2009历年考研英语真题解析及复习思路(张剑)1

2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析本文是一个有关动物智力话题的文章。

文章第一段第一句就点名了文章中心，接着引用自然杂志上描述的实验论证这一观点。

从第二、三段作者从几个方面分析了产生这种情况的原因，最后一段从动物上升到对人的思考。

二、试题具体解析1.[A]Suppose假设猜想[B]Consider考虑[C]Observe观察[D]Imagine设想【答案】B【考点】固定搭配【解析】本题考查的是“consider+名词性词组”的用法，表示“以……为例”，显然与后面的试验搭配表示以该试验为例引出下文。

选项A、D同义，故排除。

选项C代入文中与上下文不合，故答案为B。

【补充】consider在这里等同于take…(as an example)。

2.[A]tended(to)倾向于……[B]feared害怕[C]happened(to)碰巧……[D]threatened(to)威胁要去做……【答案】A【考点】动词搭配【解析】从空格后面的to可首先排除B，因为fear不与to连用。

再结合文章题材看，文章是科技类，而科技类文章中通常为了表示说话客观性并避免绝对化，往往在主谓之间加一个tend to表示语气的弱化，故本题答案为A，其他两个代入文章语义不通。

3.[A]thinner较细的[B]stabler较稳定的[C]lighter更明亮的[D]dimmer较暗的【答案】D【考点】逻辑关系【解析】空前内容谈到聪明的果蝇寿命相对普通果蝇要短，这里拿灯泡做比喻，相对应的自然是光线的暗淡，即光线暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长。

下一句也有提示：no being too bright，故答案为D。

4.[A]tendency趋向[B]advantage优势[C]inclination倾向[D]priority优先【答案】B【考点】词汇辨析【解析】前文谈到暗淡的灯泡寿命更长，接着说“不太明亮也是”，对比四个选项，只有优势语义连贯，故答案为B。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案：Section Ⅰ1-5 B A D B C 11-15 D B C D A6-10 A D C B D 16-20 C B A A CSection ⅡPart A21-25 C D A D A 31-35 D B B C C26-30 A C D A B 36-40 B B D A CPart B41-45 C E A B GPart C46.译文：虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初动机的组成部分。

47. 译文：人们只是逐渐地才注意到机构的这一副产品，而人们把这种作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更为缓慢48. 译文：虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们很容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。

49．译文：由于我们对年轻人所做的首要工作在于使他们能够在生活中彼此相融，因此我们不仅要考虑自己是否在形成让他们获得这种能力的力量。

50. 译文：这就使我们得以在一只讨论的广义的教育过程中进一步区分出一种更为正式的教育形式，即直接教授或学校教育。

Section ⅢPart ADear editor，I have been reading your newspaper for many years and now I am writing this letter toinform you of the pressing situation we are facing now.Accustomed to using plastic bags in daily life, some people still take the “white polluti granted, which will greatly worsen our environment. As we know, limiting the use of disposableplastic bags is of utmost significance. Therefore, to save the situation from further aggravating, Iwould like to give the following suggestions:First and foremost, groups and individuals who are polluting our environment by using theplastic disposable plastic bags should be severely punished. In addition, the local media canmake full use of their own influence to publicize the negative effect of plastic bags and enhancepeople’s awareness of environmental protection. Last but not least, new technologies should bedeveloped to find possible alternatives with degradable and renewable materials.I hope that my suggestions are helpful and your prompt attention to my suggestions would behighly appreciated.Sincerely yours，Li MingPart BAs we can see in the picture, many people, old or young, men or women, are in front of acomputer and using the internet in the space just like a huge web of a spider. The caption in thedrawing reads: “the internet: near or far ”.It is obvious that the huge spider web is the symbol of the Internet and the symbolic meaningof the picture is the effect of the internet on people’s way of life.There is no doubt that theInternet provides us with considerable convenience. Internet is revolutionizing our way of living,making many things possible which are beyond our dreams. As a communication tool, the internetmakes us closer than ever before by providing immediate communication via e-mail, QQ, MSN orICQ, no matter how far away our friends are. So in this sense, the internet is making us nearer toeach other.However, there are negative effects of the internet on people’s life. As is shown in the picture people are imprisoned in their own respective small cabins, indulging in their own world. Theychoose contacting online rather than communicating face to face. Due to the addiction to thefictional experience, people seem to have forgotten the traditional and most efficientcommunication method, and thus indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in themodern world. We often hear parents complain that they have less and less time chatting withtheir children either because their children spend too much time playing games or chatting onlinewith friends or strangers. Also there are couples who seldom talk with each other. Therefore,internet seems to make near people far away.Hence, how to use modern communicating tools such as internet properly has becomes a hotissue in recent years. While we are enjoying the convenience provided by the internet, we shouldalso bear in mind that human beings are social beings who need real interpersonal interactions.Joint efforts are needed to ensure enough time for people especially families to have face-to-facecommunication with each other. Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of therelationship among individuals.答案详解第一部分英语知识运用这是一篇关于动物智能方面的文章，节选自2008年5月7日刊登在《纽约时报》的The Cost of Smarts（“聪明的代价”）。

