4. 二战后的美国现代文学：诗人

美国诗人西尔维娅·普拉斯（1932昨天看到25号北京青年报的，美国诗人西尔维娅·普拉斯（1932-1963）逝世50周年的文章，一下子就迷上了这位在我出生前几个月，自杀于英国并葬在了约克郡的神秘的女作家。

西尔维娅·普拉斯（Sylvia Plath，1932—1963）是继艾米莉·狄金森和伊丽莎白·毕肖普之后最重要的美国女诗人，被认为是六十年代“自白派”诗歌的代表作的诗人。

1963年她最后一次自杀成功时，年仅31岁。

这位颇受争议的女诗人因其富于激情和创造力的重要诗篇留名于世，又因其与另一位英国诗人休斯情感变故自杀的戏剧化人生而成为英美文学界一个长久的话题。

今年是美国诗人西尔维娅·普拉斯（1932-1963）逝世50周年——她的诗集《巨人》和小说《钟罩》，在美国近代文学史上留下了光辉的一页。

近日，美国出版界出版了安德鲁·威尔逊写的《疯癫姑娘的爱之歌：西尔维娅·普拉斯和她的婚前岁月》(Mad Girl's Love Song: Sylvia Plath and Life Before Ted),以及卡尔·罗利孙写的《美国的伊希斯：西尔维娅·普拉斯的人生与艺术》（American Isis: The Life and Art of Sylvia Plath），并重推了她唯一的小说《钟罩》，以纪念这位天才诗人的早逝。

安德鲁·威尔逊和卡尔·罗利孙的书收集了许多以前没有公开的或被忽视的材料。

普拉斯1932年诞生于新英格兰马萨诸塞州，在波士顿附近的沿海城镇温思罗普度过童年。

她母亲是奥地利后裔，父亲青年时代由波兰移居美国，是闻名世界的研究蜜蜂的权威，就教于波士顿大学。

在童年，普拉斯就开始吟诗作赋，八岁发表第一首诗歌；她同时擅长钢笔画，并有作品发表。

到17岁时，她开始真正醉心于文学。

她曾创作45首诗歌，寄往《十七》杂志，均被退回。

中国抗日战争时期大后方文学主要外国作家作者情况简介主要外国作家作者情况简介为了帮助读者、研究者更好地了解本书人选作品的写作背景和作者的基本倩况，根据有关各种资料，特将主要作者及有关作品情况基本上按书中作者出现次序介绍和说明于此，有些作者或作品相互联系紧密，则一并介绍或作变通处理。

格兰姆·贝克（Graham Peck，1914—1962)美国记者、画家、作家。

贝克1935年秋天第一次来到中国，1937年末，日本大举侵华，他带着要以研究中国为毕生事业的决心，回到了美国。

1940年初，贝克再次踏上中国土地，在重庆、桂林、柳州等大后方居住，后或与路易·.艾黎一起，或单独在宝鸡、成都、洛阳、郑州等地旅行、访问，还曾为美国新闻处工作，被派往华南、西南许多地区，但主要是在重庆工作。

1945年日本投降后，他摆脱重庆战时工作，再次到中国沿海。

1946年定居在北京写作《一个美国人看旧中国》（原书名为《两种时间》，Two Kinds of Time)，同年11月他带着此书手稿回美。

爱泼斯坦称这本书为有关中国的“经典著作之一”；认为“他栩栩如生地重现了许多往事的景象，声音和感受，还透过在当时所谓‘大后方’的经历，重现了那个独特的动乱年代所意味着的一切。

”詹姆斯.芒罗·贝特兰（James Munro Bolrani, 1910年生）英国著名记者、教授，.因收入《毛泽东选集》第2卷的《和英国记者贝特兰的谈话》而为中国读者所熟悉。

詹姆斯·贝特兰出生于新西兰奥克兰一个牧师家庭。

1932年考入英国牛津大学，1936年获罗兹（Rhodes)远东旅行研究奖学金来到北平，担任英国工党机关报《每日先驱报》特约通讯员。

1936年12月西安事变发生后，贝特兰于12月27日到达西安，至1938年2月8日国民党中央军进驻西安的当晚离开。

不久写出了反映西安事变的报告文学，原著1937 年在英国出版时名为《中国的危机:西安兵变真相》(CrisisIn China: The Story of the Sian Mutiny)，1938 年美国版改名为《中国的第一幕西安兵变》（First Act in China：The Story of the Sian Mutiny)。

