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第11章新闻媒体、广播及电视11.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Daily Papers1. The Times (circulation approximately 34万)2. The Guardian (circulation approximately 35万)3. Daily Telegraph (circulation approximately 140万)4. Daily Express (circulation approximately 330万)5. Dally Mail (circulation approximately 150万)6. Daily Mirror (circulation approximately 440万)7. Sun (circulation approximately 250万)Ⅱ. Sunday Papers1. The People and Sunday Mirror2. The Sunday Express3. Sunday Times and ObserverⅢ. Evening and Provincial PapersⅣ. Periodicals1. The Economist2. The New StatesmanⅤ. Radio and Television1. BBC2. T elevisionⅠ. Daily Papers（日报）1. The Times (circulation approximately 34万) 泰晤士报（发行量约为34万）This is the most famous of all British newspapers, and has always been the paper of the ‘Establishment’. It was the last of the papers to put news, instead of advertisements, on its front page.这是最著名的英国报纸，并且一直是保守党的报纸。
第7章美国文学Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. American literature is mainly about the seeking of the American people for success and happiness. _____【答案】T【解析】美国文学主要是关于美国人民追寻成功和幸福。
2. Rip Van Winkle was a character created by James Fenimore Cooper. _____【答案】F【解析】《瑞普·凡·温克》是小说家及历史家华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving）的名篇。
故事主要讲述主人公瑞普·凡·温克喝醉之后在梦中的奇遇，然后顿悟过了一生。
3. The Leather-Stocking Tales consist of five novels depicting the American West. _____【答案】T【解析】《皮袜子故事集》是美国作家詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏（James Fenimore Cooper）的系列小说，共包含《杀鹿者》（The Deerslayer）、《最后的莫希干人》（The Last of the Mohicans）、《探路人》（The Pathfinder）、《拓荒者》（The Pioneer）和《大草原》（The Prairie）等五部小说。
4. Before Mark Twain, all major American writers were born on the East Coast. _____ 【答案】T【解析】马克·吐温（Mark Twain），美国作家、演说家，生于美国密苏里州佛罗里达。
第1部分英国文化第1章谁是英国人1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Who Are the British?1. The Scots2. The Irish3. The EnglishⅠ. Who Are the British? (谁是英国人？)1. The Scots(苏格兰人)(1) Origin: Celts.(2) Scots are proud that the English never conquered them.(3) Language①Gaelic, old Celtic language of the Scots: it is still heard in the Highlands and the Western Isles and their names beginning with M’, Mac, Mc, which means “son of” in Gaelic;②English;Character: a. said to be serious, cautious, thrifty; b. in fact they are hospitable, generous, friendly.(1) 起源：凯尔特人。
(2) 苏格兰人自豪的是，英国从来没有征服过他们。
(3) 语言①盖尔语，苏格兰的古老的凯尔特语言：在高地和西部群岛地区扔能听到人们讲这些语言，这些地区的人们的名字以M，MAC，MC开头，盖尔语的意思是“儿子”。
②英语；特点：a．据说他们严肃认真、谨慎、节俭；b．事实上他们很热情、慷慨、友善。
2. The Irish(爱尔兰人)(1) Origin: Scots and English Protestants.(2) Problem: there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities.(3) Language①Irish or Erse, a form of Gaelic: official first language of the Republic of Ireland;②English: second.(4) Character: charm, vivacity, beauty girls.(1) 起源：苏格兰和英国新教徒。
朱永涛《英美⽂化基础教程》课后习题详解（美国⽂化美国⼈的特点）【圣才出品】第6章美国⼈的特点I.Explain the following in English:1.The pioneering spirit【答案】(1)In the mid-nineteenth century,it was this pioneering spirit that led American settlers to travel westward by the thousands in search of land and gold.(2)It is still an important part of the American character.(3)Today,Northerners and Midwesterners are attracted to the West because of good business opportunities and a mild climate.2.The residential shifting in America【答案】(1)In America,the desire to start a new life in a new place is noticeable throughout the nation.(2)About40million Americans change residences every year.The average American moves fourteen times in his lifetime,compared to five moves for the average Japanese.(3)Some people believe that the highly mobile American society leaves individuals with feelings of root-lessens,isolation,indifference to community welfare,and shallow personal relationships.They want the Americans to rediscover the natural human community.3.American democracy【答案】(1)The creation of American democracy is one of the greatest experiments of all times started by American founding fathers.(2)Under American democracy,’the citizens of the United States,through their elected representatives,establish the nation’s laws and determine its policies.(3)In the author’s opinion,American democracy means majority rule,but it also means protection of minority rights which are outlined in the first ten amendments to the Constitution,known as the Bill of Rights.(4)In the United States,democracy is not only a form of government;it is also a way of life.4.Equality in American society【答案】It does not mean that all human beings are equal in ability or ambition.It means,instead,that all people should be treated equally before the law and given equal privileges and opportunities,insofar as government can control these.In practice,this ideal often does not work perfectly.There have always been those who would deny the rights of others for their own self-interest.There are times when the American people need to be reminded that any denial of basic rights is a weakening of the total system.However,equal treatment and equal opportunity for all are ideals toward which American society is moving ever closer.5.Horatio Alger myth【答案】(1)Horatio Alger was a nineteenth-century American novelist who wrote stories about poor boys who became successful through hard work.(2)These popular“rags-to-riches”stories exemplified the American Dream.(3)The myth inspired a lot of Americans to work hard for success.6.The American Dream【答案】(1)It is the belief that any individual,no matter how poor,can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.