2014届万学海文公共课学员基础阶段测试题

2014届万学海文公共课学员 基础阶段测试题英语答题注意事项1. 考试要求考试时间：120分钟 满分：100分2. 基本信息学员姓名:____________ 分数:_____ __ ___Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (20 points)Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, the choice of an 1 should be made even before choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, 2 , most people make several job choices during their working lives, 3 because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve 4 position. The “one perfect job” does not exist. Young people should 5 enter into a broad flexible training program that will 6 them for a field of work rather than for a single 7 .Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans 8 benefit of help from a competent vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing 9 about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss 10 . Some drift from job to job. Others 11 to work in which they are unhappy and for which they are not fitted. One common mistake is choosing an occupation for 12 real or imagined prestige. Too many high-school students—or their parents for them—choose the professional field, 13 both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal 14 . The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a “White-collar” job is 15 good reason for choosing it as life’s work. 16 , these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the 17 of young people should give serious 18 to these fields.Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants 19 life and how hard he is willing to work to get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectual satisfaction. Some want security; others are willing to take 20 for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its rewards.1. [A] identification [B] entertainment [C] accommodation [D] occupation2. [A] however [B] therefore [C] though [D] thereby3. [A] entirely [B] mainly [C] partly [D] his4. [A] its [B] his [C] our [D] their5. [A] since [B] therefore [C] furthermore [D] forever6. [A] make [B] fit [C] take [D] leave7. [A] job [B] way [C] means [D] company8. [A] to [B] for [C] without [D] with9. [A] little [B] few [C] much [D] a lot10. [A] chance [B] basis [C] purpose [D] opportunity11. [A] apply [B] appeal [C] stick [D] turn12. [A] our [B] its [C] your [D] their13. [A] concerning [B] following [C] considering [D] disregarding14. [A] preferences [B] requirements [C] tendencies [D] ambitions15. [A] a [B] any [C] no [D] the16. [A] Therefore [B] However [C] Nevertheless [D] Moreover17. [A] majority [B] mass [C] minority [D] multitude18. [A] proposal [B] suggestion [C] consideration [D] appraisal19. [A] towards [B] against [C] out of [D] without20. [A] turns [B] parts [C] choices [D] risksSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirectionsRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (45 points)Text 1There is nothing like the joy of finding out that something sinful is actually good for your, whether it’s sex, chocolate or a glass of fine red wine—or , for that matter, beer, whisky or a satisfying aperitif. We’ve long heard exciting hints that red wine has unique benefits for the heart.But the same sunny reputation for heart health is now starting to shine on all liquor. “No matter where you look, the dominant alcoholic beverage is beneficial—whether it’s red wine in France and Italy, sake in Japan or beer in Germany,” says Dr. Walter Willett, chair of nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health.This has led researchers to an inescapable conclusion. As healthful as components of red wine may be, the primary benefit must come from ethanol itself. In short, it’s the alcohol, stupid. But don’t go overboard. Protection comes only with light to moderate intake – two drinks a day for men or a miserly one a day for women.The majority benefit of alcohol seems to come from its ability to boost levels of HDL, the good cholesterol that helps keep arteries clear of plaque. Ethanol does that by signaling the liver to make more of a substance called Apo A1, the major protein in HDL. The effects can be striking. “Depending on the individual, you can get increases of 10 to 30 percent in HDL in a week,” says Harvard epidemiologist Eric Rimm. Alcohol also makes blood less sticky and less likely to form clots that cause heart attacks and strokes. It also appears to have mild anti-inflammatory effects. And it enhances insulin sensitivity—which may explain why moderate alcohol consumption correlates with a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes.But alcohol is a dietary Jekyll and Hyde. Heavy intake can raise blood pressure, increase irregular heartbeat, and lead to heart failure. The most sobering news concerns cancer. A recent analysis of 156 studies found that as alcohol intake increases, so do risks of tumors in the mouth, and liver. Even moderate drinking can boost breast-cancer risk a small amount.Is moderate drinking worth the risks? For some people—pregnant women, people with liver disease or a history of alcoholism—the answer is no. but for most of us, the benefits will probably outweigh the hazards. Whether you sip wine, beer or spirits, your heart may thank you.21. According to Dr. Walter Willett, for good health, people could drink[A] only red-wine. [B] beer. [C] some whisky. [D] any alcohol.22. It can be inferred from Para 3 that[A] alcohol can lower the risk of plaque in arteries.[B] some components of wine is bad for health.[C] chocolate is good for health.