passionate Shepherd to His Love激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘Translation : Amores 爱的艺术---Ovid奥维德Ⅲ. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) 威廉·莎士比亚Frist period – five history plays:Henry VI,Parts I,II,and III 亨利六世（上，中，下）；Richard III 理查三世；Titus Andronicus 泰托斯·安东尼；four comedies:The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧；The Two Gentlemen of Verona维洛那二绅士；The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记；Love’s Labour’s Lost 爱的徒劳；Second period – five histories: Richard II 理查二世；King John 约翰王；Henry IV, Parts I and II 亨利四世（上，下）；Henry V 亨利五世；six c omedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦；The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人；Much Ado About Nothing 无事生非；As YouLike It 皆大欢喜；Twelfth Night 第十二夜；The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流娘儿们；two tragedies:Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶；Julius Caesar 裘利斯·凯撒Third period – his greatest tragedies:Hamlet 哈姆莱特；Othello奥赛罗；King Lear 李尔王；Macbeth 麦克白；Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克利奥佩特拉；Troilus and Cressida 特洛伊勒斯与克利西达；Coriolanus 科里奥拉那斯and his so-called dark comedies：All’s well That Ends Well 终成眷属；Measure for Measure 一报还一报The last period – principal romantic tragicomedies: Pericles 伯里克利；Cymbeline 辛白林；The Winter’s Tale 冬天的故事；The Tempest 暴风雨；two final plays: Henry VIII 亨利八世；The Two Noble Kinsmen 两位贵族亲戚Two long narrative poem: Venus and Adonis 维纳斯与安东尼斯(1593)；The Rape of Lucrece 鲁克里丝受辱记（1594）Sonnet 18 第18号十四行诗one of the most beautiful sonnetsⅣ.Francis Bacon (1561-1626) 弗兰西斯·培根philosopher scientist and essayist The Advancement of Learning (1605) 学术的进展Novum Organum(1620)新工具an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning Essays 散文集of Studies 论读书the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essaysApophthagmes New and Old (1625) 新旧格言集The History of the Reign of Henry VII(1622)亨利七世的统治The New Atlantis新大西岛；unfinishedMaxims of Law 法律原理The Learned Reading upon the Statue of Uses(1642) 法令使用读本Ⅴ. John Donne（1572-1631）约翰·邓恩metaphysical poetry 玄学派诗歌The Elegies and Satires 挽歌与讽刺；The Songs and Sonnets 歌与短歌Farewell to Love 告别爱情Holy Sonnets圣歌集；A Hymn to God the Father 圣父赞美诗The Sun Rising 升引的太阳Death, Be Not Proud 死神，休得狂妄written in the strict Petrarchan pattern 彼特拉克Ⅵ.John Milton约翰·弥尔顿（1608-1674）Paradis Lost (1665)失乐园the only generally acknowledge epic in English literature since BeowulfParadise Regained (1671)复乐园Samson Agonistes (1671)力士参孙the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in EnglishLycidas (1637)利西达斯composed for a collection of elegies dedicated to Edward King Areopagitica (1644) 论出版自由his most memorable prose3.The Neoclassical Period★Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that of Romanticism in that the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression of an individual’s feeling and experiences.Ⅰ.John Bunyan约翰·班杨（1628-1688）The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程The V anity Fair 名利场Ⅱ. Alexander Pope 亚历山大·蒲柏（1688-1744）The Dunciad 群愚史诗An Essay on Criticism(1711) 论批评The Rape of the Lock (first version 1712) 夺法记An Essay on Man(1733-1734) 论人类Eloisa to Abelard(1717) 埃洛伊斯致亚伯拉德Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (1735)Translate: Homer’s Iliad(1720)荷马伊利亚特Odysey(1726) 奥德赛；some Shakespeare’s plays(1713-1726)Ⅲ.Daniel Defoe（1660-1731）丹尼尔·笛福The Shortest Way with the Dissenters（1702）成为异教徒的捷径The True-born Englishman（1701）地地道道的英国人Robinson Crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记Captain Singleton (1720) 辛利顿船长Moll Flanders(1722)莫尔·弗朗德斯Colonel Jack(1722) 杰克上校Roxana(1724)罗克萨那A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) 灾疫之前的日记Great Plague in 1664-1665 1664年到1665年大瘟疫Ⅳ.Jonathan Swift(1667-1745) 乔森特·斯威夫特A Tale of a Tub (1704)桶的故事The Battle of the Books(1704)书籍的战斗Gulliver’s Travels（1726）格列佛游记The Drapier’s Let ters(1724-1725) 德莱皮尔的信A Modest Proposal（1729）一个温和的建议Ⅴ.Henry Fielding (1707-1754) 亨利·菲尔丁Coffee-House Politician (1730)咖啡屋的政治家The Tragedy of Tragedies (1730)悲剧中的悲剧Pasquin (1736)巴斯昆The Historical Register for the Year 1736(1737) 1736年历史年鉴The Historical of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams (1742) 约瑟夫·安德鲁与亚伯拉罕·亚当斯历险记written in imitation of the manner of CervantesThe History of Jonathan Wild the Great （1743）伟大的乔纳森·怀尔德传记The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749)汤姆·琼斯，一个弃儿的故事The History of Amelia(1751)阿米莉亚传记Ⅵ.Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔·约翰逊（1709-1784）London（1738）伦敦The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749)人类欲望的虚幻The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia (1759) 拉塞拉斯的历史，阿比西尼亚王子Irene (1749)艾琳The Rambler and The Idler随笔闲谈Lives of the Poets(1779-1781) 诗人传A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)英文大词典the author of the first English dictionary by an EnglishmanTo the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield 致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信Ⅶ.Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)理查德·比·谢拉丹The Rivals （1775）情敌The School for Scandal（1777）造谣学校St.Patrick’s Day = the Scheming Lieutenant (1775)圣帕特里克日The Duenna (1775)杜安纳The Critic (1779)批评家Pizarro(1799)皮扎罗Ⅷ.Thomas Gray （1716-1771）托马斯·格雷Horace Walpole 沃尔波The Old Castle of Otranto奥特兰多古堡Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1751)写在教堂墓地的挽歌the Graveyard School 墓地诗歌Ode on the Spring (1742)春之颂Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College(1747)伊顿公学展望Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat (1748) 爱猫之死Hymn to Adversity(1742)逆境的赞歌Translation : The Descent of Odin (1761)；奥丁的血统The Fatal Sisters (1761)命运姐妹4.The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期Ⅰ.William Blake（1757-1827）威廉·布莱克Poetical Sketches(1783) 诗草The songs of Innocence(1809)天真之歌“The Chimney Sweeper ”扫烟囱小男孩His Songs of Experience (1794) 经验之歌“The Chimney Sweeper ”扫烟囱小男孩Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790) 天堂与地狱的结合The Book of Urizen(1794) 尤莱森之书The Book of Los(1795) 洛斯之书The Four Zoas(1796-1807) 四个挪亚Milton(1804-1820) 弥尔顿The Tyger 虎Ⅱ. William Wordsworth (1770-1850) 威廉·华兹华斯Lake Poets 湖畔诗人Robert Southey ，Samuel Taylor Coleridge；Lyrical Ballads (1798)抒情歌谣集Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔·泰勒·科勒津治and WordsworthA Phantom of Delight （1802）快乐的化身Descritptive Sketches, an Evening Walk(1793) 描绘速写，黄昏漫步The Prelude(1790-1805)序曲Poems in Two Volumes （1807）双卷诗Ode: Intimations of Immortality 颂歌：永存的暗示；Resolution and Independence 决心与独立autobiographical narrativeThe Excursion (1814)远足Poems: The Sparrow’s Nest麻雀巢;To a Skylark 致云雀; To the Cuckoo 致杜鹃; To a Butterfly 致蝴蝶; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我如行云独自游；An Evening Walk傍晚漫步; My Heart Leaps up我心飞动；Tintern Abbey厅特恩教堂；The Thorn荆棘; The Sailor’s Mother水手的母亲; Michael 麦克尔;The Affliction of Margaret 玛格丽特所受的折磨;The Old Cumberland Beggar老坎伯兰的乞丐The Idiot Boy 白痴男孩;The Solitary Reaper孤独的收割者;To a Highland Girl致高地的姑娘；The Ruined Cottage 被摧毁的茅屋Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,1802 威斯敏斯特桥即景1802年9月3日Lucy pomes 露西：She Dwelt Among the Untrodden ways 独自幽居Ⅲ. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)塞·特·科勒津治Lyrical Ballads (1798)抒情歌谣集The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古航海家之歌Kubla Khan忽必烈汉Christabel克丽斯塔贝尔Frost at Midnight子夜寒霜The Nightingale 夜莺Dejection, an Ode沮丧，一段颂歌Remorse 忏悔（1813）tragic dramaBiographia Literaria （1817）文学传记proseⅣ. George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)乔治·戈登·拜伦Edinburgh Review爱丁堡评论周刊Hours of Idleness 闲散的时光（1807）English Bards and Scotch Reviewers（1809）英格兰诗人与苏格兰诗评家Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage （1812）恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记Oriented Tales 东方故事集Childe Harold 哈洛尔德游记The Prisoner of Chillon（1816）齐伦的囚犯Manfred(1817)曼弗雷德Don Juan（1818-1823）唐·璜The Isles of Greece 哀希腊Cain (1821) 该隐verse dramaThe Island （1821）岛narrative poemThe Vision of Judgment （1822）审判的幻景attack on Southey ，political satireSong for the Luddites 路德党人之歌Ⅴ.Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822) 珀·比·雪莱The Necessity of Atheism（1811）无神论的必然性The Spirit of Solitude(1816) 孤独之精神Hymn to Intellectual Beauty(1816) 内秀之咏Mont Blanc(1816) 蒙特·布兰卡Julian and Maddalo (1818)朱利安与麦达罗The Revolt of Islam(1818) 伊斯兰的起义The Cenci (1819)钦契一家Prometheus Unbound（1819）解放的普罗米修斯Adonais (1821)阿多那伊斯Hellas(1822)赫拉斯A Defence of Poetry （1822）诗辩Love for freedom and hatred toward tyanny: Ode to Liberty 自由颂; Ode to Naples 那不勒斯颂Sonnet: England in 1819十四行诗：英格兰1819；Men of England致英格兰人民--- greatest political lyricsThe Cloud (1820)云之歌To a Skylark（1820）致云雀Ode to the West Wind (1819)西风颂Ⅵ. John Keats（1795-1821）约翰·济慈O n First Looking into Chapman’s Homer(1816)读恰普曼译荷马published in ExaminerSleep and Poetry(1817)睡与诗Endymion（1818）安狄弥翁Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes and Other Poems（1820）拉米亚·伊莎贝拉，圣阿格尼斯节前夕及其他诗歌：Ode on Melancholy; 忧郁颂Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂; Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂Ode to Psyche普赛克颂;To Autumn秋日颂；Hyperion 希波里恩(unfinished)Ⅶ.Jane Austen（1775-1817）简·奥斯汀Sense and Sensibility(1811) 理智与情感first novelPride and Prejudice （1813）傲慢与偏见=First ImpressionsMansfield Park（1814）曼斯菲尔德花园Emma （1815）埃玛Persuasion(1818)劝告Northanger Abbey(1818)诺桑觉寺Incomplete works: The Watsons (1923)沃特森一家Fragment of a Novel (1925)小说的未完稿Plan of a Novel（1926）小说的构思5.The Victorian Period 维多利亚时期Ⅰ.Charles Dickens(1812-1870)查尔斯·狄更斯Sketches by Boz(1836) 勃兹的速写The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 皮克威克外传（1836-1837）Oliver Twist(1837-1838)雾都孤儿Nicholas Nickleby(1838-1839)尼古拉斯·尼克尔比The Pickwick Paper 皮克威克外传David Copperfield（1849-1850）大卫·科波菲尔Martin Chuzzlewit(1843-1845)马丁·瞿述伟Dombey and Son（1846-1848）董贝父子A Tale of Two Cities(1859)双城记Bleak House(1852-1853)荒凉山庄Little Dorrit(1855-1857)小多利特Hard Time(1854)艰难时刻Great Expectations(1860-1861)远大前程Our Mutual Friend(1864-1865)我们共同的朋友Ⅱ.The Bronte Sisters 勃朗蒂姐妹Charlotte Bronte（1816-1855）夏洛特·勃朗蒂Emily Bronte （1818-1848）艾米丽·勃朗蒂Ann Bronte(1820-1849) 安妮·勃朗蒂The Professor 教授(1847)；Charlotte；rejected by the publisher；1857 published posthumously Jane Eyre(1847)简·爱CharlotteAngrian 安格里昂Charlotte and their brother BranwellGondal 刚朵儿Emily and AnnePoems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell 科勒尔·艾丽斯·贝尔特诗集（1845）Charlotte Emily Anne Wuthering Heights (1847)呼啸山庄EmilyAgnes Grey(1847)阿格尼斯·格雷AnneThe Tenant of Wildfell Hall(1848) 维尔德费尔·霍的佃户Shirley 雪莉（1849）CharlotteVillette 维莱特（1853）CharlotteⅢ.Alfred Tennyson（1809-1892）阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生Poet Laureate桂冠诗人（1850）Chiefly Lyrical (1830) 抒情诗集Poems （1832）诗集Poems （1842）诗集Ulysses 尤利西斯dramatic monologue; Morte d’ Arthur 摩尔特·亚瑟epic narrative；Dora朵拉exquisite idylls; The Gardener’s Daughter 园丁的女儿The Princess （1847）公主blank verse 无韵体；Tears, Idle Tears 泪水，无聊的泪水；Come down, O Maid来吧，美人；The Splendor Falls壮美的瀑布；Sweet and Low 甜蜜与低缓In Memoriam(1850)悼念Maud 摩德抒情短歌集monodramaRizpah 里兹帕Enoch Arden 伊诺克·阿顿Merlin and the Gleam 魔法师与灵光Crossing the Bar跨越沙洲the fearlessness towards deathIdylls of the King 国王诗歌集（1842-1885）Break, Break, Break 浪花啪、啪、啪in memory of Tennyson’s best friend Arthur HallamⅣ. Robert Browning (1812-1889) 罗伯特·布朗宁Pauline(1833)保林Sordello(1840) 索德罗Dramatic Lyrics(1842)戏剧抒情诗Dramatic Romances and Lyrics(1845)戏剧浪漫诗与抒情诗Bells and Pomegranates (1846)铃铛与石榴树Men and Women (1855)男人与女人Dramatic Personae(1864)戏剧人物The Ring and the Book(1868-1869)指环与书Dramatic Idylls(1880) 戏剧田园诗Sonnets from the Portuguese 葡萄牙十四行诗Mrs.BrowningDramatic monologue 戏剧独白: Pippa Passes 匹帕·帕索斯;My Last Duchess我前一位公爵夫人; Fra Lippo Lippi芙拉·丽波·丽匹; The Bishop Orders His Tomb主教下令修陵; Porphyria’s Lover波菲莉娅的情人; A Grammarian’s Funeral语法学家的葬礼; The Ring and the Book 指环与书；Meeting at Night夜晚幽会Parting at Morning清晨告别Ⅴ.George Eliot（1819-1880）乔治·艾略特translation ：Leben Jesu(life of Jesus) 耶稣的一生；Ethics 伦理学Spinoza; Das Wesen des Christentums(The Essence of Christianity)基督教的精髓Scenes of Clerical Life 牧师生活一瞥Adam Bede(1859)亚当·贝德The Mill on the Floss(1860)弗洛斯河上的磨房Silas Marner(1861)织工拉斯·马奈尔Romola （1863）罗摩拉Felix Holt, the Radical 菲利克斯·霍特，一个激进派only novel on English politicsMiddle march (1872) 米德尔马契Daniel Deronda（1876）丹尼尔?