(2)The American Dream symbolized the American belief in equality of opportunity.(3)It attracted a lot of people in the other parts of the world to immigrate to America and inspired them to rise on the social and economic scales.7.Social Mobility【答案】Social mobility-movement from class to class-has always been characteristic of the United States.However,although sociologists talk of the country’s class structure,most Americans do not think in these terms.They do not see themselves as struggling to move from the lower middle class to the upper middle class. Instead they think in terms of higher income to pay for a bigger house,a trip to Europe,summer camp for their children,or more retirement insurance.8.Ralf Nader【答案】(1)In1965,he published a shocking book telling the American public that their automobiles were unnecessarily dangerous.(2)As a result of his efforts,the huge automobile industry was forced to produce a safer product.(3)His success in dealing with the auto industry inspired others to campaign for better products and triggered the consumer protection revolution in the US.9.Materialistic outlook of Americans【答案】Because of their tremendous expenditures for goods and services, Americans are often accused of being materialistic,of valuing above all else money and the comforts and pleasures that money buys.10.Idealistic outlook【答案】They ask much more of life than just day-to-day enjoyment and financial security.They ask that life be meaningful.In choosing careers,Americans consider the significance of their work just as important as the income the job will bring. Also,most Americans are still under the influence of the Protestant ethic,which considers a life of pleasure sinful and hard work ennobling.Americans place great value upon useful activity.In fact,many cannot enjoy their expanding number of leisure hours unless most of their“free”time is spent doing something constructive—such as working on the lawn or cleaning out the garage.II.Fill in the blanks:1.The New Englander is often described as_____and_____;the Southerner as_____ and_____;the westerneras_____and_____.【答案】stern,self-reliant;gracious,leisurely;casual,friendly【解析】新英格兰⼈通常被看作是严肃、⾃⽴的；南部各州的⼈是亲切悠闲的；西部的⼈则很随意并且友好。
朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》课后习题详解（1-11章）【圣才出品】第2部分美国文化第1章从大西洋到太平洋I.Explain the following in English:1.New England【答案】(1)New England refers to the north-eastern six states:Maine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Connecticut,Massachusetts and Rhode Island,an area running from the Canadian shore to New York.(2)This area resembles old England in many ways.(3)Some of the earliest settlement in American history was in this area.(4)In general,this part of the country is small-scale,long-established and urban.2.The Mid-Atlantic area【答案】Pennsylvania is the main part of the mid-Atlantic area,which includes New Jersey and Maryland,bounded at the south by the Potomac River.This is the clearest dividing-line in the United States,because across the river is the south.3.The South【答案】(1)It refers to the area across the Potomac River and southwards down the Atlantic coast.(2)This was slave-owning area before the Civil War and mainly produced tobacco and cotton.(3)Economically these states are notoriously backward,but more recently there has been an industrial development,helped by federal plans and hydro-electric power.4.Washington,D.C.【答案】Washington,D.C.,formally the District of Columbia and commonly re ferred to as Washington,“the District”,or simply D.C.,is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July16,1790,approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country’s East Coast.As permitted by the U.S.Constitution,the District is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and is therefore not a part of any U.S.state.5.New York City【答案】(1)It is the commercial capital of the United States.(2)It is at the southernmost tip of the New York State.(3)It is composed of five boroughs:Manhattan,Brooklyn,the Bronx,Richmond and Queen’s,with Manhattan Island as its center.(4)It is well-known for such places as Wall Street,the Empire State Building, Harlem and Central Park.6.The Middle West【答案】(1)It describes the north-eastern part of the central plain,or the north-eastern quarter of the United States except for the states close to the Atlantic.(2)In terms of political geography,it refers to these states:Illinois,Michigan, Indiana,Wisconsin and Ohio and so on.(3)First developed for farming,these states include huge,sparsely-populated open spaces.(4)Chicago and Detroit are two of the big industrial cities in this area.7.The Great Plain states【答案】The plains run from the Gulf of Mexico in the south up to the Canadian border and beyond-an endless open space comparable with Siberia.Few places in the world can comparewith these great plains for uniformity and monotony,and they are only part of a continuous system which goes northwards to the barren lands of the Arctic.8.The western states【答案】It consists of11states:Montana,Wyoming,Colorado,New Mexico,Idaho, Utah,Nevada,Arizona in8states plus the3states of Pacific coast:Washington, Oregon,and California.II.Fill in the blanks:1.The Republic of the United States consists of_____states with_____states at the time of independence,_____continental states which have been added since independence,_____and_____which were granted statehood in1959.【答案】fifty,thirteen,thirty-five,Alaska,Hawaii【解析】美国目前有50个州。
