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Henry James(1843-1916)ContentsLife StoryLiterary Achievement International Theme Writing Style•born in a wealthy family (New York)•three siblings and a brother (second)•Henry James Sr (father)---a philosopher and reformer•William James (brother)---a psychologist and philosopher•William Dean Howells(his life-long friend)•educated in Harvard Law School•never married, once loved his cousin•1875settled in his ideal home ---Paris,met Flaubert （福楼拜）and Maupassant（莫泊桑）•1915 becoming a naturalized British citizen( thinks that American life is materialistic and lack of culture and sophistication)•influenced by some literary celebrities:George Eliot, Turgenev, Hawthorne...•1916 died of pneumonia in London and was buried in Massachusetts(马萨诸塞)•1976 his ashes were removed to Poets' corner in Westminster (威斯敏斯特)abbeyGrave marking Henry James in Cambridge Cemetery in Cambridge, MassachusettsLiterary Achievement• a productive writer: writing novels, novellas and tales, traveling writings, literary criticism, plays, autobiographies and so on.•There periods of his literary life•the first period (1865-1882)•the second period (1882-1895)•the third period (1895-1900)•First period:1865-1882–International theme.(American innocence in face of European sophistication)•Daisy Miller，1878《黛西·密勒》•The Portrait of a Lady，1881《贵妇人的画像》•The American 1877《美国人》•Second Period (1882-1895) :–studies of interpersonal relationships. (subtle studies of inter-personal relationship)•The Bostonians，1886《波士顿人》•The Princess Casamassima(1886)•The Private Life (1893)•The Deathe of a Lion(1894)•The Turn of the Screw(1898)•The Beast in the Jungle (1903)•Third Period(1895-1900):–added complexity and profundity to his international theme .(a revival of the theme of innocence in a corruptedworld and “the international theme”.•What Maisie knew《梅吉的见闻》•The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》(1902)•The Ambassadors 《专使》(1903)•The Golden Bowl《金碗》(1904)His contribution to literary criticism(文学评论)an indispensable part of his contributionthe artist should write about anything that concerns him, even the ugly and the commonplace “The Art of Fiction ”《小说的艺术》is concerned with form devoted to human valuesArt must be related to life"The only reason for the existence of a novel is that it does attempt to represent life" the aim of the novel is to present life•The American《美国人》（1877）–a story about a young and innocent Americanconfronting the complexity of the European life.•Daisy Miller《黛西·密勒》（1878）–a novella about a young American girl who gets "killed" by the winter in Rome.•The Europeans(1878)–the scene shifted back to America, where someEuropeans learn with difficulty to adaptthemselves to the American life.•The Portrait of A Lady 《贵妇人画像》（1881）：considered as his masterpiec e–the clash between the Old World and the New inthe life journey of an American girl in a Europeancultural environment.•Novels•The Bostonians(1886)–satirized the women liberation movement that took place in Boston•The Princess Casamassima(1886)–exposed the anarchist无政府主义者conspiracy共谋in the slum贫民窟of London, were written in a naturalistic mode and proved to be un sunccessful.•play writing–better knowledge of literary techniques,though not at all success•short fictions•The Private Life(1893)•The Death of a Lion(1894)•The Turn of the Screw(1898)–a story about the troubled and abnormalpsychology of oppressed children, in which awhole household is terrorized by "ghosts".•The Beast in the Jungle (1903)–focuses on the imaginative obsession of somehaunted men and women with their personaldisaster in future.The Third Period (1895-1900)•What Maisie knew《梅吉的见闻》•The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》(1902)•The Ambassadors 《专使》(1903)•The Golden Bowl《金碗》(1904)James ’s international themeare set against a large international background, usually between Europe and Americafocus on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systemshis fame rests upon his novels withnovelsAmerican personalities ofEuropean personalities of innocence, enthusiasm, vulgarity, ignorance, unsophistication, freshness, freedom, individuality standsformoralityAmerican heroes and heroines, who confrontedEuropean sophistication, either triumphed over it orwere overwhelmed.over-refinement, degeneration, complexity,high cultivation, stand for mannerscontrast withInternational Theme1.“point of view”视角Explain the situationand character throughone or several mindsreaders observe events and people through the consciousness of characters and participate in their experiencemethodJames’s literary techniquesJames’s literary techniques2.psychological analysisthe forerunner of "stream-of-consciousness" novels the founder of psychological realismemphasizes the inner awareness and inward movement of characters。