德隆达a preachment against anti-SemitismⅥ.Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) 托马斯·哈代Desperate Remedies（1871）计出无奈Under the Greenwood Tree（1872）格林伍德的绿林荫下Far from the Madding Crowd（1874）远离尘嚣Tess of the D’U rbervilles(1891)德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure(1896)无名的裘德The Dynasts 列王a long epic-drama about the Napoleonic WarsThe Return of the Native(1878)还乡The Trumpet Major(1880)号兵长The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886)卡斯特桥市长The Woodlanders(1887)林地居民6.The Modern Period 现代时期Ⅰ.George Bernard Shaw 乔治·萧伯纳（1856-1950）Cashel Byron’s Profession(1886) 卡歇尔·拜伦的职业Our Theaters in the Nineties (1931) 九十年代的英国戏剧Widower’s Houses(1892) 鳏夫的房产Mrs . Warren’s Profession(1893~1898)沃伦夫人的职业Candida(1895)堪迪达Caesar and Cleopatra(1898) 凯撒与克利奥佩特拉St . Joan (1923) 圣女贞德Man and Superman(1904) 人与超人Back to Methuselah(1921) 回归玛士撒拉The Apple Cart(1929) 苹果车about politicsJohn Bull’s Other Island(1904) 约翰·布尔的另外岛屿about racial problemPygmalion(1912) 皮格马利翁about culture and artabout the problem of family and marriage：Getting Married (1908) 结婚；Misalliance(1910) 不合适的婚姻；Fanny’s First Play (1911) 法妮的第一场戏The Doctor’s Dilemma (1906) 医生的进退两难about the ignorance，incompetence, arrogance and bigotry of the medical professionToo True to Be Good(1932) 难以置信How He Lied to Her Husband 他是怎样欺骗她的丈夫的Ⅱ.John Galsworthy（1867-1933）约翰·高尔斯华绥From the Four Winds (1897)来自四位吹奏者a volume of short storiesThe man of Property(1906)财主The Silver Box (1906)银盒The Forsyte SagaⅠ弗尔塞特世家三部曲Ⅰ: The Man of Property财主；In Chancery(1920) 骑虎难下；To Let (1921)出租；The Forsyte SagaⅡ: A Modern Comedy(1929)现代戏剧The Forsyte Saga Ⅲ: End of the Chapter （posthumously 1934）篇章末尾Ⅲ. William Butler Yeats(1865-1939) 威廉·巴特勒·叶芝The Lake Isle of Innisfree 茵尼斯弗莉的湖中沙洲The Man Who Dreamed of Faeryland 梦想仙境的人No Second Troy 没有第二个特洛伊September 1913 1913年9月Sailing to Byzantium 驶向拜占庭Leda and the Swan 丽达与天鹅The countess Cathleen(1892) 凯瑟琳伯爵夫人Cathleen ni Houlihan(1902) 凯瑟琳·尼·霍利翰The Land of Heart’s Desire(1894) 心欲的土地The Shadowy Waters(1900)布满荫影的水域Purgatory（1935）炼狱Down by the Salley Gardens 来到柳园= An Old Song Resung老歌新唱Ⅳ. T.S.Eliot （1888-1965）T·S·艾略特The Criterion（1922）标准the editor; Nobel Prize; the Order of MeritThe Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock (1915) J·A·布鲁富劳克的情歌The Egoist（1917-1919）自我主义者The Waste Land(1922)荒原Poems 1909-25(1925)1909至1925年诗歌总集Prufrock and Other Observation(1917) 布鲁富劳克与其它情况Prufrock 布鲁富劳克a poem of dramatic monologueGerontion 衰老The Hollow Men 空洞的人Ash Wednesday(1930)星期三的烟灰Four Quartets(1944)四个四重奏Murder in the Cathedral(1935)教堂里的谋杀The Family Reunion(1939)家人团圆The Cocktail Party(1950)鸡尾酒会The Confidential Clerk(1954)机要人员The Elder Statesman(1959)年长的政客Tradition and Individual Talent传统与个人天才essayⅤ.D.H. Lawrence （1885-1930）戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯Sons and Lovers(1913)儿子与情人autobiographical novelThe White Peacock(1911)白孔雀The Trespasser(1912)过客The Rainbow(1915)虹Women in Love(1920)恋爱中的女人Aaron’s Rod(1922) 亚伦神杖Kangaroo(1923)袋鼠The Plumed Serpent(1926) 羽蛇Lady Chatterley’s Lover(1928)查泰莱夫人的情人Short stories:St. Mawr 圣摩尔;The Daughter of the Vicar 主教的女儿;T he Horse Dealer’s Daughter贩马人的女儿;The Captain’s Doll 船长的娃娃;The Prussian Officer 普鲁士军官;The Virgin and the Gypsy贞女和吉卜赛人The Lawrence trilogy: A Collier’s Friday Night(1909)矿工的周五夜晚;The Daughter-in-Law(1912)儿媳;The Widowing of Mrs.Holroyed(1914)守寡的霍尔罗伊德夫人Ⅵ.James Joyce 詹姆斯·乔伊斯（1882-1941）Dubliners(1914)都柏林人Araby阿拉比A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man（1916）艺术家年轻时代的肖像Ulysses(1922)尤利西斯Finnegans Wake(1939)菲尼根斯·韦克American1.The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期Ⅰ. Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文（1783-1859）early Romantic writer in the American literary history and Father of the American short storiesThe Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent.（1802-1803）江奈生·欧德斯黛尔先生书信集A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (1809)自古至荷兰人占领为止的纽约史The Sketch Book(1819-1820)见闻札记“Rip Van Winkle”瑞普·凡·温克尔”The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”睡谷的传说Bracebridge Hall(1822)布雷斯桥之厅堂Tales of a Traveler (1824)一个旅行者的故事The Alhambra(1832)艾尔哈布拉Spanish Sketch bookⅡ.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生a transparent eyeball 透明眼球Nature(1836)论自然first little bookThe Dial日晷edit for a time the Transcendental journalEssays(1841)散文集”The American Scholar”（1837）论美国学者;”Self-Reliance”论自助;”The Over-Soul”论超灵Second Series(1844) 散文续集”The Poet”论诗人；”Experience”论经验Thoreau (1817-1862) embraced Emerson’s idea Walden（1854）沃尔登Ⅲ.Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑（1804-1864）interior of the heart ;most ambivalent writerTwice-Told Tales(1837)尽人皆知的故事a collection of short storiesMosses from an Old Manse(1846)古屋青苔The Scarlet Letter(1850)红字The Custom-House 海关----an introductory note to The Scarlet LetterThe Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales(1851)雪的形象及其他尽人皆知的故事The House of the Seven Gables(1851)有七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance(1852)福谷传奇The Marble Faun(1860)玉石雕像Young Goodman Brown 小伙子布朗T he Minister’s Black Veil 牧师的黑面纱The Birthmark胎记Rappaccini’s Daughter拉帕西尼的女儿Ⅳ.Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼(1819-1892) both the Revolutionary War in the United States and the Civil WarLeaves of Grass 草叶集Drum Taps(1865)鼓点When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d 小院子丁香花开时There was a Child Went Forth 有个孩子在长大Cavalry Crossing a Ford骑兵过河the Drum-Taps sectionSong of Myself 自我之歌Ⅴ.Herman Melville 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔（1819-1891）Moby-Dick(1851)白鲸Chapter 135 . The Chase – Third Day第135章：追鲸----第三天Billy Budd 比利·伯德（1924）Typee(1846)泰比Omoo(1847)奥穆Mardi(1849)玛地Redburn(1849)雷得本semi-authobiographicalWhite Jacket(1850)白外衣Pierre(1852)皮埃尔Bartley, the Scrivener 文书巴特勒比Short storyBenito Cereno 本尼托·切利诺novellaThe Confidence-Man自信人（1857）2.The Realistic Period现实主义时期Local colors: Mark Twain; Sarah Orne Jewett沙拉·奥恩·朱威特; Joseph Kirkland约瑟夫·克科兰德; Hamlin Garland汉姆林·加兰德;Ⅰ. Mark Twain 马克·吐温（1835~1910）H.L. Mencken consider “the true father of our national literature”The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Country （1865）加拉维县有名的跳蛙frontier tale Innocents Abroad (1869) 傻瓜出国记Roughing It (1872) 含辛茹苦The Gilded Age (1873) 镀金时代The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 汤姆·索亚历险记Life on the Mississippi(1883)密西西比河上的生活Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)哈克贝利·芬历险记A Connection Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889) 亚瑟王宫廷中的美国佬The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson (1894) 布丁·海德威尔逊的悲剧The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900) 败坏哈德莱堡的人The Mysterious Stranger (1916) 神秘的陌生人Ⅱ.Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯(1843~1916) the first American writer to conceive his career in international termsThe American(1877) 美国人Daisy Miller (1878) 黛西·米勒In The Europeans(1878) 欧洲人The Portrait of A Lady (1881) 贵妇人的画像The Bostonians (1886) 波士顿人The Princess Casamassima (1886) 卡撒玛西玛公主Short fiction:The Private Life(1893) 私生活；The Death of a Lion (1894) 狮之死；The MiddleYears (posthumously 1917)中年Another Short fiction:Turn of the Screw(1898) 螺丝在拧紧；The Beast in the Jungle (1903)丛林猛兽What Maisie Knows(1897)梅西所知道的The Wings of the Dove(1902)鸽翼The Ambassadors (1903)专使The Golden Bowl (1904)金碗Essay: The Art of Fiction 小说的艺术Ⅲ.Emily Dickinson （1830-1886）艾米莉·狄金森1775 poems ,only seven appeared during her lifetime; letter to the worldThis is My Letter to the World 这是我给世人的书信I heard a Fly buzz---when I died---我死时----听见一只苍蝇嗡鸣I like to see it lap the Miles---我喜欢看它舔食着一路向前Because I could not stop for Death—因为我不能为死神停下Ⅳ.Theodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱赛(1871-1945) one of American’s literary naturalistShort fictions: Nigger Jeff 黑人杰夫;Old Rogaum and His Theresa 老罗高姆和他的特丽萨; Sister Carrie(1900)嘉莉妹妹The Way of the Beaten:A Harp in the Wind失败者之路：寒风中的竖琴Jennie Gerhardt (1911)詹妮·杰哈特TRILOGY of Desire: 欲望三部曲The Financier(1912) 金融家；The Titan (1914) 巨头；The Stoic (posthumously 1947) 斯多葛The Genius（1915）天才An American Tragedy (1925)美国悲剧Dreiser Looks at Russia （1928）德莱塞眼中的俄国3. The Modern Period 现代时期Ⅰ. Ezra Pound 埃兹拉?