British CultureChapter 2 English history填空：1.The Crusades2.Columbus; Vasco da Gama3. the hundred years’ war4. Parliament; King Charles I5. Charles Darwin6. the Great slump7. the league of Nations ; the United Nations选择：1C 2D 3A 4C 5DChapter 4 British government system1.不用记2.On Her Majesty’s Service3.the Most Noble Order of the Garter4.head of the church of England5.acts of parliament; the prerogative of the crown; convention of the constitution;common law; parliamentary privilege6.5; 6357.the Crown; the House of Lords; the House of Commons8.parliament9.the final court of appeal in civil cases and criminal cases except criminal case inScotland10.to make laws; to control and criticize the executive government; to control theraising and the spending of money11.the Lord Chancellor12.her ministers13.the Parliament;is accountable or responsible to Parliament ; the House ofCommons; the people选择1B 2C 3A 4D 5C 6 AChapter 6 English Literature1.8th century; 6th2.their Viking raiders swept into Britain3.the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; the Roman Invasion of Britain to the middle of the12th century4.Chaucer; Shakespeare; Milton5.Thomas More; Utopia6.Hamlet; King Lear; Othello; A Midsummer Night’s Dream; As you like it;Twelfth Night; Richard II; Henry V; Julius Caesar7.the Essays8.paradise lost; Paradise regained; Samson Agonistes9.pilgrim’s progress10.Jonathan Swift11.London12.Robert Burns13.Robinson Crusoe14.William Wordsworth; Taylor Coleridge; Lord Byron; John Keats;Percy Bysshe Shelley15.Jane Austen; Charlotte Bronte; Emily Bronte16.Stevenson; Lewis Carroll; Thackeray; David Copperfield; Pickwick papers;George Eliot; Oscar Wilde; the return of the Native; Tess of the D’Urbervilles17.James Joyce; Ulysses18.George Bernard Shaw选择1D 2A 3C 4A 5A 6D 8A 9D 10DChapter 7 Religion and Beliefs1.Roman Catholic Church; Protestant Church2.the Old Testament; the New Testament3.The Queen; the Archbishop of Canterbury 坎特伯雷大主教4.God; Jesus; Holy Spirit5.Presbyterian6.The Pope7.the Methodist; the Congregation Church; the Baptist Church; the Quakers; theChristian ScientistsChapter 8 character and manner1.impolite/ill-bred2.modesty; conceit3. a sense of humor4.sportsmanshipChapter 9 Education1.5; 152.Christmas; Easter; summer3.selective; comprehensive4.Eton; Harrow; Rugby5.Being free6.Oxford; Cambridge7.St. Andrews; Glasgow8.open university9.Leads; Lancaster10.exclusiveness选择1A 2C 3D 4DAmerican CultureChapter 2 American History1.The Vikings; Christopher Columbus2.Jamestown in Virginia3.pilgrims; Roger Williams; William Penn4.1775; 17835. a second continental congress6.July 4th7.the Federalists; the Republicans; strong, efficient central authority; individualliberties8.Thomas Jefferson9.John Marshall10.Uncle Tom’s Cabin11.it put an end to slavery and decided that American was not a collection ofsemi-independent states, but a single individual nation12. being able to pay high wages and earn enormous money13. the New York Stock Exchange14. laissez-fair; government should interfere with business as little as possible;government action选择1B 2A 3D 4A 5B 6 C 7D 8A 9A 10BChapter 3 The Forms of Government1.Federalism; the separation of powers and respect for the Constitution and the ruleof law2.foreign affairs and with matters of general concern to all the states includingcommerce between the states.3.Democrats ; Republicans4.executive branch; legislative branch; judicial branch5.Ford; Nelson Rockefeller; the president Nixon resigned6.the vice-president7.4; 4; John Kennedy8.two terms9.435; 2; 100; 610.both houses; the senate; two-thirds majority11.confederation12.192013.The supreme court14.life; president; the senate;15.FBI选择：1A 2 C 3D 4C 5B 6D 7C 8BChapter 4 American Literature1.Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文; Fenimore Cooper费尼莫尔·库柏;2.Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡; The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍府的倒塌3.Concord康科德; Ralph Waldo Emerson ; Henry David Thoreau 梭罗;Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔﹒霍桑4.Nature; The American Scholar; Self-reliance5.Walden 瓦尔登湖6.Scarlet Letter 红字7.Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔8. The Adventure of Tom Sawyer; Life on the Mississippi; The Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn （汤姆·索亚的历险；在密西西比河上；哈克贝利·弗恩历险记）9.Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞10.The Great Gatsby; which is about Gatsby, a man at the end of his youth, is strivingto recapture a beautiful dream he once believed in. He sees the dream turn into a nightmare. （了不起的盖茨比）11.Jonh Dos Passos 约翰·多斯·帕索斯12.the Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动; Light in August Light in August; Absalom,Absalom 押沙龙,押沙龙13.The Sun Also Rise太阳照常升起; A Farewell to Arms永别了，武器; For Whom theBell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣14.John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克; Ralph Ellison拉尔夫·艾里森15.Eugene O’Neill尤金奥尼尔; Long Day’s Journey into Night长夜漫漫路迢迢选择：1C 2A 3D 4B 5D 6A 7C 8C 9A 10D 11B 12C为帮助大家记忆这些作家作品，将其姓名和作品的汉译提供给大家Chapter 7 American Education1.122.age3.kindergarten classes for five-year-olds4.grammar school or elementary school5.the nation’s population explosion ; a trend toward democratizing highereducation6.The G.I.Bill7.FootballChapter 8 American Family Life1.rural, small town living; big city life2.each resident owns his own apartment3.youth; a feeling of being respected, wanted and needed.。
