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美国文学课件4The Literature of the Romantic Period 2

美国文学课件4The Literature of the Romantic Period 2

– Self-reliance – The importance of the individual – The superiority of intuition to intellect – The presence of a spiritual power in
both nature and the individual human being
“Nature always wears the color of the spirit.”
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Emerson’s “transparent eyeball” in Nature (p 40)
• “Standing on the bare ground, — my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, — all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.”
• Emerson’s major essays: – Nature (1836); Essays (1841); Second Series (1844); Representing Men (1850); English Traits (1856)
• Emerson’s two famous addresses: – The American Scholar (1837); Divinity School Address (1838)
美国超验主义

美国超验主义

美国超验主义美国超验主义也叫“新英格兰超验主义”或者说“美国文艺复兴”是美国的一种文学和哲学运动。

与拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生和玛格丽特·富勒有关，它宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握。

领导人是美国思想家、诗人拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生。

美国超验主义（American Transcendentalism）是美国的一个重要思潮，它兴起于十九世纪三十年代的新英格兰地区，但波及其他地方，成为美国思想史上一次重要的思想解放运动。

它是与拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生以及梭罗相关的一种文学和哲学运动，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握。

一般认为，爱默生是超验主义的倡导者，他的散文，特别是他的演讲，令人感到亲切，富有一种奇异的带有强烈个人色彩的声音；他的散文在端庄凝重的说教之中每每流溢出特有的富有魅力的睿智、幽默感和文学、哲思的深度来。

他的言词文本雄辩有力而辉煌，语调变幻莫测，显示出他的深奥的文学技巧来。

1831年，爱默生辞去波士顿第二教堂的圣职到欧洲去旅游。

其间，他会见了不少当时的文学名人，诸如英国诗人、散文家瓦特·兰德（Walter Savage Landor），诗人柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge），华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）和苏格兰散文家、历史学家卡莱尔（Thomas Carlyle）。

特别是他在苏格兰乡间会见了卡莱尔之后，开始了两位文学家的终生友情和通信。

1837年，当爱默生作《美国学者》演讲时，另一名超验主义的集大成者梭罗刚从哈佛大学毕业。

对于很多人而言，梭罗是一本教科书，通过他，人们可以用自然界发生的事实来理解世界，于是世界便成了一个供人阅读、品味、咀嚼的整体。

他希冀过简单的生活。

梭罗说过：“我之所以走进林间并不是想生活得便宜些或者更昂贵些，而是想以最少的麻烦做些个人想做的事。

艾米莉狄金森《美国文学》原创PPT课件

艾米莉狄金森《美国文学》原创PPT课件


interest in Emily ‘s poems
. different nature
4
The Homestead
Emily Dickinson lived with her unmarried sister Lavinia in an elegant house called The Homestead(霍姆斯特德).
At the same time , Dickinson is widely acknowledged as an innovative pre-modernist poet as well as a rebellious and courageous woman.
迪金森的诗谜一般充满奇思妙想，展现出非凡的创造力与想象力。她的作品受到17世 纪英格兰玄学派诗人的影响，同时带有清教的家庭背景的烙印。虽然她不相信家庭的传统 宗教，但她研究了圣经，许多诗歌在形式上也类似圣经。她对破折号的热爱，不规则的韵 律和韵脚，超乎寻常的比喻使她当之无愧地成. 为19世纪美国文坛最具创新意识的诗人9。
A
promineGnrat vlaewaynedr
satnedrnpolitician(
我发生冲突。” Representative to Congress)
Same as their father’s career
Became ill when Emily was 25
Focus of attention and shows Close friend，though they share
.
14
Themes
On Nature
• Dickinson observed nature closely and described it vividly but never with the feeling of being lost in it, or altogether part of it, nor was she surprised when its creatures also kept their distance.
美国文学PPT整理版

