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金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院年级专业：201＊级财务管理姓名:学号：132148*＊*附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。
The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
南京邮电大学毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院(系)：经济与管理学院专业：学生姓名：班级学号：外文出处：Journal of Occupational Psychology,1977, Vol.50附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文附件：1.外文资料翻译译文重新评估工作满意度和工作生活质量——詹姆斯.C.泰勒有用的工作满意度的措施在评估工作的特点以及改善工作生活质量中是有问题的。
根据民意调查和组织调查显示，多年以来，虽然在高和稳定的工作满意度水平下，雇员的挫折感和异化迹象却一直在增加。
经过更密切的检查，这似是而非的调查导致的结论是：无论再严谨的工作满意度调查及测量，得到的只是修改工作和减少员工的挫折感方面的没必要的信息。
根据以往的经验以及对工作生活质量的研究表明，为了克服这个缺陷，在测量工作满意度的时候，雇员本身需要更多地参与测量。
工作满意度已经成为一个模糊不清的尴尬概念。
许多代表着工业人文主义利益的社会科学调查员都对工作满意度十分有兴趣，他们建议要去关注和改善人与职位的关系，提高工作满意度。
从20世纪30年代开始，这种关注已经从制造业扩展到服务和文职部门。
然而，我们可以断言，大部分对工作满意度的研究都无法仅通过对工作及工作本身的研究。
历史上曾经有过对工作满意度的研究，这或许可以支持或者攻击现状，这种趋势还将继续下去。
尴尬的是，在对美国雇员的工作满意度的继续调查研究中，用极高的百分比来衡量他们工作的满意程度，而在同一时间内降低对工人的承诺，雇员所表达的通过增加缺勤率（特别是部分周缺勤），罢工（因其他原因除了工资）而拒绝谈判达成的合同以及破坏产品的比率显然变得更大。
雇员异化的这些问题已经提起公众的注意，但是如果公众关注继续增长，为什么雇员安静的绝望与工作越来越被看作是与压力之间的和解，这些事实和精心准备将使对工作满意度的严格调查成为必然。
前言本文的目的是在不减少抽样误差和防范反应的情况下，使用更精密的统计测试，在不同的模式下对满意度数据进行界定和衡量。
外文参考资料二：Abstract: In order to solve the weight problem often encountered in measuring the low-mass objects in the trade and daily life of the modern business, the design of a new pocket-sized electronic scales. This pocket-sized electronic scales Force Sensor gravity signals into electrical signals to measure, and measuring the results of the digital display. The pocket-sized electronic scales with a small size, light weight, easy to carry, intuitive display, measurement and high precision; complex structure, the cost disadvantages. This article focuses on the load cell works, error compensation, the main parameters of selection. And the technical and economic analysis.Keywords: pocket-sized electronic scales; weighing; sensor; error compensationCLC number: TH715. 1] sign code: A Article ID: 100 522 895 (2007) 022*******1 A needs analysisIn modern commerce and trade and everyday life, often encounter the problem of measuring the weight of the low-mass objects. Although the traditional steelyard can solve this problem, but inconvenient to carry, the efficiency is not high, the display is not intuitive and low measurement accuracy; mechanical spring balance can solve this problem, but the inertia inherent low frequency, high sensitivity, measurement accuracy is not high. With the progress and update of the micro-computer technology, integrated circuit technology, sensor technology, electronic scales rapiddevelopment, it has a responsive, high accuracy, fully functional, the display is intuitive, compact, easy to use and so on.For these reasons, in order to solve the low-mass objects weighing problem, if a small size, light weight, portable, digital display electronic scales, will be popular. Discussed below, that is, the scope of a weighing 5 kg compact electronic scales.2 DesignThe principle of the structure of the pocket-sized electronic scales shown in Figure 1. The main task is to design compact electronic scales weighing the choice of the force sensors. Dynamometer sensor types to achieve the weighing and digital display, the key is to want to force (gravity) signals into electrical signals to measure method is mainly divided into two categories: one is the direct method, namely the use of pressure magnetic sensor, piezoelectric sensor, Piezoresistive sensors directly to the force signal converted into electrical signals; the other is the indirect method, the elastic element as the sensor will pull, pressure changes in strain, displacement, or frequency, and then strain sensors, displacement sensors, or frequency sensor strain, displacement or frequency changes for power. Comprehensive comparison of a variety of sensors, use the indirect method of strain gauge force transducer.Pocket-sized electronic scale structural principle:Sensor → amplifier → CPU→ display → AöD converter3 sensor device design3.1 worksThe working principle of the strain gauge force transducer strain gauge pasted into force, force-sensitive elasticelement, the corresponding strain when the elastic element force deformation, the strain gauge into a resistance change, which led to the voltage measuring circuit changes by measuring the output voltage value, and then through the conversion can be obtained by the measurement of body weight. Since the pocket-sized electronic scales require small size, weighing in scope, precision and angle even consistency, sensor and display integration, it is selected parallel to the two holes cantilever beam strain gauge load-bearing sensor. Its characteristics are: high precision, ease of processing, simple and compact structure, strong resistance to partial load, high natural frequency.Strain gauge choice of a metal palisade metal mooring paste on the insulating substrate parked strain gages, mechanical strain resistance strain gauge feelings generally 10 - 10 - 2mm, the resistance rate of change of the attendant about 10 - 6 10 - 2 orders of magnitude, such a small change in resistance measured using the general resistance of the instrument is hard to measure out, you must use some form of measurement.Circuit into small changes in resistance rates to changes in voltage or current, in order to secondary instrument display. Bridge measurement circuit to meet this requirement. In the load cell, R 1, R 2, R 3, R 44 strain gauge resistor bridge measurement circuit shown in Figure 3. R m is the temperature compensation resistor, e is the excitation voltage, V is the output voltage.外文参考资料三：The load cell is a quality signal into a measurable electrical signal outputdevice. Must consider the actual working environment of the sensor which sensor Yin, this is essential for the correct selection of the load cell, and it is related to the sensor can work as well as its safety and service life, and the whole weighing the reliability and safety sex. On the basic concepts and methods of evaluation of the major technical indicators of the load cell, the new and old GB qualitative differences.The traditional concept, the load sensor weighing sensors, force sensors, collectively referred to using a single parameter to evaluate its measurement properties. Old GB will be completely different application objects and the use of environmental conditions "weighing" and "measured force" two sensors into one to consider, not given to distinguish between the test and evaluation methods. Old GB total of 21 indicators, were tested at room temperature; and non-linearity, hysteresis error, repeatability error, creep, the additional error of the zero temperature and the maximum error in the six indicators of the rated output additional temperature error, to determine said The level of accuracy of the weight sensor, respectively 0.02,0.03,0.05 said.Proportion to convert the output signal can be measured. Taking into account the different place of use of the acceleration due to gravity and air buoyancy on the conversion, the main performance indicators of the load cell linearity error, hysteresis error, repeatability error, creep, zero-temperature characteristics and temperature sensitivity characteristics. In a variety of weighing and measuring the quality of the system, usually the integrated error accuracy of the integrated control sensors, and integrated error band or scale error band (Figure 1) linked so that selection corresponds to a certain accuracy weighing weighing sensors. International Organization of Legal Metrology(OIML) requirements, sensor error with total weighing instrument error δ with Δ of 70% of the load cell linearity error, hysteresis error within the specified temperature range due to the effect of temperature on the sensitivity of the error the sum can not exceed the error band of δ. This allows the manufacturer of the components that make up the total measurement error adjustment to obtain the desired accuracy.The load cell conversion method is divided into photoelectric, hydraulic, electromagnetic force type, capacitive, magnetic poles change the form of vibratory gyroscope ceremony, resistance strain type, to the most extensive use of resistance strain.Electromagnetic force sensorIt uses a load-bearing stage load and the principle of electromagnetic force Equilibrium (Figure 5). Put the loading stage, the measured object at