第二部分美国文化第1章从大西洋到太平洋I. Multiple Choices.1. Niagara Falls is located in the state of _____.（北二外2008研）A. North CarolinaB. VirginiaC. New YorkD. South Carolina【答案】C【解析】尼亚加拉瀑布位于加拿大安大略省和美国纽约州的交界处。
2. The high, sharp and rugged Rocky Mountains to the east of the Pacific Ocean arecalled _____.A. the “Father of Mountains”B. the “backbone of the continent”C. the “Barn of America”D. the “King of Mountains”【答案】B【解析】落基山被称为北美大陆的脊梁。
3. Which of the following descriptions of the Mississippi River is NOT true? （首都师范大学2008研）A. It flows into the Great Lakes and St Lawrence.B. It is the biggest river system in the US.C. It flows down to New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico.D. Ohio and Missouri Rivers are branches of the Mississippi River.【答案】A【解析】密西西比河位于北美洲中南部，北起五大湖附近，注入墨西哥湾；是美国最长的河流，与其支流密苏里河构成世界最大的河流系统之一；俄亥俄河是密西西比河水量最大的支流；选项A与事实不符，为正确答案。
第7章宗教与信仰7.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Christianity1. T eaching2. The BibleⅡ. The Christian Church in Britain1. The Church of England2. Other Church in EnglandⅢ. The Decline of ReligionⅣ. SuperstitionⅠ. Christianity(基督教)1. T eaching(教义)Christ’s teaching was based on love: love of God, and love of our neighbor, i.e. of all our fellow-men regardless of race. Love, humility, repentance and prayer lead to everlasting happiness in Heaven.基督教的教义以爱为基础：爱上帝，爱我们的邻居，爱所有种族的人。
爱，谦逊，忏悔和祈祷会让人死后升入天堂享受永远的幸福。
2. The Bible(圣经)The Bible, which is the holy book of Christianity, consists of two ‘testaments’. The Old Testament, The New Testament.圣经是基督教的圣书，由两个部分组成。
旧约和新约。
Ⅱ. The Christian Church in Britain(英国教会)1. The Church of England(英国教会)The Church of England, or Anglican Church, is one of the many ‘Protestant’ sects which broke away from the more ancient and more orthodox Roman Catholic Church several centuries ago.英国圣公会教堂是在数世纪前脱离更古老、更正统的天主教的新教中一个分支。
美国第3章美国的起始3.1 复习笔记I. What is an American?1. A new race2. Current situationII. Two immigration movements1. From Asia2. From Europe and AfricaIII. The Forces that led to the modern development of Europe (Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries)1. The growth of capitalism2. The Renaissance3. The Religious ReformationIV. The colonial Patterns1. The settlement in Virginia2. Puritanism3. Catholic Maryland4. Quaker PennsylvaniaV. The American Revolution (The War of Independence)1. The causes2. The eve3. The process4. The major leaders (The Founding Fathers)5. The significanceI. What is an American? （美国民族性）1. A new race（新的民族）(1)In 1782, the French farmer J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, who settled in Pennsylvania, first asked this question in Letters from An American Farmer. (2)He thought the American was a new man who had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants, and who left behind him his ancient prejudices and manners and received new ones. Individuals were melted into a new race who acted upon new principles, entertained new ideas and form new opinions. The idea that America is a melting pot originated from his words.(1)赫克托·圣约翰·德克雷夫克尔于1782年著成《美国农人简史》，首次提出了美国民族性这一问题。
朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》课后习题详解（英国文化英国历史）【圣才出品】第2章英国历史I.Explain each of the following in English.1.King Harold【答案】The Saxon king who was defeated and killed at the Battle of Hastings in 1066,when the French-speaking Normans under William the Conqueror invaded England from France.2.Alfred the Great【答案】He was a fine Saxon king who successfully defeated the invading Danes.3.King Arthur【答案】(1)He was the king of England in the sixth century.(2)Little was known about him,except that he was associated with Corn-wall and is the central figure of many legends about him and his Knights of the Round Table.4.The Magna Carta【答案】(1)The Magna Carta(or Great Charter)was a document signed in1215by King John under compulsion by the powerful barons.(2)The purpose of the Charter was to make King John to recognize the rights of the barons.(3)The Magna Carta is now in the British Museum,London.5.The Wars of the Roses【答案】(1)It is the name given to the struggle(1455—1485)for the throne of England between two branches of the English royal family.(2)The houses of Lancaster whose badge was a red rose,and York whose badge was a white rose.(3)The wars weakened both the nobility and the monarch.6.Henry VIII【答案】Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor.Besides his six marriages,Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church.Henry’s struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority,the Dissolution of the Monasteries,and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.7.Elizabeth I【答案】Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.She gave her name to an age,the Elizabeth age,which remains in English minds as an age of glory.Most people associate it with two things.One is the literature,for this was the age when English literature blossomed.The other is adventure on the sea.For the first time English ships began to explore the world and trade with distant countries.8.Divine Right【答案】The doctrine that a monarch derives his or her power directly from God9.Charles Darwin【答案】(1)The famous Britain scientist who wrote the important book“The Origin of Species”.(2)His theory of evolution caused reaction of the Victorians against the book, and furious debates were held in private and in public.