力学专业英语部分翻译孟庆元

*静力学statics*运动学kinematics*动力学dynamics*理论力学theoretical mechanics*约束constraint*力系force system*平衡力系balanced force system*刚体rigid body*力偶force couple*力的平移定理theorem of translation of a force*主矢principal vector*主矩principal moment*物体系统（物系）body system (bs)*滑动摩擦sliding friction*摩擦角angle of friction*自锁self-locking*物体的重心the center of gravity of object *轨迹trajectory*速度velocity*加速度acceleration of a particle*运动方程equation of motion*转角angle of rotation*转动方程equation of rotation *角速度angular velocity*角加速度angular acceleration*匀速转动uniform rotation*绝对速度absolute velocity*绝对加速度absolute acceleration*相对速度relative velocity*相对加速度relative acceleration*牵连速度convected velocity*牵连加速度convected acceleration*绝对运动absolute motion*相对运动relative motion*牵连运动convected motion*科氏加速度coriolis acceleration*平面运动方程equations of plane motion *质点particle*动量momentum*冲量impulse*动量矩moment of momentum*功率power*动能kinetic energy*动静法dynamic-static method*虚位移virtual displacements*虚功virtual work。

力学专业英语08Lesson 8The planar motion of a rigid bodyThe planar motion of a rigid body occurs when the path of each point lies wholly in a plane, with the planar paths for all points in the body being parallel to each other. A simple example is a wheel mounted on a rotating shaft. The plane of the motion of any point in that system is perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. The restriction to planar motion substantially simplifies the kinematical description in comparison to a general three-dimensional motion. One of the attributes of this simplification is that it will be possible to depict the motion by means of a planar diagram. Without loss of generality, we will always let the xy plane coincide with the plane of motion.By definition, a rigid body is a system of particles that are always at a fixed distance from each other. This geometric restriction means that the movement of any point in the body relative to any other is limited. The existence of such kinematical relations is contrasted by the situation where particles in a system are not rigidly connected. All materials deform when forces are applied to them. The concept of a rigid body is merely a model that we create as an approximation. When we use the rigid body model, we are assuming that the movement of points due to deformation is negligible.Let us consider three arbitrarily selected points A, B and C to becsribed onto a body. The triangle ABC depicted in Figure 1 is useful for characterizing the kinematics of a rigid body motion. To describe where the triangle ABC is situated in space, it wouldbe sufficient to know the coordinates locating point A, and the angle φbetween the x axis and side AB. From this information, the position of a rigid body at any instant is defined by the absolute position of a point in the body and the angular orientation of any line in the body.Our knowledge of the information required to locate the position of a rigid body permits us to describe how the position change with time. Figure 1 depicts the position of triangle ABC at an instant subsequent to the original position of the triangle indicated by the dashed lines. The distances Δx and Δy describe the movement of point A, and Δφdescribes the angle of rotation of line AB. By the definition of a rigid body we know that the angles between all sides of the triangle are constant. It follows then that each line undergoes the same rotation. Hence, angular motion is an overall property of the motion of the body. It is the same regardless of which points in the body are being discussed.Now ,suppose that the movement of point A is specified. In addition to this movement, points B and C may move relative to point A. Because the angular motion is an overall property, the radial lines from point A to points B and C undergo the same rotation. In other words, each point moves in a circular path relative to point A. Therefore, we may concludethatThe motion of a rigid body consists of a superposition of two movements. The first par consists of a movement of all points following the motion of an arbitrarily selected point in the body. The second movement is a rotation about the selected point in which all lines rotate by the same amount.This statement is known as Chasle’s theorem.Special terms are used to describe the motion of rigid bodies.One simple type of motion occurs when every line in the body retains its original orientation, that is , there is no rotation. This is called a translation. Another simple type of motion occurs when one point in the body is fixed in space. Chasle’s theorem states that the motion of the body may be considered to consists solely of a rotation about the fixed point, this is called a pure rotation, Chasle’s theorem may be reworded to state that the motion of a rigid body is the superposition of a translation of an arbitrary point and a pure rotation about that point.Suppose that the motion of point A in the rigid body shown in Figure 2 is known, as is the angular rotation of the body, ω. Point B is an arbitrarily chosen point whose motion we seek. As shown in Fugure 2 the vectors and denote the positions of points A and B respectively. Note that ωis independent of the choice for points A and B, because Chasle’s theorem states that the rotation is the same for all lines in arigid body. The absolute value of ωis called the angular speed of the rigid body.The qualitative insight provided by Chasle’s theorem will enable us to form algebraic relations for determining the velocities and accelerations of points on a rigid body. The relationship between the absolute motions of points A and B is readily formed by referring to the position vectors depicted in figure 2, i.e. In the above equations (2) and (3) ,the velocity and acceleration of point A are denoted by V A and a A respectively. The symbols V B and a B are similarly defined for point B. The vector ωis the angular velocity of the body, and a is the angular acceleration. Both vectors are perpendicular to the plane of motion, so they are parallel to the axis for the rotational portion of the motion. As usual, the angular unit forωand a must beradians.。

