内燃机专业英语翻译

Chapter 1 Enging types and their operation1.1 Introduction and historical perspective1．内燃机的目的是从蕴含在燃料中的化学能中得到机械动力。

．内燃机的目的是从蕴含在燃料中的化学能中得到机械动力。

The purpose of internal combustion engines is the production of mechanical power from the chemical energy contained in the fuel . 2．有别于外部燃烧机器，在内燃机中，能量是在机器内部燃烧或氧化燃料释放出来的。

化燃料释放出来的。

In In internal internal internal combustion combustion combustion engines engines engines ,as ,as ,as distinct distinct distinct from from from external external external combustion combustion engines, this energy is released by burning or oxidizing the fuel inside the engine. 3．功的转移，提供了需要的动力输出，发生在工作流体和机器的机械部件之间。

械部件之间。

The work transfers which provide the desired power output occur directly between between these these these working working working fluids fluids fluids and and and the the the mechanical mechanical mechanical components components components of of of the the engine. 4．实际上正是由于燃烧发生在机器做功部件内部才使它们的设计和运行特征从根本上有别于其他类型的机器。

内燃机英语单词单词：internal -bustion engine1. 定义与释义1.1词性：名词1.2释义：一种通过燃料在其内部燃烧产生动力的发动机。

1.3英文解释：An engine in which thebustion of fuel takes place inside the engine itself to produce power.1.4相关词汇bustion engine（同义词），IC engine（缩写，派生词）。

2. 起源与背景2.1词源：“internal”源于拉丁语“internus”，表示内部的；bustion”源于拉丁语bustio”，表示燃烧；“engine”源于古法语“engin”，原指天赋、能力，后指机械装置。

内燃机的发展源于19世纪，科学家们不断探索如何更高效地将燃料的化学能转化为机械能，经过不断改进和创新，内燃机成为现代交通运输和许多机械的主要动力来源。

2.2趣闻：据说最早的内燃机雏形是一位科学家在实验室里偶然发现燃料在一个封闭容器内燃烧可以产生动力，这一发现为内燃机的发展奠定了基础。

3. 常用搭配与短语3.1短语：(1) internal -bustion engine vehicle：内燃机汽车例句：Most cars on the road today are internal -bustion engine vehicles.翻译：如今道路上的大多数汽车都是内燃机汽车。

(2) high - performance internal -bustion engine：高性能内燃机例句：The new sports car is equipped with a high - performance internal -bustion engine.翻译：这辆新跑车配备了高性能内燃机。

4. 实用片段(1) "I heard that your new motorcycle has a really powerful internal -bustion engine. How does it feel when you ride it?" Tom asked his friend. His friend replied, "It's amazing! The acceleration is so fast."翻译：“我听说你的新摩托车有一个非常强劲的内燃机。