(3)Darwin’s theory contributed to the decay of Victorianism.10.Victorianism【答案】Victorianism is the name given to the attitudes,art,and culture of the later two-thirds of the19th century.This usage is strong within social history and the study of literature,less so in philosophy.Many disciplines do not use the term,but instead prefer Victorian Era,or simply“Late19th century”.Victoriani sm as a word is often specifically directed at Victorian morality.II.Fill in the blanks.1._____were a series of wars in which armies from all over Europe tried to seize Palestine from the Muslims.【答案】The Crusades【解析】根据英美文化常识可知：欧洲各地的军队试图从穆斯林手中夺取巴勒斯坦的一系列战争被称作十字军东征。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》笔记和考研真题详解-下册-第7章美国⽂学【圣才出品】第7章美国⽂学7.1 复习笔记I. Post-Revolutionary period1. Washington Irving2. James Fenimore CooperII. Transcendentalists1. Ralph Waldo Emerson2. Henry David ThoreauIII. Power of Imagination1. Edgar Allan Poe2. Nathaniel Hawthorne3. Herman MelvilleIV. New Visions of America1. Walt Whitman2. Leaves of GrassV. Reform and Liberation1. Harriet Beecher Stowe2. Uncle Tom’s CabinVI. Regionalism1. Mark Twain2. Emily DickinsonVII. A new wave1. The naturalists2. Other writersVIII. Sympathetic views of women writers1. Kate Chopin2. Willa CatherIX. Rebellious Spirit1. The writers2. The similarityX. The Modernists1. Ezra Pound2. T.S. EliotXI. The “Lost Generation”1. The background2. The writersXII. Harlem Renaissance1. The development2. The poetsXIII. New Drama1. Eugene O’Neil2. The major playsXIV. Depression Realism and Escapism1. John Steinbeck2. Margaret MitchellXV. Postwar voices and the “Beat Generation”1. African American writers2. American Jews3. In the theater4. The “Beat Generation”XVI. New American Voices1. Black women writers2. Chinese-American writersI. Post-Revolutionary period（美国⾰命战争后期）American literature is mainly about the seeking of Americans for success and happiness.美国⽂学是对美国⼈民寻求幸福与成功的过程的叙述。
第1部分英国文化第1章谁是英国人I.Explain each of the following in English1.The Scottish Highlanders【答案】The Scottish Highlander consider himself the’true’Scot and he wears his national dress,the kilt,with pride.They are a proud,independent and hardy people who mainly live by farming sheep in the mountain areas.2.The British Isles【答案】The British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include the islands of Great Britain,Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles.There are two sovereign states located on the islands:the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3.The National Eisteddfod【答案】The National Eisteddfod takes place each August and lasts for about a week. The highlight of the Eisteddfod is a competition for the best epic poem about Wales written and read in Welsh;the winner is crowned Bard,considered the supreme honor in Wales.4.Bard【答案】In medieval Gaelic and British culture,a bard was a professional poet, employed by a patron,such as a monarch or nobleman,to commemorate the patron’s ancestors and to praise the patron’s own activities.5.Northern Ireland(Ulster)【答案】In1922,Ireland was partitioned.The26countries of southern Ireland became the Irish Free State,later re-named the Republic of Eire.The six countries of Ulster,in the north,remained part of the United Kingdom with their own parliament, Stormont,responsible for internal affairs.6.Oliver Cromwell【答案】He was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England,Scotland and Ireland.7.William III【答案】William III was a sovereign Prince of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau by birth.From1672he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland,Utrecht,Gelderland,and Over Ijssel of the Dutch Republic.From1689he reigned as William III over England and Ireland;it is a coincidence that his regna number(III)was the same for both Orange and England.As King of Scotland,he is known as William II.He is informally known by sections of the population inNorthern Ireland and Scotland as“King Billy”.In what became known as the “Glorious Revolution”,on5November1688William invaded England in an action that ultimately deposed King James II&VII and won him the crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland.In the British Isles,William ruled jointly with his wife,Mary II, until her death on28December1694.The period of their joint reign is often referred to as“William and Mary”.8.The Orange Day celebrations【答案】(1)Celebrations held by Protestants on12August each year in Northern Ireland to commemorate the battle of the Royne in1690when the Protestant King William III(William of Orange)crushed a Catholic rebellion in Londonderry.(2)The celebrations were always aggressively provocative and fightings often broke out between Protestant marchers and Catholic bystanders.9.The Provisional IRA【答案】(1)IRA,the Irish Republican Army,is a nationalist organization dedicated to the unification of Ireland.(2)It was organized in1919.(3)In1969it split into an“official”majority,which disclaimed violence,and a terrorist”provisional”wing,whose attacks on British troops in Northern Ireland, random bombings,and others acts of terror in England kept tensions high.10.The Peace People【答案】(1)In the summer of1976Betty Williams,a Protestant house-wife,was so horrified at the killing of two children by a running IRA car that she decided to organize the women of Ulster,both Protestant and Catholic,into a pressure group.(2)It is a pressure group working for peace and reconciliation in Ireland. Williams and her catholic partner,Corrigan,soon gathered thousands of followers despite threats and intimidation from both sides.(3)They continued to pursue their aims and at the end of1976the two leaders were awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace.11.William the Conqueror【答案】In AD1066William of Normandy(William the conqueror)landed with a large armed force on the south coast and won a great victory over the Saxons.He and his French-speaking followers set up a strong central government which brought a new unified discipline and control to the country.II.Fill in the blanks.1.The full name of the United Kingdom is_____.【答案】the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.【解析】根据英美文化常识可知，英国的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