I. Theoretical Mechanics理论力学Gravitational Force, Gravity重力Concurrent Force汇交力, Coplanar Force共面力Force, Torque / Moment扭矩, Couple 约束力，反应，被动力，内力Constraint Force, Reaction, Passive Force, Internal/External Force 静力学直角坐标分量，合力，平行四边形准则Rectangular Components, Resultant Force, Parallelogram Law 1. Statics Composition of Force力的合成, Free Body Diagram隔离体Vector (Magnitude, Direction)矢量, Scalar标量静力平衡平衡方程平衡条件Net Force = 0Static Equilibrium, Equation of Equilibrium, Conditions for EquilibriumNet Torque/Moment = 0Rectilinear MovementMotion of Particle粒子运动Curvilinear Movement运动学 Translation平移2. Kinematics Motion of Rigid Body刚体运动Rotation扭转Linear线性的Velocity速度, Acceleration加速度Angular有角的Momentum, Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy动量，动能，势能动力学Moment of Inertia (Rectangular, Polar), Radius of Gyration惯性矩，回转半径3. Dynamics, Kinetics Centroid (Center of Mass/Gravity)中心Vibration, Oscillation (Free/Forced/Damped/Undamped)振动Simple Harmonic Motion, Period, Frequency简谐振动，周期，频率Pendulum, Centrifugal/Centripetal Force钟摆，离/向心力II. Mechanics of Materials材料力学材料强度 Compressive, Compression压缩1. Strength of Materials Tensile, Tension (Elongation, Extension)伸长Shear, Shearing剪切Linear, Hooke’s LawElastic弹性, Elasticity Non-linearViscoelasticity, Pseudo-elasticity, Super-elasticity粘弹性，拟弹性，超弹性应力应变关系塑性 Perfect Plasticity理想塑性2. Stress-Strain Relation/Behavior Plastic, Plasticity Viscoplasticity, Viscosity黏性, Creeping徐变, RelaxationBrittle脆性, Ductile柔性Work Hardening/Softening, Strain Hardening/Softening弹性模量，弹性系数 Young’s Modulus = Axial Stress / Axial Strain杨氏模量3. Modulus of Elasticity, Elastic Modulus Shear Modulus = Shear Stress / Shear Strain剪切模量Bulk Modulus = Volumetric Stress / Volumetric Strain体积弹性模量破坏理论，失效准则，屈服准则 Maximum Principal Stress Theory最大应力准则4. Failure Theory, Failure Criteria, Yield Criteria Shear Stress TheoryMohr-Coulomb Theory库伦理论Shear Force剪力, Bending Moment弯矩, Flexural Load弯曲荷载梁 Bending Stress弯曲应力, Normal Stress正应力, Shear Stress剪应力 (Horizontal/Longitudinal, Vertical/Transverse)5. Beam Neutral Axis中性轴, Flexure屈曲, Deflection挠曲Cantilever Beam悬臂梁, Simply Supported Beam简支梁, Pin-end, Fixed End固定端Uniformly/Linearly Distributed Load均布荷载, Concentrated Load集中荷载Buckling屈曲系数, Euler’s Equation欧拉方程6. Column 长细比，有效长度，临界荷载，偏心率Slenderness Ratio, Effective Length, Critical Load/Stress, Eccentricity RatioTension弹力, Compression压缩, Uniaxial/Axial Load单轴荷载7. Shaft杆, Rod长杆, Bar Inner/Outer Diameter内/外径Torsion扭转, Torque扭矩, TwistingRadial Distance辐射距离平面应变平面应力双向应力（单轴，三轴）应变能最大/小主应力8. Plane Strain, Plane Stress, Biaxial Stress (Uniaxial, Triaxial), Strain Energy, Major (Minor) Principal Stress Deformation变形, Displacement位移, Deflection偏向Stiffness, Rigidity刚度, Hardness硬度, Flexibility弹性, ComplianceDynamic Loading动力荷载, Cyclic/Fluctuating Loading脉冲荷载, Fatigue疲劳度Thermal Stress热应力/Strain/Deformation, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion热膨胀系数Factor of Safety安全系数, Safety FactorLimit State Design极限状态设计 (Ultimate Limit State极限状态, Serviceability Limit State正常使用极限状态), Probabilistic Design概率设计III. Structural Mechanics, Structural AnalysisRod, Shaft, Bar构件Beam, Girder1. Structural Element Column, PillarPlate, Shell, MembraneShear Wall, Shear Panel2. Truss构架, 3-hinge Arch, Rigid Frame刚性框架 (Joint节点, Pin-Joint, Hinge, Node)3. Statically Determinate静定, Statically Indeterminate超静定, Degree of Static Indeterminacy, N-fold Statically Indeterminate, Degree of Freedom自由度虚功原理 Virtual Displacement, (Matrix) Displacement Method, Stiffness Method4. Virtual Work Principle Virtual Force, (Matrix) Force Method, Flexibility MethodFinite Element MethodIV. Theory of Elasticity(Differential) Equilibrium Equation, Physical Equation, Compatibility/Geometrical EquationBoundary Conditions。

elasticity 弹性力学弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state ofstrain应变协调方程equation of straincompatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维Kolosoff-利法Muskhelishvili method基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforcedPlate 中厚板Plate of moderate thickness 弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell [圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell 锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method 松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation 量纲分析Dimensional analysis 自相似[性] self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism 回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem 率相关理论rate dependent theorem 载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading 卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension 加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation 完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress 对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity 应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment 累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain 永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plasticMaterial 刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material 材料稳定性stability of material 应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain 应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain 应力球张量spherical tensor of stress 路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening 塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bendingMoment 塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending 弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface 弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plasticMaterial 极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface 截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟sand heap analogy 屈服Yield 屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential 能量吸收装置energy absorbing device 能量耗散率energy absorbing device 塑性动力学dynamic plasticity 塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling 塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response 塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissibleField 静力容许场statically admissibleField 流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge 塑性增量理论incremental theory ofPlasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion 普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation 特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空Haigh-Westergaard 间stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocityEquation结构力学structural mechanics结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix 单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan eliminationMethod 屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material 纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate 层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid 膨胀Expansion压实Debulk劣化Degradation脱层Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力ply stress层应变ply strain层间应力interlaminar stress比强度specific strength强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析shear lag analysis短纤维chopped fiber长纤维continuous fiber纤维方向fiber direction纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design 网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion 达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fractureMechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracturemechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracturemecha-nics, EPFM 断裂Fracture 脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture 准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture 穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture 裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement,COD裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle,CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip openingdisplacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularityField裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth 裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation 止裂crack arrest 止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing 撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ积分J-integralJ阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factor HRR场Hutchinson-Rice-RosengrenField 守恒积分conservation integral 有效应力张量effective stress tensor 应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ 延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transitiontempe- rature 剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection 双边缺口试件double edge notchedspecimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notchedspecimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bendingspecimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tensionspecimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panelspecimen, CCP specimen 紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen,CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibull distribution 帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic riskassessment, PRA 损伤力学damage mechanics 损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics 细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics 累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage微观损伤microscopic damage损伤准则damage criterion损伤演化方程damage evolution equation 损伤软化damage softening损伤强化damage strengthening损伤张量damage tensor损伤阈值damage threshold损伤变量damage variable损伤矢量damage vector损伤区damage zone疲劳Fatigue 低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatigue striations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternating stress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening 循环软化cyclic softening 环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crackPropagation裂纹萌生crack initiation 循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stressAnalysis工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity 机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperaturecompensating gage半导体应变计semiconductor strainGage 集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage电感应变计inductance [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics光弹性Photoelasticity光塑性Photoplasticity杨氏条纹Young fringe双折射效应birefrigent effect等位移线contour of equalDisplacement 暗条纹dark fringe条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interference fringe 等差线Isochromatic等倾线Isoclinic等和线isopachic应力光学定律stress- optic law主应力迹线Isostatic亮条纹light fringe光程差optical path difference 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coatingMethod光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwichMethod动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringentEffect 应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity 应力冻结效应stress freezing effect 应力条纹值stress fringe value应力光图stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefringentEffect 脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographicinterfero - metry 网格法grid method全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity 全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearinginterferometry, shearography 散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry [叠栅]云纹moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法moire method 云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method 脆性涂层法brittle-coating method条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation ofCoordinates计算结构力学computational structuralmecha-nics 加权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite difference method 有限[单]元法finite element method 配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variationalPrinciple 最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-ReissnerPrinciple 修正变分原理modified variationalPrinciple 约束变分原理constrained variationalPrinciple 混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method 有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element 强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement 广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable 节点node, nodal point [单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable 杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element 梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element 一维元one-dimensional element 三维元three-dimensional element 轴对称元axisymmetric element 板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element 四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element超参数元super-parametric element 亚参数元sub-parametric element节点数可变元variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元Lagrange element拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element巧凑边点族serendipity family无限元infinite element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics 刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force 节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix 阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffnessMatrices载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices 单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function代用函数substitute function降阶积分reduced integration零能模式zero-energy modeP收敛p-convergenceH收敛h-convergence掺混插值blended interpolation等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation小块检验patch test非协调模式incompatible mode节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width 波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method纽马克法Newmark威尔逊法Wilson拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix 割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix 模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique 超单元super-element网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure。