one end of the lever upward tilt; photoelectric detect the tilt signal, amplified into the coil, the electromagnetic force, so that the lever to return to equilibrium. Currents produce electromagnetic counterweight digital converter, you can determine the quality of the measured object. The electromagnetic force sensor accuracy, up to 1/2000 ~ 1/60000, but the weighing range is only tens of mg to 10 kg.Capacitive sensorsItcapacitor oscillator circuit of the oscillation frequency f and the plate spacing d is directly proportional relationship between the work (Figure 6). There are two plates, one fixed and the other one can move. Bearing load measured object, the leaf spring deflection, the distance between the twoplates changes, the oscillation frequency of the circuit also changes. The measured frequency change can be calculated to the quality of the load-bearing stage, the measured object. Capacitive sensor power consumption, low cost, accuracy of 1/200 to 1/500.Pole change the form of sensorFerromagneticcomponents in the measured object gravity under mechanical deformation, internal stress and cause changes in permeability, and also changes so that the induced voltage of the secondary coil wound on both sides of the ferromagnetic component (pole). Measure the voltage variation can be calculated added to the force on the pole, and then determine the quality of the measured object. Pole to change the form of sensor accuracy is not high, usually 1/100, applicable to the large tonnage weighing, weighing ranging from tens to tens of thousands of kilograms.Vibration sensorThe force of the elastic element, the natural vibration frequency of the force is proportional to the square root of. Measure the natural frequency changes, you can find the measured object role in the elastic component of the force, and then calculate the quality. The vibration sensor vibrating wire and tuning fork.The elastic component of the vibrating wire sensor string wire. When the load-bearing stage, plus the measured object, the intersection of the V-shaped string wire is pulled down, and left strings of tension increases, the right string tension decreases. The natural frequency of the two strings of different changes. Calculate the frequency difference between the two strings, you can find the quality of the measured object. The higher the accuracy of the vibrating wire sensor, up to 1/1000 ~ 1/10000, weighing 100 g to hundreds of kilograms, but the structure is complex anddifficult process, and high cost.The elastic component of the tuning fork sensor is a tuning fork. Fixed tuning fork end of the piezoelectric element, the natural frequency of oscillation of a tuning fork, it can be measured oscillation frequency. When the load-bearing stage and the measured object, the tuning fork direction of tensile force while the increase in natural frequency, increasing levels of applied force is proportional to the square root. Measure the changes of natural frequency can be calculated heavy loads imposed on the tuning fork on the force, and then calculate the quality of heavy objects. The tuning fork sensor power consumption, measurement accuracy up to 1/10000 to 1/200 000, weighing range of 500g ~ 10kg.外文参考文献中文翻译参考资料二：摘要: 为解决现代商业贸易和日常生活中经常遇到的测量小质量物体的重量问题, 介绍了一种新型的袖珍式电子秤的设计。
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献翻译计算机科学与信息工程系系（院）2008 届题目企业即时通Instant Messaging for Enterprises课题类型技术开发课题来源自选学生姓名许帅专业班级 04计算机科学与技术指导老师王占中职称工程师完成日期：2008年4 月 6 日目录I NSTANT M ESSAGING FOR E NTERPRISE (1)1. Tips (1)2. Introduction (1)3. First things first (2)4.The While-Accept loop (4)5. Per-Thread class (6)6. The Client class (7)企业即时通 (9)1.提示 (9)2.简介 (9)3.首先第一件事 (10)4.监听循环 (11)5.单线程类 (13)6.用户端类 (14)Instant Messaging for Enterprise1. TipsIf Java is, in fact, yet another computer programming language, you may question why it is so important and why it is being promoted as a revolutionary step in computer programming. The answer isn’t immediately obvious if you’re coming from a tr aditional programming perspective. Although Java is very useful for solving traditional standalone programming problems, it is also important because it will solve programming problems on the World Wide Web. What is the Web?The Web can seem a bit of a mys tery at first, with all this talk of “surfing,”“presence,” and “home pages.” It’s helpful to step back and see what it really is, but to do this you must understand client/server systems, another aspect of computing that is full of confusing issues. The primary idea of a client/server system is that you have a central repository of information，some kind of data, often in a database。
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系：机械系专业：车辆工程专业姓名:宋磊春学号:070102234外文出处：EDU_E_CAT_VBA_FF_V5R9(用外文写)附件：1。
外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文.附件1：外文资料翻译译文CATIA V5 的自动化CATIA V5的自动化和脚本：在NT 和Unix上：脚本允许你用宏指令以非常简单的方式计划CATIA。
CATIA 使用在MS –VBScript中(V5.x中在NT和UNIX3。
0 )的共用部分来使得在两个平台上运行相同的宏。
在NT 平台上：自动化允许CATIA像Word/Excel或者Visual Basic程序那样与其他外用分享目标。
ATIA 能使用Word/Excel对象就像Word/Excel能使用CATIA 对象。
在Unix 平台上:CATIA将来的版本将允许从Java分享它的对象。
这将提供在Unix 和NT 之间的一个完美兼容。
CATIA V5 自动化：介绍（仅限NT）自动化允许在几个进程之间的联系:CATIA V5 在NT 上：接口COM：Visual Basic 脚本(对宏来说)，Visual Basic 为应用（适合前:Word/Excel )，Visual Basic。
COM（零部件目标模型)是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象。
Automation 是一种“微软“技术,它使用一种解释环境中的COM对象。
ActiveX 组成部分是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象,即使在解释环境里。
OLE（对象的链接与嵌入）意思是资料可以在一个其他应用OLE的资料里连结并且可以被编辑的方法(在适当的位置编辑）.在VBScript,VBA和Visual Basic之间的差别：Visual Basic(VB）是全部的版本。
它能产生独立的计划,它也能建立ActiveX 和服务器。
它可以被编辑。
VB中提供了一个补充文件名为“在线丛书“(VB的5。
外文翻译外文原文CHANGING ROLES OF THE CLIENTS、ARCHITECTSAND CONTRACTORS THROUGH BIMAbstract:Purpose –This paper aims to present a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature and case studies. It seeks to address the necessity for applying BIM and re-organising the processes and roles in hospital building projects. This type of project is complex due to complicated functional and technical requirements, decision making involving a large number of stakeholders, and long-term development processes.Design/methodology/approach–Through desk research and referring to the ongoing European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed.Findings –One of the main findings is the identification of the main factors for a successful collaboration using BIM, which can be recognised as “POWER”: product information sharing (P),organisational roles synergy (O), work processes coordination (W), environment for teamwork (E), and reference data consolidation (R).Originality/value –This paper contributes to the actual discussion in science and practice on the changing roles and processes that are required to develop and operate sustainable buildings with the support of integrated ICT frameworks and tools. It presents the state-of-the-art of European research projects and some of the first real cases of BIM application in hospital building projects.Keywords:Europe, Hospitals, The Netherlands, Construction works, Response flexibility, Project planningPaper type :General review1. IntroductionHospital building projects, are of key importance, and involve significant investment, and usually take a long-term development period. Hospital building projects are also very complex due to the complicated requirements regarding hygiene, safety, special equipments, and handling of a large amount of data. The building process is very dynamic and comprises iterative phases and intermediate changes. Many actors with shifting agendas, roles and responsibilities are actively involved, such as: the healthcare institutions, national and local governments, project developers, financial institutions, architects, contractors, advisors, facility managers, and equipment manufacturers and suppliers. Such building projects are very much influenced, by the healthcare policy, which changes rapidly in response to the medical, societal and technological developments, and varies greatly between countries (World Health Organization, 2000). In The Netherlands, for example, the way a building project in the healthcare sector is organised is undergoing a major reform due to a fundamental change in the Dutch health policy that was introduced in 2008.The rapidly changing context posts a need for a building with flexibility over its lifecycle. In order to incorporate life-cycle considerations in the building