Internal combustion engine 内燃机Power unit 动力装置Spark ignition engine 火花塞点火式发动机Compression ignition engine 压燃式发动机Two-stroke/Four-stroke engine 二冲程/四冲程发动机Direct/Indirect injection engine 直喷式发动机/非直喷式发动机Reciprocating internal combustion engine 往复式内燃机Carburetor engine 化油器式发动机Rotary engine 转子发动机Supercharged engine 增压发动机Airoil-cooled engine 风冷油冷发动机Naturally aspirated engine 自然吸气发动机Liquefied petroleum gas engine 液化石油气发动机Diesel gas engine 柴油煤气发动机Multi-fuel engine 多燃料发动机Opposed-cylinder/Opposed-piston engine 对置气缸/对置活塞发动机Cross head engine 十字头型发动机In-line engine 直列式发动机Radial engine 星型发动机Stirling engine 斯特林发动机Front-engine 前置式发动机Rear-engine 后置式发动机Central engine 中置式发动机汽油机gasoline engine 汽油喷射式汽油机gasoline-injection engine 柴油机diesel engine 旋轮线转子发动机rotary trochoidal engine Leftright-hand engine 左右侧发动机Dual overhead camshaft engine 双顶置凸轮轴发动机DOHC valve in-head engine 顶置气门发动机side valve engine 侧置气门发动机multi-valve engine 多气门发动机horizontal engine 卧式发动机vertical engine 立式发动机oversquare/undersquare engine 短冲程/长冲程发动机engine performance 发动机性能twofour-stroke cycle 二四冲程循环diesel cycle 狄塞尔循环otto cycle 奥托循环mixed cycle 混合循环constant volumepressure cycle 等容等压循环woking cycle 工作循环ideal cycle 理想循环thermodynamic cycle 热力循环up down stroke 上下行程intake stroke 进气行程charging stroke 充气行程compression stroke 压缩行程expansion stroke 膨胀行程power stroke 作功行程exhaust stroke 排气行程top bottom dead center 上下止点BTDC before top dead center 上止点前ATDC after top dead center 上止点后Bore 缸径Cylinder clearance volume 气缸余隙容积Combustion chamber volume 燃烧室容积Displacement 排量Compression ratio 压缩比Critical compression ratio 临界压缩比Expansion ratio 膨胀比Surface to volume ratio 面容比Stroke-bore ratio 行程缸径比Compression pressure 压缩压力BMEP brake mean effective pressure 制动平均有效压力Air fuel ratio fuel air ratio 空燃比燃空比Fuel equivalence ratio 燃料当量比Power per litter cylinder 升功率单缸功率Gross power horse power 总功率马力Net power 净功率Fuel consumption 燃油消耗量Specific fuel consumption 比燃油消耗率Power curve 功率曲线Mechanical loss 机械损失Mechanical efficiency 机械效率Effective thermal efficiency 有效热效率Volumetric efficiency 充气系数Coefficient of excess air 过量空气系数Coefficient of torque adaptability 扭矩适应性系数Coefficient of intensification 强化系数Correction factor 校正系数Economic speed 经济转速Starting speed 启动转速Speed at maximum torque 最大扭矩转速Maximum no load governed speed 最高空转转速Speed governing 调速Working condition 工况Declared working condition 额定工况Variable working condition 变工况Steady working condition 稳定工况No-load 空载Full part load 全负荷部分负荷Major pitchminor diameter 外中、内径Radical clearance 径向间隙Loading startingacceleration performance 加载性能启动性能、加速性能Power emission performance 动力性能排放性能Part throttle characteristics 负荷特性Governorcontrol characteristics 调速特性Mapping characteristics 万有特性Steady state speed governing rate 稳态调速率Cylinder block head 缸体缸盖Cylinder head gasket 气缸盖垫片Cylinder liner sleeve 缸套Dry wet cylinder liner 干湿缸套Water jacket 气缸水套Cylinder wall 气缸壁Deformation 变形Cavitation 穴蚀Aging 老化Fatigue 疲劳Rough running 工作粗暴Knock 敲缸Cylinder score 拉缸Dynamometer 测功机Automobile Mechanics 汽车构造Engine Cylinder Block Crankcase 发动机气缸休曲轴箱Piston Connecting Rod 活塞连杆Crankshaft Flywheel 曲轴飞轮Valves and Valves Train 气门与气门传动组Engine Fuel System 发动机燃油系统Engine Lubricating System 发动机润滑系统Engine Cooling System 发动机冷却系统engine Ignition System 发动机点火系统engine Starting System 发动机起动系统Clutch 离合器Transmission 变速器Suspension System 悬挂系统Crank shaft 曲轴Oil pan 油底壳Piston pin ring 活塞销环Valve timing 配气相位VVTVariable Valve Timing 可变气门相位VVT-iVariable Valve Timing Intake 智能可变配气正时VVTLVariable Valve Timing and Lift 可变气门相位及升程VTECVariable Valve Timing and Lift Electronic Control System 可变气门相位及升程电子控制系统FSI Fuel Straight Injection 汽油机缸内直喷技术OBD On Board Diagnostics 车载故障诊断系统VCMVariable Cylinder Management 可变气缸管理即闭缸技术Muffler 消音器volume ratio of combustion cahmber燃烧室容积比surface-volume ratio of combustion chamber燃烧室口径比flywheel cover飞轮壳dome head piston圆顶活塞flat head piston平顶活塞crown head piston convex head piston 凸顶活塞concave head piston凹顶活塞piston skirt活塞裙部oil control ring 油环connecting rod small end连杆小头connecting rod big end连杆大头connecting rod bearing连杆轴承one-piece crankshaft整体式曲轴assembled crankshaft组合式曲轴crankshaft main journal 曲轴主轴颈crank pin曲柄销eccentric shaft偏心轴crankcase曲轴箱flywheel飞轮reciprocating inertia force1st order一级往复惯性力reciprocating inertia force 2nd order二级往复贯性力camshaft bearing journal凸轮轴轴颈camshaft bearing 凸轮轴轴承camshaft gear wheel 凸轮轴齿轮inlet cam进口凸轮exhaust cam排气凸轮timing gear正时齿轮swirl rate进气涡流intake turbulence进气紊流valve lift气门升程valve timing气门正时valve guide气门导管roller 滚柱rocker arm摇臂fuel delivery per cycle循环供油量rated fuel delivery 额定供油量fuel injection beginning喷油始点fuel injection end喷油终点fuel injection duration angle喷油持续角injection delay喷油延迟pilot injection 引燃喷射injection starting pressure启喷压力carburetor化油器governor 调速器air filter空气滤清器intake preheater进气预热装置intake manifold进气歧管indicated power指示功率indicated thermal efficiency指示热效率indicated specific energy consumption指示油耗率indicator diagram示功图mechanical supercharging机械增压supercharge ratio增压比boost pressure增压压力surge喘振standard atmospheric conditions标准大气状况atmospheric pressure 大气压力inlet air temperature进气温度performance test性能试验thermo-shock test热冲击试验cylinder fuel-cut test停缸试验turbo-charger matching test增压机匹配试验exhaust analysis test排气分析试验stability test稳定性试验verification test验证试验approval test鉴定试验reliability test可靠性试验durability test耐久性试验type approval test定型试验acceptance test验收试验field test现场试验delivery test出厂试验spot check test抽查试验re-check test复查试验bench test台架试验hydraulic dynamometer水力测功机eddy current dynamometer电涡流测功机electric dynamometer电力测功机fuel and vapor separator油气分离器catalyst催化剂converter转化器catalytic converter催化转化器oxidation catalyst氧化型催化剂reduction catalyst还原型催化剂three-way catalyst三元催化剂catalyst poisoning催化剂中毒lean rich mixture稀浓混合气temperature sensor温度传感器pressure sensor压力传感器position sensor位置传感器speed sensor转速传感器knock sensor爆震传感器nondispersive infrared不分光红外线分析法nondispersive ultraviolet不分光紫外线分析法flame ionization ditector氢火焰离子化检测器gas chromatograph气相色谱仪heated flame ionization detector加热式氢火焰离子化检测器opacimetersmokemeter烟度计off-road vehicle越野车sports car跑车racer racing car赛车interchangeability 互换性final assembly 总装dash board 仪表盘clean diesel 清洁柴油grade ability 爬坡能力moisture ejector 除湿器modular bus body 组合式客车车身test of steering wheel returnability 转向盘回正性试验steering wheel impulse input test 转向盘转角脉冲试验air deflector 空气导流板steering wheel step input or transient state yaw response test 转向盘转角阶跃输入试验limiting lateral acceleration test 极限侧向加速度试验automobile