美国文学PPT整理版

Benjamin Franklin the Autobiography 自传•Poor Richard's Almanac 作品A Collection of maxims, or proverbs, on the value of work and savings for success.•Y ou may be happier than princes if you will be more virtuous.•If you would live long, live well; for folly and wickedness shorten life.•Lost time is never found again.•A penny saved is a penny earned.•God help those who help themselves.•Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.American Romanticism 看英文•The Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a period of the great flowering of American literature. 特征：浪漫主义The social and cultural background of Romanticism•The young Republic was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country.•The nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression, to make known its new experience that other nations did not have: the early Puritan settlement, the confrontation with the Indians, the frontiersmen’s life, and the wild west.•Born of one common cultural heritage, the American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists.There was a new emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 特征•The Romantic writings revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.•Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism in America.Walter Scott; Coleridge; Wordsworth; Byron; Robert Burns and other masters of poetry from other European countries•Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文•James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏•William Cullen Bryant威廉·柯伦·布赖恩特•Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生•Henry David Thoreau亨利·戴维·梭罗•Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑•Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔•Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼•Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡•Emily Dickinson艾米莉·狄金森•Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies as a source of corruption.特征W ashington Irving华盛顿·欧文Father of American literatu re.Irving’s life•He was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation, and regarded as an early Romantic writer in the American literary history andThe Sketch Book《见闻札记》Rip V an Winkle 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡Poet, short story writer and literary critic (48 poems, 70 short stories)•The Raven 《乌鸦》•Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔·李》•T o Helen《致海伦》•The Fall of the House of Usher•Ligeia•The Cask of AmontilladoThe Poetic Principle•The poem, should be short, readable at one sitting•beauty (the rhythmical creation of beauty)•melancholy (especially the death of a beautiful woman)•He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake‖.•He was father of psychoanalytic criticism, and the detective story.Gothic Building/// Gothic NovelRalph Waldo Emerson 艾默生The chief spokesman of New England T ranscendentalism 新英格兰超验主义新英格兰是位于美国大陆东北角、濒临大西洋、毗邻加拿大的区域。

20世纪外国文学史课件：超现实主义文学

20世纪外国文学史课件：超现实主义文学


一、超现实主义的产生与发展
• 从1930年开始，进入后期超现实主义阶段。
这一时期，运动初创时期的主将阿拉贡、艾吕 雅等先后脱离超现实主义，超现实主义步入低 潮，几乎只剩下布勒东依然坚持孤军奋战。
• 1935年在英国出现超现实主义组织，主要人物有理论家、诗人 大卫· 加斯可尼，诗人休·赛·戴维斯和狄兰·托马斯等人。其中， 成就和影响较大者是托马斯。
一、超现实主义的产生与发展
• 在20世纪20年代末，超现实主义内部产生分化。
精神解放是可以单独进行，还是必须首先消灭资产阶级 物质生活条件？
纳维尔：首先必须投身革命，运动要为革命服务。 布勒东：运动本身就包含着革命，它应保持绝对自由，不受
任何外界力量，包括马克思主义的约束。
2024/10/6
1928年纳维尔脱离超现实主义运动。
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三、超现实主义小说的实践者
• 《磁场》：
• 小说没有什么引人的故事情节，也不讲什么逻辑结构。它主要通 过对一连串梦境、幻觉走马灯式的展示，表现法国青年“黑暗的 绝望”心理。
“我们是水滴的囚徒，我们永远 都只是动物。我们在无声的城市 里奔跑，令人喜悦的海报和我们 再也没有关系。……我们从此只 知道死去的明星；我们彼此相望； 我们高兴地叹息。我们的嘴巴比 干涸了的河滩还要干燥；我们的 目光毫无目的、毫无希望地转动 着。只剩下这些咖啡馆，我们在 这里聚首，喝清凉饮料和掺水的 白酒。”
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一、超现实主义Biblioteka 产生与发展• 超现实主义是从达达主义脱胎而出的，达达主义是超现实主义的 直系母亲。
❖ 达达主义是第一次世界大战期间在欧美出现的一个现代主义文艺 流派。
✓ 1916年法国诗人查拉在瑞士苏黎世组织了一个主要由青年诗人艺术家组 成的文艺团体，他们以一个随意在词典中翻到的词汇“DaDa”作为他们 团体及其推行的文艺运动的名称。
《文学美国文学》PPT课件

《文学美国文学》PPT课件


因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的),
total depravity(人类是完全堕落的，所以
人要处处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到
最好以取悦上帝), limited atonement (有
限救赎，只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上
帝的拯救)
h
3
American Puritanism
Features of American Puritan
h
8
2. Early American Puritan Writers
• John Smith, one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown: His descriptions about the new world became the source of information for the later settlers.
Exercise
Colonial period and Revolutionary period Early Romanticism Transcendentalism Late Romanticism
The age of Realism
Irving Franklin Cooper Emerson Hawthorne Twain James Dreiser Melville Thoreau
himself to writing Amh erican subject
12
2. Evaluation. (Benjamin Franklin1706 – 1790)
1) He was a rare genius in human history. Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace, and he became almost everything: a printer, postmaster, citizen, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, statesman, philosopher, political economist and ambassador.
American Literature超验主义

American Literature超验主义


He is thus removed from the march of time, idealized as a
“primordial” 原始的 figure whose vision isolates him from the political and social struggles of his age. But Emerson was never simply a distant patriarchal家长的 figure sheltered from the material problems of his age. He constructed his “optative” 希求的exuberance茂盛 ，健康 despite the early deaths of his father, two of his brothers, his beloved young wife, and his first son, and despite his own serious bouts 较量with lung disease and eye strain视 觉[眼睛]疲劳. He was a child both of privilege and penury 贫困, of family position and dependence. At Harvard, which he attended on scholarship, Emerson struggled with the academic curriculum and with his expected future as either a teacher or minister. But he also conducted a more satisfying private education of reading and journal writing that would prepare him to be a writer, an American scholar, and poet
美国文学ppt课件

