Unit3 Understanding each otherGrammar and usage虚拟语气一、概述语气是一种动词形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度.虚拟语气表示说话人所说的并不是事实,而是一种假设,建议或主观愿望.二、本单元重点讲述了非真实条件句中虚拟语气的三种情况:1. 表示与现在事实相反的假设其基本结构是: 条件句中谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were), 主句用would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形.例如:If everyone in the country knew first aid, many lives would be saved. 如果每个国民都懂得急救(的知识),许多生命就会得以挽救.( 含义是: 不是人人都懂得急救,所以很多生命得不到挽救.)If I were you, I wouldn’t do it like that.如果我是你的话,我就不会这样做.2. 表示与过去事实相反的假设其基本结构是:条件句谓语动词用“had +p.p.”,而主句谓语动词用“would/ should/ could/might +have + p.p.”. 例如:If the hurricane had happened during the day-time, there would have been more deaths.如果飓风发生在白天,死亡人数会更多. (事实是: 飓风发生在午夜到早晨6点)If we had known that she was to arrive yesterday, we could have met her at the station.如果我们知道她昨天到,就可以到车站接她了.(事实是:我们不知道她昨天到,所以我们没能到车站去接她)3. 表示与将来事实相反的情况基本结构有三种: ⑴条件句谓语动词用过去式(be 的过去式一般用were),主句用should/ would/ could/ might + 动词原形, ⑵条件从句的谓语用should +动词原形,主句用should/ would/ could/ might + 动词原形; ⑶条件从句的谓语用were to + 动词原形,主句与上同. 例如:If it rained tomorrow, out plan would be put off.假如明天下雨,我们的计划就得推迟. (最近天气很好.) (条件从句中的谓语动词用过去式,表示说话人认为下雨的可能性不大, 而如果用一般现在时的话,则表示说话人认为下雨的可能性很大)If he should see me, he would tell me.假如他看见我,就会告诉我. ( 用should + 动词原形强调一种有偶然实现的可能性,其现实性比用were to + 动词原形大, 比过去式+ 动词原形小)If he were to come, what should we say to him?假如他来了, 我们对他说什么呢? (用were to +动词原形比较正式,多用于书面语中, 表示实现的可能性很小)拟条件句和混合虚拟条件句.1. 单一虚拟条件句单一虚拟条件句指主句和从句与同一时间的事实相反的虚拟条件句. 例如:If it should rain tomorrow, the race would be put off.(主从句与将来事实相反) 如果明天下雨,比赛将推迟.If you had been more careful, you would have passed.( 主从句与过去事实相反) 如果你再仔细些,你就会通过的.If it were not for the leaning tower, the city of Pisa wouldn’t be so famous.如果没有斜塔的话,比萨城也不会这么有名.( 主从句与现在事实相反)2. 混合虚拟条件句很多情况下,从句和主句并不与同一时间的事实相反.例如:If you had followed my advice, your English would be much better.如果当时你听了我的话,现在你的英语就会好多了.( 从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反)If he weren’t a kind-hearted man, he wouldn’t have helped such a man as you that day.如果不是他这人很好心的话, 那天他决不会帮助一个像你这样的人的.( 从句是与现在情况相反的假设,主句表示与过去事实相反的假设.)If it had n’t been for you, I would have to make another trip there tomorrow.如果不是你的话, 我明天还要再走一趟.( 从句与过去事实相反,主句与将来事实相反.)注意: 在正式文体中,虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should 或had, 可将if省略,再把were, should 或had 移到从句句首,实行倒装.例如:Were it to rain tomorrow, we would delay our trip.如果明天下雨,我们将推迟旅行.Had you attended the party, you would have met Jack.如果你参加了聚会,你会见到Jack 的.Should I get a rise, I would treat you to whisky.如果我能涨工资,就请你喝威士忌.TaskWriting a letter to explain cultural misunderstandings●Teaching objectives:1.learn about taboos in different cultures and understand what theycan do or cannot do when they are in contact with people from different backgrounds2.learn to complete a text by listening3.review the ways to ask questions4.write a letter of an apology to explain misunderstandings●Teaching focus and difficulties:1.writing down answers2.writing a letter to explain misunderstandingsTeaching methods:1. Listening, reading and thinking to get students to understand the text.2. Pair discussion and group discussion to get students to participate in the classroom activities.●Teaching aids:The multimedia●Teaching procedures:●Step 1 Skills building 1: completing a textTips on completing a text by listening:1. Make sure you read the text first so you understand the subject of the text and the type of words that you are likely to hear.2. Try to guess the words that might be used to fill in the blanks.3. Look for clues in the sentences and in the words before or after the blanks.4. Decide if it is content words or grammar words that you are listening for.Step 2 ListeningYour school has some visitors from abroad. Your headmaster asked you and your classmate to show the guests around. Something puzzled you during the trip. Listen to the conversation between you and your classmate, and complete your diary entry on page 42.Step 3 ReadingA few days after you and your classmate had taken the visitors around Beijing your classmate found this article in a magazine. Circle the taboos that help explain some of the strange incidents that happened when you showed the visitors around.Suggested answers➢If you are from India, you may not eat beef because of your religion.➢If you are from the West, you probably would not like to eat chickens’ feet.➢In India, it is impolite to shake hands or give someone something with your left hand.➢Remember not to just put the business cards in your pocket without looking in Japan .Step 4 ListeningYou want more information about cultural habits, so you go to one of your teachers, who has traveled to the USA and Japan, for help. Listento your teacher and fill in the blanks in your notes below.Step 5 Skills building 2: asking questionsWhen we want to find out about something, we need to ask questions. We can use questions beginning with the following words:What – when we want to find out about something specific.How – when we want to find out the way something should be done. Which – when we want to specify which one of a choice of possibilities.When - when we want to inquire about time.Why - when we want to find out a reason.Where - when we want to find out about the place in which something happened.Step 6 PracticeYou want to ask your classmate about the following things. Form your questions with the correct question words first, and then find a partner to answer questions. Answers can be found in the magazine article on page 43. Take turns asking questions.Suggested answers1. What food do the people from India not eat?2. Which hand shouldn’t be used to shake hands with or give things to people from India?3. What do Japanese people have to buy when they travel anywhere?4. What should you do when a Japanese person gives you a business card?5. What does the OK sign mean for Japanese people?6. Why do people from the USA do not like crowded places?Step7 Skills building 3: writing a letter of apologyWhen writing a letter of apology, you need to include the following:⏹your address⏹the date⏹an opening⏹the purpose of the letter should be given in the first sentence.⏹an explanation⏹ a closing phrase (to apologize again)⏹your name and signatureStep8 PracticeYou want to write a letter of apology to the foreign visitors to explain misunderstandings. Find a partner and discuss what to include in the letter. Each person should write a different part.。