ride random input running test 汽车平顺性随机输入行驶试验automobile ride single pulse input running test 汽车平顺性单脉冲输入行驶试验measurement of natural frequency and damping ratio of suspension 汽车悬挂系统固有频率与阻尼比的测定试验test of effect of sudden power change 功率突然变化影响试验test of control at breakway 收油门后控制试验test of crosswind stability 横向稳定性试验kick-back test 反冲试验test of burst response of tyre 轮胎爆破响应时间试验obstacle avoidance test 绕过障碍物试验lane change test 移线试验test of J turn J型转弯试验frequency response test 频率响应时间试验transient response test 瞬态响应时间试验step response test 阶路响应时间试验pulse response test 脉冲响应试验static steering effort test 静态操舵力试验jack-up test of suspension 悬架举升试验test of overturning immunity 耐翻倾试验rim slip test 转毂错动试验wind tunnel test 风洞试验test of breaking stability 制动稳定性试验minimum turning diameter test 最小转弯直径试验steering effort test 操舵力试验汽车automobile 拖拉机tractor 铁路机车locomotive 有轨电车tram 无轨电车trolley 军用车辆military vehicle 蒸汽机steam engine 煤气机gas engine 汽油机gasoline engine 国民经济national economy 国内生产总值GDP Gross Domestic Production 全拆散CKD Completely Knock Down 半拆散SKDSemi-Knock Down 改革开放reform and opening 技术引进technical import 国产化localization 支柱产业pillar estate 轿车car 客车bus coach 货车truck lorry 公路用车road vehicle 非公路用车off-road vehicle 发动机engine 机体engine body 曲柄连杆机构crank-connecting rod mechanism 配气机构valve timing mechanism 供给系fuel supply system 冷却系cooling system 润滑系lubricating system 点火系ignition system 起动系starting system 底盘chassis 传动系power train 离合器clutch 变速器gear box 传动轴propeller shaft 驱动桥drive axle 行驶系runninggear 车架frame 悬架suspension 前轴front axle 桥壳axle housing 车轮wheel转向系steering system 转向盘steering wheel 转向器steering gear 转向传动装置steering linkage 助力装置power assisting device 制动系braking system 控制装置control device 供能装置power supply device 传动装置transfer device 制动器brake 车身body 车前板制件front end panels 车身壳体body shell 车门door 车窗window 附属装置auxiliary device 货箱carrying platform 发动机前置后轮驱动FR front engine rear drive 发动机前置前轮驱动FF front engine front drive 发动机后置后轮驱动RR rear engine rear drive 发动机中置后轮驱动MR midship engine rear drive 全轮驱动nWD all wheel drive 驱动力tractive force 阻力resistance 滚动阻力rolling resistance 空气阻力air resistance drag 上坡阻力gradient resistance 附着作用adhesion 附着力adhesive force 附着系数coefficient of adhesion 第一章发动机工作原理二冲程发动机two stroke engine 四冲程发动机four stroke engine 水冷发动机water cooled engine 风冷发动机air cooled engine 上止点UDP upper dead point 下止点LDP lower dead point 活塞行程stroke 汽缸直径bore 工作容积working volume 排量swept volume displacement 进气行程intake stroke 压缩行程compression stroke 压缩比compression ratio 做功行程working stroke 爆燃敲缸detonation knock 排气行程exhaust stroke 示功图indicating diagram 汽缸体cylinder block 汽缸盖cylinder head 油底壳oil sump 活塞piston 连杆connecting rod 曲轴crankshaft 飞轮flywheel 进气门intake valve 排气门exhaust valve 挺柱tappet 推杆push rod 摇臂rocker 凸轮轴camshaft 正时齿轮timing gear 燃油箱fuel tank 燃油泵fuel pump 汽油滤清器gasoline filter 化油器carburetor 空气滤清器air cleaner 进气管intake manifold 排气管exhaust manifold 火花塞spark plug 点火线圈ignition coil 断电器breaker 蓄电池storage battery 发电机generator 水泵water pump 散热器radiator 风扇fan 放水阀drain valve 水套water jacket 分水管distributive pipe 机油泵oil pump 集滤器suction filter 限压阀relief valve 润滑油道oil passage 机油滤清器oil filter 机油冷却器oil cooler 起动机starting motor 有效功率effective power 有效转矩effective torque 燃油消耗率specific fuel consumption 发动机转速特性engine speed characteristic 节气门开度throttle percentage 部分特性partial characteristic 外特性outer characteristic 第二章曲柄连杆机构汽缸套cylinder sleeve cylinder liner 发动机支承engine mounting 活塞顶piston top 活塞头部piston head 活塞裙piston skirt 开槽slot 活塞环piston ring气环compression ring 油环oil ring 环槽groove 活塞销piston pin 主轴承main bearing 主轴承盖main bearing cap 主轴瓦main shell 连杆轴承big end bearing 连杆盖big end cap 起动爪cranking claw 带轮pulley 平衡重counter weight 发火顺序firing order 扭振减振器torsional vibration damper 第三章配气机构顶置气门OHV Over Head Valve 顶置凸轮轴OHC Over Head Camshaft 单顶置凸轮轴SOHC Single Over Head Camshaft 双顶置凸轮轴DOHC Dual Over Head Camshaft 多气门发动机multi-valve engine 气门间隙valve clearance 配气相位timing phase 气门杆valve stem 气门座valve seat 气门导管valve guide 气门弹簧valve spring 第四章汽油机供给系可燃混合气combustion mixture 消声器silencer muffler 汽油gasoline petrol 分馏distil 蒸发性evaporating property 热值heat value 抗爆性anti-knock property 辛烷值RON Research Octane Number 过量空气系数coefficient of excessive air 理论混合气theoretical mixture 稀混合气thin mixture 浓混合气thick mixture 主供油系统main supply system 怠速系统idle system 加浓系统thickening system 加速系统accelerating system 浮子float 浮子室float chamber 针阀needle valve 量孔metering jet 阻风门choke 滤芯filter cartridge 沉淀杯sediment cup 泵膜pump diaphragm 油浴式oil bath type 石棉垫aestos pad 预热pre-heating 汽油直接喷射gasoline direct injection 电控electronic control 多点喷射muti-point injection 单点喷射single point injection 电路控制circuit control 分电器信号distributor signal 空气流量信号airflow signal 冷却水温信号water temperature signal 第五章柴油机供给系输油泵transfer pump 喷油泵fuel injection pump 高压油管high pressure fuel pipe 发火性ignition property 黏度viscosity 凝点condensing point 备燃期pri-combustion period 速燃期rapid combustion period 缓燃期slow combustion period 燃烧室combustion chamber 统一燃烧室united chamber 球形燃烧室ball shape chamber 涡流室turbulence chamber 预燃室pri-combustion chamber 喷油器injector 精密偶件precise couple 柱塞plunger 出油阀delivery valve 调速器governor 两速调速器two speed governor 全速调速器full speed governor 定速调速器fixed speed governor 综合调速器combined governor 气动调速器pneumatic governor 机械离心式调速器mechanical centrifugal governor 复合式调速器complex governor 喷油提前角调节装置advancer 飞块flyweight 联轴节coupling 粗滤清器primary filter 细滤清器secondary filter 涡轮增压器turbocharger 中间冷却器intermediate cooler 第七章冷却系节温器thermostat 防冻液anti-freezing liquid 补偿水桶compensation reservoir V-带V belt 百叶窗shutter 大循环big circulation 小循环small circulation 散热翅片fins 第八章润滑系润滑剂lubricant 压力润滑pressure lubrication 飞溅润滑splash lubrication 润滑脂grease 机油压力传感器oil pressure sensor 油封oil seal 旁通阀bypass valve 机油散热器oil cooler 机油尺dip stick 加机油口oil filler 曲轴箱通风crankcase ventilation 第九章点火系一次绕组primary winding 二次绕组secondary winding 热敏电阻heat sensitive resistance 点火提前ignition advance 分电器distributor 活动触点moving contact 固定触点fixed contact 分火头distributor rotor arm 电容器condenser 点火提前装置ignition advancer 离心式点火提前装置centrifugal ignition advancer 真空式点火提前装置vacuum ignition advancer 辛烷值校正器octane number rectifier 中心电极central electrode 侧电极side electrode 瓷绝缘体ceramic insulator 跳火间隙spark gap 半导体点火系semi-conductor ignition system 晶体管transistor 二极管diode 三极管triode 无触点点火系non-contact ignition system 霍尔效应Hall effect 正极板anode 负极板cathode 隔板separator 电解液electrolyte 蓄电池格battery cell 接线柱terminal 电缆cable 硅整流交流发电机silicon rectified A.C.。