力学,流体力学,固体力学词汇英语翻译力学，流体力学，固体力学英语词汇翻译牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics 细观力学mesomechanics微观力学microscopic mechanics,micromechanics 一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation 作用--角度变量action-angle variables阿佩尔方程Appell equation劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function诺特定理Noether theorem泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method 并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability久期不稳定性secular instability弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem倾覆力矩capsizing moment自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping同相分量in-phase component非同相分量out-of-phase component超调量overshoot参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system 相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM方法KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method 马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB方法WKB method, Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method 缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子[系统]动力学rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统rotor-support-foundation system 静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate 燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media, seepage 达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement 不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics 物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundary layer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-ocean interaction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect, Coanda effect简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure technique 流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation 聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material 滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型Voigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference 德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流] Poiseuille-Hartman flow哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics血液流变学hemorheology, blood rheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability 生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics生物固体力学biological solid mechanics宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体Voigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area 农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media 介质medium 流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation 偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow 周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics 亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow 细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height 波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer 空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness 位移厚度displacement thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equation KDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation。

因变量dependent variable
空间变量spatial variations
直径diameter
半径radius
必要条件prerequisite
充分条件sufficient condition
质量守恒conservation of mass
动量守恒conservation of momentum
静定问题statically determinate problems
超静定问题statically indeterminate problem
轴向荷载axial load
均布荷载uniform distribution load
集中荷载concentrated load
冲击荷载shock loading
机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy
能量守恒conservation of energy
守恒定律law of conservation
摩擦friction
内摩擦角friction angle
水平面horizontal plane
假想平面imaginary plane
相互垂直平面mutually perpendicular planes
平面外法向outward normal to the plane
前言preface
后记postscript
附录appendix
连续介质continuousmedium
非连续介质discontinuous medium
周围介质surroundingmedium
气体静力学aerostatics
气体动力学aerodynamics
变形量the amount of deformation

Hydrogen and oxygen are what make up water. 氢和氧是组成水的元素。
2、 what 作为关系代词，可译为“所…的东西”，“所…的”， 还可根据上下文译成“…的+名词”，“那种+名词”等
What is worrying the world greatly now is a possible shortage of coal, oil, natural gas, or other sources of fuel in the not too distant future.
An element is a simple substance that cannot be broken up into anything simpler.
元素是一种单质，它不能再分任何更简单的物质。
4、that 作为连词引出同位语从句的译法
4.1、同位语从句与主句分译，that译成“即” Energy takes many forms, but all these forms can be reduced
that 作为关系代词，引出定语从句；定语从句可以合译 也可分译，that 的处理方法也随之而异。 3.1、合译时 that 不译，在定语从句之末添“的”字
Power is the rate that mechanical move is performed at. 功率是作机械运动的速率。
3.2、分译时， that 有两种译法： a )重复所代替的名词；b）译成“它” Master is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms. 物质由分子组成，而分子由原子组成。
to the statement that energy is the capacity to do work. 能量具有很多形式，但所有这些形式都可以归纳为这

力学 mechanics牛顿力学 Newtonian mechanics经典力学 classical mechanics静力学 statics运动学 kinematics动力学 dynamics动理学 kinetics宏观力学 macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics 细观力学 mesomechanics微观力学 microscopic mechanics,micromechanics 一般力学 general mechanics固体力学 solid mechanics流体力学 fluid mechanics理论力学 theoretical mechanics应用力学 applied mechanics工程力学 engineering mechanics实验力学 experimental mechanics计算力学 computational mechanics理性力学 rational mechanics物理力学 physical mechanics地球动力学 geodynamics力 force作用点 point of action作用线 line of action力系 system of forces力系的简化 reduction of force system等效力系 equivalent force system弹性力学 elasticity弹性理论 theory of elasticity均匀应力状态 homogeneous state of stress应力不变量 stress invariant应变不变量 strain invariant应变椭球 strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态 homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程 equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量 Lame constants各向同性弹性 isotropic elasticity .。

The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.
最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。
2、某些句子结构须增加关联词
If A is equal to D, A plus B equals D plus B. 若A = D，则A + B = D + B
G Gr
(2)
Equations (1) and (2) relate the strain and stress at the surface of the shaft to the
angle of twist per unit length.
当一个杆件处于纯扭转状态是，其扭转角沿杆件 纵向方向的变化率（即单位长度的扭转角）d / dx是
sections of the bar remain straight and undistorted during twisting, we see that an
interior element situated on the surface of an interior cylinder of radius is also in
6、补充概括性的词 The frequency, wavelength, and speed of sound are closely related. 频率、波长和声速之间是密切相关的。
The resistance of the pipe to the flow of water through it depends upon the length of the pipe, the diameter of the pipe, and the feature of the inside walls (rough or smooth).