美国文学ppt课件


histories, travel accounts, diaries,
biographies, letters, autobiographies, sermons,
and poems.
Wor
5
Major writers:
Captain John Smith （约翰·史密斯）
? the first American
? The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.
? As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent
Politics dominated the revolutionary phase of American writing.
The crisis in American life carried by the Revolution made
artists self-conscious about American subjects.
?“Poet of the American
Revolution”
?“Father of American
Poetry”
?“Pioneer of the New
Romanticism”
?“A gifted and versatile lyric
Wor
poet”
? “The Rising Glory of America” (1772)
南开大学 外国语学院 美国文学课件 美国文学史4(超验主义)

南开大学 外国语学院 美国文学课件 美国文学史4(超验主义)


Important terms (1)
Although transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents. The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature每人都有内在的神性 and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority.
社会和谐发展。
Important terms (3)
American Renaissance : The name is given to a flourishing of distinctively American literature in the period before the Civil War. This renaissance is represented by the work of Ralph Waldo Emerson, H. D. Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman.
Important terms (2)
Individualism claims the ability to oppose "authority" 宣扬有能力与“权威”对抗, and to all manner of controls over the individual 反对一 切压抑个人的支配行为, especially when exercised by the political state or "society". It is thus directly opposed to collectivism 集体 主义, social psychology and sociology, which consider the individual's rapport to the society or community集体主义强调个人应注意与
TranscendentalismandRealism超验主义与现实主义精品PPT课件

TranscendentalismandRealism超验主义与现实主义精品PPT课件


Transcendentalism
▪ A philosophy existent between 1830s and 1860s, especially around Concord near Harvard University in Massachusetts in New England
▪ Transcendental Club at Boston, Massachusetts with their magazine The Dial
▪ Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman and Dickinson deeply influenced by it
The Ralph Waldo Emerson House
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau Thoreau’s cabin at Walden Pond
Realism
▪ Realistic Literature
• Source: European (French) realistic literature revolting against romanticism
▪ Life of new capitalists and bourgeoisie ▪ Materialist philosophy ▪ Scientific and historical research ▪ Faithfully recording reality
Transcendentalism
▪ Tenet of Transcendentalism
• Revolting against Calvinism and its principles of original sin, predestination, strict church control, biblical guidance of human activities
Emerson-Transcendentalism常耀信-美国文学-超验主义.爱默生PPT课件

Emerson-Transcendentalism常耀信-美国文学-超验主义.爱默生PPT课件


（a new way of looking at man）
•7
Features
nature is the symbol of spirit/the garment of the Oversoul
• Nature was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. The physical world was a symbol of the spiritual.
• Spirit / Oversoul is the most important thing in the universe.
•It exists in nature and man alike and constituted the universe. •It is omnipresent (present everywhere) and omnipotent (able to do anything)
a. In Emerson's opinion, poets should function as preachers who gave directions to the mass. b. True poetry should serve as a moral purification c. The argument (or his thought or experience) should decide the form of the poem instead of traditional techniques.
•11
Transcendentalism: quotes
“Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball.”

简析超验主义和美国文学

简析超验主义和美国文学发生在19世纪的美国浪漫主义时期文学一直被美国学者们认为是美国本土文化诞生和成长的重要时期，也是自美国国家政治独立以后，美国国家精神、文化领域从欧洲地区的母体中分离而独自发展的重要时期。

在这个特别的时代里，超验主义思想出现了，它成为美国人精神领域真正意义上的独立宣言。

超验主义的代表作家爱默生和梭罗，他们热爱心灵和大自然的和谐统一，主张自助精神，非常看中精神生活，他们倡导的这些思想帮助美国人冲破了多年来依赖外国思想的束缚，树立了美国国民的自信心，最重要的是，这些思想造就了美国文学。

1 美国超验主义思想谈到超验主义，先从定义说起。

从哲学上说，超验主义是“对人类直觉认识能力的认知，或者说是人类越过感官而得到知识的能力的认知”。

美国超验主义思想家、作家爱默生于1803年出生在美国波士顿的教会牧师家。

他于1882年离开人世。

在17岁的时候就从哈佛大学毕业。

在1826年他成功获得进入哈佛神学院的机会，第二年，他就被获得讲道资格。

1828年，他荣任波士顿地区第二教堂的牧师，这在当时属于新英格兰地区具有优势的唯一的神教派。

但是后来由于不赞同这个教派的一些教义，爱默生离开神职，并在1833年开始到欧洲游历，他拜访了许多当时浪漫主义时期欧洲的伟大人物，与他们成为好朋友，并在哲学方面受到康德思想的影响。