内燃机：internal combustion engines外燃机：external combustion engines往复式内燃机：reciprocating engine自然吸气：naturally aspirate增压：supercharge涡轮增压：turbo charge机械动力：mechanical power混合气：fuel-air mixture工作介质：working fluids机械部件：mechanical components火花点火机：spark-ignition engines压燃机：compression-ignition engines能/重量比：power/weight ratio发电机：power generation热机：heat engines活塞：piston 汽缸：cylinder 煤气：coal-gas 活塞冲程：piston stroke 工质：charge齿系组：rack assembly 动量：momentum真空：vacuum大气压力：atmospheric pressure 输出轴：output shaft热效率：thermal efficiency四冲程：four piston strokes进气：intake stroke压缩：compression stroke膨胀或做工：expansion or power stroke排气：exhaust stroke四冲程机器：four-stroke engine分层工质：stratified-charge重量和体积：weight and volume最大热效率：maximum efficiency膨胀比：expansion ratio热损失：heat losses工作容积：displaced or swept volume上止点：top center下止点：bottom center进气门：inlet valve 排气门：exhaust valve气缸套：cylinder liner凸轮轴：camshaft曲柄销：crank pin初始压力：initial pressures在广泛意义上：in the broader sense二冲程内燃机：two-stroke internal combustion engines 敲缸：knock 爆震：detonation化油器：carburetor连杆：connecting rod点火系统：ignition system单缸机：single-cylinder engines旋转式内燃机：rotary internal combustion engines原油：crude oil or crude petroleum蒸发：vaporize挥发：volatile热裂解：thermal cracking电子驱动启动器：electrically driven starters煤油：kerosene四乙铅：tetraethyl lead添加剂：additive活性催化剂：activated catalyst氮氧化物：oxides of nitrogen碳氢化合物：hydrocarbon compounds排放指标：emission standards零件：component安装：mount直流扫气：uniflow scavenging往复运动:reciprocating/oscillating motion活塞群部：piston skirt火花塞：spark plug曲轴：crankshaft喷油嘴：fuel injector发动机机体：engine block蒸发和凝结：evaporation and condensation顶置气门机构：overhead valve locations燃烧室：combustion chamber火焰传播时间：flame travel-time气门导管：valve guide气门座：valve seats局部过热：local hot spots凸轮轴：camshaft挺柱：tappets推杆和摇臂：push rod and rocker arm进/排气歧管：intake/exhaust manifold燃油喷射器：fuel injectors凸轮驱动摇臂：cam-driven rocker arms浮子室：float chamber节气阀：throttle valve喷油泵：injection pump连续喷射：continuous injection喷射脉冲：injection pulses曲轴转角：crank angle气体性质：gas properties点火线圈：ignition coil磁场：magnetic field湍流火焰：turbulent flame残余废气：residual gas最佳点火时间：optimum spark timing扫气过程：blowdown process惯性力：inertia force四冲程直列发动机：four-stroke in-line engines紧凑：compact对置式：opposed-piston engines锐角：acute angle摆动力矩：rocking moment涡轮增压器：turbocharger进气压力：inlet pressure压气机：compressor剖面图：cutaway drawing涡轮转子：turbine rotor化油器曲轴箱压缩：carburetor crankcase-compression type 换气过程：gas-exchange process偏心轮：eccentric shaft异步：out of phase做工脉冲：torque pulses负载控制：load control自燃：spontaneous ignition循环扫气：loop-scavenged柱塞：plunger螺旋槽：helical groove分配泵：distributer pumps外部驱动：external drive超速调节器：overspeed governor直接喷射：direct-injection活塞头部：piston crown余隙容积/燃烧室容积：clearance volume结构紧凑：compact shape旋转气流(涡流）：swirling air flow多孔喷嘴：multihole nozzle顶置式凸轮：overhead-valve-cam预燃室：prechamber辅助燃烧室：auxiliary combustion chamber水冷：water cooled风冷：air cooled自然吸气：naturally aspirated风箱：air blower强迫气体对流：forced air convection碗状燃烧室：bowl-in-piston combustion chamber 部分负载：part load工作范围：operating range最大扭矩：maximum torque额定功率：rated power额定转速：rated speed缸径：cylinder bore连杆长度：connecting rod length曲柄半径：crank radius活塞销：piston pin曲柄轴线：crank axis制动扭矩：brake torque循环指示功：indicated work per cycle道路负载功率：road-load power缸套：cylinder liner轴承：bearing油底壳：oil pan汽缸盖：cylinder head。

1、电器设备：electrical equipment2、铰接客车：articulated bus3、内燃机：internal combustion engine4、变矩器：torque converter5、差速器：differential gear6、传动轴：propeller shaft7、转向柱：steering column8、钢板弹簧：leaf spring9、螺旋弹簧：coil spring10、扭杆弹簧：torsion bar11、连杆：connection rod12、上止点：top read center13、下止点：bottom read center14、吸气行程：induction stroke15、做功行程：power stroke16、压缩行程：compression stroke17、排气行程：exhaust stroke18、有效容积：swept volume19、发动机排量：engine capacity20、转向系统：steering system21、传动系统：power train system22、制动系统：brake system23、车身：automobile body24、底盘：chassis25、发动机：engine26、电气系统：electrical system27、压缩比：compression ratio28、气缸体：cylinder block29、气缸盖：cylinder head30、顶置凸轮：overhead-cam31、灰铸铁：gray iron32、碳钢：carbon steel33、铝合金：aluminum alloy34、进气总管：internal manifold35、曲轴箱：crankcase36、活塞环（销）：piston ring（pin）37、切向力：tangential force38、径向力：radial force39、气缸壁：cylinder wall40、气缸筒：cylinder bore41、往复运动：reciprocating motion42、点火次序：firing order43、人造橡胶：elastomer44、合成橡胶：synthetic rubber 45、气门间隙：valve clearance46、凸轮挺赶：cam follower47、气门正时：valve timing48、进气门：intake valve49、排气门：exhaust valve50、电子式气阀控制：electronic valve control51、顶置凸轮轴：overhead camshaft52、齿轮带：cog-type belt1、有些零件使汽车更舒服或更美观，但其中大多数是使汽车行驶。