张剑历年考研英语真题解析及复习思路历年考研英语真题解析及复习思路（附标准答案）1986-2009第一部分英语知识运用部分历年试题与解析1.从动物智商研究中得到的启示（2009年）2.高智商与遗传疾病（2008年）3.西班牙和葡萄牙前殖民地独立后面临的问题（2007年）4.美国无家可归者增多的现象（2006年）5.人类的嗅觉（2005年）6.对青少年犯罪原因的探讨（2004年）7.帮助青少年适应成长中的变化（2003年）8.传媒技术的发展（2002年）9.政府对媒体炒作干扰司法公正进行立法限制（2001年）10.农民的生产和消费（2000年）第二部分阅读理解A部分历年试题解析Ⅰ社会生活、伦理类1.通过培养新习惯促进创新思维（2009年Text 1）2.压力对女性健康造成负面影响（2008年Text 1）3.美国社会同化现象（2006年Text 1）4.社会生活中的按字母排序现象（2004年Text 2）5.互联网给谍报工作带来的变化（2003年Text 1）6.捍卫动物医学研究（2003年Text 2）7.在医疗上花费大量财力延缓自然死亡是不值得的（2003年Text 4）8.如何使用幽默（2002年Text 1）9.有关医生协助病人自杀的争论（2002年Text 4）10.网络在第三次电子基础设施建设中的作用（2001年Text 2）11.美国人追求简朴生活的潮流（2001年Text 5）12.人类的进化已经结束（2000年Text 2）13.日本人传统道德价值观的沦丧现象（2000年Text 4）14.如何正确看待雄心壮志（2000年Text 5）Ⅱ科普类1.DNA检测及其存在的问题（2009年Text 2）2.美国人的身高停止增长（2008年Text 3）3.智商测试不能准确反映人的能力（2007年Text 2）4.海洋物种濒临灭绝的现状（2006年Text 3）5.动物的公平意识（2005年Text 1）6.全球气候变暖问题急待解决（2005年Text 2）7.梦可以被控制（2005年Text 3）8.机器人科技的发展（2002年Text 2）9.科学发展的专业化和职业化（2001年Text 1）Ⅲ商业经济类1.正规教育的缺乏不会限制生产率的提高（2009年Text 3）2.学术期刊出版的变化（2008年T ext 2）3.美国中产阶级家庭经济风险增加（2007年Text 3）4.企业数据保护的重要性（2007年Text 4）5.莎士比亚故居的经济现象（2006年Text 2）6.帮助求职的个人搜索代理工具（2004年Text 1）7.美国经济的疲软没有引起消费者的恐慌（2004年Text 3）8.铁路公司合并可能造成垄断（2003年Text 3）9.油价上涨对全球经济的影响（2002年Text 3）10.企业的兼并与收购（2001年T ext 4）11.美国经济在二战后的兴衰（2000年Text 1）Ⅳ文化历史教育类1.新英格兰的文化生活（2009年T ext 4）2.美国开国元勋们对奴隶制的复杂态度（2008年Text 4）3.人的成就取决于后天培养而非先天遗传（2007年Text 1）4.艺术的功能（2006年Text 4）5.一本关于正式英语退化的书（2005年Text 4）6.美国学校轻视才智（2004年Text 4）7.美国报业遭受不信任危机（2001年Text 3）8.未来派诗歌不是文学（2000年T ext 3）第三部分阅读理解8部分历年试题解析1.19至20世纪的文化人类学理论（2009年）2.如何写作初稿（2008年）3.父母帮助孩子顺利进入成年期（2007年）4.美国博彩业的兴旺（2006年）5.加拿大建立国家药品管理机构（2005年）第四部分阅读理解C部分历年试题解析1.广义的教育（2009年）2.达尔文论智力（2008年）3.法律教育对于新闻报道事业的意义的（2007年）4.对“知识分子”的定义（2006年）5.欧洲的电视媒体（2005年）6.语言学中萨皮尔——沃尔夫假说的形成（2004年）7.人类学（2003年）8.行为科学（2002年）9.科学技术影响人类的未来生活（2001年）10.现代政府依赖专家人才（2000年）第五部分写作A部分历年试题解析1.建议信（2009年）2.道歉信（2008年）3.建议信（2007年）4.申请信（2006年）5.辞职信（2005年）第六部分写作8部分历年试题解析1.网络的“近”与“远”（大作文）（2009年）2.合作的重要性（2008年）3.乐观心态是成功的关键（2007年）4.偶像崇拜（2006年）5.年轻人应该赡养父母（2005年）6.终点又是新的起点（2004年）7.温室里的花经不起风雨（2003年）8.中国与世界的文化交流（2002年）9.困难的时候，人人都应该献爱心（2001年）10.自然生态平衡遭破坏（2000年）。