第8章美国人的家庭生活8.1 复习笔记American Family Life1. Mobile Homes2. Child-centered Culture3. The Working Mother4. Generation Gap5. The Nuclear FamilyAmerican Family Life(美国家庭生活)1. Mobile Homes(移动房屋)(1) Mobile homes are living quarters built with wheels. They can be moved.(2) But generally they are brought to a site that is intended to be more or less permanent.(3) Because they cost much less than conventional homes, mobile homes are especially popular among young couples and elderly retired couples.(4) More than seven million Americans live in mobile homes.(1) 移动房屋是带有轮子的住宅。
他们是可以移动的。
(2) 基本上它们都会被带往一个打算长居的地方。
(3) 因为他们的成本比传统的房子少，移动房屋在年轻夫妇和老年退休夫妇之间尤其受欢迎。
(4) 超过七百万的美国人住在活动房屋里。
2. Child-centered Culture(以孩子为中心的文化)(1) Americans are so devoted and permissive toward their children that they create a child-centered culture.(2) The ambitions of parents are more often related to their children’s lives than to their own.(3) American parents try to give their youngsters many opportunities to develop skills and worthwhile interests.(4) During the summer, parents try to give their children other kinds of learning experiences through camping or travel.(1) 美国人十分爱护和放纵自己的孩子以至于他们创造了一个以儿童为中心的文化。
第10章种族和民族关系I.Explain the following in English1.The melting pot【答案】(1)This phrase comes from the play The Melting Pot.(2)It holds that America is the great Melting Pot where all the races of Europe are melting and re-forming.(3)The US is a heterogeneous society where diverse races and cultures are blended.2.WASP【答案】(1)It stands for the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant.(2)It is the dominant group in the US controlling economic assets and political power.3.Slavery in the U.S.【答案】(1)It started in mid-seventeenth century.(2)The demand for cheap labor led to a massive slave trade.(3)The myth of racial inferiority of blacks was propagated as a justification for their continued subjugation.(4)The institution of slavery was finally ended by the Civil War,Lincoln’s emancipation of slaves in1863,and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitutionin1865.4.Segregation laws【答案】(1)After the abolition of slavery wholesale discrimination was practiced against black Americans.(2)Many states passed segregation laws to keep the races apart in schools, housing,restaurants,and other public facilities.(3)Segregation laws continued to be enforced in Southern States until the 1950s.5.NAACP【答案】(1)It stands for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.(2)NAACP had moderate approach:they presented petitions,tried to negotiate improvements in the economic and social status of blacks,and used legal channels to challenge the validity of existing discriminatory statutes.6.Brown versus Board of Education【答案】(1)It was a significant decision made by the supreme Court in1954.(2)It was the beginning of removing segregation in America.(3)The court ruled that“separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”.(4)In1955the court ordered schools to be desegregated“with all deliberate speed”.(5)The doctrine that separate facilities are necessarily unequal was gradually extended by the court to a number of other public facilities,ranging from golf courses to beaches.7.Dr.Martin Luther King,Jr.【答案】(1)He was a black leader of the civil rights movement in the1950s and the 1960s.(2)In1968he was shot down by a white assassin.(3)The assassination touched off a coast-to-coast wave of the most violent protest and demonstrations against racial discrimination in the US.8.Institutionalized discrimination【答案】(1)There has been a major gain in eliminating legal barriers to black’s advancement,but institutionalized discrimination is still rife.(2)It kept blacks in lowest-paid jobs.(3)Housing in particular remains highly segregated.9.The black“underclass”【答案】(1)They live in the urban ghettos.(2)They consist of habitually unemployed or underemployed black people.(3)Many members are young and unskilled.(4)This“underclass”continues to persist and offers an explosive potential for the future.10.The reservation【答案】(1)It was established by the US government for the Indians after the Civil War,segregating the Indians from the national life.(2)In1871Congress decided that no Indian tribe would ever be recognized as an independent political entity again and made all Indians wards of the federal government,without any rights of citizenship.(3)Not until1924was the right of American citizenship extended to the original inhabitants of the land.11.“Red Power”【答案】(1)In the1960s a militant Indian social movement emerged.(2)Indians founded intertribal organizations and demanded“Red Power”.(3)The American Indian Movement attracted international publicity by “capturing”the South Dakota town of Wounded Knee,the scene of the historic defeat of the Plain tribes.12.Hispanics【答案】(1)It is a general name for Spanish-speaking population of the US.