1. accessory [əkˈsesəri] 附件2. atmosphere[ˈætməsfɪə(r)] 空气3. bare[beə(r)] 裸露4. bearing [ˈbeərɪŋ]轴承5. bedplate ['bedpleɪt] 机座6. blower[ˈbləʊə(r)] 压气机7. bolt[bəʊlt] 螺栓8. brake[breɪk] 刹车9. calorific[ˌkæləˈrɪfɪk] 热值10. camshaft[ˈkæmʃɑ:ft] 凸轮轴11. capacity[kəˈpæsəti] 电容12. cetane number [ˈsi:tein ˈnʌmbə]十六烷值13. cetane ['si:teɪn] 十六烷值14. charge [tʃɑ:dʒ] 充气15. combustion chamber [kəmˈbʌstʃənˈtʃeimbə] 燃烧室16. combustion[kəmˈbʌstʃən] 燃烧17. compress[kəmˈpres]压缩18. connect rod big end[kəˈnekt] [rɒd]连杆大端19. crank journal[kræŋk ˈdʒə:nl] 主轴颈20. crankshaft[ˈkræŋkʃɑ:ft] 曲轴21. crown [kraʊn] 活塞顶22. curve[kɜ:v] 曲线23. cylinder[ˈsɪlɪndə(r)] 气缸24. diesel[ˈdi:zl]柴油机25. drawbar ['drɔ:ˌbɑ:] 挂钩26. dynamometer[ˌdaɪnə'mɒmɪtə] 测功器27. eliminate[ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt] 排除28. exert [ɪgˈzɜ:t] 施加29. exhaust gas driven turbocharger[ɪgˈzɔ:st][gæs][ˈdrɪvn][ˈtɜ:bəʊtʃɑ:dʒə(r)] 废气涡轮增压器30. exhaust[ɪgˈzɔ:st] 排气31. fan[fæn] 风扇32. film[fɪlm] 油膜33. flame[fleɪm] 火焰34. frame[freɪm] 机架35. friction [ˈfrɪkʃn] 摩擦36. gallon[ˈgælən] 加仑37. generator[ˈdʒenəreɪtə(r)] 发电机114. frequency response [ˈfri:kwənsiriˈspɔns] 频率响应115. frequency responsecharacteristic [ˈfri:kwənsi riˈspɔns][ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk]频率响应特性116. Hall effect [ɪˈfekt] 霍耳效应117. Hall element [ˈelɪmənt] 霍耳元件118. dynamic response [daiˈnæmik riˈspɔns]动态响应119. eddy-current ['edi:k'ʌrənt]涡流120. eddy-currentdynamometer ['edi:k'ʌrənt] [ˌdaɪnə'mɒmɪtə] 电涡流测功器121. eddy-current testing ['edi:k'ʌrənt][ˈtestɪŋ]涡流检测122. eddy-current testinginstrument ['edi:k'ʌrənt][ˈtestɪŋ][ˈɪnstrəmənt] 涡流检测仪123. eddy-current thicknessgauge['edi:k'ʌrənt] [ˈθɪknɪs geidʒ]涡流测厚仪124. inductive transducer [inˈdʌktivtrænzˈdju:sə] 电感式传感器125. charge amplifier[tʃɑ:dʒˈæmpləˌfaɪə] 电荷放大器126. ammeter [ˈæmi:tə(r)] 电流表127. voltmeter[ˈvəʊltmi:tə(r)] 电压表128. chromatography [ˌkrəʊməˈtɒgrəfi] 色谱学129. chromatograph['krəʊmətəgrɑ:f]色谱法130. chromatogram[krəʊ'mætəˌgræm]色谱图131. chromatograph ['krəʊmətəgrɑ:f]色谱仪132. linear range[ˈlɪniə(r)][reɪndʒ]线性范围133. linear system [ˈlɪniə(r)] [ˈsɪstəm]线性系统134. natural frequency [ˈnætʃərəl ˈf ri:kwənsi]固有频率135. phase difference [feiz ˈdifərəns]相位差136. piezoelectric effect[paɪˌi:zəʊɪ'lektrɪk] [ɪˈfekt]压电效应137. piezoelectric accelerationtransducer [paɪˌi:zəʊɪ'lektrɪk] [əkˌseləˈreɪʃn][trænzˈdju:sə(r)] 压电式加速度传感器138. piezomagnetic effect[paɪi:zəʊmæg'netɪk] [ɪˈfekt]压磁效应139. pressure transducer [ˈpreʃətrænzˈdju:sə]38. gross [grəʊs] 毛重39. handle[ˈhændl]控制40. hold-over['həʊld'əʊvər] 遗留物41. horsepower[ˈhɔ:spaʊə(r)] 马力42. ignite[ɪgˈnaɪt]点火43. illustrate [ˈɪləstreɪt] 图示44. impose[ɪmˈpəʊz] 施加45. inhale[ɪnˈheɪl]进气46. initial[ɪˈnɪʃl]初始值47. injection [ɪnˈdʒekʃn] 喷射48. injector [ɪn'dʒektə] 喷油器49. intermittent [ˌɪntəˈmɪtənt]断续50. Internal combustion engine[inˈtə:nəl kəmˈbʌstʃən ˈendʒin] 内燃机51. intimate[ˈɪntɪmət] 宣布52. jacket [ˈdʒækɪt] 水套53. lever[ˈli:və(r)] 杠杆54. liner [ˈlaɪnə(r)] 气缸套55. list [lɪst] 清单56. load[ləʊd] 负荷57. major [ˈmeɪdʒə(r)]主体58. mean [mi:n] 均值59. measure [ˈmeʒə(r)] 测量60. mixing['mɪksɪŋ]混合61. offer[ˈɒfə(r)] 提供62. offset[ˈɒfset] 偏移63. opposed [əˈpəʊzd] 对置64. overlap[ˌəʊvəˈlæp] 重叠65. overload [ˌəʊvəˈləʊd] 过载66. particular [pəˈtɪkjələ(r)] 特色67. peak[pi:k] 峰值68. pilot [ˈpaɪlət] 引导69. pin[pɪn] 销70. piston ring[ˈpistən riŋ]活塞环71. piston[ˈpɪstən] 活塞72. plier['plaɪə] 钳子73. propeller [prəˈpelə(r)] 螺旋桨74. puzzle[ˈpʌzl] 疑惑75. radius [ˈreɪdiəs] 半径76. recommend[ˌrekəˈmend] 推荐77. represent[ˌreprɪˈzent] 代表78. reservoir [ˈrezəvwɑ:(r)] 瓶79. resistance [rɪˈzɪstəns] 电阻压力传感器140. relative error[ˈrelətiv ˈerə]相对误差141. sampling[ˈsɑ:mplɪŋ]采样142. sampling frequency[ˈsɑ:mplɪŋ][ˈfri:kwənsi]采样频率143. sampling period [ˈsɑ:mplɪŋ] [ˈpɪəriəd]采样周期144. sampling rate [ˈsɑ:mplɪŋ][reɪt]采样率145. sound field [saund fi:ld]声场146. sound intensity [saund inˈtensiti]声强147. sound intensity level [saund inˈtensiti ˈlevl]声强级148. sound level [saund ˈlevl]声级149. sound pressure [saund ˈpreʃə]声压150. sound pressure level[saund ˈpreʃəˈlevl]声压级151. sound power level[saund ˈpauəˈlevl]声功率级152. span[spæn]量程153. strain[streɪn]应变154. strain effect[strein iˈfekt]应变155. strain gauge[strein geidʒ]应变片156. strain-gauge-typetransducer [streɪn] [geɪdʒ][taɪp][trænzˈdju:sə(r)] 应变式传感器157. step response[step riˈspɔns]阶跃响应158. step response time [step riˈspɔns taim]阶跃响应时间159. thermal radiation [ˈθə:məl ˌreidiˈeiʃən]热辐射160. thermocouple ['θɜ:mə'kʌpl]热电偶161. thermocouple wires thermocouple wires ['waɪəz]热电偶丝162. thermodynamic scale [ˈθə:məudaiˈnæmik skeil]热力学温标163. threshold value [ˈθreʃhəuld ˈvælju]阈值164. time constant[taim ˈkɔnstənt]时间常数165. transducer [trænzˈdju:sə(r)]传感器166. transfer function[trænsˈfə: ˈfʌŋkʃən]传递函数167. transient [ˈtrænziənt]瞬态168. steady state [ˈstedi steit]稳态169. zero drift [ˈziərəu drift]零点漂移170. signal-to-noise ratio[ˈsɪgnəl] [tə]80. revolution[ˌrevəˈlu:ʃn] 转81. ring[rɪŋ]活塞环82. rod [rɒd] 连杆83. satisfactory [ˌsætɪsˈfæktəri] 安全84. scavenge [ˈskævɪndʒ] 扫气85. seal [si:l] 密封86. silencer[ˈsaɪlənsə(r)] 消音器87. skirt[skɜ:t] 活塞裙88. specifications [spesɪfɪ'keɪʃnz]说明书89. spray [spreɪ] 喷洒90. stroke [strəʊk] 冲程91. term[tɜ:m] 术语92. torque [tɔ:k] 扭矩93. travel [ˈtrævl]传播94. turbocharger [ˈtɜ:bəʊtʃɑ:dʒə(r)]增压器95. twist [twɪst] 扭曲96. vaporization [,veipərai'zeiʃən]蒸发97. variable[ˈveəriəbl] 变量98. vehicular [vəˈhɪkjələ(r)] 车辆99. viscosity[vɪ'skɒsətɪ] 粘度100. weld[weld] 焊接101. absolute error [ˈæbsəlju:tˈerə] 绝对误差102. amplitude [ˈæmplɪtju:d]振幅，幅值103. atmospheric pressure [ˌætməˈsferɪk ˈpreʃə]气压104. sensor[ˈsensə(r)]传感器105. biosensor[bi:əʊ'sensər] 生物传感器106. calibration [ˌkælɪˈbreɪʃn]校准，标定107. capacitivetransducer [kə'pæsɪtɪv] [trænzˈdju:sə(r)]电容传感器108. charge amplifier [tʃɑ:dʒˈæmpləˌfaɪə] 电荷放大器109. damping['dæmpɪŋ]阻尼110. damping coefficient [ˈdæmpiŋ ˌkəʊəˈfɪʃənt] 阻尼系数111. delay time [diˈlei taim]滞后时间112. deviation [ˌdi:viˈeɪʃn] 偏差113. error of indication [ˈerə(r)][ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃn]示值误差[nɔɪz] [ˈreɪʃiəʊ]信噪比171. sensing element [sensɪŋ][ˈelɪmənt]敏感元件172. sensitivity [ˌsensəˈtɪvəti]灵敏度173. sensitivity characteristic [ˌsensɪˈtɪvɪti: ˌkæriktəˈristik]灵敏度特性174. sensitivity drift[ˌsensɪˈtɪvɪti: drift]灵敏度漂移175. sensitivity error[ˌsensɪˈtɪvɪti: ˈerə]灵敏度误差176. sensitivity coefficient [ˌsensɪˈtɪvɪti:ˌkəʊəˈfɪʃənt]灵敏度系数177. response[rɪˈspɒns]响应178. response characteristic[riˈspɔnsˌkæriktəˈristik]响应特性179. response speed [riˈspɔns spi:d]响应速度180. response time[riˈspɔns taim]响应时间181. on -line[ɒn] [laɪn] 在线182. on-line processing[ɒn] [laɪn][ˈprəʊsesiŋ]在线处理183. on-line equipment [ɒn] [laɪn] [ɪˈkwɪpmənt] 在线设备184. on-line real-time processing[ɒn] [laɪn] [ˈri:əl][taɪm] [ˈprəʊsesiŋ]在线实时处理185. in line [in lain]在线186. off line [ɔf lain]离线187. real time [riəl taim]实时188. random error[ˈrændəm ˈerə]随机误差189. systematic error[ˌs istəˈmætik ˈerə]系统误差190. noise [nɔɪz]噪声191. vibration[vaɪˈbreɪʃn]振动192. vibration analyzer[vaɪˈbreɪʃn] ['ænəˌlaɪzə]振动分析仪193. infrared spectrum [ˈinfrəˈred ˈspektrəm]红外光谱194. infrared fiber [ˌɪnfrəˈred] ['faɪbə]红外光纤195. hysteresis error [ˌhistəˈri:sis ˈerə]滞后误差196. hysteresis [ˌhɪstə'ri:sɪs]滞后197. intelligent sensor [inˈtelidʒənt ˈsensə]智能传感器198. flow rate [fləu reit]流量199. flowmeter ['fləʊmi:tə]流量计200. scale[skeɪl]标度尺。