1994 年试题与分析Section ⅠUse of EnglishThe first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words __3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. 6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.1. [A] of [B] at [C] for [D] on2. [A] inaccessible [B] timely [C] likely [D] invalid3. [A] encourages [B] prevents [C] destroys [D] offers4. [A] pass out [B] take away [C] back up [D] stir up5. [A] who [B] as [C] which [D] what6. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Preliminarily [D] Unexpectedly7. [A] that [B] it [C] so [D] this8. [A] speech [B] sense [C] message [D] meaning9. [A] obscure [B] difficult [C] impossible [D] unable10. [A] case [B] means [C] method [D] way一、文章结构总体分析语言中的首要的以及最小的单位是单词。

2009年考研英语真题1. IntroductionThe year 2009 witnessed another set of challenging questions in the English section of the graduate entrance examination (GAOKAO) in China. This document aims to analyze and provide solutions to the 2009 GAOKAO English reading comprehension questions.2. Overview of the ExamThe English section of the 2009 GAOKAO exam comprised of multiple-choice questions. The questions were designed to assess the candidates’ comprehension skills, vocabulary knowledge, and ability to analyze and interpret written texts. The reading comprehension section tested the candidates’ ability to understand and make inferences from a variety of texts.3. Strategies for Answering Reading Comprehension QuestionsTo effectively answer the reading comprehension questions, candidates should employ the following strategies:3.1 Skimming and ScanningSkimming and scanning the passage before reading the questions can help candidates get an overall idea of the passage and locate specific information quickly. Skimminginvolves quickly reading the passage to get a general understanding of the main ideas, while scanning involves quickly searching for specific information or keywords.3.2 Understanding the QuestionsCandidates should carefully read and analyze each question to understand what is being asked. Identifying keywords and key phrases can help candidates determine the main focus of the question.3.3 Referencing the PassageCandidates should refer back to the passage to find evidence and support for their answers. By referencing the passage, candidates can ensure that their answers are accurate and based on the information provided.3.4 Eliminating Wrong OptionsIf candidates are unsure of an answer, they can eliminate options that are clearly incorrect. This can increase the chances of selecting the correct answer, even if the candidates are not sure of the exact answer.4. Analysis of Sample QuestionsLet’s analyze two sample questions from the 2009 GAOKAO English reading comprehension section:Sample Question 1: Passage Excerpt:。