庞德（1885-1972）Imagist Movement 意像主义运动The translations of Ezra Pound (1953) 埃兹拉?庞德译诗集Confucius （1969）孔子Shih-Ching (1954) 诗经The Cantos （1917-1959）诗章Collect of Early Poems of Ezra Pound (1982) 埃兹拉?庞德早期诗集Personae (1909) 人物Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920) 休.赛尔温.莫伯利In a Station of the Metro地铁站一瞥The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter 河商的妻子A Pact 盟约Critical essays ：Make It New (1934) 推陈出新；Literary Essays (1954) 论文散文集；The ABC of Reading (1934) 阅读入门；Polite Essays(1937) 论礼教文集Ⅱ.Robert Lee Frost罗伯特?李?弗洛斯特(1874~1963) Pulitzer Prize winner on four occasionsThe Road Not TakenA Boy’s Will (1913) 一个男孩的愿望North of Boston （1914）波斯顿以北Mending the Wall 补墙Home Burial 家葬Mountain Interval （1916）山间低地“The Road Not Taken”没有走的路“Birches”白桦；New Hampshire（1923）新罕布什尔“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”雪野林边停First Pulitzer PrizesWest-Running Brook (1928)西流之溪Collected Poems (1930) 诗集Second Pulitzer PrizesA Further Range (1935)更远的境界Third Pulitzer PrizesA Witness Tree （1942）证人树“The Gift Outright”直率的礼物Fourth Pulitzer PrizesA Masque of Reason (1945)理性假面剧A Masque of Mercy (1947)怜悯假面剧After Apple-Picking 摘苹果后The Road Not Taken未选择的路Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边停Ⅲ. Eugene O’Neill尤金?奥尼尔(1888~1953)the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel PrizeBound East for Cardiff (1916) 驶向东边的卡尔笛福Beyond the Horizon （1920）天外边First Pulitzer Prize 普利策文学奖The Straw (1921) 草Anna Christie （1921）安娜?克里斯蒂1920-1924 symbolic expressionism 象征表现主义：The Emperor Jones(1920) 琼斯皇帝；The Hairy Ape(1922) 毛猿；All God’s Chillun Got Wings (1924) 所有上帝烟斗都有翅膀；Desire Under the Elms (1924) 榆树下的欲望Non-realistic forms非现实主义：The Great God Brown (1926) 伟大的布朗；Lazarus Laughed (1927) 拉扎拉斯笑了Strange Interlude（1928）奇怪的幕间戏Third Pulitzer PrizeThe Iceman Cometh （1946）冰人来了Lon g Day’s Journey Into Night (1956) 直到夜晚的漫长的一天Ⅳ.F .Scott Fitzgerald F.司格特.菲茨杰拉德(1896~1940)Literary spokesman of the Jazz AgeThis Side of Paradise(1920)人间天堂The Beautiful and Damned(1922) 美丽而遭骂的人The Great Gatsby（1925）了不起的盖茨比Tender Is the Night（1934）夜色温柔The Last Tycoon （1940）最后的巨头unfinishedShort-story: Flappers and Philosophers (1921)吹捧者与哲学家;Tales of the Jazz Age (1922)爵士时代的故事; All the Sad Young Men (1926)所有悲惨的小伙子; Taps and Reveille (1935)里维尔的鼓点; Babylon Revisited重访巴比伦Ⅴ.Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特.海明威(1899~1961)In Our Time (1925) 在我们的时代里The Sun Also Rises(1926)太阳照样升起first true novelA Farewell to Arms(1929)永别了，武器For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)The Old Man and the Sea (1952)老人与海Men Without Women (1927)没有女人的男人，collection of short stories, “The Undefeated”战不败的人；”The Killers”杀手；”Fifty Grand”五十个大人物；In Death in the Afternoon (1932)死在下午The Green Hills of Africa(1935)美国的绿山The Snow of Kilimanjaro (1936)乞力马扎罗之雪Have and Have Not (1937) 有钱人和没钱人Indian Camp印第安人营地one of fourteen short stories collected under the title of In Our Time. Ⅵ.William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳(1897~1962)The Marble Faun(1924) 玉石雕像Soldiers’ Pay （1926）士兵的薪水Sartoris (1929) 萨托黑斯The Sound and the Fury（1929）喧哗与骚动As I Lay Dying (1930) 我弥留之际Light in August(1932)八月之光Absalom, Absalom!(1936) 押沙龙，押沙龙！Wild Palms(1939)疯狂的手掌The Hamlet (1940)小屋Two novels consisting of stories which are thematically interwoven: The Unvanquished （1938）未被征服者；Go Down, Moses(1942)摩西，走下去Intruder in The Dust (1948)红尘入侵者；anti-racist；Nobel PrizeRequiem for a Nun(1951) 修公安魂曲The Fable (1954)寓言The Town (1957)城镇The Mansion(1959)豪宅A Rose for Emily 给爱米莉的玫瑰。

Part One The Anglo-Saxon PeriodI. Origin of the English NationsMany centuries ago, the Celts were taken as the earliest natives, who were later also called the Britons. The actually knew nothing of a written language. Since the Celts had been related with the ancient people in what is now France when Britain used to be part of the European Continent a long time ago and before it was later washed off by sea water and became an island, they, perhaps, offered some help to resist Julius Caesar when he invaded France.Since historical times, England had been conquered three times. It was conquered by the Romans, the Angle-Saxons, and the Normans.1. The Roman ConquestThe Romans led by Julius Caesar, went across the English Channel in 55 B.C and invaded Britain. As soon as the Romans landed on the island, the Britons fought stubbornly under the leadership of their chieftains. With the Roman Conquest came the Roman mode of life. The Roman brought their Roman civilization. They brought to Britain a knowledge of iron; they introduced Roman law; they built streets, towns, temples, theatres and fine buildings. But all theses refinements of civilization were for the enjoyment of the Roman conquerors while native Britons were trodden down as slaves. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. And in 410 A.D. (the beginning of the fifth century) when the Germanic races were attacking Rome, all the Roman troops were withdrawn. Thus ended the Roman occupation of Britain.2. The Anglo-Saxon ConquestWhen the Roman Empire declined and its troops left England, the tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded the island from Northern Europe around the fifth century. They drove the native Celts away from England into Wales, Scotland and even into Ireland across the sea. They divided the whole island among themselves and built some small kingdoms. By the 7th century, these kingdoms were combinedinto a united kingdom called England. These three tribes had mixed into a whole people called English. They are known as the first Englishmen. The three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called the Old English, which is the foundation of English language and literature. With the Anglo-Saxon settlement in Britain, the history of English literature began.II. Anglo- Saxon LiteratureEnglish literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. Of old English literature, a few relics are still preserved. All of them are poems, or songs by the Anglo-Saxon scope or gleeman, who sang of the heroic deeds of old times to the chiefs and warriors in the feasting-hall.Generally speaking, Anglo-Saxon literature is almost exclusively a verse literature in oral form. It could be passed down by word of mouth from gene ration to generation. In the 8th century, Anglo-Saxon prose appeared.1.Anglo- Saxon PoetryAnglo-Saxon poetry falls naturally into two divisions: Pagan and Christian. The former represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral sagas; the latter represents the writings developed under teaching of the monks.(1) Pagan PoetryBeowulf:It is the most remarkable literary work in Old English that has been preserved, and a typical example of Old English poetry, which is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people. However, the hero and the setting have nothing to do with England. It consists of more than 3000 lines. It has been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.The Main incidents of Beowulfa. Beowulf’s fight with the monster Grendel in Hrothgar’s Hallb. Beowulf’s slaying of Grendel’s mother in her lairc.Beowulf’s return in glory to his uncle, and his succession to the throned.Beowulf’s victory-in death , fifty years later, over the fire dragonThe themes of BeowulfThe poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.By praising Beowulf’s wisdom, strength and courage, and by glorifying his death for his people, the poem presents the heroic ideal of a king and his good relations to his warriors and people. It reflects the features of the tribal society of ancient times. Battle is a way of life. Strength and courage are basic virtues for both kings and his warriors. The hero-king strives to do better than any one else the things that are vitally important to the happy life of his people.Features of Beowulfa.Emphatic stress. Number of stresses ,not number of syllables, is important.b.Each line is divided into two parts, each half has two strongly accentedsyllables, at least one of the stressed syllables in the first half-line must alliterate with the first accented syllable in the second half-line.c. A lot of metaphors and understatements are used in the poem.