内燃机专业英语自编讲义部份：1. Engine Classification and Overall MechanicsThe automobile engines can be classified according to: 1. number of cylinders; 2. arrangement of cylinders; 3. arrangement of valves; 4. type of cooling; 5. number of cycles (two or four); 6. type of fuel burned; 7. type of ignition.The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels go around and the car move. The automobile engine is an internal-combustion engine because the fuel (gasoline) is burned inside it. The burning of gasoline inside the engine produces high pressure in the engine combustion chamber. This high pressure forces piston to move, the movement is carried by connecting rods to the engine crankshaft. The crankshaft is thus made to rotate; the rotary motion is carried through the power train to the car wheels so that they rotate and the moves.The engine requires a fuel system to supply it with a mixture of air and fuel. The fuel system does this by pumping liquid gasoline from a tank into the carburetor, a mixing device that mixes the gasoline with air. The mixture is delivered to the engine where it is burned.The engine also needs a cooling system, the combustion of the air-fuel mixture in the engine creates a very high temperature (as high as 2000 to 2700 ℃). The cooling system takes heat away from the engine by circulating a liquid coolant (water mixed with antifreeze) between theengine and a radiator. The coolant gets hot as it goes through the engine. It cools off as it goes through the radiator. Thus, the coolant continually takes heat away from the engine, where it could do damage, and delivers it to the radiator. Air passing through the radiator takes heat away from the radiator.The engine also includes a lubricating system. The purpose of the lubricating system is to supply all moving parts inside the engine with lubricating oil; the oil keeps moving parts from wearing excessively.The engine requires a fourth system, the ignition system. The ignition system provides high-voltage electric sparks that ignite, or set fire to, the charges of air-fuel mixture in the engine combustion chambers.The fifth is starting system and its purpose is to change the electrical current into the mechanical energy to push the crank-shaft around. By means of this, the engine can be started.These five systems are discussed briefly in following sections.Words and Expressionscombustion chamber 燃烧室；ignition. 点燃；power train 动力传动系统；carburetor 化油器；antifreeze 防冻的；coolant 冷却剂（液态）；crankshaft 曲轴2. Four-stage-engine OperationThe action taking place in the engine cylinder can be divided into four stages, or strokes. “Stroke” refers to piston movement; as stroke occurs when the piston moves from one limiting position to the other. The upper limit of piston movement is called TDC （top dead center）. The lower limit of piston movement is called BDC (bottom dead center).A stroke is piston movement from TDC to BDC or from BDC to TDC. In other words, the piston completes a stroke each time it change its direction of motion.Where the entire cycle of events in the cylinder requires four strokes (or two crankshaft revolutions), the engine is called a four-stroke-cycle engine, or a four-cycle engine. The four piston strokes are intake, compression, power, and exhaust.Intake stroke. On the intake stroke, the intake valve has opened, the piston is moving downward, and a mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is entering the cylinder through the valve port. The mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is delivered to the cylinder by the fuel system and carburetor.Compression stroke. After the piston reaches BDC, or the lower limit of its travel, it begins to move upward. As this happens, the intake valve closes. The exhaust valve is also closed, so that the cylinder is sealed. As the piston moves upward (pushed now by the revolving crankshaft andconnecting rod), the air-fuel mixture is compressed. By the time the piston reaches TDC, the mixture has been compressed to as little as one-tenth of its original volume, or even less. This compression of the air-fuel mixture increases the pressure in the cylinder. When the air-fuel mixture is compressed, not only does the pressure in the cylinder go up, but the temperature of the mixture also increases.Power stroke. As the piston reaches TDC on the compression stroke, an electric spark is produced at the spark plug. The ignition system delivers a high-voltage surge of electricity to the spark plug to produce the spark. The spark ignites, or sets fire to, the air-fuel mixture. It now begins to burn very rapidly, and the cylinder pressure increases to as much as 3-5 MPa or even more. This terrific push against the piston forces it downward, and a power impulse is transmitted through the connecting rod to the crankpin on the crankshaft. The crankshaft is rotated as the piston is pushed down by the pressure above it.Exhaust stroke. As the piston reaches BDC again, the exhaust valve opens. Now, as the piston moves up on the exhaust stroke, it forces the burned gases out of the cylinder through the exhaust-valve port. Then, when the piston reaches TDC, the exhaust valve closes and the intake valve opens. Now, a fresh charge of air-fuel mixture will be drawn into the cylinder as the piston moves down again toward BDC. The above four strokes are continuously repeated.Words and Expressionsstroke 行程，冲程；BDC 上止点；TDC 下止点；surge 冲击，脉动；terrific 了不起的，绝妙的；crankpin 曲柄销，连杆轴颈；intake stroke 吸气冲程；compression stroke 紧缩冲程；power stroke 做功冲程；exhaust stroke 排气冲程；fresh charge （发动机）吸入的新鲜混合油气3. Two-stage-engine OperationIn the four-stroke-cycle engine, already discussed in lesson 一、2, the complete cycle of events requires four piston strokes (intake, compression, power, and exhaust). In the two-stroke-cycle, or two-cycle, engine, the intake and compression strokes and power and exhaust strokes are in a sense combined. This permits the engine to produce a power stroke every two piston strokes, or every crankshaft rotation.In the two-cycle engine, the piston acts as a valve, clearing valve ports in the cylinder wall as it nears BDC.A fresh air-fuel charge enters through the intake port, and the burned gases exit through the exhaust port. The complete cycle of operation is as follows: As the piston nears TDC, ignition takes place. The high combustion pressures drive the piston down, and the thrust through the connecting rod turns the crankshaft. As the piston nears BDC，it passes the intake and exhaust ports in the cylinder wall. Burned gases, still under some pressure, begin to stream out through the exhaust port. At the same time, the intake port, now cleared by the piston, begins to deliver air-fuel mixture, under pressure, to the cylinder. The top of the piston is shaped to give the incoming mixture an upward movement. This helps to sweep the burned gases ahead and out through the exhaust port.After the piston has passed through BDC and stars up again, it passes both ports, thus sealing them off. Now the fresh air-fuel chargeabove the piston is compressed and ignited. The same series of events takes place again and continue as long as the engine runs.We mentioned that the air-fuel mixture is delivered to the cylinder under pressure. In most engines, this pressure is put on the mixture in the crankcase. The crankcase is sealed except for a leaf, or reed, valve at the bottom. The reed valve is a flexible, flat metal plate that rests snugly against the floor of the crankcase. There are holes under the reed valve that connect to the engine carburetor. When the piston is moving up, a partial vacuum is produced in the sealed crankcase. Atmospheric pressure lifts the reed valve off the holes, and air-fuel mixture enters the crankcase. After the piston passes TDC and starts down again, pressure begins to build up in the crankcase. This pressure closes the reed valve so that further downward movement of the piston compresses the tapped air-fuel mixture in the crankcase. The pressure which is built up on the air-fuel mixture then causes it to flow up through the intake port into the engine cylinder when the piston moves down far enough to clear the intake port.The two-stroke engine is not only very simple but gives nearly twice the power of a four stroke engine from a cylinder of given size, but it is wasteful of gasoline, as some mixture inevitably finds its way into the exhaust system on the combines intake/exhaust stroke, and there are always some combustion products left in the cylinder which reduce therapid burning of the fuel. This kind of engine is always used in motorcycles.Words and Expressionssweep 扫气；connecting rod 连杆；crankcase 曲轴箱；seal off 密封；leaf （reed）valve 片簧阀；air-fuel charge 可燃混合油气4. Diesel Engine Operating FeaturesWe all know that diesel engines, in principle, work in the same way as gasoline engines do. Both kinds of engines are internal-combustion engines, but each of them has its characteristic features. As their names suggest this type of engines burn their fuel inside the working parts of the engines. “Internal” means “inside”, “combustion”means “catching fire or burning”. In any internal combustion engine, burning fuel heats air which consequently expands, and in expanding exists a push to a piston which, in turn, rotates the engine crankshaft through a connecting rod.Now let us compare the diesel engine with the gasoline engine. Firstly, the explosive mixture of the gasoline engine is provided by a carburetor, but in the