2009英语考研真题2009年英语考研真题解析2009年的英语考研真题是考生备考过程中需要重点关注和准备的一部分。

本文将对2009年英语考研真题进行解析，帮助考生更好地理解和应对考试。

考生可以参考本文的分析和解答，进行针对性的备考。

一、阅读理解部分阅读理解是英语考研中相对较难的部分，需要考生有较强的阅读能力和理解能力。

在2009年的英语考研真题中，阅读理解部分共有四篇文章，涉及的主题包括经济学、语言学、文化等。

文章一是一篇关于经济学的文章，主要介绍了经济学家对于经济周期的理解和预测。

考生需要理解文章中出现的经济学术语和理论，并通过题目中的问题对文章进行分析和理解。

文章二是一篇关于语言学的文章，主要讲述了语言发展的历史以及语言与文化之间的联系。

考生需要着重理解文章中的语言学术语和概念，并通过题目中的问题对文章进行推理和分析。

文章三是一篇关于文化的文章，主要介绍了蒙古文化的特点和历史。

考生需要对文章中的文化背景和文化现象进行理解和分析，并结合题目中的问题进行解答。

文章四是一篇关于社会学的文章，主要讲述了社会发展中的一些问题和挑战。

考生需要理解文章中的社会学概念和理论，并通过题目中的问题进行推断和分析。

二、完形填空部分完形填空是英语考研中考察考生对于词汇、语法和语境理解的一部分。

在2009年的英语考研真题中，完形填空部分涉及到了一篇关于教育的文章。

这篇文章主要讲述了教育的重要性以及教育对于个体和社会的影响。

考生需要通过对文章的整体理解，并结合上下文的提示，填入合适的单词以使文章内容完整。

三、翻译部分翻译是英语考研中需要根据所学知识将一种语言转化为另一种语言的一项任务。

在2009年的英语考研真题中，翻译部分涉及到了一篇关于科学技术的文章。

这篇文章主要讲述了科学技术对于社会发展的贡献以及科学家们在推动科技发展方面的努力。

考生需要根据文章的内容和语言特点，将英文文章准确地翻译成中文。

四、写作部分写作是英语考研中考察考生综合英语水平和写作能力的一部分。

2009年考研英语真题和答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 thefruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taugh t instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through p roblems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.B ut some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because neweducational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the carefu l sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often__________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They al so focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)答案Section I Use of English1—5 BADBC 6—10 ADCBD11—15 DBCDA 16—20 CBAACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21—25 ABCAA 26—30 ACDAB31—35 DBBAC 36—40 BBDACPart B41—45 CEABGPart C46. 可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。

第一部分英语知识运用部分命题的特点和规律一、英语知识运用部分总体分析2002年《大纲》将“完形填空”调整为“英语知识运用”之后明确规定：英语知识运用测试的要点是词汇、语法和结构。

英语知识运用采用多项选择完形填空(Multiple Choice Cloze Test)的形式来考查。

完形填空（Cloze）又称综合填空或短文填空，出现于20世纪50年代西方语言测试的实践中，1956年被应用于外语测试。

在我国用于英语测试则是从20世纪70年代开始的。

完形填空是用来测试考生的基础知识和语言运用能力的一种题型，对考生的语法结构、词义搭配和阅读理解能力进行综合考查（measuring overall ability）。

完形填空的设计和应用，是基于格式塔心理学（Gestalt Psychology）和心理语言学（Psycholinguistics）的理论：人们在感知、认知事物的时候，总是以整体信息为主的。

