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Hello，everyoneGood morning！My name is Xiao Weihong,I’m from Sichuan province.And today,my topic is Fog and haze.This is my name,and this is my student number.From this you can know that my topic is about 5 parts,and now,we look at the first part--Definition.Long long ago,we climb with our hands,as time goes by,We are walking upright.But the environment turns bad,we live in a world which is full of poison.In recent years, air pollution has already become one of the biggest environmental problems in China. Thick haze has blown off the coastal areas.So,what is haze?It’s a combination of little drops of water and tiny particles. For better understanding of this noun.Now,we should know another word--PM.It means particulate matter.It also means a small discrete[dɪ'skrit](离散的) mass of solid or liquid matter.So,we can easily know what is PM2.5.It means particles can be drawn into lung[lʌŋ], which diameter is less than 2.5 micron.We often pay our attention to PM2.5，because the number of 2.5 is very important ,if the diameter of particle is bigger than 2.5 micron,it will be stopped by our nose and will not go into our lung. But ifthe size of particle is less than 2.5 micron.It harms us most.So, wether['wɛðɚ] our weather['wɛðɚ] is good is determined by the number of PM2.5.Look at this picture,if the number of PM2.5 of per unit volume is less than 50,we say the air quality is good.if the number is between 50 to 100,we say the air quality is moderate.But if the number is between 151 to 200,we call it unhealthy.and if the number is above 300,we think it horrible.As we know,many places of China is even above 400.So,it’s very dangerous.Now,let’s look a historical event.London smog!Let’s know about it.First,we watch a short video.(I don’t know wether the computer can paly it) Ok,from this short video we can see a black world full of smog.So,what happened in London?In 1952, London smog happened,and it lead to 12000 people died directly or indirectly.In 1954 ,London launched a special act of pollution.After 4 years later,smog happened again,and 1200 people dead.Only after 1965,the toxic smoke was vanished.In 1968,Britain enacted the Clean Air Act.And until 1980, the fog day has been reduced to five days one year.It took about 30 years to solve the problem.So,from this accident,we know thatonce the fog happened, it will be hard to solve it.How about our situation?First,Let’s look some pictures.There’re two contrast figures.The upper left corner is a picture of beautiful scenery,it’s clear,but the one at the lower left corner looks terrible.And the top right one is the map of our country which looks pretty,but from this one we can see nothing except haze.How about this one?Oh,it’s a man who wears a respirator['rɛspəretɚ] is riding a bike in the endless smog.And again,this picture tells us a man is riding a bike in the road.It’s dangerous because it’s hard to see far. The last one,it looks beautiful in some degree.But like mushrooms,the more beautiful the more toxic it is.In fact,it’s very terrible.So,what caused our country to be this situation ?These several reasons are we recognized.First,burning of fossil fuels in vehicles.As we know,the number of cars in our country is increased rapidly.so ,the demand of fossil fuels is increased fast,too .Second,in our country the power plants still rely on fossil fuels. It contributes to air pollution mostly.Third,various industrial processes are existed everywhere.Their emissions of waste polluted the air.Therefore,it’s time to take some measures to change the situation .So, what should our government do? Firstly,our government should strengthen air monitor to know the the actual situation.Secondly, government should enact more strict laws and regulations in order to reduce the sources of pollution.Thirdly,government should regulate people 's daily action and the industrial stly,our country should help develop green and energy-saving energy.Only do these can our country become beautiful again.For an individual,what should we do to reduce the harm of haze?First,if conditions permit,we can wear a respirator which can help us perhaps not much.Second,if we go out ,we should try to take public transportation.Third,hybrid['haɪbrɪd] cars should be regarded. Four,clean energy should be promoted in our daily life.In the last,the public supervision is important. Not only the role of government, but must have the personal effort.Only do this can we have a better tomorrow.So let’s do something from now on.=============================================== =============Thank you,yes,it dose harm our body.as i have saidbefore,the PM2.5 will go into our lung though our respiratory['rɛspərətɔri] tract.Long-term effects can damage respiratory defenses.Particles can cause the loss of the body's immune function.Thank you!yes ,this is a question that we all care about.But as i said before,the haze is the result of long-term development.and I think it will not disappear totally in recent years.But if our government take more actions on the problem,it will be vanished faster than we expect.1.As you have said that we live in a world of haze ,will it cause any harm to our body?2.when do you think the haze will be vanished?。