case of the diesel engine the supply is affected by an injection or “jerk” pump which forces a “short” of fuel into each cylinder in turn according to the correct firing sequence. Secondly, the fundamental difference between gasoline and diesel engines is that in the gasoline engine the source of the heat for igniting the charge, namely, an electric spark, is generated outside the engine, and is taken, as it were, into the waiting charge at the required instant. In the diesel engine the source of heat for igniting the charge is created within the engine by compressing pure air to a degree that will initiate combustion and then injecting the fuel at the right time in relation to the movementof the crankshaft. Both classes of engines are of very similar construction. But as the diesel engine is called upon to withstand very much greater stresses due to higher pressures in cylinders, it has to be of more substantial construction, and is thus heavier. In general, the diesel engine may weigh about 9.25 kilograms per kilowatt. The most important advantage of the gasoline engine is its lower weight per kilowatt. The gasoline engine for automobiles weighs about 6.17 kilograms per kilowatt, and gasoline engines for airplanes may weigh as little as 0.77 kilograms per kilowatt. This advantage prevents the diesel engine from replacing the gasoline engine in some automobiles and airplanes.However, the diesel engine is more efficient, because it has higher compression ration. Its ratio may be as high as 16 to 1. Up to 40 percent of the chemical energy of the burning fuel may be changed into mechanical energy. In addition, the diesel engine runs cooler than the gasoline engine. This advantage is especially obvious at lower speeds. Diesel oil is not only cheaper than gasoline, but also safer to store.Words and Expressions：diesel：柴油机；internal-combustion engines：内燃机；jerk pump：脉动史喷油泵；compression ration：紧缩比5. Engine Cylinder Block CrankcaseWe have seen how the mixture of air and fuel is delivered by the fuel system to the engine cylinder, where it is compressed, ignited, and burned. We have noted that this combustion produces a high pressure that pushes the piston down so that the crankshaft is rotated. Now let us examine the various parts of the engine in detail.Engine cylinder blockThe cylinder block of liquid-cooled engines forms the basic framework of the engine. Other parts are attached to the cylinder block or are assembled in it. The block is cast in one piece from gray iron or iron alloyed with other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Some blocks are cast from aluminum. The block contains not only the cylinders but also the water jackets that surround them. In aluminum blocks, cast-iron or steel cylinder sleeves (also called bore lines) are used. These metals have better wearing qualities than aluminum and can better withstand the wearing effect of the pistons and ring moving up and down in the cylinders. For most engines, cast iron has been found to be a satisfactory cylinder-wall material. However, in some small engines, the cylinder walls are plated with chromium, a very hard metal, to reduce wall wear and lengthen their life.Cylinder HeadThe cylinder head is usually cast in one piece from iron, from ironalloyed with other metals, or from aluminum alloy. Aluminum has the advantage of combining lightness with high heat conductivity. That is, an aluminum head tends to turn cooler, other factors being equal. There are two types of head, L head and I head. Cylinder head contains water jackets for cooling; in the assembled engine, these water jackets are connected through openings to the cylinder-block water jackets. Spark-plug holes are provided, along with pockets into which the valves can move as they open.GasketsThe joint between the cylinder block and the head must be tight and able to withstand the pressure and heat developed in the combustion chambers. The block and head cannot be machined flat and smooth enough to provide an adequate seal. Thus, gaskets are used. Head gaskets are made of thin sheets of soft metal or asbestos and metal. All cylinder, water, valve, and head-bolt openings are cut out. When the gasket is placed on the block and the head installed, tightening of the head bolts (or nuts) squeezes the soft metal so that the joint is effectively sealed. Gaskets are also used to seal joints between other parts, such as between the oil pan, manifolds, or water pump and the block.Oil PanThe oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. It usually holds 5 to 10 litres of oil, depending on the engine design. The oil pan and the lowerpart of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.Words and Expressionscylinder block 气缸体；block crankcase 曲轴箱；framework 结构，车架；gray iron 灰铸铁；water jacket 水套；plate……with 镀金属；cylinder head 气缸盖；gaskets 密封垫；asbestos 石棉；manifold 岐管；oil pan 油盘；pocket 凹槽；bore liner 气缸衬套6. Piston Connecting RodPistonThe piston is essentially a cylindrical plug that moves up and down in the engine cylinder. It is equipped with piston rings to provide a good seal between the cylinder wall and piston. The piston absorbs heat from the gas, and this heat must be carried away if the metal temperature is to be carried away if the metal temperature is to be held within safe limits. The constant reversal of the piston travel sets up inertial forces, which increase both with the weight of the piston and with its speed. For this reason, designers try to keep piston weight low, particularly in high-speed engines. As lower hood lines and over-square engines became popular, the semi-slipper and full-slipper pistons came into use. On these pistons the number piston rings was reduced to three, two compression and one oil-control. One reason for the slipper piston is that, on the short stroke, over-square engine, the piston skirt had to be cut away to make room for the counterweights on the crankshaft. Also, the slipper piston, being shorter and having part of its skirt cut away, is lighter. This reduces the inertial load on the engine bearings and, in addition, makes for a more responsive engine. The lighter the piston, the less the bearing load and the longer the bearings will last. Another way to lighten the piston is to make it of light metal. The idea piston material would be light and strong, conduct heat will, expand only slight whenheated, resist wear, and be low in cost. Thus, most automotive-engine pistons today are made of aluminum, which is less than half as heavy as iron. Iron pistons were common in the earlier engines. Aluminum expands more rapidly than iron with increasing temperature, however, and since the cylinder block is of iron, special provisions must be made to maintain proper piston clearance at operating temperatures. To take care of it, the crown is machined on slight taper, the diameter being greatest where the crown meets the skirt and becoming less toward the top.Piston RingsA good seal must be maintained between the piston and cylinder wall to prevent blow-by. “Blow-by” is the name that describes the escape of burned gases from the combustion chamber, past the piston, and into the crankcase. In other words, these gases “blow by” the piston. It is not practical to fit the piston to the cylinder closely enough to prevent blow-by. Thus, piston rings must be used to provide the necessary seal. The rings are installed in grooves in the piston. Actually, there are two types of rings, compression rings and oil-control rings. The compression rings seal in the air-fuel mixture as it is compressed and also the combustion pressures as the mixture burns. The oil-control rings scrape off excessive oil from the cylinder wall and return it to the oil pan.The rings have joints (they are split) so that they can be expandedand slipped over the piston head and into the recessed grooves cut in the piston. Rings for automotive engines usually have butt joints, but in some heavy-duty engines, the joints may be angles, lapped, or of the sealed type.The rings are somewhat larger in diameter than they will be when in the cylinder. Then, when they are installed, they are compresses so that the joints are nearly closed. Compressing the rings gives them an initial tension; they press tightly against the cylinder wall.Connecting RodThe connecting rod is attached at one end to a crankpin on the crankshaft and at the other to a piston, through a piston pin or wrist pin. The connecting rod must be very strong and rigid and also as light as possible. The connecting rod carries the power thrusts from the piston to the crankpin. At the same time, the rod is in eccentric motion. To minimize vibration and bearing loads, the rod must be light in weight. To maintain good engine balance, connecting rods and caps are carefully matched in sets for engines. All rods in an engine must be of equal weight; if they are not, noticeable vibration may result. In original assembly, rods and caps are individually matched to each other and usually carry identifying numbers so they will not be mixed if the engine is disassembled for service. They must not be mixed during any service job, since this could result in poor bearing fit and bearing failure.Words and Expressionscounterweight 平衡重；groove 凹槽；recess 凹口；lap 搭接；eccentric 偏心的；lower hood lines 低发动机罩；over-square engine 短行程发动机；semi-slipper piston 半裙式活塞；full-slipper piston 全裙式活塞；match in set 配套；blow-by 漏气；initial tension 初张力；poor bearing fit 轴承不配套；bearing failing 轴承故障。