design, construction technique, and facility management strategy, a multidisciplinary collaboration is required. Despite the attempt for establishing integrated collaboration, healthcare building projects still faces serious problems in practice, such as: budget overrun, delay, and sub-optimal quality in terms of flexibility, end-user’s dissatisfaction, and energy inefficiency. It is evident that the lack of communication and coordination between the actors involved in the different phases of a building project is among the most important reasons behind these problems. The communication between different stakeholders becomes critical, as each stakeholder possesses different setof skills. As a result, the processes for extraction, interpretation, and communication of complex design information from drawings and documents are often time-consuming and difficult. Advanced visualisation technologies, like 4D planning have tremendous potential to increase the communication efficiency and interpretation ability of the project team members. However, their use as an effective communication tool is still limited and not fully explored. There are also other barriers in the information transfer and integration, for instance: many existing ICT systems do not support the openness of the data and structure that is prerequisite for an effective collaboration between different building actors or disciplines.Building information modelling (BIM) offers an integrated solution to the previously mentioned problems. Therefore, BIM is increasingly used as an ICT support in complex building projects. An effective multidisciplinary collaboration supported by an optimal use of BIM require changing roles of the clients, architects, and contractors; new contractual relationships; and re-organised collaborative processes. Unfortunately, there are still gaps in the practical knowledge on how to manage the building actors to collaborate effectively in their changing roles, and to develop and utilise BIM as an optimal ICT support of the collaboration.This paper presents a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature review and case studies. In the next sections, based on literature and recent findings from European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed. Subsequently, through the observation of two ongoing pilot projects in The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors through BIM application are investigated. In conclusion, the critical success factors as well as the main barriers of a successful integrated collaboration using BIM are identified.2. Changing roles through integrated collaboration and life-cycle design approachesA hospital building project involves various actors, roles, and knowledge domains. In The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors in hospital building projects are inevitable due the new healthcare policy. Previously under the Healthcare Institutions Act (WTZi), healthcare institutions were required to obtain both a license and a building permit for new construction projects and major renovations. The permit was issued by the Dutch Ministry of Health. The healthcare institutions were then eligible to receive financial support from the government. Since 2008, new legislation on the management of hospital building projects and real estate has come into force. In this new legislation, a permit for hospital building project under the WTZi is no longer obligatory, nor obtainable (Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, 2008). This change allows more freedom from the state-directed policy, and respectively, allocates more responsibilities to the healthcare organisations to deal with the financing and management of their real estate. The new policy implies that the healthcare institutions are fully responsible to man age and finance their building projects and real estate. The government’s support for the costs of healthcare facilities will no longer be given separately, but will be included in the fee for healthcare services. This means that healthcare institutions must earn back their investment on real estate through their services. This new policy intends to stimulate sustainable innovations in the design, procurement and management of healthcare buildings, which will contribute to effective and efficient primary healthcare services.The new strategy for building projects and real estate management endorses an integrated collaboration approach. In order to assure the sustainability during construction, use, and maintenance, the end-users, facility managers, contractors and specialist contractors need to be involved in the planning and design processes. The implications of the new strategy are reflected in the changing roles of the building actors and in the new procurement method.In the traditional procurement method, the design, and its details, are developed by the architect, and design engineers. Then, the client (the healthcare institution) sends an application to the Ministry of Healthto obtain an approval on the building permit and the financial support from the government. Following this, a contractor is selected through a tender process that emphasises the search for the lowest-price bidder. During the construction period, changes often take place due to constructability problems of the design and new requirements from the client. Because of the high level of technical complexity, and moreover, decision-making complexities, the whole process from initiation until delivery of a hospital building project can take up to ten years time. After the delivery, the healthcare institution is fully in charge of the operation of the facilities. Redesigns and changes also take place in the use phase to cope with new functions and developments in the medical world.The integrated procurement pictures a new contractual relationship between the parties involved in a building project. Instead of a relationship between the client and architect for design, and the client and contractor for construction, in an integrated procurement the client only holds a contractual relationship with the main party that is responsible for both design and construction. The traditional borders between tasks and occupational groups become blurred since architects, consulting firms, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers all stand on the supply side in the building process while the client on the demand side. Such configuration puts the architect, engineer and contractor in a very different position that influences not only their roles, but also their responsibilities, tasks and communication with the client, the users, the team and other stakeholders.The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method requires a shift of mindset of the parties on both the demand and supply sides. It is essential for the client and contractor to have a fair and open collaboration in which both can optimally use their competencies. The effectiveness of integrated collaboration is also determined by the client’s capacity and strategy to organize innovative tendering procedures.A new challenge emerges in case of positioning an architect in a partnership with the contractor instead of with the client. In case of the architect enters a partnership with the contractor, an important issues is how to ensure the realisation of the architectural values as well as innovative engineering through an efficient construction process. In another case, the architect can stand at the client’s side in a strategic advisory role instead of being the designer. In this case, the architect’s responsibility is translating client’s requirements and wishes into the architectural values to be included in the design specification, and evaluating the contractor’s proposal against this. In any of this new role, the architect holds the responsibilities as stakeholder interest facilitator, custodian of customer value and custodian of design models.The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method also brings consequences in the payment schemes. In the traditional building process, the honorarium for the architect is usually based on a percentage of the project costs; this may simply mean that the more expensive the building is, the higher the honorarium will be. The engineer receives the honorarium based on the complexity of the design and the intensity of the