(词义选择译文)
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《科技英语翻译》课程练习三答案一、词义选择二、词义引申1. 具体化引申1) High-speed grinding does not know this disadvantage.译文:高速磨削不存在此不足。
2) The casting takes both the size and the shape of mould.译文:铸件的体积和形状随铸型而异。
3) Alloy belongs to a half-way house between mixtures and compounds.译文:合金是介于混合物和化合物之间的一种中间结构。
4) This new crucible furnace is a fuel-efficient model.译文:这种新型坩锅炉是节油型锅炉。
5) This shows that a vacuum, which is the absence of matter, cannot transmit sound.译文:这表明真空,即没有空气的状态下,不能传播声音。
6) The bridge was so well built that it lasted for a hundred years.译文:这座桥建造非常牢固,已使用了百年。
2. 抽象化引申1) They reach their programmed positions within a few seconds of each other and detonate. Anything nearby is a goner.译文:导弹相继以几秒之差到达程序制导目标引爆。
附近的一切顷刻覆灭。
(原文中的goner,本义是“无可挽救的人(或物)”,意义很具体,但如果按照这种直译则文理不通,因此基于goner的内涵及联想意义,作抽象化引申为“顷刻覆灭”。
)2) The major contributors in component technology have been in the semi — conductors.译文:元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。
(一)词的翻译1.词义选择所谓词义选择,是指词本来就有这个意思,问题是要我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。
正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节,如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好,如果不能兼顾,则取意义,舍形式。
越是普通的词,越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配,翻译过程中的词义也就越难以确定。
选词时,要注意词义的广狭、所处的语境、词义的褒贬和感情色彩。
【原文】但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚,一起吃年夜饭。
【译文】However, New Year's Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gatherfor the annual reunion dinner.【分析】“年夜饭”此处实际就是每年一度的团圆饭,为了让译文更符合英语国家的习惯,这里用的是annual reunion dinner,理解起来更容易。
(二)词类转换词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。
汉语的动态性和具体性特点使其在语言运用上多用动词。
英语则因其静态性和抽象性特点在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向。
在汉译英的过程中,适当转换词性,可以使泽文更符合英语表达习惯。
1、动词→名词一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词,大量原来应该由动词表达的概念,常需借助于名词,因为名词比较不受形态规则变化的束缚,使用相对灵活、方便。
【原文】各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异。
【译文】Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place.【分析】原句中“欢度”是动词,但是如果译文中也用动词来表达,则整个句子的结构显得罗嗦,不够整洁,所以译文中用了“celebration”来表达,使得整个甸子更匀称、清晰。
2、动词→介词介词与名词密切相关,英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也得以频繁出现。
外教一对一英语四六级翻译技巧之词的翻译1.词义选择所谓词义选择,是指词本来就有这个意思,问题是要我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。
正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节,如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好,如果不能兼顾,则取意义,舍形式。
越是普通的词,越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配,翻译过程中的词义也就越难以确定。
选词时,要注意词义的广狭、所处的语境、词义的褒贬和感情色彩。
例1原文:但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚,一起吃年夜饭。
译文:However, New Year's Eveis usually an occasion for Chinese families to gatherfor the annual reuniondinner.分析:“年夜饭”此处实际就是每年一度的团圆饭,为了让译文更符合英语国家的习惯,这里用的是annualreunion dinner,理解起来更容易。
例2原文:人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联(couplets)……译文:And doors will be decorated with red couplets…分析:原文中“粘贴”的意思其实就是用对联装饰门窗,如果直译的话表达不出真实的意图,因此这里用了“decorate”,表意更直接。
2、词类转换词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。
汉语的动态性和具体性特点使其在语言运用上多用动词。