[D] alcohol can be used as medicine.23. By using the word “correlates” (Line 7, Paragraph 3), the author implies that[A] drinking alcohol might cause diabetes.[B] both types of diabetes are related to alcohol consumption.[C] drinking alcohol is good for people with diabetes.[D] drinking alcohol might lower the risk of diabetes.24. By “alcohol is a dietary Jekyll and Hyde”, the author means[A] drinking alcohol can be of both advantage and disadvantage.[B] alcohol is necessary for daily diet.[C] Jekyll and Hyde is a brand of alcohol.[D] drinking alcohol can also be very dangerous.25. What can we get from the last paragraph?[A] People can drink alcohol in a moderate way.[B] Alcohol is good for heart health.[C] Pregnant women can only intake very few alcohol.[D] Alcohol is beneficial to most people.Text 2The scourge that’s plaguing cruise lines—and causing thousands of tourists to rethink their holiday travel plans—didn’t start this year, nor did it even start on a ship. It began, as far as the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) can tell, in Norwalk, U.S., in October 1968, when 116 elementary school children and teachers suddenly became ill. The CDC investigated, and the cause was discovered to be a small, spherical, previously unclassified virus that scientists named, appropriately enough, the Norwalk virus.Flash forward 34 years, and Norwalk-like viruses (there’s a whole family of them) are all over the news as one ocean liner after another limps into port with passengers complaining of nausea and vomiting. The CDC, which gets called in whenever more than 2% of a vessel’s passengers come down with the doomy disease, identified Norwalk as the infectious agent and oversaw thorough ship cleaning—which, to the dismay of the owners of the cruise lines, haven’t made the problem goaway.So are we in the middle of an oceangoing epidemic? Not according to Dave Forney, chief of the CDC’s vessel-sanitation program. He sees this kind of thing all the time; a similar out-break on several ships in Alaska last year got almost no press. In fact, he says, as far as gastrointestinal illness goes, fewer people may be getting sick this year than last.Norwalk-like viruses, it turns out, are extremely common—perhaps second only to cold viruses—and they tend to break out whenever people congregate in close quarters for more than two or three days. Oceangoing pleasure ships provide excellent breeding grounds, but so do schools, hotels, camps, nursing homes and hospitals. “Whenever we look for this virus,” says Dr. Marc Widdowson, a CDC epidemiologist, “we find it.” Just last week 100 students (of 500) at the Varsity Acres Elementary School in Calgary, Canada, stayed home sick. School trick? Hardly. The Norwalk virus had struck again.If ocean cruises are your idea of fun, don’t despair. This might even be a great time to go shipping for a bargain. The ships have been cleaned. The food and water have been examined and found virus free. According to the CDC, it was probably the passengers who brought the virus aboard.Of course, if you are ill or recovering form a stomach bug, you might do everybody for a favor and put off your travel until the infectious period has passed (it can take a couple of weeks). To reduce your chances of getting sick, the best thing to do is wash your hands—frequently and thoroughly—and keep them out of your mouth.One more thing: if, like me, you are prone to motion sickness, don’t forget to pack your Dramamine.26. According to the passage, CDC is an organization that[A] works against the Norwalk-like viruses.[B] helps to control diseases.[C] specialized in treat virus in ocean liners.[D] works for the benefits of cruise owners.27. What can be inferred from the words of Dave Forney?[A] Norwalk-like viruses caused horrors among people.[B] Norwalk-like viruses can be eliminated by CDC.[C] Norwalk-like viruses casually appear on vessels.[D] Norwalk-like viruses co-exist with gastrointestinal illness.28. The history of Norwalk virus tells us that[A] it is named by CDC.[B] it caused thousands of tourists sick.[C] it is an ordinary virus.[D] it has been eradicated now.29. We can learn from the fourth paragraph that[A] students are easily attacked by the Norwalk-like viruses.[B] Norwalk-like viruses tend to break out in closed crowded place.[C] Norwalk-like viruses might cause flu.[D] Norwalk-like viruses are not widespread.30. We know from the author’s suggestions that[A] we can bargain about the ocean cruises.[B] people with motion sickness should not travel by ships.[C] passengers might be the cause of Norwalk-like viruses.[D] hand-washing is good habit.Text 3There has been much talk recently of the “Wal-Martization” of America, a reference to the giant retailer’s enthusiastic attempts to keep its costs—and therefore its prices—at rock-bottom levels. But for years, even during the 1990s boom, much of Corporate America had already embraced Wal-Mart-like strategies to control labor costs, such as hiring temps and part-timers, fighting unions, dismantling internal career ladders, and outsourcing to lower-paying contractors at home and abroad.While these tactics have the admirable outcome of holding down consumer prices, they’re costly in other ways. More than a quarter of the labor force, about 34 million workers, is trapped in low-wage; often dead-end jobs, according to a new book entitled Low-Wage America: HowEmployers Are Reshaping Opportunity in the Workplace. Many middle-income and high-skilled employees face fewer opportunities, too, as companies shift work to subcontractors and temp agencies and move