assignment. A highly complex building, which takes a number of redesigns, is usually favourable for the engineers in terms of honorarium. A traditional contractor usually receives the commission based on the tender to construct the building at the lowest price by meeting the minimum specifications given by the client. Extra work due to modifications is charged separately to the client. After the delivery, the contractor is no longer responsible for the long-term use of the building. In the traditional procurement method, all risks are placed with the client.In integrated procurement method, the payment is based on the achieved building performance; thus, the payment is non-adversarial. Since the architect, engineer and contractor have a wider responsibility on the quality of the design and the building, the payment is linked to a measurement system of the functional and technical performance of the building over a certain period of time. The honorarium becomes an incentive to achieve the optimal quality. If the building actors succeed to deliver a higher added-value thatexceed the minimum client’s requirements, they will receive a bonus in accordance to the client’s extra gain. The level of transparency is also improved. Open book accounting is an excellent instrument provided that the stakeholders agree on the information to be shared and to its level of detail (InPro, 2009).Next to the adoption of integrated procurement method, the new real estate strategy for hospital building projects addresses an innovative product development and life-cycle design approaches. A sustainable business case for the investment and exploitation of hospital buildings relies on dynamic life-cycle management that includes considerations and analysis of the market development over time next to the building life-cycle costs (investment/initial cost, operational cost, and logistic cost). Compared to the conventional life-cycle costing method, the dynamic life-cycle management encompasses a shift from focusing only on minimizing the costs to focusing on maximizing the total benefit that can be gained. One of the determining factors for a successful implementation of dynamic life-cycle management is the sustainable design of the building and building components, which means that the design carries sufficient flexibility to accommodate possible changes in the long term (Prins, 1992).Designing based on the principles of life-cycle management affects the role of the architect, as he needs to be well informed about the usage scenarios and related financial arrangements, the changing social and physical environments, and new technologies. Design needs to integrate people activities and business strategies over time. In this context, the architect is required to align the design strategies with the organisational, local and global policies on finance, business operations, health and safety, environment, etc.The combination of process and product innovation, and the changing roles of the building actors can be accommodated by integrated project delivery or IPD (AIA California Council, 2007). IPD is an approach that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to reduce waste and optimize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and construction. IPD principles can be applied to a variety of contractual arrangements. IPD teams will usually include members well beyond the basic triad of client, architect, and contractor. At a minimum, though, an Integrated Project should include a tight collaboration between the client, the architect, and the main contractor ultimately responsible for construction of the project, from the early design until the project handover. The key to a successful IPD is assembling a team that is committed to collaborative processes and is capable of working together effectively. IPD is built on collaboration. As a result, it can only be successful if the participants share and apply common values and goals.3. Changing roles through BIM applicationBuilding information model (BIM) comprises ICT frameworks and tools that can support the integrated collaboration based on life-cycle design approach. BIM is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. As such it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its lifecycle from inception onward (National Institute of Building Sciences NIBS, 2007). BIM facilitates time and place independent collaborative working. A basic premise of BIM is collaboration by different stakeholders at different phases of the life cycle of a facility to insert, extract, update or modify information in the BIM to support and reflect the roles of that stakeholder. BIM in its ultimate form, as a shared digital representation founded on open standards for interoperability, can become a virtual information model to be handed from the design team to the contractor and subcontractors and then to the client.BIM is not the same as the earlier known computer aided design (CAD). BIM goes further than an application to generate digital (2D or 3D) drawings. BIM is an integrated model in which all process and product information is combined, stored, elaborated, and interactively distributed to all relevant building actors. As a central model for all involved actors throughout the project lifecycle, BIM develops andevolves as the project progresses. Using BIM, the proposed design and engineering solutions can be measured against the client’s requirements and expected building performance. The functionalities of BIM to support the design process extend to multidimensional (nD), including: three-dimensional visualisation and detailing, clash detection, material schedule, planning, cost estimate, production and logistic information, and as-built documents. During the construction process, BIM can support the communication between the building site, the factory and the design office– which is crucial for an effective and efficient prefabrication and assembly processes as well as to prevent or solve problems related to unforeseen errors or modifications. When the building is in use, BIM can be used in combination with the intelligent building systems to provide and maintain up-to-date information of the building performance, including the life-cycle cost.To unleash the full potential of more efficient information exchange in the AEC/FM industry in collaborative working using BIM, both high quality open international standards and high quality implementations of these standards must be in place. The IFC open standard is generally agreed to be of high quality and is widely implemented in software. Unfortunately, the certification process allows poor quality implementations to be certified and essentially renders the certified software useless for any practical usage with IFC. IFC compliant BIM is actually used less than manual drafting for architects and contractors, and show about the same usage for engineers. A recent survey shows that CAD (as a closed-system) is still the major form of technique used in design work (over 60 per cent) while BIM is used in around 20 percent of projects for architects and in around 10 per cent of projects for engineers and contractors.The application of BIM to support an optimal cross-disciplinary and cross-phase collaboration opens a new dimension in the roles and relationships between the building actors. Several most relevant issues are: the new role of a model manager; the agreement on the access right and Intellectual Property Right (IPR); the liability and payment arrangement according to the type of contract and in relation to the integrated procurement; and the use of open international standards.Collaborative working using BIM demands a new expert role of a model manager who possesses ICT as well as construction process know-how (InPro, 2009). The model manager deals with the system as well as with the actors. He provides and maintains technological solutions required for BIM functionalities, manages the information flow, and improves the ICT skills of the stakeholders. The model manager does not take decisions on design and engineering solutions, nor the organisational processes, but his roles in the chain of decision making are focused on:the development of BIM, the definition of the structure and detail level of the model, and the deployment of relevant BIM tools, such as for models checking, merging, and clash detections;the contribution to collaboration methods, especially decision making and communication protocols, task planning, and risk management;and the management of information, in terms of data flow and storage, identification of communication errors, and decision or process (re-)tracking.Regarding the legal and organisational issues, one of the actual questions is: “In what way does the intellectual property right (IPR) in collaborative working using BIM differ from the IPR in a traditional teamwork?”. In terms of combined work, the IPR of each element is at tached to its creator. Although it seems to be a fully integrated design, BIM actually resulted from a combination of works/elements; for instance: the outline of the building design, is created by the architect, the design for the electrical system, is created by the electrical contractor, etc. Thus, in case of BIM as a combined work, the IPR is similar to traditional teamwork. Working with BIM with authorship registration functionalities may actually make it easier to keep track of the IPR.How does collaborative working, using BIM, effect the contractual relationship? On the one hand,collaborative working using BIM does not necessarily change the liability position in the contract nor does it obligate an alliance contract. The General Principles of BIM A ddendum confirms: ‘This does not effectuate or require a restructuring of contractual relationships or shifting of risks between or among the Project Participants other than as specifically required per the Protocol Addendum and its Attachments’ (ConsensusDOCS, 2008). On the other hand, changes in terms of payment schemes can be anticipated. Collaborative processes using BIM will lead to the shifting of activities from to the early design phase. Much, if not all, activities in the detailed engineering and specification phase will be done in the earlier phases. It means that significant payment for the engineering phase, which may count up to 40 per cent of the design cost, can no longer be expected. As engineering work is done concurrently with the design, a new proportion of the payment in the early design phase is necessary.4. Review of ongoing hospital building projects using BIMIn The Netherlands, the changing roles in hospital building projects are part of the strategy, which aims at achieving a sustainable real estate in response to the changing healthcare policy. Referring to literature and previous research, the main factors that influence the success of the changing roles can be concluded as: the implementation of an integrated procurement method and a life-cycle design approach for a sustainable collaborative process; the agreement on the BIM structure and the intellectual rights; and the integration of the role of a model manager. The preceding sections have discussed the conceptual thinking on how to deal with these factors effectively. This current section observes two actual projects and compares the actual practice with the conceptual view respectively.The main issues, which are observed in the case studies, are:the selected procurement method and the roles of the involved parties within this method;the implementation of the life-cycle design approach;the type, structure, and functionalities of BIM used in the project;the openness in data sharing and transfer of the model, and the intended use of BIM in the future; and the roles and tasks of the model manager.The pilot experience of hospital building projects using BIM in the Netherlands can be observed at University Medical Centre St Radboud (further referred as UMC) and Maxima Medical Centre (further referred as MMC). At UMC, the new building project for the Faculty of Dentistry in the city of Nijmegen has been dedicated as a BIM pilot project. At MMC, BIM is used in designing new buildings for Medical Simulation and Mother-and-Child Centre in the city of Veldhoven.The first case is a project at the University Medical Centre (UMC) St Radboud. UMC is more than just a hospital. UMC combines medical services, education and research. More than 8500 staff and 3000 students work at UMC. As a part of the innovative real estate strategy, UMC has considered to use BIM for its building projects. The new development of the Faculty of Dentistry and the surrounding buildings on the Kapittelweg in Nijmegen has been chosen as a pilot project to gather practical knowledge and experience on collaborative processes with BIM support.The main ambition to be achieved through the use of BIM in the building projects at UMC can be summarised as follows:using 3D visualisation to enhance the coordination and communication among the building actors, and the user participation in design;integrating the architectural design with structural analysis, energy analysis, cost estimation, and planning;interactively evaluating the design solutions against the programme of requirements and specifications;reducing redesign/remake costs through clash detection during the design process; andoptimising the management of the facility through the registration of medical installations andequipments, fixed and flexible furniture, product and output specifications, and operational data.The second case is a project at the Maxima Medical Centre (MMC). MMC is a large hospital resulted from a merger between the Diaconessenhuis in Eindhoven and St Joseph Hospital in Veldhoven. Annually the 3,400 staff of MMC provides medical services to more than 450,000 visitors and patients. A large-scaled extension project of the hospital in Veldhoven is a part of its real estate strategy. A medical simulation centre and a women-and-children medical centre are among the most important new facilities within this extension project. The design has been developed using 3D modelling with several functionalities of BIM.The findings from both cases and the analysis are as follows. Both UMC and MMC opted for a traditional procurement method in which the client directly contracted an architect, a structural engineer, and a mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) consultant in the design team. Once the design and detailed specifications are finished, a tender procedure will follow to select a contractor. Despite the choice for this traditional method, many attempts have been made for a closer and more effective multidisciplinary collaboration. UMC dedicated a relatively long preparation phase with the architect, structural engineer and MEP consultant before the design commenced. This preparation phase was aimed at creating a common vision on the optimal way for collaboration using BIM as an ICT support. Some results of this preparation phase are: a document that defines the common ambition for the project and the collaborative working process and a semi-formal agreement that states the commitment of the building actors for collaboration. Other than UMC, MMC selected an architecture firm with an in-house engineering department. Thus, the collaboration between the architect and structural engineer can take place within the same firm using the same software application.Regarding the life-cycle design approach, the main attention is given on life-cycle costs, maintenance needs, and facility management. Using BIM, both hospitals intend to get a much better insight in these aspects over the life-cycle period. The life-cycle sustainability criteria are included in the assignments for the design teams. Multidisciplinary designers and engineers are asked to collaborate more closely and to interact with the end-users to address life-cycle requirements. However, ensuring the building actors to engage in an integrated collaboration to generate sustainable design solutions that meet the life-cycle performance expectations is still difficult. These actors are contracted through a traditional procurement method. Their tasks are specific, their involvement is rather short-term in a certain project phase, their responsibilities and liabilities are limited, and there is no tangible incentive for integrated collaboration.From the current progress of both projects, it can be observed that the type and structure of BIM relies heavily on the choice for BIM software applications. Revit Architecture and Revit Structure by Autodesk are selected based on the argument that it has been widely used internationally and it is compatible with AutoCAD, a widely known product of the same software