弹性力学专业英语英汉互译词汇弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state ofstrain应变协调方程equation of straincompatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利Kolosoff- 什维利法Muskhelishvili method基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforcedPlate中厚板Plate of moderate thickness 弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell [圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method 松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似[性] self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem 率相关理论rate dependent theorem 载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension 加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation 完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress 对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity 应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment 累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain 永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plasticMaterial刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material 材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain 应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain 应力球张量spherical tensor of stress 路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bendingMoment塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface 弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plasticMaterial极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface 截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈服Yield屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential 能量吸收装置energy absorbing device 能量耗散率energy absorbing device 塑性动力学dynamic plasticity塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling 塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response 塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissibleField 静力容许场statically admissibleField流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge 塑性增量理论incremental theory ofPlasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion 普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation 特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应Haigh-Westergaard 力空间stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocityEquation结构力学structural mechanics结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix 单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan eliminationMethod屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀Expansion压实Debulk劣化Degradation脱层Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力ply stress层应变ply strain层间应力interlaminar stress比强度specific strength强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析shear lag analysis短纤维chopped fiber长纤维continuous fiber纤维方向fiber direction纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion 达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fractureMechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracturemechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracturemecha-nics, EPFM 断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture 准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture 穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement,COD裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle,CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip openingdisplacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularityField裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth 裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation 止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ积分J-integral J阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factor HRR场Hutchinson-Rice-RosengrenField 守恒积分conservation integral 有效应力张量effective stress tensor 应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ 延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transitiontempe- rature 剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection 双边缺口试件double edge notchedspecimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notchedspecimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bendingspecimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tensionspecimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panelspecimen, CCP specimen 紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen,CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding小范围攻屈服small scale yielding韦布尔分布Weibull distribution帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic riskassessment, PRA 损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics 细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics 累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage微观损伤microscopic damage损伤准则damage criterion损伤演化方程damage evolution equation 损伤软化damage softening损伤强化damage strengthening损伤张量damage tensor损伤阈值damage threshold损伤变量damage variable损伤矢量damage vector损伤区damage zone疲劳Fatigue低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatigue striations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternating stress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening 循环软化cyclic softening 环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crackPropagation裂纹萌生crack initiation 循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stressAnalysis工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperaturecompensating gage半导体应变计semiconductor strainGage 集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage电感应变计inductance [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics光弹性Photoelasticity光塑性Photoplasticity杨氏条纹Young fringe双折射效应birefrigent effect等位移线contour of equalDisplacement 暗条纹dark fringe条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interference fringe等差线Isochromatic等倾线Isoclinic等和线isopachic应力光学定律stress- optic law主应力迹线Isostatic亮条纹light fringe光程差optical path difference 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coatingMethod光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwichMethod动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringentEffect应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity 应力冻结效应stress freezing effect应力条纹值stress fringe value应力光图stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefringentEffect脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographicinterfero - metry 网格法grid method全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity 全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearinginterferometry, shearography 散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry [叠栅]云纹moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法moire method 云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method脆性涂层法brittle-coating method条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation ofCoordinates计算结构力学computational structuralmecha-nics加权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite difference method 有限[单]元法finite element method 配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variationalPrinciple 最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-ReissnerPrinciple 修正变分原理modified variationalPrinciple 约束变分原理constrained variationalPrinciple混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element 强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable节点node, nodal point [单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable 杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element 一维元one-dimensional element 三维元three-dimensional element 轴对称元axisymmetric element板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element 四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element超参数元super-parametric element 亚参数元sub-parametric element节点数可变元variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元Lagrange element拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element巧凑边点族serendipity family无限元infinite element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics 刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffnessMatrices载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices 单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function代用函数substitute function降阶积分reduced integration零能模式zero-energy modeP收敛p-convergenceH收敛h-convergence掺混插值blended interpolation等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation小块检验patch test非协调模式incompatible mode节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width 波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method纽马克法Newmark威尔逊法Wilson拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix 割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix 模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique超单元super-element网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure。

材料的基本变形当以物体承受荷载，荷载或者来自于作用于外表面的力，或者是重力的影响，或者是类似的施加于整个物体的力，物体产生应力和变形。

对施加于连续体上力的研究形成了连续介质力学。

对连续介质力学问题的公式化表述中，非常重要的一部分是描述作用于单元体上应力和单元体上产生的变形的关系。

在这里，变形意味着物体几何形状的改变。

依赖于工程材料的自然属性和作用力的大小，材料可以以多种不同的方式变形。

它可以以弹性、塑性、粘弹性或者粘性方式变形。

这些变形的每一种形式可以简单定义和描述如下：弹性变形弹性变形可以定义为可逆的变形，也就是，当作用力移除以后，物体可以恢复到它原来的形状，并且所有储存的能量也可以恢复。