(2)The Hispanic population is a large,diverse and rapidly growing one.(3)It contains Chicanos,Puerto Ricans,Cubans and other people from various Spanish-speaking nations of Central and South America.(4)The Hispanic population is growing so rapidly because of three factors: relative youth;cultural reluctance to practise family planning;constant inflow of new immigrants mostly over the Mexican border.(5)The diverse groups within the Hispanic population share a common predicament as a primarily poor,Catholic,Spanish-speaking people in a predominantly affluent,Protestant,English-speaking country.(6)Most Hispanics have relatively low levels of education and income and they are an overwhelmingly urban population.13.Chicanos【答案】(1)They are Mexican Americans.(2)They have been regarded as aliens on American soil since the mid-19th century.(3)It is only in recent years that the Chicanos have come to be generally recognized as a genuinely American minority.(4)They are regarded as sojourners in the US who can“go back home”if they are not satisfied.(5)Urban Chicanos are concentrated in ethnic neighborhoods.(6)The Chicano population is a relatively poor one with relatively low educational achievement.(7)Chicano farm workers have experienced severe economic exploitation.(8)Chicano leaders are demanding entry into mainstream America without assimilation into the“Anglo”culture.14.“Americans on Parole”【答案】(1)Chicanos are regarded as aliens on American soil.(2)Unlike most other immigrant groups,Chicanos did not have to desert a homeland and cross an ocean in order to immigrate to the US.(3)Chicanos can and do travel easily and frequently between the US.and Mexico constantly renewing their personal and cultural ties with their country of origin.(4)They are regarded as sojourners in the US who can“go back home”if they are dissatisfied.15.The Chinese Exclusion Act of1882【答案】(1)The Act,which was enacted by Congress,responded to the anti-Chinese movement.(2)It severely restricted the number of Chinese entrants to the US.(3)From1902to1943the immigration of Chinese laborers was completely prohibited.II.Fill in the blanks。
第11章美国人的生活方式：寻找一个可靠的概括Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. According to the author, it is not very difficult to generalize about the American way of life. _____【答案】F【解析】目前美国只有3.1亿人，不到中国人口的四分之一，但在美国，文化上的一致性不如中国，这使得我们很难概括美国人的生活方式。
2. Hollywood films give the wrong impression that all Americans are rich. _____ 【答案】T【解析】好莱坞电影给人的错误印象就是所有的美国人都很富有。
3. Over the last 40 years about 11% or 15% of the population are classified as living in poverty. _____【答案】T【解析】在过去的40年里，美国大约有11%或15%的人口被划分为贫困人口。
4. According to the essay, there is more violence in American life than in other industrialized countries generally. _____【答案】T【解析】教材中提到由于美国人可以合法持枪，所以在美国人的生活中，暴力事件比其他工业化国家要多，而且暴力的威胁经常被新闻媒体渲染。
5. The introduction of “no-fault” divorce laws has contributed to a major decline in the divorce rate since the late 1970s. _____【答案】F【解析】自上世纪70年代末以来，《无过错离婚法》的出台使得离婚率大幅上升。
第5章工业、农业、商业5.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Industry1. The Industrial Revolution2. Location3. Ownership4. Redistribution of IndustryⅡ. Agriculture1. Invisible Earnings2. The City of LondonⅠ. Industry(工业)The story of Britain’s development by the second half of the nineteenth century, into the first truly industrial nation is fascinating. It is linked, on the one hand, with the Industrial Revolution and, on the other hand, with the emergence of Britain as the world’s greatest political and economic influence.十九世纪下半叶英国发展成为第一个真正的工业国家的故事是迷人的。
一方面它与工业革命有关，另一方面，它又与英国在世界上具有最大的政治和经济影响有关。
1. The Industrial Revolution(工业革命)(1) DefinitionThe Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times.(2) Effect of Industrial RevolutionBritish products flooded the world market. In this revolution, manual labor was replaced by machines. The British bourgeoisie amassed large amounts of wealth through trade, plunder and colonization. No other country was strong enough to match Britain in the nineteenth century.(1) 定义工业革命的时间为1750年到1850年，在这期间，农业，制造业，采矿，运输，技术的变化对当时的社会、经济和文化条件产生了深远的影响。
第8章美国人的家庭生活I.Explain the following in English:1.Mobile home【答案】(1)Mobile homes are living quarters built with wheels.They can be moved.(2)But generally they are brought to a site that is intended to be more or less permanent.(3)Because they cost much less than conventional homes,mobile homes are especially popular among young couples and elderly retired couples.(4)More than seven million Americans live in mobile homes.2.Nuclear family【答案】(1)It refers to the family consisting of father,mother and dependent children.(2)In the United States,the typical family is a nuclear family.Middle-aged and elderly people generally do not live with their unmarried children.(3)The nuclear families lack the psychological support that was once provided by a much larger group.3.A child-centered culture【答案】(1)Americans are so devoted and permissive toward their children that they create a child-centered culture.(2)The ambitions of parents are more often related to their children’s lives than to their own.(3)American parents try to give their youngsters many opportunities to develop skills and worthwhile interests.(4)During the summer,parents try to give their children other kinds of learning experiences through camping or travel.4.The working mother【答案】(1)It refers to American mothers with children under eighteen years of age who have jobs.