英美国各时期⽂学⼈物及著作英国⽂学Part 1.Old and medieval1、Beowulf贝尔武甫(the national epic of the English people)Striking feature:alliteration,metaphors and understatements2、William Langland威廉·兰格伦Piers the Plowman耕者⽪尔斯3、Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利·乔叟1340-1400长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德⼩说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国⽂学史上现实主义第⼀部杰作（他是最早有⼈⽂主义思想的作家，现实主义⽂学的奠基⼈）His contribution to English poetry:introduced from france the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet),is the first great poet who wrote in the English language.Who making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part 2.The English renaissance1、Thomas More托马斯·莫尔Utopia乌托帮2、Philip Sidney菲⼒普锡·德尼Astrophel and Stella Apology for Poetry诗辩3、Edmond Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞The Faerie Queene仙后The Shepherds’s Calender牧⽺⼈⽇历4、Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 The founder of English materialist philosophyAdvancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新⼯具; New Atlantic新⼤西岛;Essays论⽂集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）5、Christopher Marlowe克⾥斯托夫·马洛Tamburlaine铁⽊⽿⼤帝；Dr.Faustus浮⼠德的悲剧；The Jew of Malta马⽿他的犹太⼈；The Passionate Shepherd多情的牧⽺⼈致情⼈6、William Shakespeare莎⼠⽐亚1564-1616The Great Comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of V enice威尼斯商⼈;As Y ou Like It如愿;;Twelfth Night第⼗⼆夜;The Great Tragedies:The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王⼦复仇记;Othello奥塞罗King Lear李尔王;The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克⽩;The Later Comedies(romances):Pericles波⾥克利斯;Cymbeline⾟⽩林;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Tempest暴风风⾬; The Two Gentlemen of V eronaz维罗纳⼆绅⼠;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇⼈;Measure for Measure恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing⽆事⾃扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost 空爱⼀场；The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All’s Well That Ends Well皆⼤欢喜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查⼆世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth 亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利⼋世；Troilus and Cressida 脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Julet罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯·凯撒；Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline⾟⽩林;Pericles波⾥克利斯;V enus and Adonis维诺斯·阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets⼗四⾏诗Part 3.The English Bourgeois revolution period1、John Milton约翰·弥尔顿1608-1674L‘Allegro欢乐的⼈;Il Penseroso沉思的⼈;Comus科马斯;Lycidas列西达斯;Areopagitica论出版⾃由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense为英国⼈民声辩;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再为英国⼈民声辩;ParadiseLost失乐园;Paradise Regained复乐园;Samson Agonistes⼒⼠参孙2、John Bunyan班扬1628-1688The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程; The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先⽣的⼀⽣John Donne约翰·多恩(The founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry)Songs and Sonnets Devotions upon emergent Occasions John Dryden A ll for Love Antony and Cleopatra An Essay of Dramatic PoesyPart 4.The eighteenth Century1、Joseph Addison艾迪⽣诗：The Campaign远征；剧本：Cato加图名⽂；Adventure of A shilling⼀先令的历险2、Richard Steele理查德·斯梯尔1672-1729The Christian Hero基督教徒的英雄名⽂：The Spectator Club旁观者俱乐部3、Alexander Pope蒲柏1688-1744Pastorals⽥园诗集;An Essay on Criticism批评论;Windsor Forest温莎林;The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记;The Duncial愚⼈志;Moral Essays道德论;An Essay on Man⼈论;Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot与阿布斯诺博⼠书4、Jonathan Swift斯威夫特1667-17455、The Battle of Books书的战争;A Tale of A Tub⼀个⽊桶的故事;The Drapier’s Letters布商的书信;A Modest Proposal⼀个温和的建议；Guilliver’s Travels格列佛游记(A V oyage to Lilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa,Balnibarbi,Luggnagg,Glubbdubdriba and Japan/The Country of