任何时候，施加荷载后，不论应力是切应力、正应力或者静水应力，它都会产生相应的弹性变形。

所有，如果给出了作用载荷的大小，那么对应的变形量就可以唯一确定。

其所包含的物理过程是，通过改变原子间的距离，原子键的简单延伸。

几乎所有的晶体材料在相当低的应力下表现为弹性。

部分的没有特定取向晶体聚合物，在低温下基本上也是弹性的。

表征各向同性材料的弹性特性的材料属性是杨氏模量E，切变模量G，体积模量K 和泊松比v。

对于各向同性材料只有两个属性的独立的。

塑性变形塑性变形是永久变形，也就是，在荷载移除之后，物体依然变形并且完成了净功。

包含的物理过程是原子间的滑动，永久的改变了它们相互间的位置。

当作用于金属材料时，正应力并没有显著的影响滑动过程。

所以，它可以表述为只有切应力可以导致金属材料的塑性变形。

变形的维度依赖于加载历史，所以不可以唯一的由应力确定。

包含的一些重要的参数是，塑性变形的切应力和加工硬化率。

对于大多数准静力加载情况，塑性变形是独立于时间，也就是，它不依赖于加载的持续时间。

大多数在高应力下的金属显示出塑性特性。

在高温下，金属承受着依赖于时间的塑性变形叫做蠕变。

粘性变形粘性变形是永久变形，通过变形的时间率来表征，变形是和施加的载荷成比例的。

Aabrasion n. 磨损[耗]abrasive n. a. (研）磨料（的）磨损abscissa n. 横坐标actuation n. 驱动align v. 调整，对中，校直alloy n. 合金alternative n. a. 交替（的），可供选择的aluminum n. 铝amortize v. 阻尼，缓冲，分期偿还anisotropy n. 各项异性annealing n. 退火annealing n. 退火antiparallelogram n. 反平行四边形anvil n. （锤）砧，砧座armor n. 铠甲assumption n. 假定设想, 担任(职责等), 假装at one’s command 自由使用，支配attainable a. 可达[得]到的austenitic a. 奥氏体的Bbar n. 杆件bass n. 黄铜be distinguished from 与…区分be referred to as 叫做，称为，被认为abnormal a. 非正常的be termed… 被称为……beam n. 横梁，一束bearing n. 轴承bending n. 弯曲，折弯bias vt. n. （使）偏向[重，差]billet n. 坯料，锻坯binary a. 二[双, 复]的, 二元的bismuth n. 铋blacksmith n. 锻工blank n.坯料，（冲压）板坯block n. （模）块blow molding 吹塑（法）brake forming [压]折弯（机）成型branch n. v. 分（部，支）braze n. vt. 硬钎焊，铜焊breakage n. 断裂breakdown n. 破坏，击穿brittleness n. 脆性, 脆度broken up 破[断]裂，分散bronze n. 青铜broom n. 扫帚buckling n. 弯[翘]曲，挠曲buttwelding 对头（缝）焊Ccadmium n. 镉capability n. 能力,性能,容量carbide n. 碳化物，硬质合金carbon n. 碳carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳casting n. 铸造[件]category n. 种类category n. 种类、类别cavity n. 模膛，型槽centripetal a. 向心的centroid n. 质心；形心closed impression die 闭式锻模coefficient n. 系数coherent a. 互相凝聚的，协调一致coincide with 一致，相符cold[hot] working 冷[热]加工collinear adj. 共线的comparative adj. 比较的，相当的compression molding 压塑，模压（法）compression n. 压缩compressive stress 压（缩）应力configuration n. 外形，配置，排布confine vt. 限制，约束constituent n. a.组成[的，部分] constrain(t) v. n. 强制，约束constrained a. 约束的，限定的consumer goods 消费品continuum n. 连续（体）contour n. 外形、轮廓线convert v. 转变[化]convert v. 转变[换]，更换copper n. 铜copper-base alloy 铜基合金corrosion n. 腐蚀coupler n. 连接件，连杆cracking n. 裂纹craftsman n. 技工criterion (pl. criteria) n. 标准, 判据, 准则critical strain 临界应变critical temperature 临界温度crystalline n. a. 结晶[的]，晶体cuploa n. 冲天炉Ddecoration n. 装饰deep drawing 深冲（压）definite a. 确定的deflection n. 偏移[转，离]，挠曲deformation n. 变形density n. 密度derivative of M with respect to NM对于N的导数design specifications:设计技术要求destructive a. 破坏（性）的，有害的deterioration n. 变坏，退化，损耗determinant n. 行列式die failure 模具损坏die life 模具寿命die n. 模具，锻[冲]模，凹模die-casting n. 模铸[件]discount v. 打折扣，忽视discrete a. 不连续的，单个的disjoin v. 拆散，分开dislocation n. 位错displacement n. 位移,排量,替换distributed forces n. 分力diversity n. 不同，多样性draft n. 模锻斜度drawing n. (锻坯）拔长，[线，管材]拉拔drawn out 拔长drop forging 落锻，锤模锻ductility n. 延展性，可锻性dump v. 倾倒，堆放Eeccentricity n. 偏心[度，率]efficiency n. 效率elastic a. 弹性的elasticity n. 弹性electric resistance-type strain gage n. 电阻应变片electrode n. 电(焊)极, 焊条elimination n. 消除，淘汰elongation n. 伸长（量）embed v. 嵌入、加在层间envision v. 想象equilibrium n. 平衡erosion n. 腐[侵，烧]蚀extract vt. 提炼，萃取extrusion n. 挤压Ffabricate vt. 制造[备]，生产factor n. 因素failure n. 失效；破坏fasten(ing) v. n. 连接(件), 紧固（件）ferrous a. （含）铁的ferrous metals 黑色金属filler n. 填充（剂）fine adj. 细的finite element 有限元fiux-shielded arc welding 熔剂保护电弧焊flexibility n. 柔（韧）性，灵活性final flow line 流线flow stress 流动应力flux n. 焊接，助熔剂flux n. 通量，流量forging 终锻forging n. 锻造，锻件foundry n. 铸造[车间]four-bar linkage 四杆机构frame n. 机架，构架friction n. 摩擦furnace n. [熔，高]炉fusion n. 熔化，熔接fusionwelding 熔焊，熔接Ggauge vt. 测[计]量，校验gear ration 齿轮[速、齿数] 比geometry n. 几何形状globular a. 球形（状）的gradient n. 坡[梯]度，斜率grain n. 晶粒grain size 晶粒度graphite n. 石墨grips pl.c.n. 夹具gross n. 总共，重大Hhanding n. 处理，装卸，搬运handle n. 手柄hardening n. 淬火hardness n. 硬度hazard n. 危险，未知数，意外事故heat checking 热裂纹，龟裂heat treatment 热处理higher acceleration 高阶加速度homogeneous a. 均匀的hydraulic adj. 液压的hydraulic press 液压机hydrochloric acid 盐酸Iideal mechanical advantage理想的机械效率immortalize vt. （使）不朽（灭）impact n. v. 