(2)There are about10million working mothers in the US.(3)In some families,the working mother is a necessity because the father is unable to find employment or cannot earn enough for all the families’basic needs.(4)In other households,the mother may work to supplement the father’s income so the family can enjoy a higher standard of living.(5)Some women want to work because they find it boring to stay home alone all day.5.The generation gap【答案】(1)As children enter adolescence,they begin to demand greater freedom to go where they please,do what they please and make decisions without parentalinterference.(2)Parents want to guide them so that their behavior will be whatever the parents consider proper and constructive.(3)But in a society of rapidly changing social and moral values,parents and children often disagree about what is important and what is right,hence leading to generation gap.(4)However,recent studies show that the“generation gap”is narrowing.The vast majority of teen-agers share most of their parents’values and ideas.II.Fill in the blanks:1.The communities can be roughly divided into three types,_____,_____and_____.【答案】rural;small town living;big city life【解析】美国人的团体生活大致可以分为三类：乡村生活、小城镇生活以及大城市生活。
2.In recent years increasing numbers of apartment buildings have become cooperatives,meaning that_____.【答案】each resident owns his own apartment【解析】近年来，越来越多的公寓大楼的成为合作共有的建筑，意味着每个居民都拥有自己的公寓。
3.American society worships_____and often deprives the aged of important psychological forms of support—_____.【答案】youth;a feeling of being respected,wanted,and needed【解析】美国社会崇尚青春，通常会剥夺老年人支撑的重要心理形式——一种被尊重、渴望和需要的感受。
4.Walk-ups refer to_____.【答案】apartment without elevator【解析】“Walk-ups”指的是没有电梯的公寓大楼。
III.Answer the questions:1.What are the virtues and limitations of each type of community?【答案】Rural and small town living often seems slow-paced and intimate,but dull and stifling,especially to young people.Suburbs offer the advantages of small town living with the facilities of the big city nearby,but they are predominantly occupied by white,middle class people who are under fifty years of age.Big city life is varied, exciting and culturally stimulating,but often overcrowded,crime-ridden,and there are other limitations.2.Discuss different types of family structure(the nuclear family,the one-parent family).【答案】The nuclear family:(1)It refers to the family consisting of father,mother and dependent children.(2)In the United States,the typical family is a nuclear family. Middle-aged and elderly people generally do not live with their unmarried children.(3)The nuclear families lack the psychological support that was once provided by a much larger group.The one-parent family:It refers to the family in which one parent is absent as a result of separation,divorce,or desertion.Almost90percent of these households are headed by women whose children spend relatively little time with their fathers. In these families,Mother is boss.3.What is the impact of the working mother on the family?【答案】In some families,the working mother is a necessity because the father is unable to find employment or cannot earn enough for all the family’s basic needs. In other households,the mother may work to supplement the father’s income so the family can enjoy a higher standard of living.Then,too,some women want to work even if the family does not need extra income.Once their children are attending school,many women find it boring to stay home alone all day.Being a homemaker is no longer a full-time job for women who have access to modern household appliances and prepared foods.Many working mothers employ a cleaning woman one or more days a week to help with housework and child care, but few have live-in servants.4.What is the major problem facing the young?【答案】They are required to do many things,occupied by a lot of tasks given by their parents and teachers.5.What is the general situation of the aged in the U.S.?What factors have contributed to this situation?【答案】For the elderly,life is often quite trying.In addition to the medical problems that inevitably come with old age,there are great economic and social problems. The difficulties of older Americans have been getting more attention in recent years as the elderly have increased in number.There are now21million Americans sixty-five years or older.Of the nation’s elderly,about40percent live in poverty or near-poverty.Many struggle along on the meager monthly income they get from the government by living in rundown hotels and eating mostly soup,potatoes,and bread.There are several government programs to supply free food and necessary services to the elderly.However,these programs do not reach anything close to the number of people who need help.As a result,there are probably millions of elderly Americans who live in starvation and misery.There are three factors contributing to the plight of the elderly poor.Firstly,in many stable societies,older people are highly respected because of their experience and wisdom.But in a rapidly changing industrial society like America, the skills and knowledge of the elderly often become obsolete.Secondly,the elderly Americans,commonly have to retire from their jobs at age sixty-five,and they are left with too much leisure time and too little stly,and most importantly,the American society worships youth.In this society,the elderly are sometimes ignored or even avoided.American society provides a monthly income。