white-collar jobs to India.The result has been an erosion of one of America’s most cherished values: giving its people the ability to move up the economic ladder over their lifetimes. Historically, most Americans, even low-skilled ones, were able to find poorly paid factory jobs, then gradually climb into the middle class as they gained experience and moved up the wage curve. But the number of workers progressing upward began to slip in the 1970s, when the post-World War II productivity boom ran out of steam. Upward mobility diminished even more in the 1980s as globalization and technology slammed blue-collar wages.Many experts expected the trend to reverse as productivity rebounded during the heated economy of the 1990s. Certainly, there were plenty of gains. The long decline in pay rates turned around as super tight labor markets raised the wages of almost everyone. College enrollment boomed, too, and home ownership shot up, extending the American dream to more families. Low interest rates and higher wages allowed even those on the bottom to benefit.But new research suggests that, surprisingly, the best economy in 30 years did little to get America’s boasted upward mobility back on track. The new studies paint a paradoxical picture: Even as the U.S. economy was bursting with wealth in the 1990s, minting dot-com; millionaires by the thousands, conventional companies were cutting the middle out of career ladders, leaving fewer people able to better their economic position over the decade.During the 1990s, relative mobility – that is, the share of Americans changing income quintiles in any direction, up or down – slipped by two percentage points, to 62% .Essentially, says Nobel laureate James J. Heckman, “the big finding in recent years is that notion of America being a highly mobile society isn’t as true as it used to be.”31. Which of the following tactics does Wal-Mart adopt to lower its costs?[A] to fight with unions for its workers’ benefits.[B] to dismiss most of permanent employees.[C] to eliminate the hierarchy of different positions[D] to invite contractors to bid for manufacturing its goods.32. Many American workers get into trouble because[A] their income can hardly feed their families[B]they can not grasp good chances of promotion.[C]they are deprived of better job opportunities[D]they face fierce competition of overseas employees.33. By mentioning poorly paid factory jobs in paragraph 3, the author intends to imply[A]it is hard for laboring people to climb up the social ladder.[B]Americans are less likely to find jobs, even poorly paid jobs.[C]Americans today don’t value what they treasured in the past.[D]Advances of technology lead to the reduction of wage levels.34. The word “rebound” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) probably means.[A]to find a way out. [B]to return to a former condition[C]to become worse than before [D]to get much better35. What conclusion can we make of American economy?[A] In the 1990s, American economy enjoyed a boom.[B]The 1970s witnessed rapid economic growth and better wages.[C]Laborers were more likely to move upward in the 1980s than before.[D]In the 1990s, laborers got more chances to climb up the social ladder.Part BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.(20 points)Judging goodness is not an exact science. Received opinion has, over the ages, recommended various pursuits for the benefits they purportedly bestow, from wearing hair shirts and reading the Bible to cleaning one’s plate at dinner time and listening to Mozart. (36) Self-improvement, be it of body or of mind, is the key, we are told, to individual happiness and collective well-being; striving to find what is good for us will lead us to the good life and the good society.But does science help or hinder? Historians have often identified the scientific revolution of thelate 17th and 18th centuries as the watershed that separated the moderns from the ancients in says of knowing the world. (37) As a result, superstition, tradition and custom no longer stood as the primary authorities that could explain, legitimate and preserve the status quo. (38) The emerging spirit of inquiry and discovery released humanity from pre-modern unenlightenment; out of the darkness came the gas lamp, the electric light bulb and the ultraviolet beam, shedding light on man’s formerly slavish, subordinated state of being.In this Whiggish narrative of progress, science plays its benevolent part in bringing mankind to a higher stage of evolution. (39) Elemental forces are mastered and managed: killer diseases no longer kill, long distances cease to be prohibitive, mass media and communications transform our knowledge of societies outside our own. The length and quality of life increase in tandem with the onward procession of scientists, physicians, inventors and techno-entrepreneurs.Anxieties about where technology might lead us are therefore part of the broader malaise of our impoverished democracy. (40) If we are to feel confident about the power of science to build a brighter future, then we must create structures for the development of moral consensus, through debate and dialogue, across communities and societies at all levels. A socially integrated, politically connected, virtuous science cannot be successfully locked into an inclusive, democratic system when that system itself is weak and failing.Part CDirections: Read the following sentences, translate Chinese into English. Write your answer on the answer sheet. (15 points)41.努力工作，沿着通向成功的道路前进，你肯定会成功的。