尽管有时获得的信息并不十分完整，但人们会下意识地将不完整的部分补全，构成一副完整的图画来认知。

举例来说，当我们看到图1和图2时，我们会自然地把它们分别看做是一个圆和一个三角形，而不是一段曲线和三个点。

图1 图2同样，在语言表达和理解的过程中，也需要理解信息的整体。

尽管其中有一些词或短语被抽去，但通过语段提供的冗余信息，人们仍然能够推知被抽去的信息，从而达到对文章的理解。

根据这一原理，命题人使用完形填空这一种题型——从一篇短文中删去一些信息，留出空格，由考生补全——来考查语言知识和语言综合运用的能力。

（一）英语知识运用部分命题的基本指导思想英语知识运用部分命题的指导思想是：通过完形填空的形式不仅考查考生对于不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和语法结构）的运用能力，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力。

这就意味着“英语知识运用”部分的试题由过去注重对单句语言点的考查向对语篇能力（discourse competence）的考查转移，这一考查重心的转移要求考生能够对不同语境中语言使用的规范性、得体性和篇章特征有较强的辨识能力。

2009年考研英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly2 tolive shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 innot being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burnsmore fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning - agradual 7 - instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of.the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind thisnew research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the specieswe’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animalswould 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , isrunning a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ranthe labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, ourmemory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D]hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains onauto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not ch but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity andinnovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously developnew habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, thatcan jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worninto the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberatelyingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.says Dawna“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,”　Markova, author of “The Open Mind”　and an executive chan ge consultant forjust as ourProfessional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’　president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to decide is to all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the manyother possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re u naware, she says.Researchers i n the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity toapproach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half ofthat capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuableduring the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure,meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of- that anyone canthought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief systemdo anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it createshabits comes in.excellence.” This is where developing new21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternalneeds to do is(fatherly) wisdom - or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All heshell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore - and another $120to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become availablewithout prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer ofIdentigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companiessell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars tomore than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children canuse to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionategeographicgenealogists-a nd supports businesses t hat offer to search for a family’sroots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it tothe company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom tocompare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision beinghawked by people claiming they are doing ances t ry testing,” says Trey Duster, a NewYork University sociologist. He notes that each individual has manyancestors-numbering i n the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestrytesting only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited throughmen in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers.This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, eventhough, for example, just three generations back people also have six othergreat-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the referencecollections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information fromdifferent research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place [B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship [D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors [B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information [D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing [B] DNA testing and It’s problems [C]DNA testing outside the lab [D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countriesis widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be oneof the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job. More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers d iscovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the buildingindustry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of educationhow education got started. even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’sWhen our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formalconstrain the ability of the education. A lack o f formal education, however, doesn’tdeveloping world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why educationquickly there than it is.isn’t developing more31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers andpolitical leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standardhistory of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So muchAccording to many books and articles,important attac hed to intellectual pursuits ”　New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of anunfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with thetheological innovations and their distinctive ideas about thePuritans’　church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with ourexamination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans ascarriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New Englandcolonies were the scenes o f important episodes in the pursuit of widely understoodideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive educationand influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came toMassachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like JohnWinthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before hejourneyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both NewWorld and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere ofintellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less welleducated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents a nd servants, leftliterary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditionalsuperstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, leftan account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexualconfusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisivemoment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle hisfate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no uncleanthing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they hadnot come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life. [B] intellectual interestswere encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors. [D] intellectualpursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history. [B] brought withthem the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life [D] were obsessedwith religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings [B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World [D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions [B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, i ncluding human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.mile Durkheim developed a theory Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist éof culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed thatreligious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed f rom society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the studyof human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F] Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, o n the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. (46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life inthe desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world'swork is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences w holly out of account. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. "White pollution "is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper togive your opinions briefly andmake two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2009年考研英语（一)试题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. B2. A3. D4. B5. C6. A7. D8. C9. B 10. D11. D 12. B 13. C 14. D 15. A16. C 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. CSection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. C 22. D 23. A 24. D 25. A26. A 27. C 28. D 29. A 30. B31. D 32. B 33. B 34. C 35. C36. B 37. B 38. D 39. A 40. CPart B (10 points)41. C 42. E 43. A 44. B 45. GPart C (10 points)46. 虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初的动机的组成部分。