冲击，碰撞impart v. 给与，分给impression die forging 模锻impression n. 模膛，型腔（槽）impurity n. 杂质，不纯in connection with 关于，与…相关incline v. （使）倾斜increment n. 增量inertia n. 惯性（物），惯量ingot n. (钢）锭inherent a. 固有的，先天的，本质的initiation n. 开[初]始，发[产]生injection molding 注射模塑（法）inorganic acid 无机酸insulate v. (使)隔离, 绝缘integrity n. 完整性，完全[善]inversion n. 转换，变换investigate v. 调查，研究iron n. 铁It follows that …由此可见,由此得出结论..., 因而断定...it is certain to 必然，一定it is likely that 很可能iterative a. 反复的，迭代的Jjerk n. 震动jet engine 喷气发动机joint n. 结合, 铰链n. 连接的Kkinematic a. 运动学的,运动学上的kinematic chain 运动链knead v. 揉搓[制]Llead n. 铅linear analog 线性模拟link n. 构件，杆件v. 连接longitudinal adj. 经度的; 纵向的;loop n. 环，回路，循环low-carbon steal 低碳钢lubrication n. 润滑luster n. 光泽Mmachine-building 机械制造machine-tool shipments: 机床装运费machining operations: 机床操作,加工工艺magnesium n. 镁manageable a. 可控制的manual a. 手动的，人工的manual skill 手工技艺matrix n. 矩阵mechanical fatigue 机械疲劳mechanical press 机械压力机mechanics n. 力学mesh n. v. 网格，啮合metallic a. （含）金属（制）的metallurgical a. 冶金（学）的metalworking n. 金属压力加工microscopic a. 显微的，微观的microshrinkage n. 显微缩孔microstructure n. 显微组织military n. a. 军队[事，人]的mill n. 轧钢机，铣床mineral a. 矿物的mode n. 方式，状态，模式model n. 模型，样品modify v. 修改，调解，变更mould (mold) n. 模子，铸模，塑模movability n. 可动的，易动的multidisciplinary n. 多学科的multiloop n. 多环链, a 多回路的multiplier n. 放大器，乘法器Nneglect vt. 忽略nickel n. 镍nonferrous metals 有色金属normal adj. 法向的normalizing n. 正火，（正）常化Oopen die forging 自由锻optimization n. 优化，优选（法）ordinate n. 纵坐标orientation n. （定）方向,方位oriented 导向oscillate v. 摆动，摇动overhead : 管理费overheat n. 过热overlap v. 搭接，重叠overload n. v. （使）过[超]载oxidation n. 氧化oxy-acetylene n. a.氧（乙）炔（的）Ppackaging machinery 包装机械parallelogram n. 平行四边形parameter n. 参数parameter n. 参数paraphrase v. 解释，意译penetration n. 贯穿，渗透permanent a. 永久的perpendicular adj. 垂直的pig iron 生铁pin n. 销[钉]，铰销pitch v. 投掷pivot n. 枢(轴), 轴销, 回转副plastic working 塑性加工plasticity n. 塑性polygon n. 多变形porosity n. 多孔性，疏松pose v. 提出，摆出…姿态pour v. 浇注powder metallurgy 粉末冶金precision forming 精密成型preconceive v. 预想、事先想好preprocess vt. 预（先）加工，预处理prescribe v. 规定，指示pressurewelding 压力焊prime mover 原动件，驱动件prismatic adj. 棱柱的pristmatic a. 棱柱（形）的prolonged a. 长时间的, 持续很久的pyrometer n. 高温计Qquenching n. 淬火,骤冷Rram n. 锤头，滑块，活动横梁ramp n. 斜板，斜坡rapid-impact blow 快速冲击，猛打recrystallization n. 再结晶recycle v. 反复[循环]利用refine v. 精炼[制]，细化refinement n. 精炼[制]，细化regarding 考虑到，关于removal n. 除去，放出response n. 反[响]应，灵敏度restriction n. 限制retard vt. n. （使）延缓，推迟retarding media 延缓介质reversal n. 颠倒，相反revolute v. 旋转, 转动, n. 回转体rigid a. n. 坚硬的，刚性，刚度rivet n. v. 铆钉，铆接rock n. 摆动，v. 摇动rocker n. 摇杆roll n. v. 轧辊，滚，轧roll v. 滚动rule of thumb 据经验和实际所得的做法rupture n. 破[开]裂Sscoop n. 勺子,铲斗，v.挖,掘,铲second acceleration 二节加速度sensitive a. 灵敏的，敏感的shear stress 剪应力shielding n. 遮护，屏蔽simultaneously ad. 同时sinter n. vt. 烧结sizing n. 整形，校正，定径skeleton diagram 草图, 示意图slider-crank mechanism 四杆机构slope v. （使）倾斜soaking(=holding) n. 均热,保温solder(ing) v. n. 软钎焊，（低温）焊料solidfy v. (使）凝固solvent n. 溶剂solvent n. a. 溶剂（的）somewhat adv. 稍微soundness n. 致密性，坚固性，无缺陷specific gravity 比重specification n. 操作规程，技术指标，说明书spheroidizing n. 球化（处理）spotwelding 点焊spring-back n. 回弹squeeze v. 挤压stainless steel 不锈钢stamp n. 冲压standard gage n. 标距standardize v. 标准化steep n. a. 陡（坡）的，急剧的stock n. 坯料，原材料strain (rate) n. 应变strain n. 应变strain[deformation] hardening 应变[变形]硬化strength n. 强度stress field 应力场stress n. 应力stress n. 应力stress relieving 消除应力处理stretch forming 张拉成型strike v. 攻[打]击，放电stroke n. 行程，冲程subsequently ad. 随后suitability n. 适应性sulphuric acid 硫酸surface finish 表面光洁度sweep v. 扫荡[描]，掠过symmetrical a. 轴对称的Ttempering n. 回火tensile stress 拉（伸）应力tension n. 拉伸test specimens n. 试样thermal fatigue 热疲劳thermal refining 调质处理tin n. 锡tolerance n. 公差topologically adv. 拓扑学地torch n. 焊炬torque n. 力矩，扭矩toughness n. 韧性trajectory n. 轨迹transition n. 过渡区transmission angle 传动角trial-and-error 试凑法turbine n. 涡[汽]轮机，透平机U-Zultimate a. n. 最终的，首要的，极限upset n. 镦粗，顶锻vacuum forming 真空模塑validity n. 正确有效，合法variable n. 变量warm working 温加工，温锻wear v. 磨损weld(ing) v. n. 焊接，熔焊with ease 轻易，很容易的yield stress 屈服应力zinc n. 锌。