发动机engine内燃机internal combustion engine动力机装置power unit汽油机gasoline engine汽油喷射式汽油机gasoline-injection engine火花点火式发动机spark ignition engine压燃式发动机compression ignition engine往复式内燃机reciprocating internal combustion engine 化油器式发动机carburetor engine柴油机diesel engine转子发动机rotary engine旋轮线转子发动机rotary trochoidal engine二冲程发动机two-stroke engine四冲程发动机four-stroke engine直接喷射式柴油机direct injection engine间接喷射式柴油机indirect injection engine增压式发动机supercharged engine风冷式发动机air-cooled engine油冷式发动机oil-cooled engine水冷式发动机water-cooled engine自然进气式发动机naturally aspirated engine煤气机gas engine液化石油气发动机liquified petroleum gas engine柴油煤气机diesel gas engine多种燃料发动机multifuel engine石油发动机hydrocarbon engine双燃料发动机duel fuel engine热球式发动机hot bulb engine多气缸发动机multiple cylinder engine对置活塞发动机opposed piston engine对置气缸式发动机opposed-cylinder engine十字头型发动机cross head engine直列式发动机in-line engine星型发动机radial engine筒状活塞发动机trunk-piston engine斯特林发动机stirling engine套阀式发动机knight engine气孔扫气式发动机port-scavenged engine倾斜式发动机slant engine前置式发动机front-engine后置式发动机rear-engine中置式发动机central engine左侧发动机left-hand engine右侧发动机right-hand engine短冲程发动机oversquare engine长冲程发动机undersquare engine等径程发动机square engine顶置凸轮轴发动机overhead camshaft engine双顶置凸轮轴发动机dual overhead camshaft engine V形发动机V-engine顶置气门发动机valve in-head engine侧置气门发动机side valve engine无气门发动机valveless engine多气门发动机multi-valve engine卧式发动机horizontal engine斜置式发动机inclined engine立式发动机vertical engineW形发动机w-engineI形发动机I-engineL形发动机L-engineF形发动机F-engine性能performance二冲程循环two-stroke cycle四冲程循环four-stroke cycle狄塞尔循环diesel cycle奥托循环otto cycle混合循环mixed cycle定容循环constant volume cycle工作循环working cycle等压循环constant pressure cycle理想循环ideal cycle热力循环thermodynamic cycle冲程stroke活塞行程piston stroke长行程long stroke上行程up stroke下行程down stroke进气行程intake stroke充气行程charging stroke压缩行程compression stroke爆炸行程explosion stroke膨胀行程expansion stroke动力行程power stroke排气行程exhaust stroke膨胀换气行程expansion-exchange stroke换气压缩行程exchange-compression stroke止点dead center上止点top dead center(upper dead center)下止点lower dead center(bottom dead center)上止点前BTDC(before top dead center)上止点后atdc(after top dead cetner)下止点前bbdc(before bottom dead center)下止点后abdc(after bottom dead center)缸径cylinder bore缸径与行程bore and stroke空气室energy chamber气缸余隙容积cylinder clearance volume燃烧室容积combustion chamber volume气缸最大容积maximum cylinder volume压缩室compression chamber排气量displacement发动机排量engine displacement活塞排量piston swept volume气缸容量cylinder capacity单室容量single-chamber capacity容积法volumetry压缩比compression ratio临界压缩比critical compression ratio膨胀比expansion ratio面容比surface to volume ratio行程缸径比stroke-bore ratio混合比mixture ratio压缩压力compression pressure制动平均有效压力brake mean effective pressure(bmep) 空燃比air fuel ratio燃空比fuel air ratio燃料当量比fuel equivalence ratio扭矩torque单缸功率power per cylinder升功率power per liter升扭矩torque per liter升质量mass per liter减额功率derating power输出马力shaft horsepower马力每小时，马力/时horsepower-hour总马力gross horse power总功率gross power净功率net power燃油消耗量fuel consumption比燃料消耗率specific fuel consumption空气消耗率air consumption机油消耗量oil consumptioneffective thermal efficiency充气系数volumetric efficiency过量空气系数coefficient of excess air活塞平均速度mean piston speed发动机转速engine speed (rotational frequency)怠速转速idling speed经济转速economic speed起动转速starting speed最低稳定工作转速lowest continuous speed with load 最大扭矩转速speed at maximum torque最高空转转速maximum no load governed speed 调速speed governing超速overspeed怠速idling转速波动率speed fluctuation rate工况working condition(operating mode)额定工况declared working condition变工况variable working condition稳定工况steady working condition空载no-load全负荷full load超负荷气缸cylinder（转子机）缸体stator缸径cylinder bore气缸体机架cylinder block frame气缸盖cylinder head配气机构箱valve mechanism casing气缸体隔片cylinder spacer气缸盖密封环cylinder head ring gasket气缸盖垫片cylinder head gasket气缸套cylinder liner(cylinder sleeve)干式缸套dry cylinder liner湿式缸套wet cylinder liner气缸水套water jacketpower performance排放性能emission performance空转特性no load characteristics负荷特性part throttle characteristics调速特性governor control characteristics万有特性mapping characteristics气缸体和气缸盖cylinder block and head气缸体cylinder block整体铸造cast inblock (cast enblock)发动机罩engine bonnet燃烧室combustion chamber主燃烧室main combustion chamber副燃烧室subsidiary combustion chamber预燃室prechamber涡流燃烧室swirl combustion chamber分开式燃烧室divided combustion chamber涡流式燃烧室turbulence combustion chamber半球形燃烧室hemispherical combustion chamber浴盆形燃烧室bathtub section combustion chamberL形燃烧室L-combustion chamber楔形燃烧室wedge-section combustion chamber开式燃烧室open combustion chamber封闭喷射室closed spray chamber活塞顶内燃烧室piston chamber爆发室explosion chamber燃烧室容积比volume ratio of combustion chamber燃烧室口径比surface-volume ratio of combustion chamber 通道面积比area ratio of combustion chamber passage曲轴箱通气口crankcase breather凸轮轴轴承座camshaft bearing bush seat定时齿轮室罩camshaft drive(gear)cover曲轴箱检查孔盖crankcase door曲轴箱防爆门crankcase explosion proof door主轴承盖main bearing cap气缸盖罩valve mechanism cover飞轮壳flywheel cover扫气储器scavenging air receiver活塞piston裙部开槽活塞直接冷却式活塞direct-cooled piston间接冷却式活塞indirect cooled piston滑裙活塞slipper piston活塞速度piston speed活塞顶部piston head活塞裙部piston skirt整体活塞裙solid skirt活塞裙扩大衬簧piston skirt expander滑履式活塞裙slipper skirt隔热槽heat dam活塞标记piston mark活塞销piston pin活塞销孔piston pin boss活塞销衬套piston pin bushing全浮式活塞销full-floating piston pin半浮式活塞销semifloating piston pin固定螺钉式活塞销set screw piston pin活塞环piston ring组合式活塞环compound piston ring同心活塞环concentric piston ring偏心活塞环eccentric piston ring自由环free ring闭合环closed ring梯形环keystone ring半梯形环half keystone ring矩形环rectangular ring油环oil control ring开槽油环凸轮轴轴承camshaft bearing凸轮轴偏心轮camshaft eccentric凸轮轴链轮camshaft sprocket凸轮轴正时齿轮camshaft timing gear凸轮轴齿轮camshaft gear wheel进口凸轮inlet cam排气凸轮exhaust cam快升凸轮quick lift cam快升缓降凸轮quick lift gradual clsing cam凸轮轮廓cam contour凸轮包角cam angle正时齿轮timing gear链传动机构chain drive链轮sprocket wheel链轮盘chain sprocket正时链条timing chain带齿皮带toothed timing belt链条张紧轮chain tension gear半速齿轮half speed gear正时齿轮刻印记号timing gear punch mark气门valve进气过程intake process换气过程gas exchange process扫气过程scavenging process给气比delivery ratio分层充气stratified charge充量系数volumetric efficiency涡流比swirl rate进气涡流intake swirl螺旋进气道进气helical duct intake导流屏式气门进气masked valve intake切向进气道进气tangential duct intake进气紊流intake trubulence进气提前角intake advance angle进气持续角intake duration angle进气迟后角intake lag angle进面值time-area value气门升程valve lift气门正时valve timing扫气口面积scavenging port area菌形气门mashroom valve, poppet valve钠冷却气门sodium filled valve(natrium cooled valve)双气门dual valve进气门intake valve (suction valve,inlet valve)排气门exhaust valve顶置气门overhead valve侧置气门distributor fuel injection pump多缸燃油喷射泵multicylinder fuel injection pump框架安装式燃油喷射泵cradle mounted injection pump喷油始点fuel injection beginning喷油终点fuel injection end喷油持续角fuel injection duration angle喷油延迟injection delay引燃喷射pilot injection启喷压力injection starting pressure峰值喷油扭矩peak injection torque峰值喷油压力peak injection pressure喷油泵油缸数目number of cylinders of an injection pump 无气喷射solid injection喷射正时injection timing集中喷射group injection喷油器injector整体式喷油器unit injector喷嘴nozzle轴针式喷嘴pintle type nozzle环槽式喷嘴annular slot nozzle孔式喷嘴hole type nozzle长杆喷嘴long stem nozzle孔板式喷嘴orifice plate nozzle开式喷嘴open nozzle闭式喷嘴closed nozzle喷油提前器timing advance unit喷射泵壳体injection pump housing喷嘴锥体nozzle hole cone柱塞plunger柱塞套barrel柱塞行程plunger stroke喷孔spray orifice燃油滤清器fuel filter增压器supercharger增压装置supercharging device涡轮增压器turbo-charger机械增压mechanical supercharging涡轮增压turbo-charging增压比supercharge ratio增压压力boost pressure增压中冷inter-cooling中冷度inter-cooling level增压度supercharging levelelectronic indicator燃烧分析仪combustion analyzer压力传感器pressure transducer精密声级计precision sound level meter排放emission排放物emission排气污染物gaseous pollutant蒸发排放物evaporative emission曲轴箱排放物crankcase emission漏气blowby gas氨氧化物oxids of nitrogen一气化碳carbon monoxide碳氢化合物hydrocarbon甲烷methane无甲烷碳氢化合物non-methane hydrocarbons光化学活性碳氢化合物photochemically reactive hydrocarbons 微粒物particulated matter黑烟black smoke蓝烟blue smoke白烟white smoke碳烟soot光化学烟雾smog臭味odor丙烷propane排放浓度concentration of emission排气烟度exhaust smoke先期排气initial exhaust亚临界排气subcritical exhaust超临界排气supercritical exhaust强制排气forced exhaust自由排气free exhaust排气提前角exhaust advance angle排气迟后角exhaust lag angle排气热损失exhaust heat loss排气净化exhaust purification排气背压exhaust back pressure残余废气residual gas排气有害成分poisonous exhaust composition柴油机排烟diesel smoke综合排放浓度composite concentration of exhaust emission 空燃比反馈控制系统air-fuel ratio feedback control system理论配比stoichiometric高效带window氧传感器oxygen sensor稀混合气lean mixture浓混合气rich mixture分层充气stratified charge温度补偿temperature compensating温度传感器temperature sensor压力传感器pressure sensor位置传感器position sensor转速传感器speed sensor机械磨损mechanical wear化学磨损chemical wear热磨损thermic wear疲劳磨损fatigue wear腐蚀性磨损corrosion wear故障磨损failure wear故障malfunctioning断裂breakdown损坏damage更换（零件）replacing擦伤scratching刮伤scoring摩托车motorcycle轻便摩托车moped轿车passenger car微型轿车minicar普通级轿车subcompact car中级轿车compact car中高级轿车intermediate car高级轿车limousine (pullman saloon)活顶轿车convertible saloon旅行轿车station wagon短头轿车forward control passenger car 小型轿车coupe敞蓬小轿车drop head coupe跑车sports car赛车racer (racing car)单座小客车one-seater七座小客车seven-seater越野车off-road vehicle轻型越野车light-off-road vehicle中型越野车medium off-road vehicle重型越野车heavy off -road vehicle超重型越野车extra heavy off- road vehicle 吉普车jeep硬顶吉普车hard top jeep客车bus微型客车minibus轻型客车light bus中型客车medium bus大型客车large bus客货两用小客车estate car (estate)多用途客车multipurpose vehicle厢式小客车closed car出租小客车taxicar城市客车urban bus大客车coach城间大客车intercity bus长途大客车long distance coach旅游客车sightseeing bus(touring bus)铰接客车articulated bus无轨客车trolley bus双层客车double-deck bus团体客车private coach货车truck(lorry)微型货车mini-truck轻型货车light truck中型货车medium truck重型货车heavy truck公路货车highway vehicle小型货车pick-up平板货车platform truck(flat bed truck)通用货车general -purpose vehicle短轴距货车short-wheel base truck长轴距货车long-wheelbase truck集装箱运输货车container carrier客货两用车cargo-bus厢式货车van牵引汽车towing vehicle全挂牵引汽车towing vehicle牵杆式牵引车full-trailer towing vehicle半挂牵引车semi-trailer towing vehicle道路列车road train客用道路列车passenger road train铰接式道路列车articulated road train双挂式道路列车double road train混合式道路列车composite road train天然气车辆natural gas vehicle(NGV)压缩天然气车辆compressed natural gas vehicle 液化天然气车辆liquid petroleum gas vehicle液化石油气车辆liquid petroleum gas vehicle双燃料车辆duel fuel vehicle单燃料车辆single fuel vehicle专用车special vehicle垃圾车dust car (refuse collector)冷藏车refrigerated van洒水车street sprinkler (street flusher)囚车prison van殡仪车hearse售货车mobile store(mobile shop)图书馆车mobile library宣传车mobile louderspeaker商业广告车spiel truck展览汽车demonstration car博览会专用车fairground vehicle流动艺术展览车artmobile邮政车mobile post office运油车fuel tanker加油车refueller飞机牵引车aircraft tractor救护车ambulance (medical vehicle)病院汽车clinic car医疗急救车rescue ambulanceX射线诊断车mobile-x-ray clinic防疫监测车mobile epidemic control vehicle计划生育车mobile family -planning clinic伤残者运送车handicapped person carrier炊事车kitchen vehicle餐车mobile canteen沐浴车mobile shower bath保温车insulated van电视转播车TV relaying vehicle电视录像车video recording vehicle摄影车mobile photographic studio电影放映车film projection vehicle邮件运输车mail carrier农用车farm vehicle种子检测车plant seeds inspection van植物保护车plant pest control vehicle计量检测车metrology inspection vehicle环境检测车mobile environment monitor畜禽防疫车mobile animal eqidemic control交通监理车traffic control car刑事勘察车mobile crime investigation vehicle气卸散装水泥车bulk-cement pneumatic delivery tanker气卸散装煤粉车bulk-coal powder pneumatic delivery tanker气卸散装电石粉车bulk-calcium carbide pneumatic delivery tanker 气卸散装化学粉粒车bulk-chemicals pneumatic delivery tanker食用植物油运油汽车edible oil tanker食用植物油加油车edible oil pump delivery tanker活鱼运输车life fish carrier气卸散装面粉车bulk-flour pneumatic delivery tanker吸尘车vacuum sweeper高压清洗车high-pressure sewer flushing vehiclechart of automotive model后驱动汽车rear drive automobile前驱动汽车前轮距track front后轮距track rear双胎间距space between twin wheels前悬front overhang后悬rear overhang离地间隙ground clearance纵向通过角ramp angle接近角approach angle离出角departure angle车架高度height of chassis above ground驾驶室后车架最大可用长度maximum usable length of chassis behind cab 车身长度货厢容积loading surface门高door height门宽door width车架有效长度chassis frame useful length比功率power/mass ratio比扭矩torque/maximum total mass ratio。