manufacturer. The compatibility with AutoCAD is a key consideration at MMC since the drawings of the existing buildings were created with this application. These 2D drawings were then used as the basis to generate a 3D model with the BIM software application. The architectural model generated with Revit Architecture and the structural model generated by Revit Structure can be linked directly. In case of a change in the architectural model, a message will be sent to the structural engineer. He can then adjust the structural model, or propose a change in return to the architect, so that the structural model is always consistent with the architectural one.Despite the attempt of the design team to agree on using the same software application, the MEP consultant is still not capable to use Revit; and therefore, a conversion of the model from and to Revit is still required. Another weakness of this “closed approach”, which is dependent to the use of the same software applications, may appear in the near future when the project further progresses into the construction phase. If the contractor uses another software application, considerable extra work will be needed to make the model creted during the design phase to be compatible for use in the construction phase.。
毕业论文外文翻译Title: The Influence of Technological Advancements on Education Abstract:This paper explores the impact of technological advancements on education. With the rapid development of technology, its introduction into education has revolutionized the way knowledge is acquired and shared. The benefits of technology integration in education include improving learning outcomes, enhancing access to education, and fostering collaboration and communication. On the other hand, potential challenges such as inequality in access to technology and the risk of replacing traditional teaching methods with digital tools are also discussed. To address these challenges, the paper proposes recommendations and strategies for effectively using technology in education. It concludes that while technology has the potential to significantly enhance education, careful planning, teacher training, and continuous evaluation are crucial to ensure its successful integration.1. IntroductionEducation is the foundation of personal and societal development. Over the years, technological advancements have played a significant role in transforming various sectors, including education. The integration of technology in education has opened up new possibilities for teaching and learning.2. Benefits of Technological Integration in Education2.1 Improved Learning OutcomesTechnology has the potential to enhance learning outcomes by providing personalized and engaging learning experiences.Interactive multimedia resources, such as videos, simulations, and virtual reality, can make complex concepts more accessible and understandable for students. Additionally, learning management systems and online platforms enable students to access educational materials anytime and anywhere, facilitating self-paced learning. 2.2 Enhanced Access to EducationTechnology has greatly expanded access to education, especially in remote and underserved areas. Online courses, virtual classrooms, and open educational resources have democratized education, allowing individuals to overcome geographical barriers and access learning opportunities that were previously unavailable. Furthermore, technology has created opportunities for lifelong learning, making education more accessible to adults and professionals.2.3 Collaboration and CommunicationTechnology enables collaboration and communication among students, teachers, and experts from different locations. Online discussion forums, video conferencing, and collaborative tools promote active participation, peer learning, and knowledge sharing. These digital platforms also facilitate communication between teachers and students, providing instant feedback and support outside of the traditional classroom settings.3. Challenges and ConcernsDespite the numerous benefits, there are challenges and concerns associated with technology integration in education.3.1 Inequality in Access to TechnologyThe digital divide creates unequal access to technology, making it difficult for some students to fully benefit from technology in their educational journey. Limited access to devices, stable internet connection, and technology literacy are major barriers that need to be addressed to ensure equal opportunities for all learners.3.2 Potential Over-reliance on TechnologyThere is a risk of over-reliance on technology, leading to the exclusion of effective traditional teaching methods or neglecting essential skills, such as critical thinking and problem-solving. It is important to strike a balance between technology use and traditional teaching approaches, ensuring that technology complements and enhances, rather than replaces, the core aspects of education.4. Recommendations and StrategiesTo harness the potential of technology in education, it is important to consider the following recommendations and strategies:4.1 Infrastructure and AccessEfforts should be made to bridge the digital divide by providing infrastructure, such as devices and internet connectivity, to underserved communities. Schools and educational institutions should prioritize equal access to technology and ensure that students have the necessary skills to utilize it effectively.4.2 Teacher Training and Professional DevelopmentTeachers play a critical role in integrating technology into the curriculum. Adequate training and professional development programs are essential to equip teachers with the skills andknowledge to effectively use technology for teaching and learning purposes. Continuous support and opportunities for collaboration and sharing of best practices should be provided.4.3 Continuous Evaluation and AdaptationRegular evaluation and feedback mechanisms should be in place to assess the impact of technology integration on learning outcomes. This will help identify areas for improvement and adapt teaching practices accordingly. Continuous evaluation will also ensure that the integration of technology remains aligned with educational goals and objectives.5. ConclusionTechnology has the potential to reshape education in unprecedented ways. This paper has highlighted the benefits and challenges of technology integration in education. It is essential to recognize that technology is a tool, not a substitute for quality teaching and learning. Strategic planning, teacher training, and evaluation are necessary to ensure technology's effective integration into education, thus harnessing its full potential to improve learning outcomes, enhance access to education, and foster collaboration and communication.。
毕业论文(设计)外文资料翻译学院：物理科学与电子技术学院专业：电子信息工程姓名：雷顺明学号：05223137外文出处：/colourful-rhyth ms-of-light-tango-r971913.htm附件：1、外文资料翻译译文；2、外文原文。
指导教师评语：该同学的外文资料翻译较准确，说明前期准备阶段的文献调研做了一定的工作，达到了预期目的。
签名：年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文简易音乐彩灯控制器本例介绍一个简易音乐彩灯控制器，它的电路结构虽然非常简单，但使用效果很好，适宜初学者制作。
工作原理:简易音乐彩灯控制器电路如图所示，电路主要采用了一只晶闸管和一只三极管等组成。
220V交流电经灯串EL和二极管VD1一VD4桥式整流后变成约200V的脉动电压，一路加在晶闸管VT的两端作为VS工作所需的正向阳极电压；另一路经R1与R4分压，并经电容Cl滤波，在Cl两端可获得约3V左右稳定的直流电压，作为三极管VT的工作电压。
RP为声控灵敏度调节电位器，要求环境在无音乐声场时，调整RP使三极管VT刚好处于临界导通状态，这时VS的门极被VT短接无法获得触发电压，所以晶闸管VS处于关断态，流过彩灯串EL的电流极微，彩灯串EL不亮。
如果有人打开音响设备播放音乐时，压电陶瓷片B就拾取环境声波信号，并将其转换成相应的音频电压加在VT的发射结上。
强信号的负半周就使三极管VT退出导通态进入放大态，故VT的集电极电位升高，音乐信号愈强，VT集电极电位也就愈高，当高至晶闸管VS门极的触发电平时，VS开通彩灯串点亮发光。
弱信号时，VT集电极输出电平低于晶闸管门极的触发电平，晶闸管因交流电过零时即关断。
所以彩灯串EL能随环境声波信号的强弱而闪烁。
元器件选择VS选用普通小型塑封单向晶闸管，如2N6565,MCR100一8、BT169型等；VT选用或3DG8型硅NPN小功率三极管，要求电流放大系数β＞200；VD1一VD4选用1 N4007型等硅整流二极管。
RP为WH5型小型合成碳膜电位器，其余电阻均选用RTX一1/8W型碳膜电阻器。
C1用CD11一16V型电解电容器。
B选用Φ27 mm的压电陶瓷片，如Fr-27、HTD27 A一1型等。
彩灯串EL可用市售产品。
制作与调试除彩灯串EL外所有电子元器件安装在一块自制的印制电路板上，并将其装人大小合适的塑料或木制盒内。
在盒面应开数个透音孔，在压电陶瓷片B的铜底板上涂一些环氧树脂胶，然后将压电陶瓷片，从盒内向外粘贴在机盒的透音孔上。
在盒子的透音孔外，再粘贴一块开有小孔的塑料板，作为保护板，以防止人手可能触摸到压电陶瓷片的金属面。
经过这样处理，机盒可充当压电陶瓷片的共鸣腔，有利于提高压电陶瓷片接收音波的灵敏度。
使用时，将控制器放在音响设备的音箱附近，调节电位器RP，就能使彩灯串随音乐节奏而闪烁。
调节电位器RP时，应先由大逐渐调小，当调到某一位置时，彩灯串会常亮不闪，然后将电位器稍微调大使彩灯串熄灭，这时说明三极管VT刚好处于临界导通态，声控灵敏度为最高，只要环境稍有声响就能使灯串点亮。
若将电位器阻值再调大，则声控灵敏度下降，即需要较强的声响才能使灯串闪烁。
使用时，如发现电位器阻值调到最小都不能使彩灯串点亮发光，说明三极管VT始终处于导通状态，从而将晶闸管VS封死，此时可将VT换用月值较小的三极管试之，或适当增大电阻R3的阻值；如果电位器无论调在什么位置彩灯串EL始终常亮不闪，调到最大也不能使灯串熄灭，说明三极管VT不能进人导通态，应换用月值大一些的三极管试之，或适当减小电阻R3的阻值或再增大电阻R2的阻值，直至调动电位器RP时应有一位置能使彩灯串常亮，再增大RP值时彩灯串应能熄灭，说明R2、R3恰当。
在更换电阻或三极管时应切断电源后方可进行，必要重视。