力学专业英语词汇翻译牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics固体力学solid mechanics一般力学general mechanics应用力学applied mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics材料力学materials mechanics结构力学structural mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation作用--角度变量action-angle variables泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability倾覆力矩capsizing moment拉力tensile force正应力normal stress切应力shear stress静水压力hydrostatic pressure集中力concentrated force分布力distributed force线性应力应变关系linear relationship between stress and strain 弹性模量modulus of elasticity横向力lateral force transverse force轴向力axial force拉应力tensile stress压应力compressive stress平衡方程equilibrium equation静力学方程equations of static比例极限proportional limit应力应变曲线stress-strain curve拉伸实验tensile test‘屈服应力yield stress极限应力ultimate stress轴shaft梁beam纯剪切pure shear横截面积cross-sectional area挠度曲线deflection curve曲率半径radius of curvature曲率半径的倒数reciprocal of radius of curvature纵轴longitudinal axis悬臂梁cantilever beam简支梁simply supported beam微分方程differential equation惯性矩moment of inertia静矩static moment扭矩torque moment弯矩bending moment弯矩对x的导数derivative of bending moment with respect to x弯矩对x的二阶导数the second derivative of bending moment with respect to x 静定梁statically determinate beam静不定梁statically indeterminate beam相容方程compatibility equation补充方程complementary equation中性轴neutral axis圆截面circular cross section两端作用扭矩twisted by couples at two ends刚体rigid body扭转角twist angle静力等效statically equivalent相互垂直平面mutually perpendicular planes通过截面形心through the centroid of the cross section一端铰支pin support at one end一端固定fixed at one end弯矩图bending moment diagram剪力图shear force diagram剪力突变abrupt change in shear force、旋转和平移rotation and translation虎克定律hook’s law边界条件boundary condition初始位置initial position、力矩面积法moment-area method绕纵轴转动rotate about a longitudinal axis横坐标abscissa扭转刚度torsional rigidity拉伸刚度tensile rigidity剪应力的合力resultant of shear stress正应力的大小magnitude of normal stress脆性破坏brittle fail对称平面symmetry plane刚体的平衡equilibrium of rigid body约束力constraint force重力gravitational force实际作用力actual force三维力系three-dimentional force system合力矩resultant moment标量方程scalar equation、矢量方程vector equation张量方程tensor equation汇交力系cocurrent system of forces任意一点an arbitrary point合矢量resultant vector反作用力reaction force反作用力偶reaction couple转动约束restriction against rotation平动约束restriction against translation运动的趋势tendency of motion绕给定轴转动rotate about a specific axis沿一个方向运动move in a direction控制方程control equation共线力collinear forces平面力系planar force system一束光 a beam of light未知反力unknown reaction forces参考框架frame of reference大小和方向magnitude and direction几何约束geometric restriction刚性连接rigidly connected运动学关系kinematical relations运动的合成superposition of movement固定点fixed point平动的叠加superposition of translation刚体的角速度angular speed of a rigid body质点动力学particle dynamics运动微分方程differential equation of motion 工程实际问题practical engineering problems变化率rate of change动量守恒conservation of linear momentum 定性的描述qualitative description点线dotted line划线dashed line实线solid line矢量积vector product点积dot product极惯性矩polar moment of inertia角速度angular velocity角加速度angular accelerationinfinitesimal amount 无穷小量definite integral 定积分a certain interval of time 某一时间段kinetic energy 动能conservative force 保守力damping force 阻尼力coefficient of damping 阻尼系数free vibration 自由振动periodic disturbance 周期性扰动viscous force 粘性力forced vibration 强迫震动general solution 通解particular solution 特解transient solution 瞬态解steady state solution 稳态解second order partial differential equation 二阶偏微分方程external force 外力internal force 内力stress component 应力分量state of stress 应力状态coordinate axes 坐标系conditions of equilibrium 平衡条件body force 体力continuum mechanics 连续介质力学displacement component 位移分量additional restrictions 附加约束compatibility conditions 相容条件mathematical formulations 数学公式isotropic material 各向同性材料sufficient small 充分小state of strain 应变状态unit matrix 单位矩阵dilatation strain 膨胀应变the first strain invariant 第一应变不变量deviator stress components 应力偏量分量the first invariant of stress tensor 应力张量的第一不变量bulk modulus 体积模量constitutive relations 本构关系linear elastic material 线弹性材料mathematical derivation 数学推导a state of static equilibrium 静力平衡状态Newton‘s first law of motion 牛顿第一运动定律directly proportional to 与……成正比stress concentration factor 应力集中系数state of loading 载荷状态st venant’ principle 圣维南原理uniaxial tension 单轴拉伸cylindrical coordinates 柱坐标buckling of columns 柱的屈曲critical value 临界值stable equilibrium 稳态平衡unstable equilibrium condition 不稳定平衡条件critical load 临界载荷a slender column 细长杆fixed at the lower end 下端固定free at the upper end 上端自由critical buckling load 临界屈曲载荷potential energy 势能fixed at both ends 两端固定hinged at both ends 两端铰支tubular member 管型杆件transverse dimention 横向尺寸stability of column 柱的稳定axial force 轴向力elliptical hole 椭圆孔plane stress 平面应力nominal stress 名义应为principal stress directions 主应力方向axial compression 轴向压缩dynamic loading 动载荷dynamic problem 动力学问题inertia force 惯性力resonance vibration 谐振static states of stress 静态应力dynamic response 动力响应time of contact 接触时间length of wave 波长resonance frequency 谐振频率自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequency缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration 隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction方位角azimuthal angle多体系统multibody system静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM 弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, EPFM 断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics损伤区damage zone 疲劳Fatigue低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳强度fatigue strength交变载荷alternating load交变应力alternating stress应力幅值stress amplitude应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening环境效应environmental effect裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation裂纹萌生crack initiation循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stress Analysis工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计weldable strain gage平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage补偿片compensation technique补偿技术compensation technique基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compensating gage 半导体应变计semiconductor strain Gage计算结构力学computational structural mechanics加权残量法weighted residual method有限差分法finite difference method有限[单]元法finite element method配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Principle最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-Reissner Principle修正变分原理modified variational Principle约束变分原理constrained variational Principle混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem坐标变换transformation of Coordinates 广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable节点node, nodal point[单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element一维元one-dimensional element三维元three-dimensional element轴对称元axisymmetric element板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices 载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method行列式搜索法determinant search method逐步法step-by-step method增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure。