the Houyhnhnms⼩⼈国/⼤⼈国/拉普他等地/智马国游记)6、Danniel Defoe丹尼尔·迪福1660-1731 （标志着近代英国⼩说的形成）Hymn to the Pillory枷刑颂;Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙飘流记;Captain Singleton⾟格顿船长;Moll Flanders莫尔弗兰德斯;A Journal of the Plague Y ear⼤疫年⽇记Samuel Richardson理查逊Pamela帕美拉Clarissa Harlowe 克拉瑞莎Sir Charles Grandison格兰迪⽣7、Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁1707-1754（英国现实主义⼩说的奠基者）剧本：The Coffeehouse Politician咖啡屋政客;Don Quixote in England堂·吉诃德在英国;The Historical Register for the Y ear 历史记事长篇⼩说：The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,and of His Friend Mr Abraham Adams约瑟·安德鲁传;The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great⼤伟⼈江奈⽣·魏尔德传;The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling汤姆·琼斯;Amelia阿美利亚8、Richard Bringsley Sheridan理查德·谢⽴丹The School for Scsanda造谣学校The Rivals情敌9、Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰⽣1709-1784A Dictionary of the Engligh Language英语语⾔辞典;Lives of Poets诗⼈传;V anity of Human Wishes⼈类欲望的虚幻;Rasselas 拉塞勒斯名⽂：Letter to Lord Chesterfield给吉⼠菲尔伯爵的信10、Oliver Goldsmith哥尔斯密1728-1774The V icar of Wakefield威克菲尔德牧师传;The Citizen of the World世界公民;The Deserted荒村;She Stoops to Conquer屈⾝求爱11、Thomas Gray托马斯·格雷Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌12、William Blake布莱克1757-182713、Poetical Sketches素描诗集;Songs of Innocence天真之歌;Songs of Experience经验之歌；The French Revolution法国⾰命;The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻;America;Milton;Jerusalem 名诗：London;The Tiger14、Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰⽅⾔诗集名诗：The Tree of Liberty⾃由村;Scots Wha-Hae苏格兰⼈;The Two Dogs两只狗;Holy Willie’s Prayer威利长⽼的祈祷;My Heart’s in the Highlands我的⼼呀在⾼原;A Red,Red Rose⼀朵红红的玫瑰;John Anderson约翰·安德⽣；My Jo;A Man’s A Man for A’That不管⾝在何处都须保持尊严;Robert Bruce’s March to BannockburnPart 5.Romanticism in England1、William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯1770-1850An Evening Walk黄昏漫步;Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编）;Lucy Poems露西组诗(She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways;To the Cuckoo杜鹃颂;I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud;The Solitary Reaper孤寂的刈麦⼈);Ode on Intimations of Immorality不朽颂;Ode to Duty义务颂;The Excursion远⾜;The Prelude序曲2、Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治1772-1834Lyrical Ballads;The Fall of the Bastille巴⼠底狱的毁灭;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner⽼船夫;Kubla Khan忽必烈汗;Biographia Literaria⽂学传记Robert Southey骚塞Joan of Arc Wat Tyler3、George Gordon Byron乔治·拜伦1788-1824Hours of Idliness懒散的时刻;English Bords and Scottish Reviewers英国诗⼈与苏格兰评论家;Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage,Cantos I and II,Canto III 1818恰罗德·哈罗德游记;Ode to the Framers of the Frame-bill编织机法案编制者颂;Oriental Tales东⽅叙事诗(The Bride of Abydos阿⽐道斯的新娘;The Corsa海盗;The Siege of Corinth 柯林斯之围);Manfred 曼弗雷德;The Age of Bronze青铜世纪;Don Juan唐·璜名诗：She Walks in Beauty;The Isles of Greece4、Percy Bysshe Shelley波西·⽐希·雪莱1792-1822Queen Mab麦布⼥王;Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗⽶修斯;Adonais阿东尼斯;The Cenci钦契;Song to the Men of England致英国⼈民;England in 1819;The Masque of Anarchy专制魔王的化装游⾏;Ode to the West Wind/a Skylark西风/云雀颂;A Defence of Poetry诗辩5、John Keats约翰·济兹1795-1821 Endymion恩底弥翁;Isabella伊莎贝拉;The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣爱尼节前夜;Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂;Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂;To Autumn秋颂;Hyperion赫披⾥昂（未完成）6、Charles Lamb查尔斯·兰姆1775-1834 Tales from Shakespeare莎⼠⽐亚故事集;Alburn Verses诗集;Essay of Elia伊利亚散⽂集(Dream Children梦中⼉⼥;A Dissertation unpon Roast Pig烤猪论;Old China古瓷;New Y ear’s Eve除⼣;The Praise of Chimney Sweepers扫烟囱童⼯赞;The Superannuated Man领取养⽼⾦的⼈;A Bachelor’s Complaint of the Behavior of Married People单⾝汉对结过婚的⼈的⾏为的抱怨)7、Walter Scott⽡尔特·司各特1771-1832诗：The Minstrlsy of the Scottish Border苏格兰边区歌谣集;Marimion玛⾥恩;The Lady of the Lake湖上夫⼈⼩说：Waverley威弗利;Guy Mannering盖·曼纳令;Rob Roy罗布罗伊;The