那些五彩斑斓、变化不定的灯光能有效地烘托演出气氛，突出主题。
尤其是将音乐与灯光有机结合，即用音乐信号的强度控制灯光亮度的变化，使其具有“彩色音乐”的效果，使人获得高雅的享受。
本课题来源于生产实际。
当今的各种文艺演出场所，灯光控制是一项重要工作。
大型庆祝活动及城市亮化工程对灯光控制也有需求。
本课题设计要求如下：a)控制器具有8路输出，每路负载用一个220V/15W的彩色灯泡模拟，控制器同时驱动8路负载工作；b)控制器能存储128种以上的流水节目，使用时可任意调出其中的一种进行显示；c)具有声控灯光亮度的功能，要求将音乐信号分为高、中、低三个频段，8路彩灯分成3组，分别受高、中、低三个频率音乐成份控制，音乐信号强度越高彩灯越亮；d)为了确保电路安全运行，要求实行高、低压电路隔离；e)设计电路所需的直流稳压电源；课题解决的主要问题是音乐信号分频、音乐信号强度对灯光亮度的控制和“流水节目”的存储和实现。
控制器电路主要由高、中、低频段音乐信号通道电路，驱动、隔离电路，流水节目控制电路，时基电路和稳压电源电路组成。
音乐信号经音乐通道分成高、中、低三种频率音乐成分，各频率段有相应的彩灯，灯光亮度随信号强度的变化而变化，形成声控彩灯的效果。
流水节目信号存放在EPROM2716中，通过改变其地址实现流水节目。
稳压电源提供+5V和+9V的电压。
共有市场上的新颖性，发光二极管探戈配件生产的SKOFF规定了新的趋势，照明制造商和室内设计部门。
各种各样的应用，原来的设计和功能，使发光二极管装置的音乐线系列，越来越多的舞蹈进入我们的家庭和公共建筑。
这么小的和优雅的装修提供了无休止的可能性，照明和照明的所有类型的内饰。
探戈拟合的LED所产生SKOFF是不仅仅是一个光源，这是向前迈出的一步在若干领域-尤其如此，在现代设计。
这是为什么？在丹拟合，就像在整个各类音乐系列产品的生产SKOFF ，利用了现代的LED二极管照明系统。
在LED技术的特点是高光的发射在非常低的能耗水平。
为此，探戈照明无比便宜了比传统灯。
此外，丹配件已经作出的不锈钢或铝。
这个原因，除了令人印象深刻的表现，他们也获得了几个实际的特点，如高品质的元件，和耐用性。
还有一个优势在于寿命的LED二极管-五点〇万小时连续照明，至少！由于最低水平的散热量，探戈的特点是操作安全，这是一定的意义时，装置上进行易燃表面（木材，家具板，石膏板），并在地方受潮。
该装置应被证明是优秀的使用的地方，如：楼梯，家具，走廊，大厅，厨房，浴室，孩子们的房间，迪斯科舞厅和酒吧的室内，公共建筑物：办公楼，医院，或通行的方式，因为这事件。
安全和舒适的使用SKOFF的产品是如此巨大，音乐线系列照明证明是优秀的，即使在近距离使用的新生儿。
探戈装置是用来离散照亮孩子们的房间，因为他们排放软，非侵入性的光线，并通过其结构有利的'驯服轻' ，发光二极管的使用是无形的用户，从而有可能避免不愉快的'耀眼效果。
探戈配件有两种材料版本-不锈钢和铝。
根据某一特定对象的使用和用户偏好，提供介绍SKOFF四种颜色的排放轻：白色，红色，蓝色和绿色。
也有提供设计师版本：探戈，迷你探戈，探戈棒（直接固定在任何表面上使用的胶水或压敏胶带），探戈小棒，以及多探戈（双拟合）和灯架铎探戈（双拟合距离片，将它移到离水面）。
简单的安装，充分的选择合适的类型，和良好的光效应，结合原始设计导致无限阵列的应用。
一些著名奖项-金奖波兹南国际贸易博览会，奖励在'希隆斯克Rzecz '设计比赛，和欧洲奖章-已授予SKOFF音乐线系列产品，其中包括探戈系列。
这是一个明确的证据，证明该一起跳舞跳舞照明星是在没有其他的节奏比SKOFF的LED探戈节奏。
For_Immediate_Release:波兰，波兰人民共和国（新闻发布） 08年11月18号-这么小的和优雅的装修提供了无休止的可能性照明和照明的所有类型的内饰。
探戈拟合的LED所产生SKOFF是不仅仅是一个光源，这是向前迈出的一步在若干领域-尤其如此，在现代设计。
这是为什么？在丹拟合，就像在整个各类音乐系列产品的生产SKOFF ，利用了现代的LED二极管照明系统。
在LED技术的特点是高光的发射在非常低的能耗水平。
为此，探戈照明无比便宜了比传统灯。
此外，丹配件已经作出的不锈钢或铝。
由于这一点，除了令人印象深刻的表现，他们也获得了几个实际的特点，如高品质的元件，和耐用性。
还有一个优势在于寿命的LED二极管-五点〇万小时连续照明，至少！由于最低水平的散热量，探戈的特点是操作安全，这是一定的意义时，装置上进行易燃表面（木材，家具板，石膏板），并在地方受潮。
该装置应被证明是优秀的使用的地方，如：楼梯，家具，走廊，大厅，厨房，浴室，孩子们的房间，迪斯科舞厅和酒吧的室内，公共建筑物：办公楼，医院，或通行的方式，因为这事件。
安全和舒适的使用SKOFF的产品是如此巨大，音乐线系列照明证明是优秀的，即使在近距离使用的新生儿。
探戈装置是用来离散照亮孩子们的房间，因为他们排放软，非侵入性的光线，并通过其结构有利的“驯服”光，发光二极管的使用是无形的用户，从而有可能避免令人不快的“耀眼的影响。
”探戈配件有两种材料版本-不锈钢和铝。
根据某一特定对象的使用和用户偏好，提供介绍SKOFF四种颜色的排放轻：白色，红色，蓝色和绿色。
也有提供设计师版本：探戈，迷你探戈，探戈棒（直接固定在任何表面上使用的胶水或压敏胶带），探戈小棒，以及多探戈（双拟合）和灯架铎探戈（双拟合距离片，将它移到离水面）。
简单的安装，充分的选择合适的类型，和良好的光效应，结合原始设计导致无限阵列的应用。
本课题设计的音乐彩灯控制器电路由常用模拟器件，小规模集成电路（SSI），和存储芯片组成。
彩灯一方面能受音乐信号的控制，另一方面有多种灯光流水节目。
设计出的彩灯控制器具有声控彩灯效果和流水节目功能的。
经济的发展和夜市的兴起，各种花样的彩灯装饰层出不穷，给夜间的城市带来了绚丽的色彩。
那些五彩斑斓、变化不定的灯光能有效地烘托演出气氛，突出主题。
也可以满足大型庆祝活动及城市亮化工程的需求。
尤其是将音乐信号与灯光有机结合，即用音乐的强度控制灯光亮度的变化，使其具有“彩色音乐”的效果，使人获得高雅的享受。
人们生活水平的提高，需要进一步地提高生活质量、美化生活环境，利用各种彩灯来装饰美化生活已成为一种时尚。
附件2：外文原文The Design of Simple Colourful Light of MusicController CircuitIn this case to introduce a simple music lantern controller, the circuit structure although it is very simple, but effective, and suitable for beginners productionWorkuing PrincipleThe Circuit of Colourful Light of Music Controller is shown as the Figure.the Circuit mainly including a thyristor and a transistor and other components.220V AC by the EL and LED string lights VD1 after a bridge rectifier VD4 into the pulse of about 200V voltage，Plus all the way at the two ends of VT in thyristor VS required as positive anode voltage;another via R1 and R4 pressure, and by filtering capacitor Cl, Cl both ends available in about a stable 3V or DC voltage, VT as a transistor's operating voltage.RP as a voice-activated sensitivity adjustment potentiometer, the Environment and in the absence of music sound field, the adjustment of RP so just at the threshold VT transistor conduction state, when VS gate was then unable to obtain short-VT trigger voltage, so thyristor in VS shutdown state, the flow of current EL string lanterns minimal, lantern stringEL does not shine. If someone opens audio equipment to play music, piezoelectric ceramics B pick up the environment on the acoustic signal and converts it into a corresponding increase in the audio voltage VT knot on the launch. Strong signal on the negative half-cycle so that VT transistor conduction state to withdraw from entering the enlarged state, so the collector VT Potential Rise, music signal stronger, VT collector potential is higher, when the high VS thyristor gate of the Trigger peacetime, VS opened lantern lit LED string. Weak signal, VT collector output level below the thyristor gate trigger level, thyristor AC-off due to zero or shutdown. So Lantern EL string acoustic environment can be as strong or weak signals that sparkles.Components selectionVS use an ordinary small plastic one-way thyristor, such as 2N6565, MCR100 a 8, BT169 type; VT selection or 3DG8 low-power silicon NPN transistor requires current magnification factor β> 200; VD1 a selection of VD4 type silicon 1 N4007 rectifier diodes. RP for WH5 type of small synthetic carbon film potentiometer, and the rest are selected RTX a resistance-type 1/8W carbon film resistors. C1 with CD11 a 16V-type electrolytic capacitors.B selection Φ27 mm of piezoelectric ceramics, such as Fr-27, HTD27 A-1 type. EL string lanterns commercial products available.Production and debuggingIn addition to string lanterns outside EL all electronic components installed in a home-made printed circuit board, and one size fitted suitable plastic or wooden box. Noodles in boxes should be opened a few months through音孔in piezoelectric ceramics B, Tu铜底some epoxy glue on the board, and then piezoelectric ceramics, paste from the box outside the box in the machine through the音孔. Turner in the box音孔outside, and then paste has an open hole of plastic sheeting, as a protective plate to prevent the staff may touch piezoelectric ceramics to the metal surface. After such processing, machine boxes could serve as a piezoelectric ceramics resonance cavity, conducive to improving the piezoelectric ceramics receive acoustic sensitivity.When used to control the speaker on the audio equipment near the adjustment potentiometer RP, will be able to string lanterns with music that sparkles. Adjustpotentiometer RP should be gradually transferred by the big small, when transferred to a location, lantern Always string will not flash, and then slightly adjusted Potentiometers Ambassador Lantern series is off, then that transistor VT just at the critical-conduction state, the highest sensitivity of voice, as long as the slightest sound environment will be able to string lights lit. If the potentiometer resistance and then transferred, and the voice-activated sensitivity decreased, that is a strong need to make sound string lights flashing.When used, such as potentiometers found resistance to the smallest can make lanterns lit LED string that is always triode VT conduction state, which will thyristor VS sealed at this time could be spent on value-for-VT Examination of a smaller transistor, or an appropriate increase of the resistance R3 resistors; If Potentiometers tune no matter what position in the string lanterns EL always Always do not flash, nor will it help to the largest string of lights went out, that can not be Triode VT Introduction into the state, should be replaced with larger value on test of the transistor, or the appropriate resistor R3 reduce or increase the resistance of the resistance R2 resistance until mobilization Potentiometers RP location can be a color Always light string, and then increase the value of RP lantern string should be able to go out on R2, R3 appropriate. Triode resistance or replacement should be cut off the power before, and the necessary attention.Those colorful gorgeous, changing contrast lighting can effectively perform the atmosphere, highlighting the theme. Especially the organic combination of music and lighting, which uses music signal strength to control the brightness of the light changes, so that it will have "Color Music" effect, people get to enjoy elegant.The topics come from actual production. Today's various art venues, lighting control is an important task. Large-scale celebrations and urban lighting works on the lighting control also needs.The subject of design requirements are as follows:1)Controller output with 8 each way with a load of colored bulbs 220V/15W simulation,2)controller at the same time drives the work load 8;3)Controller can store more than 128 kinds of water programs, when used can be transferred out of which to carry out a significant Show; With voice-activated lightingbrightness