毕业论文中国和美国高等教育之间的差异The Differences of Higher Education between America and ChinaAbstractH igher education is an important approach to cultivate talented person. Different countries have different system of higher education. This paper aims at discussing the differences of higher education between China and America, and it not only puts forward the contrast analysis on the social environment, cultural tradition, education system and graduates ‘ability between China and America, but also analyzes the differences of the education reform measures between these two countries.Key words: Higher education; Difference; America; China中文摘要高等教育是培养人才的重要手段。
不同国家拥有不同体制的高等教育。
本文旨在讨论中、美两国高等教育的差异，它不仅提出了中、美两国社会环境和文化传统，教育制度和毕业生能力的对比分析，还分析了这两个国家教育改革措施的差异。
关键词：高等教育；不同; 美国；中国Contents:I. IntroductionII. Chinese-American social environment and cultural tradition differences2.1 Differences of attitudes on cultureIII. Chinese-American education system differences3.1 Different establishments of curricula and specialty3.2 Different choices of specialty curricula3.3 Different styles of inspecting students’ result3.4 Different styles of students’ management3.5 Different methods of teaching lessons3.6 Differences between public and private schoolsIV. Chinese-American graduates’ ability differences4.1 Differences of actual talents fosteredV. Chinese-American education reform measures differences 5.1 American reform measures5.2 Chinese reform measuresVI. ConclusionThe Differences of Higher Education between America and ChinaI. IntroductionIt is well known that higher education has been more and more significant all over the world. Because of the development of science and technology, the relationship between higher education and national politics, economy, science, culture, military is becoming closer and closer day by day. This mutual relation especially shows in aspect of higher education. The higher education is vigorous and upward, and it not only simply shows the growth of quantity, but especially has had the huge change in the nature. China and America share many characteristics in higher education. However this paper has mainly discussed the differences between Chinese and American higher education. The two countries are different in four significant aspects: (1)social environment and cultural tradition (2)education system (3)graduates ’ability (4)education reform measures.II. Comparison of the social environment and cultural tradition between China and America2.1 contrast of social environment and traditional education between China and AmericaAmerica is the biggest immigrant country. American economy emphasizes on the practical value, as well as individual value realization with fast development, rich material life, strong material idea and etc. The American advocates the independent way of life and work. The American owns full creative humanities spirit, the innovation is the forever subject in their brains. They pursue the hi-tech and prefer to compete.C ontrast with young USA, China is the great nation with glorious history and cultural traditions. The Chinese people have the excellent moral of modesty, but also have been over cautious and conservative. Though Chinese economy and technology is quite backward, it has very strong potential development, and Chinese students worked hard since they were small. Therefore China implements the policy of opening up, abundantly absorbs the benefit and enriches itself.The education between Chinese and American is extremely different. American education aims at building such an education to raise the creativity with less study and more thought. USA pays great attention to train the students’ practice ability to utilize the knowledge, cultivatingthe students to ask the knowledge and authority and building the ability to extend the knowledge system. That fact that 1/3 of numbers among all Nobel Prize winners in the world are the American is a very good illustration.Compared with American higher education, China’s higher education aims at building the foundation of education with more study and less thought; Chinese education pays more attention to instill and accumulate knowledge, cultivating the students’respect to the knowledge and authority and building the ability to inherit the knowledge system.III. Contrast of higher education system between Chinese and American3.1 different establishments of curricula and specialtyA nation’s higher education is the reflection of economic system. American education aims at adapting for society demand, they explicitly stipulate three big functions: education’s service for the economic development, the scientific research and teaching. The manifest of service in the establishment of specialty curriculum is to meet the social need and set up special curriculum or specialty which the society needs.In China's universities, during quite long period of time, the establishment of specialty curriculum lacks the change and could not follow social demand. In the latest few years, the majority of Chineseuniversities all started to pay great attention to the transformation and renewal of establishment of specialty curriculum so as to meet the need of society.3.2 different choices of specialty curriculaIn order to adapt the society, the American universities have established many specialties and curriculum of choice for students; the students choose or transform