雾霾天气-英语介绍背景知识：The market for dust masks and air purifiers is booming in Beijing because the capital has been shrouded for several days in thick fog and haze.近几日北京持续被浓重雾霾笼罩，市场上防尘口罩和空气净化器的销量剧增。
雾（fog）和霾（haze）是这两天我们经常听到的两个词，二者的区别为：雾的相对湿度（the relative humidity）一般在90%以上，而霾在80%以下，但通常两者并存。
能见度（visibility）在1公里以下的称为雾，1公里以上但小于10公里的属于灰霾（dust haze）现象。
近两日，部分地区的空气质量指数（air quality index, AQI）可能达到极重污染，北京多地PM2.5浓度“爆表”。
PM2.5就是指“可入肺颗粒物”，PM的英文全称为particulate matter（微粒物、悬浮微粒），PM2.5就是指大气中直径小于或等于2.5微米的颗粒物，可直接进入人体的alveoli of the lungs（肺泡），它的直径还不到人头发丝粗细的1/20。
PM2.5主要来自burning of fossil fuels in vehicles（机动车燃油）, power plants（发电厂）以及various industrial processes（各类工业生产）。
相关报道：1、Pollution may make economy stumble污染可能绊住经济发展的步伐Construction, tourism 'will be hit by haze and measures to tackle it'As a number of cities try to clear the air, specialists in Beijing warn that the pollution and emergency responses to reduce it could damage the economy and tourism.Authorities in the capital said on Monday they had ordered 58 factories with high emissions to suspend operations. Work at construction sites that could cause dust, such as leveling land, were also halted.The move followed similar action in Shijiazhuang, in neighboring Hebei province, where authorities stopped work at more than 700 construction sites.Heavy fog envelops Nanchang city in Jiangxi province on Jan 14, 2013. [Photo/Xinhua]Both cities have advised young children and the elderly to stay indoors.The capital has ordered kindergartens, primary and middle schools to scrapphysical education classes until air quality improves."Pollution from the 58 factories has been cut, and we believe we can reduce their emissions by 30 percent," Li Hong, deputy director of Beijing's Economy and Information Technology Commission, said at a news conference held jointly by several departments on Monday.The factories ordered to halt operations include two cement plants, and others involved in chemicals, metallurgy and building materials, he said.Up to 30 percent of government vehicles have also been banned from the capital's roads on heavily polluted days, according to a spokesman for the Beijing Traffic Management Bureau. Drivers found guilty of breaking the rules face penalties, but the spokesman did not elaborate. Air quality dropped dramatically on Thursday and steadily worsened over the weekend, said Zhang Dawei, who heads the city's environmental protection monitoring center.By Saturday, official data showed the density of PM2.5 — particles of 2.5 microns or smaller that can damage the lungs — had reached 900 micrograms per cubic meter in several Beijing districts. It was the highest level recorded since authorities began releasing the data to the public in early 2012.The safe daily level is 25 micrograms per cubic meter, according to the World Health Organization.Coal emissions and vehicle exhaust fumes played a major role in the pollution and a low-pressure weather front trapped the polluted air."Beijing is a huge city with a lot of heavy industry," Zhang said. "Under certain atmospheric conditions, the pollution is trapped.''The China Climate Bulletin, released by the China Meteorological Administration on Monday, said hazy conditions primarily occurred in two periods; between January and March and October and December. （From Chinadaily）2. Beijing's hazardous pollution sparks Chinese media angerChinese media have reacted strongly to dangerous levels of pollution recorded in many northern cities in recent days.In the capital, Beijing, at the weekend, air pollution soared past levels considered hazardous by the World Health Organization.The official People's Daily said the smog was a "suffocating siege" which had to be urgently addressed.The state-run China Daily said the country had to learn to balance development with quality of life.Continue reading the main story“Start QuoteIt would be helpful if the city has less cars”End Quote Ms Li, BeijingMeanwhile, the tabloid Global Times said China was risking serious long-term environmental damage. Smog also dominated social media sites.Over the week, a dense smog had been gathering over Beijing and some 30 other cities in northern and eastern China, with visibility down to 100m in some places.Official Beijing city readings on Saturday suggested pollution levels of over 400. An unofficial reading from a monitor at the US embassy recorded levels of over 800.WHO guidelines say average concentrations of the tiniest pollution particles - called PM2.5 - should be no more than 25 microgrammes per cubic metre. Air is unhealthy above 100 microgrammes and at 300, all children and elderly people should remain indoors.Once inhaled, the tiny particles can make people more vulnerable to respiratory infections, as well as leading to increased mortality from lung cancer and heart disease.The Xinhua state news agency said there had been a sharp rise in people seeking treatment at the hospitals in the capital for respiratory problems.The mother of one eight-month-old baby told the BBC her child had suffered from lung problems for months and that they recently worsened after an outing. Ms Li said she had resorted to keeping a basin of water in the house in the hope it might act as an air purifier."It would be helpful if the city has less cars and the city could [place] curbs on car emissions," Ms Li said.'Poor planning'On Monday, Beijing authorities said levels had dropped to around 350, but school children were being kept indoors and media reports were warning the public to do the same and to avoid strenuous activity.The build up of pollution has been put down to a lack of wind and a cold spell, rather than a surge in production of pollutants. But an editorial in the China Daily said there was no reason "for us to not reflect on what we've contributed to the smoggy days".It blamed the pollution on poor urban planning and a rapid increase in car ownership, saying residents had to cut down their use of private cars."In the middle of a rapid urbanisation process, it is urgent for China to think about how such a process can press forward without compromising the quality of urban life with an increasingly worse living environment," said the editorial."The air quality in big cities could have been better had more attention been paid to the density of the high rises, had more trees been planted in proportion to the number of residential areas, and had the number of cars been strictly controlled. These are the lessons China should learn for its further urbanization."The People's Daily, the official mouthpiece of the ruling Communist Party, ran a front page editorial demanding: "Let us clearly view managing environmental pollution with a sense of urgency."The tabloid Global Times said measures taken so far to address pollution in China, which it called the "biggest construction site in the world", had failed to alleviate the problem.It accused the government of dealing with environmental problems in too low-key a way, and called on it to "publish truthful environmental data to the public" to allowed them to help solve the problem."The public should understand the importance of development as well as the critical need to safeguard the bottom line of the environmental pollution," it said.Social media was also dominated by comments on the pollution, with users of the Twitter-like Weibo site saying the government should do more to prevent pollution affecting their lives. （From BBC）。
Haze weather analysisEarly this year, continuing fog and haze swept most of our country. Fog and haze was breakout frequently, which is why urban atmospheric environment, the health of residents, traffic safety, and agricultural production will have serious repercussions. Besides, the formation of fog and haze is difficult to dissipate.The haze weather was selected in the first National top ten weather and climate events in 2011.“Haze” this new word gradually into the public eyes, and has aroused public concern about environmental protection.1.The haze occurred in beginning of 2013The fog and haze was exploded every year in our country. However, the haze that occurred in beginning of 2013 not normal---not only like the wind passing in general, but also visited the most parts of China for sometimes.Haze comes to our country in the east, northeast, and southwest part of the region, including the most polluted place of northern coastal areas. There’s a serious impact onquality of people’s lives, travel safety, physical health. There’s a wide range of hazecontamination from the area which the northeast to northwest, more sever in large areas.The haze profoundly affects people’s normal life. The hospital Pneumology Departmentbeen overcrowded in the big city. What’s more, haze is most prevalent during the winter months. As the more vehicles on the road, the series of chain reactions were happened, just like traffic accidents and traffic delays just when the spring peak,According to reports indicate that because of the large range of haze, Beijing, HK and Macao highway and Changsha—Xiangtan section on January 13, 8:00 Am to 17:00 of nine hours, was happened more than 40 traffic accidents. Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang,Nanning and other cities in the number of major hospital waiting for treatment soared by 7—8 times in a few days.2.Natural disasters and Man-made disastersThe fundamental reason of haze is that massive outbreak from the motor vehicles, industrial emissions.Some experts put this climate pollution accident as a “natural disasters andMan—made disasters”. Natural disasters means that haze accident break out with somesituation which extreme cold, the atmosphere still not flow, pollutants are difficult todissipate; Man—made mean that the emit large quantities of pollutants on the ground under the spread of extremely adverse contamination conditions.In the most heavily polluted January 12, 2012, there was more than 30 cities’ air quality index over 300, belong heavily polluted. Pollution effects render contiguous toBeijing, Tianjin and other cities aren’t immune.3.Haze weather causedEvery day we live in such an environment can’t help but ask, why Beijing, Tianjin became heavily polluted areas. During the winter vacation, back to my hometown— Tianjin,I particularly felt by haze enveloped the castle a dead, lifeless.Some experts believe that the objective reason is the recent air not flow down, contaminants are tightly stuffy in the atmosphere. Human reason is that the history hasproved that the region in China’s northern Gold Coast industrial development, pollutants in the air only to rise, for this reason also increased haze pollution levels and duration.Asking haze come from, some experts pointed out that the haze in Beijing, Tianjin, respectively from the “Beijing car, Tianjin oil, Hebei coal”. Floating in Beijing nitrateparticles in the air most of the cars produced by the Beijing material transformation. In the morning rush hour, the values of nitrogen oxides is high, form nitrate particles floating in the air is difficult to spread in the static stability under high humidity conditions. That’s visible particles formed haze until particles grow to more than 400 nm. As an industrial city in Hebei province, coal produces sulfur dioxide and dust emissions. Tianjin rich oil reserves and its related industries organic emissions is huge.4.Tianjin haze analysisDuring winter holiday just when the haze weather break out, backing to my hometown—Tianjin, my felt very obvious.Walking on the street, I deeply felt unban air not a substance to see, touch or small anymore. For example, in Tianjin tower scenic I can’t see the top of the tower spire through the thick haze. In the park, can’t hear the laughter of children, old people not figure ofmorning exercises, can’t smell the flower bloom in the fragrance of the soil. We just saw thatsome people walked on the street with “heavily armed” bow rapid shuttling prepared by the haze of dreams.5.Is the opposite of the development and environmentThrough analysis Beijing— Tianjin and other haze areas, we find that the air pollution seriously areas are often gathered in the industrialized areas. Excessive discharge of industrial waste causes a lot of pollutants float in the air, if coupled with small wind, pollutantsbecomes haze if it won’t spread timely. Haze weather is catastrophe that damage humanhealth and destruct human life. Therefore, it is particularly important to protect theenvironment.Development is the eternal pursuit of mankind theme, according to we have only one—sided pursuit of economic development thus punished by nature in the past, we must take the measures comply with sustainable development, we can promote steady and rapid economic development without sacrifice the environment. We can only protect our common home, in order to reproduce the sound on this fertile land.6.Control MeasuresAs the development of the energy industry, the environment is more terrible. Fortunately, many of people realized that we will kill our future by development industry like that.Since reform and opening, the energy industry is development rapidly. At the same time, there are a large amount of weak point is revealed.On the one hand coal dominated energy resources in our nation. Thus a large number of coals will make a variety of harmful gas emissions and cause air pollution. The other hand, the unbalanced development of China’s electricity power, China’s energy demand and energy resources presents reverse distribution pattern.As China’s future energy demand continues growing and change in the pattern of world energy, China’s energy development mode change is urgent.The party’s 18 put forward the “two hundred years” goal. Development can’t be without energy. Coal isn’t only China’s basic energy, but also in the long term is China’s leading energy. Therefore we should science and economical use resources and find alternative green energy. Use electrical energy with clean and efficient features, taking theelectricity power energy balance as an important support for the resources balance.。
Similarities between fog and haze are visibility obstruction. But the reasons for the formation of fog and haze and conditions but there's a big difference. Fog is floating in the air of a large number of small water droplets or ice crystals, forming conditions requires a higher water vapor saturated. Appeared fog air humidity, air relative humidity is 100%, or closer to 100%. Appear when the fog effective horizontal visibility to less than 1 km. When effective 1-10 km horizontal visibility as mist. Fog has with the daily variation of air humidity and appear sooner or later, the more common or add thick, relatively reduce and disappear phenomenon during the day. A haze when air is relatively dry, air relative humidity under 80% usually. Its formation is due to a large number of tiny particles of dust, smoke, salt crystals evenly suspended in the air, make effective horizontal visibility to less than 10 km air mixed corrosion phenomenon, symbols for "up". The diurnal variation of the haze is not obvious in general. When air masses without big changes, the air mass is stable, continue to appear for a long time, sometimes sustainable more than 10 days. Because the haze and mist, dust, flying sand, dust, smoke, such as a weather phenomenon, floating in the air for all the large number of very small dust particles and smoke that effective horizontal visibility to less than 10 km. Sometimes makes meteorological professionals are difficult to distinguish. Must be combined with the weather background, air condition, air humidity, color, smell and other factors, such as satellite monitoring to comprehensive analysis and judgment, to correct conclusions, and fog and haze weather phenomenon can transform each other sometimes.雾和霾相同之处都是视程障碍物。