英语则因其静态性和抽象性特点在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向。
在汉译英的过程中,适当转换词性,可以使泽文更符合英语表达习惯。
(1)动词→名词汉语巾动词使用比较频繁,而且动词既没有时态变化的约束,也没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的形式之分,动词甚至可以充当句子的各种成分。
相反,英语动词的使用受到形态变化规则的严格限制。
一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词,大量原来应该由动词表达的概念,常需借助于名词,因为名词比较不受形态规则变化的束缚,使用相对灵活、方便。
一词多义的翻译方法不错的东东哦一)词义的选择英文中一词多义的现象非常普遍。
例如:英语story一词在不同的上下文中可以有不同的词义:例:It is quite another story now. 【译】现在情况完全不同了。
例:The officials concerned refused to confirm the story in the Post. 【译】有关官员拒绝证实《邮报》的这条消息。
例:The white-haired girl’sstory is one of the sadde st. 【译】白毛女的遭遇可算是最悲惨的。
例:A young man came to police station with a story. 【译】一个年轻人来到警察局报案。
对于初学翻译的同学,遇到英语多义词时必须结合上下文反复推敲,切忌望词生义,不求甚解。
尤其遇到多义常用词时,不要想当然地把自己懂得的词义放到译文中去。
须知,译者自以为懂了实际又不懂的地方,往往最容易出错。
例:Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, arrived at this theory through mathematics.[误] 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦发展了相对论,他是通过数学方法得出这一理论的。
(此处develop 应译为“创立”)再以consequence一词为例,考研翻译真题中该词曾出现过三次:Consequence在三句中的分别译为:“推论”“结果”“影响”。
例: consequence(1)Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. (1996:71)【译】其他原因则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而取得特定发展的必然结果。
考研英语翻译中一词多义的词义选择方法
一、根据词在句中的词类来选择词义
The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.(动词)
分析:market可以既作名词又作动词。
在作名词时,可译为市场、行业、需求等等。
例句中的market是作动词用的,可以译为买,卖或销售,根据句中描述的情形,用销售更妥当。
参考译文:食品供应无法跟上人口增长的步伐,这意味着在粮食的生产和销售方面我们将陷入危机。
二、根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义
Explosive technological development after1990gave the medical profession enormous power to fight disease and sickness.
参考译文:1990年以来,随着技术的迅速发展,医学界大大提高了战胜疾病的能力。
三、根据可数或不可数来选择词义
1.不可数
After their interview, he compares not their experience, but their statistics…
参考译文:面试以后,他并不比较他们的经验,而是比较他们的统计
数字。
2.可数
Our journey to tibet was quite an experience. 参考译文:我们的西藏之旅真是一次难忘的经历。
第五章词义的处理Techniques of Translating Words and Phrases课堂互动2:翻译下列句子, 注意词性和词义搭配(参考译文)1. Just as exercise strengthens the heart and lungs, bones and muscles, it may also power up the brain.【译文】运动不但能强心、健肺、壮骨、筋肌,而且还能健脑。
2. We shall never see his match.【译文】他那样的人恐怕不会有第二个了。
3. The vote was 35 to 25, a margin of 10.【译文】表决的结果是35票对25票,相差10票。
4. The report is thoroughly sourced.【译文】这项报告的来源很完备。
5. This hotel can’t be matched for friendliness.【译文】这家旅馆服务态度之好无与伦比。
6. She was rather advanced in years for a maiden.【译文】在没有结婚的女孩子中,她年龄算是相当大了。
7. Every one of us poured forth his expertise.【译文】我们每个人都充分发挥了自己的专长。
8. I’ll not abuse your hospitality.【译文】我不会辜负你的热情厚谊。
9. I long for you terribly. The moment we say good-bye and I close the door, my torment begins.【译文】我想你想得要命,我们一分手,关上门,我心里便觉得煎熬。
10. Our arguments were often brought before our father, and I guess I was either generally in the right, or else a better debater, because the judgment was usually in my favor.【译文】我们往往争到父亲那里去。
Translation Exercises: (词义选择)1. He satisfied me that he could do the work well.他使我相信他能把这个工作做好。
2. Her mother is a sister in a hospital.她妈妈是一家医院的护士长。
3. All the irregularities of students in that university result in punishment.那所大学学生所有越轨行为都会受到惩处。