回到美国以后，爱默生在1836年出版了著名的《论自然》，这本书中囊括了他一生重要思想的胚芽。

在1837年，爱默生参加美国当时的大学生联谊会，发表了重要演讲《论美国学者》，文中着重论述了人的价值，人本位思想；引出学习者的责任是有自由而且要敢于寻找并展示真理，从而鼓舞人、勉励人；他宣扬民族自尊心，反对过去美国一惯地追随外国的学说。

爱默生的这个演讲在当时的美国轰动全国，激发了美国人民对美国民族文化的热爱情感。

接下来，爱默生在1838年到剑桥大学的神学院发表了题为《神学院致辞》的讲演，立刻遭到来自新英格兰加尔文教派、唯一种教派等势力的抵抗和抨击。

美国文学 超现实主义


Thoreau Henry David
1817-1862 American ideologist essayist and Natural Hiatorian graduate from Harvard University Representative work: Walden Civil Diume,Emerson claimed that by studying and respdonding to nature individuals could reach a higher spiritual state without formal religion.
Walden
Thoreau was passionate about individuala'learning to think for themselves and being independent ,both traditional American values.He carried out this idea by going to live by himself for two years in a simple cabin beside a wooden pond,where he survived essentially by his own labour and meditated in solitude.The book he wrote about this experience.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
1803-1882 American ideologist , author elocutionist ,and poet He enthrones nature Representative work : Memoir Representative Poetry Nature

《美国文学》课件十七


16
3) novellas and short stories: “Daisy Miller” (1879); “The Pupil” (1891); “The Turn of the Screw” (1898); “The Beast in the Jungle” (1903)
17
4) a voluminous and discriminating critic:
views on art: Art must be related to life; it must be life transformed and changed.
18
Views on the novel
The aim of the novel is to represent life: “The only reason for the existence of a novel is that it does attempt to represent life”; he advocates freedom in novel-writing, and inclusion of the disagreeable, the ugly and the commonplace (famous essay, “The Art of Fiction”);
13
3. Henry James (1843-1916)
1) born into a wealthy cultured family of New York; finding the materialistic bent of American life, and its lack of culture and sophistication intolerable, he settled down in England in 1876, and except for some visits to America, spent the rest of his life there, and in 1915 became a naturalized British citizen.

lecture 5 超验主义


Life
A. born in a clergyman’s family in New England B. graduated from Harvard C. founded a Transcendentalists' Club and published a journal D. traveled and gave lectures; quite influential
Resources
• A. Puritan heritage At the eቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱd of the 18th century people gradually felt boring about the strict Calvinism. At the same time with the development of science and technology, Americans suspected the old religion. Thus, Unitarianism（唯一神教） appeared. It stressed ―continual progress of mankind‖. • Emerson once was a preacher of Unitarianism, but he thought there were too many rituals. Then he resigned from the position. Emerson also believed in individuality. He inherited the ideas of inward communication with God and the divine symbolism of nature.
• A foolish consistancy is the hobgoblin of little minds… • With consistancy a great soul has simply nothing to do.
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New England Transcendentalism
-
Important terms (1)
Transcendentalism : Transcendentalism is philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy(正统的)of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church(唯一神论 教派), developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world.
-
Important terms (2)
Individualism claims the ability to oppose “authority”, and to all manner of controls over the individual (反对一切压抑个人的支配行 为), especially when exercised by the political state or “society”. It is thus directly opposed to collectivism (集体主义), social psychology and sociology, which consider the individual’s rapport to ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้he society or community.
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Important terms (1)
Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Coleridge, and Wordsworth. Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings.
Its major works are Hawthorne’ s The Scarlet Letter ( 红字，1850 ) , Melville ‘s Moby-Dick (白鲸， 1851 ) ,and Whitman’s Leaves of Grass (草叶集， 1855). The American Renaissance may be regarded as a delayed manifestation of Romanticism(浪漫主义的延续), especially in Emerson’ s philosophy of Transcendentalism.
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Although transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents. The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature(每人都有内在的神性) and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority.
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American Renaissance : The name is given to a flourishing of distinctively American literature in the period before the Civil War. This renaissance is represented by the work of Ralph Waldo Emerson, H. D. Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman.
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Individualism: Individualism is a moral, political, and social philosophy, which emphasizes individual liberty, the primary importance of the individual, and the “virtues of self-reliance”. It assumes that a person can be socially and culturally free of upbringing.
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The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature (1836), and Self- Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden.