大四上BEC课堂笔记整理Chapter one1. 经济三大部门the three sectors of the economy2. 经济基础设施the economic infrastructure3. 写字楼office building4. 住宅区housing district5. 现代化的工业国家modern industrialized country6. 总经理general manager/managing director7. 制造业公司manufacturing industry8. 发电站的建造和维护the building and maintenance of the power station9. 石油的抽取和煤炭的开采mining of coal and pumping of oil10. 制成品finished products11. 批发和零售商专卖店wholesale and retail outlets12. 附加值的分配distribution of its added value13. 第一产业部门primary sector14. 第二产业部门secondary sector15. 第三产业部门tertiary sector16. 发达的工业化国家an advanced industrial country17. 依赖重工业提供就业机会depend on heavy industry for employment18. 后工业化国家 a post-industrial country19. 发展中国家 a developing country20. 欠发达国家 a less-developed country21. 服务业的增长和制造业的减少the growth of service industry and the decline of manufacturing industry22. 制造业manufacturing industry23. 再造业transforming industry24. 创造业/加工业processing industry25. 实物消费品physical objects of consumption26. 人类消费模式patterns of human consumption27. 人力投入labor input28. 人力成本labor cost29. 制作品manufactured productTerms:1. infrastructure: the basic structure foundations of a society or enterprise; divide intotwo parts, soft facilities, hard facilities and their utilities2. primary sector: agriculture and the extraction of raw materials from the earth3. secondary sector:manufacturing industry, in which raw materials are turned intofinished products4. tertiary sector: the commercial services that help industry produce and distributegoods to the final consumers, as well as activities such as education, health ,care ,leisure ,tourism ,and so on5. wholesale批發，大量的買賣: buying and selling of goods, in large quantities ,frommanufactures6. retail零售: the sale of goods to the general public, especially in shops7. added value附加值: the value attributed to products and services as the result of aparticular process e.g.: production , process, storage, transportWriting:1)Is manufacturing industry important? Is its decline in the “advanced” countries inevitable?Will services adequately replace it?2)Do you agree with either of Galbraith’s or MacShane’s views?(先回答这两个人的观点，再阐述自己的理由)Chapter two1. 一套可以教会的技能和技术a set of skills and techniques that can be taught2. 公司董事长company’s chairman3. 确定/制定目标set objectives4. 制定战略develop a strategies5. 分配资源allocate resources6. 对组织的业务活动进行分析分类analyze and classify the activities of the organization7. 将工作分成易于管理的业务活动divide the work into manageable activities8. 负责执行单项工作的人们people who are responsible for performing individual job9. 激励和沟通motivating and communication10. 组织和监督下属的工作organization and supervising the work of subordinate11. 绩效评估performance appraisal12. 独家经销商exclusive distributors13. 董事会board of directors14. 传达目标communicate an objective15. 做有关薪水和晋升的决策make decisions about pay and promotion16. 评估绩效measure performance17. 监督下属supervise subordinate18. 专有技术/技术专长technique expertise19. 设计商店布局design the layout of a store20. 陈列商品display merchandise21. 雇佣销售员工employ sales staff22. 提高利润increase profits23. 日常物流day-to-day logistics24. 日常运营day-to-day operation/running25. 责任和授权accountability and delegation26. 公司统一外观corporate appearance27. 公司目标陈述corporate statement28. 行为规范和劳动纪律parameters and disciplines29. 培训和发展development and training30. 集体小组座谈focus group interview31. 日常沟通day-to-day communication32. 带来销量的提高lead to increase salesTerms:1. management: the process of coordinating goals of the organization2. subordinate:someone who has a less important position than someone else in aorganization3. superior（上级）:someone in a higher position than someone else at work4. promotion:(the giving or receiving of) a higher position or a more important job5. supplier: a person or organization that provides necessary goods or service6. distributor: a person or organization that supplies goods for a producer ormanufacture to shops7. exclusive distributor:the only distributor used by a particular company to sell itsgoods in a particular area or country8. board of directors: the top governing body of a corporation ,the members of which areselected by the stockholders to develop company policy9. expertise: expert knowledge or skill in a particular field10. logistics:the flow of material and information between consumers and suppliers,including interdependent process of customer service and order processing, inventory planning and management, supply, transportation, and distribution, and warehousing Writing:1)What is management? What makes a good manager?2)Do you think you have the right skills to be a manager? Would you be able, for example, toset objectives, motivate and coordinate the staff, and manage a department store, or a computer manufacture?3)Give some example of famous managers. Whose career would you most likely to emulate? Chapter three1. 直线职权line authority2. 直线结构line structure3. 矩阵结构matrix structure4. 功能结构functional structure5. 幕僚职位staff position6. 纳入指挥链integrate into the chain of command7. 人事部personnel or human resources department8. 不征询财务部门的意见就做出财务方面的决策take financial decisions without consulting the finance department9. 一家制造一系列产品的大型组织a large organization manufacturing a range of products10. 营运部门operating division11. 模拟分权simulate decentralization12. 内部拟定转移价格internally determined transfer price13. 将责任传给老板pass on responsibility to the boss14. 细分市场market segment15. 传统财务、销售和生产部门的功能the traditional functions of finance, sales and production16. 让基层保留职权keep authority at lower levels17. （自下而上）在指挥链上将职权和自主权推向基层push authority and autonomy down the line18. 临时建立的完全自主的小组或团体wholly authority, temporary groups or teams19. 广告预算advertising budget20. 市场份额market share21. 信贷措施/安排credit facilities22. 研发research and development23. 未分配收益/留存收益retained profits24. 组织结构图organization chart25. 公司氛围/企业精神corporate ethosTerms:1. line authority: dividing an organization into decision making units that are not centrallycontrolled2. chain/line of command:the line of authority that extends from the highest to thelowest levels of organization3. line structure: hierarchical structure within an organization ,with one person or a groupof people at the top, and an increasing number of people below them at each successive level4. matrix structure:an organizational structure that combines vertical and horizontallines of authority on a functionally departmentalized organizations in which people report to more than one superior5. functional structure:an organizational structure that groups ,positions, intodepartments on the basis of the specialized activities of business, i.e. production, finance, marketing, sales and personnel or human resources department6. staff position:a position created to provide support ,advice and expertise within anorganization7. transfer price: the price for internal transfer of raw material between the trading unitsand the firm8. market segment: a group of potential buyers who have something in common9. corporate ethos: a company’s ways of working and thinking10. market share: the share of the total sales of all brands or products competing in thesame market that is captured by one particular brand or product, usually expressed asa percentage11. retained earnings: portion of business profits not distributed to stockholders12. research and development: a set of activities intended to identify new ideas that havethe potential to result in new goods and services13. organization chart: a chart illustrating the structure of an organization14. budget: a financial statement that projects income and/or expenditures over a specifiedfuture period15. micromanagement: management style in which/where a manager closely observes orcontrols the work of their employeesWriting:1)Write a short summary of your opinions regarding big and small companies, explainingwhich you prefer, or would prefer to work for, why? What are the advantages for each?2)What do you know about the ways of organizing companies? Comment on the variouscompany structures.Chapter four1. 劳资关系labor relations2. 额外的福利待遇fringe benefit3. 促销sales promotion4. 工作保障job security5. 两种截然相反的工作和激励理论two opposing theories of work and motivation6. 需要保护的免除责任的重担need protection against the burden of responsibility7. 带薪假期paid holiday8. 大量不需要动脑筋的乏味的重复和机械性的工作plenty of boring, mindless, repetitive and mechanical jobs9. 产品系列product line10. 企业文化corporate culture11. 财务指标financial target12. 从经营的角度看from an operational point of view13. 使个人的需要和能力与商店的经营需要相吻合tailor individuals’ needs and abilities to the operational needs of the store14. 员工折扣staff discount15. 制定一项利润分享的计划establish a profit-sharing program16. 效率奖productivity bonus17. 生产线production line18. 计件制piece work system/piece-rate-system19. 需求层次论Hierarchy of Needs20. 激励维生理论Motivation-hygiene theory21. 激励因素Motivation factors22. 维生因素Hygiene factorsTerms:1) motivation:the stimulation of a consumer’s salesperson’s, employee’s or dealer’sinnate desires and personal objectives2) fringe benefit: something extra that you get from your employer in addition to money3) job security: a situation where a job is likely to be permanent4) Theory X:a concept of employee motivation ,assuming that employees dislike workand will function only in a highly controlled work environment5) Theory Y: a concept of employee motivation, assuming that employees acceptresponsibility and work toward organizational goals if by so doing they also achieve personal rewards6) Motivation-hygiene theory:a theory of motivation described by Fredrick Hertzberg,which assets that two sets of factors must be considered to satisfy a person’s needs:1)those related to job satisfaction (motivators);2)those related to jobdissatisfaction (hygiene or maintenance factors). To retain employees, managers must focus on improving negative hygiene factors (such as pay),but to get employees to devote a higher level of energy to their work, managers must be motivators (such as recognition)7) Motivation factors: job factors that increase motivation, but whose absence does notnecessarily result in dissatisfaction according to motivation-hygiene theory8) Hygiene factors: job factors that reduce dissatisfaction when present to an acceptabledegree, but do not necessarily result in high levels of motivation9) Corporate culture: general organizational operating environment including ethical andvalue structures .(It is all-encompassing包罗万象，affecting employees, management, and customer relations, extending to the types of products and services the organization creates, and including production methods, marketing practices, advertising, and services quality.)10) H ierarchy of Needs:According to Maslow and other adherents of the humanisticapproach, human needs are arranged in a hierarchy with physiological needs such as hunger at the bottom, safety needs further up, the need for attachment and love still higher, and the desire for esteem yet higher. At the very top of the hierarchy is the striving for self-actualization/fulfillment. By and large, people will only strive for the higher-order needs when the lower ones are fulfilled. （Mallow’s view that basic human motives form a hierarchy and that the needs at each level of the hierarchy must be satisfied before the next level can be achieved; these needs progress from basic biological needs to the needs for transcendence.）Writing:1)What can managers do to motivate people who do not have, or who do not want,responsibility at work?2)What do you know about the various theories on motivation at work? Comment on them. Chapter five1. 文化多样性cultural diversity2. 不同的文化信念和工作态度differing cultural beliefs and attitudes to work3. 高效率的行使职能和执行任务perform functions and tasks in an efficient way4. 分配和协调各项职能allocate and coordinate functions5. 对自我利益有益的结果beneficial outcome of self-interest6. 有疏忽造成的瑕疵 a defect caused by negligence7. 一家在全球经营的真正意义上的跨国公司a truly global multinational company8. 全球化和本土化之间的冲突the conflict between globalization and localization9. 全球本土化glocalization10. 影响经营方式的地方文化特征local cultural characteristics that affect the way business is done11. 理性和感性rationality and sensitivity12. 直觉和感情intuition and emotion13. 按资历晋升promotion by seniority14. 按业绩付酬pay for performance15. 个人主义和集体主义individualism and collectivism16. 总部强令实行的新政策 a new policy imposed by head office17. 长期业务关系long-term business relations18. 矩阵式管理的导向型逻辑the task-oriented logic of matrix management19. 区分普遍主义者和特殊主义者的不同distinguish between universalist and particularists20. 情感特征和体质结构emotional and physical make-up21. 多层次管理结构multi-layered hierarchy22. 扁平型管理结构flat-layered hierarchyTerms:1) multinational company: a large organization that operates on a world-wide scale, i.e.owning companies in more than one country in order to obtain cheap raw materials and make efficient use of a local workforce2) cultural diversity: difference among people in a workforce due to race, ethnicity ,andgender3) globalization: the increasing worldwide, integration of market for goods, services andcapital that attracted special attention in the late 1990s also used to encompass a variety of other changes that were perceived to occur at about the same time, such as an increase role for large corporations in the world economy and increased intervention into domestic policies and affairs by international institutions, such as IMF, WTO and WB4) localization: in economics, localization is a way to adopt products for non-nativeenvironment5) glocalization: the concept of making the global product fitting the local culture, i.e. thecreation of products or services intended for the global market, but customized to suit the local culture6) promotion by seniority: a promotion system where promotions are given to employeesprimarily on their lengths of service with the company with little or no regard to their performance7) pay-for-performance: a system in which employees get paid according to what theyachieve in their work8) subsidiary:a company of which at least half the share capital is owned by anothercompany, called a parent or holding company9) individualism:an approach to ethics, social science, and political and socialphilosophy which emphasizes the importance of human individuals in contract to the social wholes, such as families, classes or societies to which they belong.10) C ollectivism: a term used to describe a theoretical or practical emphasis on the group,as opposed to the individual11) U niversalism:one of the concepts proposed by Trompenaars &Mampden-Turner(1997), reflecting the preference for rules over relationships. In a universalist culture, fairness is ensure by applying rules equally to everyone, regardless of relationships12) P articularism: a concept proposed by Trompenaars & Mampden-Turner(1997),describing the preference for relationships over rules. Particularist societies tend to be more flexible with rules, acknowledging that in order to ensure fairness, one must takeinto account the unique circumstances.Writing:1)Discuss with the other members of your discussion group the questions concerning cultureon P.40 and write a summary of the results of your discussions.2)Discuss with the other group members the questions concerning body language on P.40 andwrite a summary of the results of your discussion.3)Write a brief memo to a foreigner who is going to work in your country on a project lastingseveral weeks. Give some immediately useful pieces of information （transport, opening hours, etc.）, and more general background information about things to do or to avoid doing, referring to some of the questions in the discussion exercises above.Chapter six1. 职位空缺job vacancy2. 职业介绍所employment agency3. 申请一个工作apply for a job4. 填写公司的申请表格fill in/out a company’s application form5. 申请书、简历和附信applications, curricular vitae and covering letters6. 为工作写推荐信write reference for job7. 职位描述/工作说明job description8. 进入面试的决选名单be short-listed for an interview9. 发布离职通知give notice10. 猎头公司firm of headhunters11. 邀请进入决选名单的候选人进行面试invite short-listed candidates for an interview12. 做出初步的选择make a preliminary selection13. 做出最后的选择make a final selection14. 经历和资历experience and qualifications15. 呈交一份简历submit a copy of resume16. 被初步列入决选名单get on to the preliminary short list17. 聘用商务专业毕业生的公司 a company hiring business graduates18. 对推荐信做进一步的后续工作follow up the reference19. 花在学习上的时间和精力和考试结果之间的关系correlation between time and effort devoted to study and exam results20. 给公司中能干的妇女提供特殊照顾make allowances for competent women in a company21. 赞助性行动计划affirmative action program22. 积极地区别对待positive discrimination23. 产假maternity leave24. 优先雇佣妇女或少数群体成员而不是持有同等资格的白人男性应聘者employ women or members of minority groups in preference to equally qualified white male candidates25. 几千年来的男女传统角色traditional roles of men and women over millennia26. 妇女在管理层中的角色role of women in management27. 高级管理职位senior managerial position=high-level executive position28. 在教育孩子方面具有选择权have choice in terms of childbearingTerms:1) recruitment: the process of looking for and choosing new staff for an organization2) curriculum vitae: a brief summary of sb’s academic and work history3) job description: a written description of the exact responsibilities of a job4) job vacancy: a post to be filled by a new employee5) reference: (recommendation letter) a letter written by someone who knows you to say ifyou are suitable for a job or course6) short list: a list of small number of people chosen from many applicants for a job orposition from which the final selection is made7) covering letter: a letter of introduction attached to, or accompanying another documentsuch as a resume or curriculum vitae8) firm of headhunters: private employment agency specializing is the recruiting ofprofessinal and managerial personnel9) affirmative action program: a plan designed to increase the number of minorityemployees at all levels within an organization, by employing women or members of minority groups in preference of equally qualified white male candidates10) n otice: a letter stating that someone is to leave a job at a specific timeWriting:1)In many cases, the perfect candidate for a job would be the person filling the same function at acompany’s chief competitor. Is it （a）legal and (b) ethical to approach such a person and offer him or her the job?2)One day, you will apply for your first job as a business graduate. Unfortunately, many of yourclassmates, as well as lost of people you don’t know, will probably also apply for the same job.Your experience and qualifications will probably be quite similar to those of most of the other candidates. You will submit a copy of your curriculum vitae (GB) or resume (US). But how do you get on to the preliminary shot-list? What kind of things do you think impress companies hiring business graduates?Chapter seven1. 劳资关系labor relations/industry relations2. 劳动工会labor union3. 行业工会trade union4. 集体谈判collective bargaining5. 怠工go-slow/slowdown6. 按章工作working-to-rule/work-to-rule7. 工业行动/产业行动industrial action8. 严重扰乱了正常的经营活动severely disrupt normal operations9. 在政治和经济方面起到了非常积极的作用play an enormous dynamic political and economic role10. 团队协作和充满活力的经济team-working and dynamic economy11. 一个强大的工会的存在 a strong trade union presence12. 几乎没有表明事态的严重性barely hint at the scale of matters13. 在衰退时临时解雇工人lay off workers in a recession14. 要求管理层支付工资bill the management15. 印刷工人print workers16. 因为处理大小不规则的字体而获得特别奖金receive special bonus payment for hand l ing type of irregular size17. 用英语以外的语言文字排版set words in a language other than English18. 撤销对劳动力市场的管制deregulate labour market19. 印有大量编制暗语的报纸heavily edited newspaper20. 制造业和服务业manual and service industries21. 和工人们商量涉及其利益的事宜consult workers on matters that concern them22. 坚持保留毫无经济效益的工作岗位和工作惯例insist upon the preservation of completely uneconomic jobs and working practices23. 职业协会/专业协会professional association24. 强调工会的必要性stress the necessity of unions25. 在工业社会中行使基本的职能serve an essential function in industrial society26. 自由市场free market27. 没有加入工会的工人non-unionized worker28. 大量临时的兼职的非熟练工种的产生the creation of a great many casual, part-time, unskilled jobs29. 公共部门public sector30. 主流工会的对抗性政策confrontational politics of main unions31. 扣分处罚的驾照制度penalty-point driver’s /driving licen ce system32. 代表并阐明员工的需要represent and articulate the needs of the employees Terms:1. labor relations: the relationship between management and workers, particularly groupsof workers represented by a labor union2. labor union: an organization of employees acting together to negotiate their wages andworking conditions with employers3. go-slow/slowdown: working more slowly than usual as a protest4. wore-to-rule: an industrial action in which workers cause a slowdown by doing only theminimum amount of work required by the rules of the work place5. industrial action: an y organized action, such as stopping work or refusing to worknormally, that aims to obtain better pay and working conditions6. picketing: a form of resistance in which people congregate outside a place of work andattempt to dissuade others from going in7. public sector: the part of a country’s economy that is owned by the government orpublic corporations8. collective bargaining: negotiation between an employer and a trade union about payand working conditions9. conglomerate: a number of companies, sometimes involved with different products,joined together and run as one large company.Writing:1)Should unions be consulted before management makes decisions about a) manufacturing newproducts or offering new services; b) opening new factories, shops, and so on; c)closing existing factories, shops, and so on; d)changing working hours; e)hiring new staff?2)Should unions be represented on a company’s board of directors, as happens in some countries?3)Do some research and write a short history of unions in your country. (For example; When werethey first founded? Have they always been legal? Have there been periods in which they have been more or less powerful, or important, or necessary, than today?Chapter eight1. 生产和营运production and operation2. 工业生产industrial production3. 进程中的工作work in process4. 制成品finished product5. 备运时间/生产时间lead time6. 生产能力productive capacity7. 生产能力不足insufficient capacity8. 生产力过剩excess capacity9. 单位平均固定成本 a average fixed cost per unit10. 规模经济economies of scale11. 协调物流coordinate material flow12. 机会成本the opportunity cost of capital13. 低成本运营low cost of operation14. 连续作业时间production run15. 产品需求的变化variation in product demand16. 未充分利用公司劳动力资源under-utilize a company’s work force/face17. 原材料送货时间的变化variation in raw material delivery time18. 被迫生产更多利润较低的产品be forced to produce additional less profitless products19. 利用数量折扣take advantage of/make use of quantity discount20. 降价以刺激需求reduce prices to stimulate demand21. 及时生产just-in-time production22. 精益生产lean production23. 无存货生产stockless production24. 连续流程制造continuous flow manufacture25. 鼓励提高生产力encourage greater productivity26. 提前或超额完成计划任务exceed the agreed schedule or quota27. 使库存的成本最小化minimize the cost of holding inventories28. 一个长期一来一直采取业务外包做法的日本大型制造公司a large Japanese manufacturing company that has long practiced outsourcing29. 依赖相互信任和长期业务rely on mutual trust and long-term relationships30. 一个能灵活运用多项技能的员工a flexible, multi-skilled employee31. 确保不会由于生产过量而造成浪费ensure that there is no waste from overproduction32. 加快整个制造过程speed up the entire manufacturing process33. 产品召回product recall34. 角色扮演role playTerms:1. production: the process of converting resources into goods, services, or ideas.2. Financial excess金融过渡: the excessive accumulation by financial institutions ofsecurities and other financial assets and real estate.3. Lead time : the time between placing an order and receiving the product4. Outsourcing: a practice used by different companies to reduce costs by transferringportions of work to outside suppliers rather than completing it internally5. Subcontractor: an individual or a business that signs a contract to perform part or all ofthe obligations of another’s contract6. Capacity: the maximum amount of products or services than an organization canproduce in a given time using all its existing resources7. Economies of scale: the reduction in unit cost and increase in profit obtained whengoods are produced in large quantities.8. Depreciation贬值: a fall in the value o f a country’s currency, a gradual loss in the valueof something, such as a vehicle, a machine, or any asset that wears out with use and age9. Opportunity cost: the cost of using resources for some purpose, measured as theirvalue in their next best alternative use10. Just-in-time production: a system of inventory control and industrial productionmanagement based on the Japanese Kanban system, under which workers receive materials from suppliers ‘just in time’ for producing products ‘just in time’ to meet order s.Line words generally signal that they require materials by means of a card or a computerized request system. (sample: manufacturing process that produces products just in time to meet orders, not for stock)11. Throughput time: the average amount of time required to convert raw materials intofinished goods ready to be shipped to customers12. Product recall: the advertised request by a company that a product be returned to it bythose who have already purchased it (which is often deemed desirable when a product proves to be unsafe or unreliable)。