4. All the wit and learning in the field are to be present at the symposium.该领域的所有专家和学者都将出席本次研讨会。
5. A moment’s reflection will show you are wrong.稍加思索就会发现你错了。
6. Your clothes are a reflection of your personality.衣着是个性的反映。
7. Through reflection, it may be proved that light always travels in straight lines.通过反射作用,能够证明光总是直线传播的。
8. On further reflection, I saw that she might be right, after all.仔细一想,我明白了她或许是对的。
9. If a newspaper intends to have a large circulation number, it must be informative, instructive.and entertaining.如果报纸要扩大发行量,它必须具备知识性﹑思想性和趣味性。
10. There is too much violence on television today.当今电视里充斥着太多暴力画面。
词汇翻译技巧一、词义的选择(Diction)1. 注意词的搭配汉语和英语两种语言在长期使用过程中形成了各自的固定词组和搭配,所以不能把汉语字词的搭配用法生搬硬套到英语译文中去。
汉、英两种语言的动宾搭配也有不同:例:学文化learn to read and write学知识acquire knowledge学外语study a foreign language学鸟叫imitate birds’ crying同样:发展经济develop our economy开发水资源develop the water resources冲洗胶卷develop a film展开说明develop an idea2. 根据上下文正确理解原文的词义有些汉语说法英译是按字面翻译,具体翻译时应视具体语境而定。
例1:有市场、有效益的速度,才是真正的发展,才是硬道理。
译文:Sound economic growth must be based on strong market demand and good economic returns. This is a .注意:“硬道理”也可根据我们中国文化的“异化”理解,翻译成:.例2:这种情况必须改变译文:This must change.分析:此处要正确理解原文的词义。
汉语措辞中的“情况”一词的基本意义与英语中的circumstance, situation, condition等词相近,但是究竟怎样翻译,还需要根据上下文来决定。
二、词的增补(Amplification)词的增补又常叫增译/增词法,是为使译文准确、通顺、达意。
增译有语义性增译修辞性增译,还有注释性增译(文内阐释或文中夹注)1.增补主语汉语中无主语的句子很多,汉译英时要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词或名词补做主语。
增加什么主语取决于上下文。
例1:知己知彼,百战不殆译:2. 增补非人称的或强调句中的itit可以指天气、时间,还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。
Translation Exercises: (词义选择)1. He satisfied me that he could do the work well.他使我相信他能把这个工作做好。
2. Her mother is a sister in a hospital.她妈妈是一家医院的护士长。
3. All the irregularities of students in that university result in punishment.那所大学学生所有越轨行为都会受到惩处。
4. All the wit and learning in the field are to be present at the symposium.该领域的所有专家和学者都将出席本次研讨会。
5. A moment’s reflection will show you are wrong.稍加思索就会发现你错了。
6. Your clothes are a reflection of your personality.衣着是个性的反映。
7. Through reflection, it may be proved that light always travels in straight lines.通过反射作用,能够证明光总是直线传播的。
8. On further reflection, I saw that she might be right, after all.仔细一想,我明白了她或许是对的。
9. If a newspaper intends to have a large circulation number, it must be informative, instructive.and entertaining.如果报纸要扩大发行量,它必须具备知识性﹑思想性和趣味性。
10. There is too much violence on television today.当今电视里充斥着太多暴力画面。
11. IT industry is one of the most significant developments in recent years.信息产业是近几年来最为辉煌的成就之一。
12. He has many hot potatoes to deal with every day.他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。
13. I’m not sure whether I can win the game, it’s a bird in the bush.我对于能否取得比赛胜利没有把握(或赢,或输,说不准)。
14. He is a rolling stone, I don’t think he can lay up any money.他是个浪荡子,我想他不会存什么钱的。
15. She eats like a bird so as to keep fit.她吃得很少以便使自己苗条一些。
16. Some students seem to walk on air after they succeed in passing the entrance examinaton ofcollege.一些学生在考入大学后似乎有些忘乎所以了。