Heart of Midlothian⽶德洛西恩监狱;Ivanhoe艾凡赫;Kenilworth坎尼尔华斯;Woodstock皇家猎馆;Queentin Durward昆廷·达沃Part 6.English Critical Realism1、Thomas Hood胡德1799-1845The Song of the Shirt衬衫之歌;The Bridge of Sighs悲叹之桥;Miss Kilmansegg and Her Precious Leg基尔曼塞格⼩姐和她贵重的腿2、Ernest Jones琼斯1819-1869⼩说：The Women’s Wrongs妇⼥们的委屈名诗：The Song of the Lower Class;The Song of the Future3、Charles Dickens狄更斯1812-1870The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传;Oliver Twist奥利弗·退斯特;American Notes美国札记;Martin Chuzzlewit马丁·朱述尔维特;The Old Curiosity Shop⽼古玩店;Dombey and Son董贝⽗⼦;DavidCopperfield⼤卫·科波菲尔;Hard Times艰难时世;A Tale of Two Cities双城记;Great Expectation远⼤前程4、William MakepeaceThackery萨克雷1811-1863The Book of Snobs势利者集;V anity Fair名利场;History of Pendennis潘丹尼斯的历史;The History of Henry Esmond亨利·艾斯芒的历史;The Newcomes纽可谟⼀家;The V irginians弗吉尼亚⼈5、Jane Austin简·奥斯丁1775-1817Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见;Sense and Sensibility理智与情感;Emma爱玛;Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德公园;Persuasion好事多磨;Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺6、Charlote/Emily/Anne Bronte夏洛蒂/爱⽶丽/安妮·勃郎特1816-1855Jane Eyre简爱;Shirley雪丽/ Wuthering Height呼啸⼭庄/ Agones Grey艾格尼斯·格雷7、Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell盖斯凯尔1810-1865Mary Barton玛丽·巴顿;Ruth露斯;Cranford克兰弗德;North and South北与南;Life of Charlote Bronte夏洛蒂勃郎特传8、George Eliot爱略特(Mary Ann Evans)1819-1880Adam Bede亚当·贝德;The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊；Silas Marner织⼯马南;Middlemarch ⽶德尔马契;Felix Holt,the RadicalPart 7.Prose-writers&Poets of the Mid&Late 19th century1、Thomas Carlyle卡莱尔1795-1881Sartor Resartus⾐裳哲学/旧⾐新裁;The Life of Schiller席勒传;The French Revolution;Heroes and Hero-worship 论英雄与英雄崇拜2、Afred Tennyson丁尼⽣1809-1892Poems of Two Brothers壎篪;Timbuctoo提姆巴克图;The Pricess公主;In Memoriam H H悼念哈拉姆;Maud⽑黛;Enoch Arden伊诺克·阿登;Idylls of the King国王之歌名诗：Ulysses;The Eagle;Break,Break,Break3、Robert Browning勃朗宁1812-1889Paracelsus巴拉塞尔⼠;Strafford斯特拉福;Pippa Passes⽐芭⾛过;Dramatic Lyrics戏剧抒情诗;Dramatic Romances and Lyrics 戏剧传奇与抒情诗(Home Thoughts;From Abroad;Prospice向前看);Dramatic Personae登场⼈物;Men and Women男男⼥⼥4、Elizabeth Barrel Browning 1806-1861Sonnets from the Portuguese葡萄⽛⼗四⾏诗;The Cry of the Children5、William Morris莫⾥斯1834-1896诗：The Earthly Paradise地上乐园;Chants of Socialism社会主义歌集;Pilgrims of Hope希望的探求者⼩说：A Dream of John Ball梦见给翰·保尔;News from Nowher乌有乡消息6、William Hazlitt威廉·赫兹⾥特1778-1830Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays莎剧中的⼈物;A V iew of the English Stage英国舞台⼀瞥;Lecture on the English Poets论英国诗⼈;The Spirit of the Age时代精神;Sketches and Essays素描与随笔;Table Talk桌边⽂谈名⽂：On Familiar Style7、George Gissing吉⾟1857-1903⼩说：Demos民众;New Crub Srreet新穷⼠街;Born in Eile在流放中诞⽣;The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft 拉伊克罗夫特的⽇记（散⽂）;Charles Dickens:A Critical Study狄更斯研究Robert Couis Stevenson史蒂⽂⽣1850-1894 ⼩说：New Arabian Nights新天⽅夜谭;Treasure Island宝岛;The Strange Caseof Dr Jeykell and Mr Hyde化⾝博⼠;Kidnapped诱拐游记：An Inland V oyage内陆游记;Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes骑驴旅⾏;A Child’s Garden of V erses ⼉童诗园8、Oscar Wilde王尔德1856-1900长篇⼩说：The Picture of Dorian Gray道林·格雷的画像童话：The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王⼦诗集：De Prafundis惨痛的呼声;The Ballad of Reading Gaol累丁狱之歌剧作：Lady Windermere’s Fan温德⽶尔夫⼈的扇⼦;A Woman of No Importance⼀个⽆⾜轻重的妇⼥;An Ideal Husband理想丈夫;The Importance of Being Earnest埃耐斯特的重要性20th century English literature9、Joseph Rudyard Kipling罗德雅德·吉⼘林1865-1936诗集：Barrak Room Ballad营房诗集;The Seven Seas七海;Recession and Other Poems赞美诗及其他;The Five Nations五国长篇⼩说：Kim基姆;Captain Courageous勇敢的船长短篇⼩说：Plain Tales from the Hills;Soldiers There;The Story of the Gadsby; Life Handcap⽣命的阻⼒;The Jungle Book;The Second Jungle Book林莽之书;The Lost Legion10、Samuel Butler勃特勒1835-1902The Way of All Flesh如此⼈⽣;Erewhon埃瑞璜;Erewhon Revisited重游埃瑞璜11、Joseph Conrad康拉德1859-1924长篇⼩说：Almayer’s Folly奥尔迈耶的愚蠢;The Nigger of the Narcissus⽔仙号上的⿊⿁;Lord Jim吉姆⽼爷;Nostromo诺斯特罗莫;The