function, the requirements will be music signal is divided into high, medium and low three-band, 8-way Lanterns were divided into 3 groups, respectively, by the high, medium and low frequency music composition control, the higher signal intensity music more bright lantern;4)In order to ensure the safe operation of the circuit, called for high and low voltage circuit isolation;5)Circuit design required for DC power supply;Subject to resolve the main problems are music signal frequency, music signal intensity of light brightness control and the "water show" and the realization of storage.Controller circuit mainly by the high, medium and low-band music signal channel circuit, driver, isolation circuits, water program control circuit, time-base circuit and regulated power supply circuit. Music signal by the music channel is divided into high, medium and low frequency music of three components, the frequency bands corresponding lantern, lighting brightness with the signal strength changes, the formation of voice-activated lantern effect. Water stored in the program signals EPROM2716 through to change their address to achieve water programs. Provide +5 V regulated power supply and +9 V voltage.A total novelty on the market, LED TANGO fitting produced by SKOFF sets out new trends in the lighting manufacturers' and interior design sector. A wide array of applications, original design, and functionality, make the LED fittings of the MUSIC LINE series, more and more, dance their way into our homes and public buildings.Such a small and elegant fitting provides unending possibilities of lighting and illuminating of all types of interiors. The LED TANGO fitting produced by SKOFF is something more than just a source of light, it is a step forward in a number of areas - especially so, in modern design. Why is that so?In the TANGO fitting, just like in the entire range of MUSIC LINE products manufactured by SKOFF, use has been made of the modern LED diode illumination system. The LED technology is characterised by high light emission at very low power consumption levels. Thanks to this, the TANGO lighting is incomparably cheaper in operation than traditional lamps are. Moreover, the TANGO fittings have been made of stainless steel or aluminium. Due to this, apart from impressive appearance, they also gained several practicalcharacteristics, such as, high quality of components, and durability. Yet another advantage lies in the longevity of the LED diodes - 50 thousand hours of continuous lighting, at least! Due to minimal levels of heat emission, TANGO is characterised by operational safety, which is of some significance when installations are performed on flammable surfaces (wood, furniture panels, gypsum panels), and also in places exposed to moisture.The fittings shall prove to be of excellent use in places such as: staircases, furniture, corridors, halls, kitchens, bathrooms, kids' rooms, discotheque and pub interiors, public utility buildings: office buildings, hospitals, or passage ways, for that matter. Safety and comfort of using SKOFF products is so great that the MUSIC LINE series lighting proves to be of excellent use even in proximity of newborns. The TANGO fittings are used to discretely illuminate kids' rooms, because they emit soft, non-invasive light, and through their structure enabling for 'taming of light', the used LED diodes are invisible for the user, which makes it possible to avoid unpleasant 'dazzle effect'.The TANGO fittings are available in two material versions - stainless steel and aluminium. Depending on a given object of use and user preferences, SKOFF offer presents four colours of emitted light: white, red, blue, and green. There are also available designer versions: TANGO, mini TANGO, TANGO STICK (straightforward fixing onto any surface with the use of glue or pressure-sensitive adhesive tape), TANGO mini STICK, as well as Duo TANGO (double fitting) and Lamp Bracket Duo TANGO (double fitting with distance piece to move it away from surface). Straightforward installation, ample choice of fitting types, and excellent light effect in combination with original design result in unlimited array of applications. Some prestigious awards - Gold Medal of Poznań International Trade Fair, award at the 'Śląska Rzecz' Design Competition, and European Medal - have been awarded to SKOFF for the MUSIC LINE series of products, inclusive of the TANGO series. It is a clear proof for that dancing with lighting stars is dancing in no other rhythm than the SKOFF LED TANGO rhythm.For_Immediate_Release:Poland, Polish People's Republic (Press Release) November 18, 2008 -- Such a small and elegant fitting provides unending possibilities of lighting and illuminating of all types of interiors. The LED TANGO fitting produced by SKOFF is something more than just a sourceof light, it is a step forward in a number of areas – especially so, in modern design. Why is that so?In the TANGO fitting, just like in the entire range of MUSIC LINE products manufactured by SKOFF, use has been made of the modern LED diode illumination system. The LED technology is characterised by high light emission at very low power consumption levels. Thanks to this, the TANGO lighting is incomparably cheaper in operation than traditional lamps are. Moreover, the TANGO fittings have been made of stainless steel or aluminium. Due to this, apart from impressive appearance, they also gained several practical characteristics, such as, high quality of components, and durability. Yet another advantage lies in the longevity of the LED diodes – 50 thousand hours of continuous lighting, at least! Due to minimal levels of heat emission, TANGO is characterised by operational safety, which is of some significance when installations are performed on flammable surfaces (wood, furniture panels, gypsum panels), and also in places exposed to moisture.The fittings shall prove to be of excellent use in places such as: staircases, furniture, corridors, halls, kitchens, bathrooms, kids’ rooms, discotheque and pub interiors, public utility buildings: office buildings, hospitals, or passage ways, for that matter. Safety and comfort of using SKOFF products is so great that the MUSIC LINE series lighting proves to be of excellent use even in proximity of newborns. The TANGO fittings are used to discretely illuminate kids’ rooms, because they emit soft, non-invasive light, and through their structure enabling for “taming of light”, the used LED diodes are invisible for the user, which makes it possible to avoid unpleasant “dazzle effect”.The TANGO fittings are available in two material versions –stainless steel and aluminium. Depending on a given object of use and user preferences, SKOFF offer presents four colours of emitted light: white, red, blue, and green. There are also available designer versions: TANGO, mini TANGO, TANGO STICK (straightforward fixing onto any surface with the use of glue or pressure-sensitive adhesive tape), TANGO mini STICK, as well as Duo TANGO (double fitting) and Lamp Bracket Duo TANGO (double fitting with distance piece to move it away from surface). Straightforward installation, ample choice of fitting types, and excellent light effect in combination with original design result in unlimited array of applications.The subject of music lantern controller designed by the commonly used analog circuits, small-scale integrated circuits (SSI), and memory chips. Lanterns on the one hand, by the music signal can control, on the other hand, there are several light water programs. Lanterns designed lantern controller with voice-activated water effects and programming functions.Economic development and the rise of the night market, all kinds of tricks of the lantern decorations and styles, to the city at night have brought brilliant color. Those colorful gorgeous, changing contrast lighting can effectively perform the atmosphere, highlighting the theme. Also satisfy the large-scale celebrations and city lighting engineering needs. Especially in the music signal and the organic integration of lighting, which uses music to control the light intensity changes in brightness so that it will have "Color Music" effect, people get to enjoy elegant. People's living standards improved, the need to further improve the quality of life, our living environment, the use of a variety of lanterns for the decoration of our living has become a fashion.。