(2) Religious PoetryCaedomnCaedomn is the first known religious poet of England. He is known as the Father of English Song. Caedomn is mainly famous for his first poem “ The Hymn”. In the nine-line poem, he highly praises the Creator.CynewulfExcept the unknown composer of Beowulf, he is regarded as the greatest Anglo-Saxon poet. Of his life we know very little. He was probably an ecclesiastic and a scholar.He produced four poems: “ Christ” , “Juliana” ,“The Fates of the Ap ostles” and “ The Elene” .2.Anglo-Saxon ProseProse literature did not show its appearance until the 8th century. Anglo-Saxonsprose is represented by a large number of religious works. There were three famous prose writers: V enerable Bede, Alfred the Great and Aelfric.Venerable BedeV enerable Bede is the first scholar in English literature and has been regarded as Father of English Learning.His works, over 40 in number, written exclusively in Latin, cover the whole field of human knowledge of his day.Th e most important of his works is “ The Ecclesiastical History of the English People”. It is the first English history book, written in Latin and later translated into English, and it remains an important source of knowledge about the Anglo-Saxon period. The book not only tells us how religion was introduced and spread in England but also recounts some historical events of that period and Anglo-Saxon mythological legends.Alfred the GreatAlfred the Great, king of Wessex Kingdom deserves to be remembered as one of the outstanding figures in English history. During his reign, Alfred showed great enthusiasm for knowledge and for the distribution of knowledge. He tried every means to improve the state of education, such as founding colleges, and importing teachers from Europe.Alfred is known chiefly as a translator. His translations include The Ecclesiastical History; History of World”; Consolation of Philosophy.More important than any translation is The English or Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.This book records the main happenings of the Anglo-Saxon period. It is the best monument of the old English prose.AelfricAelfric was the greatest writer of English prose before the Conquest. He was a pupil of the monastery school at Winchester, and later he was a teacher in the Abbey at Cerne Abbas. His aim throughout was to make Christian documents available to those who did not understand Latin. He composed many religious works such as Homilies; Saints’ Lives and Grammar.III. Literary TermsAlliteration:The repetition of similar sounds, usually consonants or consonant clusters, in a group of words. Sometimes the term is limited to the repetition of initial consonant sounds. When alliteration occurs at the beginning of words, it is called initial alliteration; when it occurs within words, it is called internal or hidden alliteration. It usually occurs on stressed syllables.Alliteration is an important poetic device in Anglo-Saxon poetry where it generally occurs on three of the four stressed syllables in a line. Something of the alliterative effect can be seen in this line from Beowulf: “And the heathen’s only hope, Hell.”Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. The two most famous English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton’s Paradise Lost.IV. Suggested Questions1. What are the main incidents of the poem Beowulf?2. How many groups does the old English poetry fall into? What are they?3. What are the main characteristics of Anglo-Saxon literature?4. What are the writing features of Beowulf?。