Secret Agent间谍;Chance机缘;V ictory胜利短篇⼩说：An Outpost of Progress⽂明的前哨;Heart of Darkness⿊暗的中⼼;Y outh青春Henry James Daisy Miller The portrait of a Lady The Wings of the Dove The ambassadors The Golden Bowl 12、Thomas Hardy哈代1840-1928Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵下;Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;The Return of the Native还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长;Tess of the D’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝;Jude the Obscure⽆名的裘德诗集：Wessex Poems威塞克斯诗集史诗剧：The Dynasts统治者三部曲13、John Galworthy⾼尔斯华绥1867-1933From the Four Winds天涯海⾓(The Man of Property有产业的⼈;In Chancery骑虎难下;To Let出租→The Forsyte Saga福尔塞世家);(The White Monkey⽩猿;The Silver Spoon银匙;Swan Song天鹅曲→A Modern Comedy现代喜剧) 剧作：The Silver Box 银匣;Strife⽃争12、George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳1856-1950长篇⼩说：An Unsocial Socialist业余社会主义者评论：Quintessence of Ibsenism剧本：Widoer’s Houses鳏夫的房产;Mrs Warren’s Profession华伦夫⼈的职业The Devil’s Disciple魔⿁的门徒;Man and Superman⼈与超⼈;John Bull’s Other Island英国佬的另⼀个岛;Major Barbara巴巴拉少校;Pygmalion劈克美梁;Heartbreak House伤⼼之家;The Apple Cart苹果车;Too True to be Good真相毕露13、William Butler Y eats叶芝1865-1939诗：Respondibilities责任;The Tower塔;The Winding Stair盘旋的楼梯名诗：A Deap Sworn V ow;Easter 1916剧本：The Land of Heart’s Desire理想的国⼟;The Hour Glass时漏;Dedidre黛德尔Autobiographies⾃传三部曲;Essays and Introduction14、Thomas Stearns Eliot艾略特1888-1965诗集：Prufrock and Other Observation普鲁夫洛克及其他;The Waste Land荒原;The Hollow Men空虚的⼈们;Ash-Wednesday 圣灰星期三;Four Quarters诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral⼤教堂⾥的谋杀案;The Family Reunion团圆评论集：The Sacred Wood圣林;Homage to John Dryden向约翰·德莱顿致敬;For Lancelot Andrews纪念兰斯洛特·安德鲁斯15、David Herbert Lawrence劳伦斯1885-1930The White Peacock⽩孔雀;Sons and Lovers⼉⼦与情⼈;The Rainbow虹;Women in Love恋爱中的妇⼥;Lady Chatterley’s Lover查泰莱夫⼈的情⼈16、James Joyce乔伊斯1882-1941短篇⼩说：Dubiners都柏林⼈长篇⼩说：A Portrait of the Artist as a Y oung Man青年艺术家的画像;Ulysess尤利西斯;Finnegans Wake芬尼根的觉醒17、V irginia Woolf沃尔芙1882-1941长篇⼩说：Mrs Dalloway达洛威夫⼈;To the Lighthouse到灯塔去;Orlando奥兰多传;The Waves浪;Flush弗乐希;Between the Acts幕间散⽂集：The Common Readers;The Death of the Moth and Other Essays;A Room of One’s Own;Three Guineas 三个基尼亚名⽂：Modern Fiction现代⼩说⽇记：A Writer’s Diary英国⽂学⼀、古英语时期的英国⽂学（499-1066）1. 贝奥武夫2. 阿尔弗雷德⼤帝：英国散⽂之⽗⼆、中古英语时期的英国⽂学1. allegory体⾮常盛⾏2. Romance开始上升到⼀定的⾼度3. ⾼⽂爵⼠和绿⾐骑⼠4. Willian Langlaud 《农夫⽪尔斯的幻象》5. 乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体）6. 托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》三、⽂艺复兴时期的英国⽂学（伊丽莎⽩时代）（14-16世纪）1. 托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》2. Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引⼊sonnet3. Philips Sidney《The defense of Poesie》《阿卡迪亚》描述⽥园⽣活现代长篇⼩说的先驱4. 斯宾塞《仙后》诗⼈中的诗⼈；斯宾塞体诗节；5. 莎⼠⽐亚：长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》四⼤悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克⽩6. 本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《⼈性互异》7. 约翰.多恩“⽞学派”诗歌创始⼈8. George Herbert ⽞学派诗圣9 . 弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始⼈之⼀《Essays》英国发展史上的⾥程碑《学术的推进》和《新⼯具》四、启蒙时期（18世纪）1. 约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国⼈民争辩》2. 约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory3. 约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗⼈《论戏剧诗》4. 亚历⼭⼤.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使⽤达到登峰造极的使⽤；《⽥园组诗》是其最早⽥园诗歌代表作5. 托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表⼈物《墓园挽歌》6. 威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌；7. 罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗⼈；8. Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》9. Samuel defoe 英国现实主义⼩说的奠基⼈之⼀；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除⾮国教徒的捷径》，以表达⾃⼰的不满；10.Jonathan Swift 《⼀个⼩⼩的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》；11.Samuel Richardson 英国现代⼩说的创始⼈；帕⽶拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵⼠的历史；12.Henry Fielding 英国现实主义⼩说理论的奠基⼈；《约瑟夫。

