新教材人教版高中英语选择性必修第四册全册各单元重点语法汇总
- 格式:doc
- 大小:149.50 KB
- 文档页数:33
人教版选择性必修第四册重点语法汇总Unit 1 science fiction ........................................................................ - 1 - unit 2 Iconic attractions .................................................................... - 9 - Unit 3 Sea Exploration .................................................................... - 17 - Unit 4 Sharing ................................................................................. - 24 - Unit 5 Launching Your Career ......................................................... - 31 -Unit 1 science fiction被动语态英语中有两种语态,一种是主动语态,一种是被动语态。
如果主语是动作的执行者,或者动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,则用被动语态。
[观察例句]1.It was going to be tested out by Larry's wife,Claire.2.All the work has been finished by now.3.Now she was being looked after by a robot that looked so human,and it was disturbing.4.You are invited to make a speech in our school.5.Larry persuaded her that the robot wouldn't harm her or allow her to be harmed.[归纳用法]1.例句1中的黑体词部分为过去将来时的被动形式,其构成是was/were going to+be+done。
人教版高中英语必修4重点词汇、短语、句型、语法大全Unit1 Women of achievement【重点词汇、短语】1. human beings 人类2. campaign 运动,战役3. behave 行为4. shade 阴凉处5. move off 离开,启程6. observe 观察7. respect 尊重8. argue 讨论,辩论9. lead a...life 过着…的生活10. crowd in 涌入脑海11. support 支持12. look down upon/on 看不起13. refer to 查阅,参考,涉及14. by chance 碰巧15. come across 偶遇16. intend 计划,打算17. deliver 提送,生(小孩),接生,发表(演说)18. carry on 继续,坚持【重点句型】1. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system.她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的,而她对黑猩猩身势语的研究帮助她弄清楚了黑猩猩的社会体系。
△work out 解决、解答、计算出;产生结果、发展;锻炼;作出、制订出2. She is leading a busy life but she says …她过着忙碌的生活,但是她说……△lead a …life = live a …life 过……的生活3. Many people look down upon poor people. 很多人瞧不起穷人。
△ look down upon / on 蔑视;轻视;瞧不起You mustn’t look down upon/ on the disabled.你绝不能瞧不起残疾人。
高中英语第四册词组句型整理新人教版必修 4Module 11.课文重点get 作为系动词的用法:强调状态的改变run out:耗尽;用完rely on:依靠find out:发现think about:思考plenty of:许多get rid of:消除prevent somebody from doing:阻止某人做carry out:实施attach:固定;连接be attached to:依恋;喜欢(+动词ing形式)attach to:使参加;重视;和有关联charge: 费用;罪名;责任on the charge of:以罪名in one ’s charge :负责in charge of:照管;负责一般将来时中will do 和am/is/are going to do 的区别will do: 强调主观意愿am/ is/ are going to do强调计划或者安排好要发生的事情;已有迹象表明要发生的事情例如:“我弄死你啊!”I will kill you.I am going to kill you.2.重点词组:such as: 例如carry on :坚持;继续做make an operation on:做手术look out:小心use up :消耗;用完3.重点单词:command的用法command做谓语后接宾语从句时,宾语从句中的谓语动词形式:( should )+动词原形Module 21. 课文重点Ask:ask for:要求ask about :询问ask after:问候make sure :确定get:get around :参观get away :逃脱get off:脱下;出发get down to :着手get rid of:消除avoid from doing:避免做某事be limited to:限于做have a good view of:看的好景致worth: 值得be worth doingbe worthy of2.重点词组paypay for :支付pay back :偿还;报答pay attention to:注意in progress:进展表示“继续”go on doing:继续做(同一件事)go on to do:继续做(另一件事)continue to do:继续做(另一件事)continue doing:不停地做例如:在讲定语从句的过程中被打断了,回来如果接着讲定语从句叫做继续做同一件事,如果回来开始讲时态语态了那么叫做继续做另一件事be stuck in:陷入occur in:发生在occur to :想起suffer from:忍受switch off=turn off:关闭in my viewpoint:依我之见in no time:立刻3.易混单词这几个词都有“同意,批准,允许”的意思,要注意区别运用。
高中英语选择性必修4重点语法归纳【主谓一致】主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词要保持人称和数的统一,即主语为单数,谓语要用单数形式;主语为复数,谓语用复数形式。
考点一、谓语动词常用单数形式的情况1. 不定代词either,neither,one,the other,anyone,anybody,anything,someone,somebody,something,everyone,everybody,everything,no one,none,nobody,nothing等作主语时。
例如:Nobody is in the room. 没有人在房间里。
2. 由“each / no / every+名词+and +each / no / every+名词”作主语时。
例如:Each boy and each girl was given a gift. 每个男生和女生都被给了一个礼物。
3. 动名词短语、不定式短语作主语时。
例如:Collecting stamps is my hobby. 集邮是我的爱好。
4. many a+单数名词,more than one+单数名词,one and a half后接复数名词作主语时。
例如:Many a student is fond of the book. 许多学生喜欢这本书。
5. 两个单数名词用and 连接,表示一个概念或一个不可分的整体作主语时,如bread and butter,a knife and fork,a needle and thread,coffee and milk,going to bed early and getting up early。
例如:Bread and butter is their daily food. 面包和黃油是他们每天的食物。
6. and连接两个单数名词,名词前只有一个定冠词修饰,指同一个人或事物时。
例如:The teacher and writer is going to attend the meeting. 这个老师兼作家,将要参加这个会议。
Unit1 主谓一致Subject—Verb Agreement概念引入:I am a teacherShe often does her homework in the morning.There is only one box on the table.There are 50 students in our class.语法讲解:【直接引语和间接引语 P1】什么是主谓一致?1)语法形式上要一致,即主语单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2)意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语。
一般来说,不可数名词与可数名词单数用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。
在英语的句子中,谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。
如何判定,则要看句子的意思。
多数情况下,根据句子的主语形式就能判定,但有的则要看整句的意思,及强调的内容。
下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。
比如: He are a teacher. I is a student.一、语法一致原则1、单数主语,不定式,动名词或从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数A student is studying English.Serving the people is my great happiness.When we deliver the goods hasn't been decided.When and where we will go hasn't been decided.但当what引导的句子做主语,若后面是“be +名词”的结构时,谓语随名词变化。
What you did is right. What you need are these dictionaries.2、复数名词/代词作主语,谓语动词一般用复数形式All the students _____clever. (are)They _____English very much. (like)3、用and或both…and 连接的单数名词、代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语及主语从句作主语谓语动词用复数形式。
新教材人教版高中英语选择性必修第四册全册重点单词短语句型汇总Unit 1 science fictionWords and Phrases1superior adj. _______________________________________[教材原句P6] In scifi stories,robots often become superior and take over.在科幻小说中,机器人通常会变得更高级,并接管一切。
[例1]You're a very superior young woman. 你是一个非常优秀的年轻女性。
[例2]Team 1 was superior in number to Team 2. 第一组在数量上超过了第二组。
[造句]这些新产品远远优于老产品。
The new products are far superior to the old ones.[知识拓展]superior to _______________________________________be superior in _______________________________________be superior to _______________________________________rise superior to _______________________________________2conflict with_______________________________________[教材原句P7] A ROBOT MUST OBEY THE ORDERS GIVEN IT BY HUMAN BEINGS EXCEPT WHERE SUCH ORDERS WOULD CONFLICT WITH THE FIRST LAW.机器人必须服从人类给它的命令,除非这种命令与第一定律相冲突。
Unit 4Sharing【话题词汇】1.poverty n. 贫穷2.harmony n. 和睦,和谐3.sorrow n. 痛苦4.conscience n. 良心;良知5.charity n. 慈善团体6.responsibility n. 责任,负责7.welfare n. 幸福;福利8.promote v t. 促进;提升9.assist v t. 帮助;协助10.unite v. 联合,团结11.share v t. 分享,共同使用12.cooperate v i. 合作13.respect v t.&n. 尊重14.establish v t. 建立;确立;确定15.undertake v t. 承担;从事16.guarantee n.&v t. 保证;担保17.rewarding adj. 有回报的18.considerate adj. 考虑周到的19.peace-loving adj. 爱好和平的20.harmonious adj. 和谐的21.warm-hearted adj. 热心肠的【话题短语】1.devote...to... 把……奉献给……2.in memory of... 为了纪念……3.on behalf of 代表4.in the long run 从长远来看5.for the benefit of... 为了……的利益6.be on good terms with sb. 与某人关系好e to one's help 来帮助某人8.be ready to help others 乐于助人9.devote a bit of one's time to... 为……抽出一点时间10.show kindness 表达善意11.live up to sb.'s expectations 不辜负某人的期望12.a great sense of accomplishment 极大的成就感【话题佳句】1.Hard as it is, I find the job fun and rewarding. I'll keep going, for I believe being a teacher is a job I'll enjoy for the rest of my life.尽管很辛苦,我认为这个工作是有趣而值得的。
Unit4重点词汇精讲●Parcel v/n.包裹,邮包;一批,一群;同根词:n.parceling缠包帆布条;打包近义词:package/enlace词组:part and parcel必要部分;重要的部分part and parcel of不可缺少的一部分parcel post邮政包裹;包裹邮递land parcel地块air parcel. 空运parcel out分配,把…分成几份parcel of land地片●Dust v.擦去……的灰尘;把粉末撒于/n.沙尘;灰尘;粉末;同根词:adj.dusty落满灰尘的n.duster抹布,掸子;除尘器;打扫灰尘的人dustiness灰蒙蒙;多灰尘;尘污近义词:powder/dirt词组:in the dust死了;入土dust removal除尘,除尘设备dust collector吸尘器;集尘器coal dust煤尘;煤粉dust collection收尘;集尘;吸尘dust control防尘;尘埃控制;飞尘捕集dust concentration粉尘浓度;尘末浓度dust catcher除尘器dust storm尘暴dust remover除尘器;扑灰机dust explosion尘爆;尘末爆炸dust off抹去灰尘dust emission粉尘排放,烟尘排放;[机]扬尘量fine dust细粉尘flue dust. 烟灰;烟道灰;炉顶灰dust filter滤尘器;尘土过滤器dust content尘含量;含尘率dust particle尘粒;微尘dust and ashes尘土和炉灰;令人失望的事物dust bowl风沙侵蚀区Cotton n.棉,棉花;棉布;/v.开始领会,开始明白同根词:adj.cottony棉的;像棉样的;起毛的;柔软的近义词:square/identify/coincide词组:cotton fabric棉布;棉纤物cotton yarn棉纱;棉纱线cotton fiber棉纤维cotton spinning棉纺;棉纺工艺cotton cloth棉布cotton textile棉纺织品raw cotton原棉;未加工棉cotton ball棉球;硼钠钙石cotton wool原棉;棉绒;脱脂棉cotton fibre棉纤维cotton goods棉制品;棉纺织品;应交税的商品cotton thread棉线white cotton白棉花cotton pad化装棉;棉褥cotton piece goods棉布匹combed cotton精梳棉;精棉;精梳棉纱organic cotton有机棉cotton mill. 纺织厂cotton canvas棉帆布;棉质油画布Rigid adj.严格死板的,僵化的;同根词:adj.rigorous严格的,严厉的;严密的;严酷的adv.rigidly严格地;坚硬地;严厉地;牢牢地n.rigidity[物] 硬度,[力] 刚性;严格,刻板;僵化;坚硬rigor严厉;精确;苛刻;僵硬rigidness坚硬;严厉vi.rigidify僵化;固定近义词:strict/precise/wooden/accurate词组:rigid body刚体;刚性体rigid frame刚性构架rigid frame bridge刚构桥,刚架桥;刚架式桥梁rigid plastic硬质塑料rigid pavement刚性路面;混凝土路面rigid foam硬质泡沫塑料;硬塑胶rigid foundation刚性基础;刚性地基;钢性基础rigid connection刚性联接rigid polyvinyl chloride硬聚氯乙烯rigid structure[化]刚性结构rigid system刚体系;刚性系统rigid support刚性支承;刚性支架;刚强支柱rigid rotor刚性转子;刚接式旋翼;整体转筒rigid steel硬钢Drag v.拖,拽;用鼠标拖动;同根词:adj.dragging拖延的;拖曳用的n.dragger拖曳等之人或物;小型拖网渔船近义词:pull/tow词组:drag on拖延drag and drop拖放drag reduction减阻drag coefficient阻力系数;曳引系数drag in插入讨论中;拉进drag force拖曳力,曳力click and drag单击并拖动drag down向下拖aerodynamic drag空气动力阻力friction drag摩阻;磨擦阻力air drag空气阻力drag along拖着脚走,慢慢地行走drag out拖延frictional drag摩擦阻力;摩擦拽力drag link拉杆drag racing直线加速赛;短程高速赛车;减重短程高速汽车赛;街头飚车(汽车)drag torque阻力矩;曳力矩;拖曳转矩drag chain牵引链wave drag波阻drag over拖过;拖出●Privilege v.<正式> 给予特权,特别优待;/n.特权,特殊待遇;荣幸,光荣;同根词:adj.privileged享有特权的;近义词:franchise/peculiar词组:special privilege特权;特别优惠;特殊许可access privilege存取特权; 访问特权;user privilege用户权限●Resign v.辞(职),放弃(工作或职位);(使)听任,(使)顺从同根词:adj.resigned顺从的;已辞职的;己放弃的adv.resignedly听从地;服从地n.resignation辞职;放弃;辞职书;顺从近义词:yield/desert/refer/quit词组:resign from辞职resign oneself to使听从于; 听任; 听凭于; 甘受resign one's post辞职Contract n.合同,契约/v.(使)收缩,缩小;签合同,订立契约同根词:adj.contractual契约的,合同的adv.contractually合约地;合同性地;契约规定地n.contractor承包人;立契约者contraction收缩,紧缩;缩写式;害病近义词:affect/catch/communicate词组:contract with承包;与…订有合约contract in[法]保证承担义务labor contract 劳工合同contract management合同管理breach of contract违约;违反合同sales contract销售合同insurance contract保险契约,保险合同contract price合约价格;发包价格construction contract建筑包工合同under the contract依据本合同employment contract雇佣合同;聘约purchase contract购货合同sign a contract签订合同;签合同;签署合同by contract承包;根据合同under contract根据合同psychological contract心理契约;精神契约contract terms合同条款on contract按合约方式service contract劳务合同social contract社会契约Grant v.授予,给予;承认/n.补助金,拨款;同根词:n.grantee受让人;被授与者grantor授予者;[法] 让与人granter出让方;出让人;授与者;转让者近义词:award/let/accept/recognize/agree词组:take for granted认为…理所当然government grant政府批地书,政府补助金Relay v.传递,传达(信息、新闻等);中继转发,转播近义词:retransmit词组:torch relay火炬传递;火炬接力;圣火传递relay protection继电保护relay race接力赛frame relay[计]帧中继time relay时间继电器electromagnetic relay电磁式继电器relay station中继站;中断电台protective relay保护继电器solid state relay固态继电器distance relay测距继电器differential relay差动继电器medley relay混合泳;混合泳接力current relay电流继电器;电撂电器relay system中继系统;全继电器制relay contact继电器触点,继电匹点intermediate relay中间继电器power system relay protection电力系统继电保护原理thermal overload relay热继电器;热过载继电器alarm relay警报继电器thermal relay[电]热继电器。
Unit 1 Science FictionLearning About Language语法精讲·素养提升被动语态(Passive Voice)观察上面对话, 并完成句子(1)I was told(tell) not to take anybody’s belongings without permissions when I was little.(2)By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed(complete) in Beijing.(3)The news would be sent to(send) the soldier’s mother as soon as it arrived.一、被动语态常用于以下两种情况:1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者, 或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。
*Rice is grown in the south of China.中国南方种植水稻。
2. 强调动作的承受者。
*The tree was broken by that boy.这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。
二、将主动语态变为被动语态应注意的几种情况1. 含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时, 有两种方法:(1)间接宾语变为主语, 直接宾语不变;(2)直接宾语变为主语, 间接宾语用介词to或for引导。
*He told us a story.他给我们讲故事。
→We were told a story by him.我们听(他讲)故事。
→A story was told to us by him.故事由他给我们讲。
2. 动词短语视为一个整体, 其后的介词或副词不能省去。
*She will take good care of the children.她将会好好照顾孩子们。
→The children will be taken good care of by her.孩子们将由她来好好照顾。
人教版选择性必修第四册重点语法汇总Unit 1 science fiction ........................................................................ - 1 - unit 2 Iconic attractions .................................................................... - 9 - Unit 3 Sea Exploration .................................................................... - 17 - Unit 4 Sharing ................................................................................. - 24 - Unit 5 Launching Your Career ......................................................... - 31 -Unit 1 science fiction被动语态英语中有两种语态,一种是主动语态,一种是被动语态。
如果主语是动作的执行者,或者动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,则用被动语态。
[观察例句]1.It was going to be tested out by Larry's wife,Claire.2.All the work has been finished by now.3.Now she was being looked after by a robot that looked so human,and it was disturbing.4.You are invited to make a speech in our school.5.Larry persuaded her that the robot wouldn't harm her or allow her to be harmed.[归纳用法]1.例句1中的黑体词部分为过去将来时的被动形式,其构成是was/were going to+be+done。
2.例句2中的黑体词部分为现在完成时的被动形式,其构成是has/have +been +done。
3.例句3中的黑体词部分为过去进行时的被动形式,其构成是was/were +being +done。
4.例句4中的黑体词部分为一般现在时的被动形式,其构成是is/are +done。
5.例句5中的黑体词部分为动词不定式一般式的被动形式,其构成是to+be +done。
一、被动语态的基本构成和用法被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成,被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上,其变化形式与系动词be的完全一样。
下面以do为例列举各种时态的被动语态的形式。
希望大家遵守以下规定。
Some volunteers will be sent to the remote village to help improve the education there.一些志愿者将被派往那个偏远的村庄来帮助提高那里的教育水平。