specialties and schools according to own interest and hobby. The American higher education system is extremely diverse and flexible, which is solo in the world higher education.In China, the student may choose the specialty according to own interest and hobby, but change of specialty in the school is not easy, transformation of school then is more difficult. In American universities, the compulsory courses are few, and elective courses are rich. While in Chinese universities, the compulsory subjects occupy the major part, and many schools（especially for technical colleges and universities）have the phenomenon of more emphasizing on the Science subjects, little on the liberal arts.3.3 different styles of inspecting students’ resultWhen American school inspects the result of student, they emphasize more on the ability to analyze and solve the question but not the ability of memory or description. The American student need the mechanical memorizing, but displays creative thought as far aspossible .This can cultivate students’study interest, raise the ability of doing it by self and make the study be one kind of creative activity.However, many teachers still adopted old teaching ways in Chinese universities, thus takes a test which needs mechanical memorizing. Such an inspection method has seriously attacked the students’ enthusiasm of study, caused the student to one-sidedly pay great attention to the theory and neglect the ability of practice.3.4 different styles of students’ managementIn the United States, many students at the school could conveniently take the IC card with a photo; the cards can be used to enter libraries and computer rooms and other facilities such as gymnasiums and other coliseum throughout the academy. Experienced consultants equipped by the school would help students to determine their main direction (major, a bit like our domestic professional) and guide students to choose specific classes. After selecting courses, in accordance with the school timetable, the septic time, place, classroom and course is entirely controlled by individual who means that everyone has the right of their own curriculum.Unlike American students, Chinese students also need arrangements of classes and dormitories. Compared with the USA’s IC card, our domestic student card and library card is similar to it. Except these, Chinese school has no experienced consultants to help students todetermine their main direction. As for the accommodation of students, some schools have a limited number of student dormitories, each school has a restaurant and fast-food shops, but most of them are always operated by outside operators where management are independent of schools. Most of students prefer to share a flat and live outside. So their dinner and lodging almost have no relationship with the school.3.5 different methods of teaching lessonsIn the United States inspiring students is great important for teaching. In classroom teachers will specially put forward some inspiring questions for students. In such a teaching mode, the students in the classroom have a higher degree of freedom, and they can be ready to make their own doubt for teachers which made the teaching atmosphere lively and vivid. This method of teaching helps to develop students’abilities of independent thinking and solving problem, however, this approach has a high demand for teachers which easily lead to a decrease in teaching quality and depth.China's higher education pays more attention to the systematic study. When teaching the curriculum, teachers should follow in accordance with certain teaching programs. Students have certain interactive questions, but this question tends to be discussed after the class, rather than in the classroom. It is the main mode that class is taught by teachers and students just listen to the records. This approachis conducive to help the students learn systematic knowledge. The class content is quite rich, but they have less sense of innovation.3.6 differences between public and private schoolsThere are more than 1500 public school of higher learning and more than 1600 private institutions in American. Both the public and private schools have a good reputation and high quality of the university. Very few Americans judge the quality not from the perspective of public and private schools, but from their teachers, courses and history.However, many Chinese believe that private schools can be unmatched with the public schools, and they are belittling or making an exclusion of private schools in heart. In private schools, Chinese people indeed should learn from the Americans, abandon the prejudice and make a correct and fair assessment for private schools.IV. Differences of quality and ability of graduates between China and US4.1 differences of actual talents fosteredIn actual talent fostered, the ability of adapting to society from American students was stronger than the Chinese Students. There are more and more opportunities to participate in social activities. Almost all the students have the experience of working outside. At the same time, civic education, campus cultural activities and community service activities in America increase the students’ability to adapt to thecommunity. While the Chinese Students stay under the closed campus for a long period，they have little direct ties to society and poorly understand the community, therefore