美国文学1945年以后重要作家Saul Bellow (1915-2005), Canadian-born Jewish American writer whose novels, including The Dangling Man (1944) and Humboldt’s Gift(1975), often concern an alienated individual within an indifferent society. He won the 1976 Nobel Prize in LiteratureTennessee Williams (1911-1983), American playwright whose works often concern family tensions and sexual anxiety. They include The Glass Menagerie(1944), A Streetcar Named Desire(1947, for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1948 ), and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof(1955).Arthur Miller (1915-2005), American playwright whose works include Death of a Salesman(1949), for which he won a Pulitzer Prize, and The Crucible(1953). Miller’s career as a writer spanned over seven decades, and at the time of his death, he was considered one of the greatest dramatists of the 20th centuryIrwin Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997) was an American poet. He is best known for the poem “Howl” (1956), which celebrated his friends who were members of the Beat Generation and attacked what he saw as the destructive forces of materialism and conformity in the United StatesRobert Lowell (1917-1977) was an American poet, considered the founder of the confessional poetry movement. He was winner of three Pulitzer Prizes and the sixth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1946Kurt Vonnegut (1922-2007), American writer whose works show compassion and humor in the midst of the violence and alienation of modern life. His novels include Slaughterhouse Five(1969) and Breakfast of Champions (1973). He is considered one of the most influential American writers of the 20th centuryNorman Mailer (1923-2007): American writer. Acclaimed for his World War II novel The Naked and the Dead(1948), he establ ished New Journalism with his accounts of political events in the 1960’s. Mailer’s other works include The Deer Park(1955) and The Executioner’s Song (1979).Joseph Heller (1923-1999) was a satirical novelist, short story writer and playwright. He wrote the influential novel Catch-22 about American servicemen during World War II. Heller is widely regarded as one of the best post-World War II satiristsFlannery O’Connor (1925-1964) was a novelist, short-story writer and essayist. She was a Southern writer who often wrote in a Southern Gothic style and relied heavily on regional settings and grotesque characters. Her writing also reflected her Roman Catholic faith, and frequently examined questions of morality and ethicsAnne Sexton (1928-1974) was an influential American poet and writer known for her highly personal, confessional poetry. She won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1967. Themes of her poetry include her long term battle with depression. After repeated attempts, she took her own life in 1974Sylvia Plath (1932-1963) was a poet, novelist, children’s author, and short story author, known primarily for her poetry.Along with Anne Sexton, Plath is credited with advancing the genre of confessional poetry. She took her own life in 1963Toni Morrison (born 1931), is a Nobel Prize-winning American author, editor, and professor. Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed black characters; among the best known are The Bluest Eye (1970), Song of Solomon (1977), and Beloved (1987).John Updike (1932-2009) was an American novelist, poet, short story writer, art critic, and literary critic. Updike’s most famous work is his Rabbit series (Rabbit, Run; Rabbit Redux; Rabbit Is Rich; Rabbit At Rest; and Rabbit Remembered). His writings generally follow the realistic traditionMaxine Hong Kingston (born 1940) is one of the first Asian American writers to achieve great acclaim for both her nonfiction and fiction. With her vivid portrayals of the magic of her Chinese ancestry and the struggle of Chinese immigrants to the United States, she makes the Asian American experience come alive for her readers. Her best-known book was The Woman Warrior (1976).Amy Tan (born 1952), American writer of Chinese descent whose works explore mother-daughter relationships. In 1993, Tan’s adaptation of her most popular fiction work, The Joy Luck Club (1989), became a commercially successful film.Tan has written several other books, including The Kitchen God’s Wife (1991), The Bonesetter’s Daugh ter (2001), and Saving Fish from Drowning (2005).J. D. Salinger (1919-2010 ) American writer whose works, most notably his novel The Catcher in the Rye (1951), often concern troubled, sensitive adolescents. He is also known for his reclusive nature: his last original published work was in 1965 and he gave his last interview in 1980。