17. The stubborn boy refused to listen to his parents’ advice.这个犟男孩不肯听父母的劝告。
18. The invaders met a stubborn resistence from the local people.侵略者遭到了当地人民顽强的抵抗。
他们讲唯心论,我们讲唯物论。
They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.19. We had been conferring with our allies on the crucial question of whether and when the islandshould be invaded.我们已经同我们的盟国商谈了是否进攻该岛及何时进攻的紧要问题。
20. As an early agricultural marketing center, it handled wheat, wool, fruits, and wine.这里是早期的一个农业贸易中心,经营过小麦、羊毛、水果和酒类。
21. The new principal has no previous experience of school government.这位新校长缺乏学校管理经验。
22. From life to death is man’s reach.人生的历程就是从生到死。
23. There is a definite link between smoking and heart disease and lung cancer. But this doesn’tmake you too uncomfortable because you are in good company.抽烟和心脏病以及肺癌的确有联系。
但这并不会使人们感到太大的不舒服,因为和你一样抽烟的人很多。
24. This was the last place the explorers would leave, for it lay riches and natural resources.这是那些探险家最不愿意离开的地方,因为那里隐藏着财富和自然资源。
25. The drft resolution urges the United Nations to send its peace-keeping troops to the region inaccordance with the resolution adopted at a special meeting last May.决议草案敦促联合国按照去年(今年)五月特别会议通过的决议,派遣维和部队到那个地区去。
26. Like causes produce like results.相似的原因产生相似的结果。
27. Like enough it will rain.很可能会下雨。
28. Did you ever see the like of that?你见过那样的事情吗?29. A caller to the broadcasting station claimed responsibilty for the bombing.有人打电话给广播站,声称这爆炸是他干的。
30. Throughout centuries London has claimed to be the foremost city of the world.几个世纪以来,伦敦堪称世界一流城市。
31. Oxford claims a large share in the making of England.牛津大学对英格兰的发展贡献很大。
32. The explosion claimed more than twenty lives.这次爆炸使20多人丧生。
33. The matter claims our first attention.这事急需我们予以注意。
34. My order has prior claims on your time.我的订货还要请你优先考虑。
35. I challenge you to answer my question.我要你回答我的问题。
36. She challenged him for lying.她指责他说谎。
37. I now challenge Mr. Ford to deny that statement.现在我要问福特先生敢不敢否认那篇讲话。
38. I’ve constantly challenged my own conclusion.我一直在重新考虑自己的结论。
39. The United States Government does not challenge that position.美国政府对这一立场并未提出异议。
40. His question challenged us to think.他的问题促使我们去思考。
41. The task challenged his organizing ability.这项任务对他的组织能力是一个考验。
42. The challenge for the Davis Cup.他们决心争夺戴维斯杯。
43. It is the challenge of our time.这是我们时代的要求。
44. Their success is a challenge to my effort.他们的成功鞭策我做出努力。
45. She looked at me with challenge.她以毫不在乎的眼光看着我。
46. 问题是到哪儿去找答案。
The problem is where to find the answer.47. 科学家必须知道运用数学以求得对问题的准确答案。
It is necessary that a scientist know how to use mathematics to get an accurate answer to his question.48. 你做什么没关系,重要的问题是你怎么做。
What you do does not matter. The important thing is how you do it.49. 我不断参阅论述那些问题的著作。
I have constantly referred to works dealing with those subjects.50. 你会听到到处都在讨论这个问题。
You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.51. 那台机器出问题了。
Something has gone wrong with that machine.52. 一路上没有出问题。
The trip went off without mishap.53. 生活中可写的东西很多,问题在于发掘和提炼。
There are many things in life that one can write about, but the point is how to explore and select them.54. 我将就这个问题发表我的见解。