G1 Basic Concepts in MechanicsWork is defined as force multiplied by the distance over which the force acts. Work is measured in metre-kilograms.（直译+意译法）功是指力与该力方向上位移的乘积，单位是米•牛顿（焦耳）。

A metre-kilogram equals the work done by a force of one kilogram acting through a distance of one metre.（直译+意译法）一焦耳的功相当于一千克物体在力的作用下（沿力的方向）移动一米。

For example, if a work task involves lifting a 300-kilogram machine two and one-half metres into a truck, then 750 metre-kilograms of work is required.（直译+意译法）譬如，将一个重达300千克的机械举起2.5米，置于卡车中，这需要750焦耳的功。

Since no humans can lift 300 kilograms directly, a device must be employed to modify the required effort into something manageable.（直译+意译法）因为没有人能直接举起300千克，所以必须动用一个设备以可行的方式实现所需的工作量。

One common device is an inclined plane - in this case, a loading ramp that slopes from the ground to the truck. If the ramp were 10 meters long and friction forces were negligibly small, then 75 kilograms of force would be required to roll the machine up the ramp.（直译+意译法）一个常见的设备是一个斜面——在该情况下，是一个从地面连接到卡车的荷载斜板。

弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress 应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state ofstrain 应变协调方程equation of straincompatibility 拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk 楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem 布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维Kolosoff-利法Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis 板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforcedPlate 中厚板Plate of moderate thickness 弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell [圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell 锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method 松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation 量纲分析Dimensional analysis 自相似[性] self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism 回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem 率相关理论rate dependent theorem 载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading 卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension 加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation 完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress 对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity 应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment 累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain 永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plasticMaterial 刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material 材料稳定性stability of material 应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain 应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain 应力球张量spherical tensor of stress 路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening 塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bendingMoment 塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending 弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface 弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plasticMaterial 极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface 截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟sand heap analogy 屈服Yield 屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential 能量吸收装置energy absorbing device 能量耗散率energy absorbing device 塑性动力学dynamic plasticity 塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling 塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response 塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissibleField 静力容许场statically admissibleField 流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge 塑性增量理论incremental theory ofPlasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion 普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation 特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空Haigh-Westergaard 间stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocityEquation结构力学structural mechanics结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix 单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan eliminationMethod 屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material 纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate 层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid 膨胀Expansion压实Debulk劣化Degradation脱层Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力ply stress层应变ply strain层间应力interlaminar stress比强度specific strength强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析shear lag analysis短纤维chopped fiber长纤维continuous fiber纤维方向fiber direction纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design 网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion 达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fractureMechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracturemechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracturemecha-nics, EPFM 断裂Fracture 脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture 准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture 穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture 裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement,COD裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle,CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip openingdisplacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularityField裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth 裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation 止裂crack arrest 止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing 撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ积分J-integralJ阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factor HRR场Hutchinson-Rice-RosengrenField 守恒积分conservation integral 有效应力张量effective stress tensor 应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ 延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transitiontempe- rature 剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection 双边缺口试件double edge notchedspecimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notchedspecimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bendingspecimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tensionspecimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panelspecimen, CCP specimen 紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen,CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibull distribution 帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic riskassessment, PRA 损伤力学damage mechanics 损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics 细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics 累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage微观损伤microscopic damage损伤准则damage criterion损伤演化方程damage evolution equation 损伤软化damage softening损伤强化damage strengthening损伤张量damage tensor损伤阈值damage threshold损伤变量damage variable损伤矢量damage vector损伤区damage zone疲劳Fatigue 低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatigue striations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternating stress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening 循环软化cyclic softening 环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crackPropagation裂纹萌生crack initiation 循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stressAnalysis工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity 机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperaturecompensating gage半导体应变计semiconductor strainGage 集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage电感应变计inductance [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics光弹性Photoelasticity光塑性Photoplasticity杨氏条纹Young fringe双折射效应birefrigent effect等位移线contour of equalDisplacement 暗条纹dark fringe条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interference fringe 等差线Isochromatic等倾线Isoclinic等和线isopachic应力光学定律stress- optic law主应力迹线Isostatic亮条纹light fringe光程差optical path difference 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coatingMethod光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwichMethod动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringentEffect 应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity 应力冻结效应stress freezing effect 应力条纹值stress fringe value应力光图stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefringentEffect 脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographicinterfero - metry 网格法grid method全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity 全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearinginterferometry, shearography 散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry [叠栅]云纹moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法moire method 云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method 脆性涂层法brittle-coating method条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation ofCoordinates计算结构力学computational structuralmecha-nics 加权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite difference method 有限[单]元法finite element method 配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variationalPrinciple 最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-ReissnerPrinciple 修正变分原理modified variationalPrinciple 约束变分原理constrained variationalPrinciple 混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method 有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element 强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement 广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable 节点node, nodal point [单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable 杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element 梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element 一维元one-dimensional element 三维元three-dimensional element 轴对称元axisymmetric element 板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element 四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element超参数元super-parametric element 亚参数元sub-parametric element节点数可变元variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元Lagrange element拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element巧凑边点族serendipity family无限元infinite element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics 刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force 节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix 阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffnessMatrices载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices 单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function代用函数substitute function降阶积分reduced integration零能模式zero-energy modeP收敛p-convergenceH收敛h-convergence掺混插值blended interpolation等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation小块检验patch test非协调模式incompatible mode节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width 波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method纽马克法Newmark威尔逊法Wilson拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix 割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix 模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique 超单元super-element网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure。

转译成谓语
1、主语转译成谓语（以case, need, attention, emphasis, improvement等名词及名词化结构作主语时，常这样处理）
The prevention of certain types of cancer is distinctly within the realm of possibility.
太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。
转译成表语
1、主语转译成表语 A great contribution of Edison was the carbon microphone. 炭精传声器是爱迪生的一大贡献。
computer.
这个理论在科学上充满了远见卓识，也许可以跟巴 贝奇的计算机原理相提并论。
2、谓语转译成状语
After more experiments, Galileo succeeded in making a much
better telescope.
又做了一些实验之后，伽利略成功地制造了一架好得多的望远镜。
By 1914 Einstein had gained world fame.
1914年爱因斯坦已成了著名的科学家。
转译成状语
1、定语转译成状语
异常的洞察力
It was an amazing piece of scientific clairvoyance, comparable
perhaps to Charles Babbage’s anticipation of the principle of the
3、谓语转译成主语 Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater

When a material exhibits a linear relationship between stress and strain, it is said to be linear elastic. This is an extremely important property of many solid materials, including most metals, plastics, wood, concrete, and ceramics. The linear relationship between stress and strain for a bar in tension can be expressed by the simple equation ζ=Eε (3) in which E is a constant of proportionality known as the modulus of elasticity for the material. 当一种材料的应力与应变表现出线性关系时，我们称这种材 料为线弹性材料。这是许多固体材料的一个极其重要的性质，这 些材料包括大多数金属，塑料，木材，混凝土和陶瓷。对于被拉 伸的梁来说，这种应力与应变之间的线性关系可以用简单方程(3) ζ= Eε 来表示，这里E是一个已知的比例常数，即该材料的弹性模 量。
方程(1) 用于求解在梁中均匀分布的应力问题。它表示了应力 的单位是力除以面积。正如我们在图1中所看到的，当梁被力P拉 伸的时候，生成的应力是拉应力；如果力的方向被颠倒，导致梁 被压缩时，产生的应力被称为压应力。
A necessary condition for Eq.(1) to be valid is that the stress ζ must be uniform over the cross section of the bar. This condition will be realized if the axial force P acts through the centroid of the cross section. When the load P does not act at the centroid, bending of the bar will result, and a more complicated analysis is necessary. At present, however, it is assumed that all axial forces are applied at the centroid of the cross section unless specifically stated to the contrary. Also, unless stated otherwise, it is generally assumed that the weight of the object itself is neglected, as was done when discussing the bar in Fig.1.