美国文学美国文学表现为平民化、多元化，富阳刚之气，热爱自由，追求以个人幸福为中心的美国梦。

美国文学大致出现3次繁荣：19世纪前期形成民族文学，一、二战后，美国文学两度繁荣，并产生世界影响，已有近10位作家获诺贝尔文学奖。

●简介美国文学（American literature或Literature of the United States）指在美国产生的文学（也包括建国前殖民时期文学）。

用英语写成的美国文学可视为英语文学的一部分。

美国文学历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义同时出现，较少受封建贵族文化束缚。

美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供可能性。

美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念强烈。

美国是多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来本民族文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性。

美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。

●殖民时期1、印第安人文化：欧洲人发现新大陆时，北美洲土著居民印第安人处于原始公社制度不同阶段。

印第安人在向大自然的斗争中创造自己的文化，主要是民间口头创作，包括神话传说和英雄传说。

没有文字，这些传说后得以整理问世，启发后世美国作家的灵感。

2、早期移民文化：移民刚到新大陆时忙于生存，故文学发展缓慢。

最早发表关于北美的作品是游记、日记类文字。

作者都是英国人。

英国殖民地建立后，统治者利用宗教，主要是清教作为控制殖民地思想意识的主要手段，因此许多出版物是关于神学的研究。

著名作家有科顿·马瑟（1663～1728）和乔纳森·爱德华兹（1703～1758）等。

随着工业、贸易和民族意识的增涨，宗教自由的呼声提高，清教主义的神权统治走向衰亡，为人本主义与自由民主等民族独立的意识所代替。

3、诗歌创作：北美出版首部诗集《海湾圣诗》以民歌形式写成。

迈克尔·威格尔斯沃思（1631～1705）的诗全是解释加尔文教的教义，成了宗教性的普及读物。