English lessons are being broadcast on the radio.收音机上正在播英语课程。
The work will have been finished by the end of next month.到下个月底这项工作将会已经完成。
二、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题1.否定词not的位置在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。
He was extremely disappointed to hear that he would not be given a doctor's degree.听到不会获得博士学位,他沮丧到了极点。
2.“get+过去分词”也表被动We got separated when we entered the big hall.我们进入大厅时被挤散了。
3.“be+过去分词”并非都是被动语态系动词be,feel,seem,look等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词,作表语用,构成系表结构,表示某种状态。
I'm interested in mathematics.我对数学感兴趣。
He seems unsatisfied with his work.他似乎对自己的工作不满意。
4.某些情况用主动语态来表示被动含义有些动词如read,write,clean,wash,iron,burn,draw,cook,keep,cut,open,blow,peel,sell,act等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,常和副词well,easily,smoothly等连用,且通常用主动结构表示被动含义。
这些动词的主语一般是表物的词,且这些物往往具有某种内在的特点,这些句子的时态多用一般现在时或一般将来时。
The door doesn't open easily.门不容易打开。
Bikes of that kind sell well.那种自行车好卖。
5.动词短语动词短语在主动结构中是不可分割的,在被动结构中也是如此,不可去掉后面的介词或副词。
The old man was often laughed at.那位老人经常受人嘲笑。
(不可省掉介词at)三、动词不定式的被动形式动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词与其是被动关系时,动词不定式一般使用被动形式。
不定式的被动式可分为一般式和完成式。
(1)作主语Sometimes to be understood is not an easy job.有时被人理解并不是一件容易的事。
[名师点津]①动词不定式(短语)作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在后面。
It is an honour to be invited to speak here.能被邀请在这儿讲话,真是一件荣幸的事。
②单个动词不定式(短语)作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
To be adopted by a key university is difficult for him.对他来说,被一所重点大学录取是困难的。
(2)作表语The task is to be finished by next month.这项工作要到下个月才能完成。
(3)作宾语The boy asked to be given an opportunity to try again.那男孩要求给他再试一次的机会。
(4)作宾语补足语He wanted the boy to be punished for telling lies.他想让那个男孩因说谎而受到惩罚。
(5)作定语He is not a man to be defeated easily.他不是一个容易被打败的人。
(6)作状语She is sent abroad to be trained.她被送到国外培训。
2.不定式的主动形式表示被动意义(1)动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系时,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.今天下午我有许多事要做。
(to do 与things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系)对比:I'll go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted?我要去邮局。
你有信要寄吗?(post与主语you之间不存在主谓关系,只和前面的letter构成动宾关系)(2)在某些“形容词+不定式”作表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。
这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。
This problem is difficult to work out.这个问题很难计算出来。
(3)在too...to...结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.这本书太贵,我买不起。
(4)be to blame常用主动表示被动。
Who is to blame for starting the fire?谁应为放火受责备?四、动词-ing的被动形式动词-ing形式所表示的动作是一个被动动作时,要用动词-ing的被动形式。
包括其一般形式和完成形式。
(一)动词-ing被动形式的构成正在建造的那座大楼将是我们学校的图书馆。
Having been invited,Mr.Li went there to give a speech though he was busy.李先生受邀去那儿做演讲,尽管很忙,但他还是去了。
(二)动词-ing被动形式的用法动词-ing的被动式在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、状语。
She doesn't remember having ever been given a chance to go abroad.(作宾语)她不记得曾被给过出国的机会。
You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere.(作宾语补足语)你会发现到处都在讨论这个话题。
Being selected Chairman of the students' union made him feel proud.(作主语)被选为学生会主席,他很自豪。
Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistakes.(作状语)被告知多次了,他仍然犯同样的错误。
What made his parents happy was his being admitted to a famous university.(作表语)让他父母高兴的是他被一所名牌大学录取了。
The museum being repaired will be reopened to visitors next year.(作定语)正在维修的博物馆明年将开始接待访客。