Chinese students have to adapt to working atmosphere later than American’s students for two to three years.V.Difference of reform measures5.1 American reform measuresCurrently, American progress in the field of technology and knowledge occupies about 80 percent. The data is higher than one of the developed countries in Europe. Institutions of higher education should make indelible contribution to such a data. To meet the challenges of the 21st century, since the mid-1990s, the United States accelerates the reform of higher education systems which aimed at improving the quality of teaching and management efficiency and make greater contribution to the development of community and economy.Unprecedented expansion of social function of American University has become the power source for social development and progress. Therefore, the United States government policy-makers set off a new round of the 21st century-oriented reform of higher education to promote the development of higher education as a national goal of the important strategic initiatives.In the 21st century, the key point of American higher education reform is to achieve universal highereducation and make all over 18-year-old American youth have access to higher education.The overall idea of American Education reform is to build a higher education system which adapt to times’ demands. The most important measure is the reform of basic education and secondary education, the aim of idea is to meet the demand of adapting to the multiple reforms in future. To implement a strategic goal of universal higher education, the United States took a number of very innovative reform measures based on a substantial increase for education. These reform measures include: (1) implement small class teaching; (2) strengthen bilingual teaching, make college graduates more competitive and more adaptable; (3) improve the quality of teachers; in the system of employing teachers, schools take measures to employ formal teacher and informal teacher. In teaching methodology, teachers must adopt the modern teaching methods with integration of traditional media and modern media together for teaching.5.2 Chinese reform measuresRegarding the quality education as the most important thing, China's higher education implements the strategy of sustainable development, broaden the area of knowledge base, promote the integration of cross-disciplinary and connection between schools and society.Such a style aims at cultivating talents with a strong sense ofpioneering spirit, self-confidence, originality and boldly challenging the authority. China has been adhering to the reform of higher education for a long time. The most notable effect from the college merger is improvement of teaching effect. The College merger resolves some problems from the current teaching system uncoordinated with the international trend of socialization and market and enables educational resources to promote the effective allocation. The second measure is to set up the college courses in a market-oriented direction and adapt to the needs of society. Now in many school curricula’s is diverse, the initiative measures are taken to meet the needs of the market, at the same time a number of professionals closely related to social life are set up. The third initiative measure is based on the target of student-oriented.Since the 20th century, China's higher education emphasized the training of personnel ability, including the ability of acquiring knowledge, ability of analysis and problem-solving, ability of creating and certain organizational ability. At the same time the concept of quality education is put forward, which emphasizes the ideological and moral qualities, cultural quality, physical and mental quality. As a main part, students are not only the educated ones, but also participants of education.VI. ConclusionAll in all ,America’s higher education is different from China’s, it mainly performs through four points (1)social environment and cultural tradition (2)education system (3)graduates ‘ability (4)education reform measures. In order to reduce these differences, we should take some appropriate measures.In order to decrease the distance between Chinese higher education and American higher education, we should understand the difference of higher education between China and American, and absorb the advantages to profit from the American higher education and the development of our higher education. First of all, China's higher education should change from the "examination-oriented education" to "quality education". What is more, Chinese higher education should establish”people-oriented”education concepts. Besides, Student's sense of participation should be fully prominent in teaching practice. Teaching should focus on taking individualized teaching methods, strategies and techniques, widely apply the science teaching methods such as "free discussion", "self-study", make teachers and students exchange their ideas free, train students to learn initiative and creativity, promote students’initiative and creativity. Moreover, teaching management should achieve the reunification of system and flexibility.References[2] 丁往道，吴冰，英语写作基础教程[M]，高等教育出版社，1998[1] 李泽同，透视美国[M]，北京对外经贸大学出版社，2003[3] 史静寰，当代美国教育[M]，北京社会科学文献出版社，2004[4] 吴明熹，教育政策的基本价值取向[J]，高教研究参考，2006[5] 谢安邦，七方教育丛书[J]，中国社会科学出版社，2001[6] 袁衍喜，现代教育改革探索[M]，北京人民教育出版社，1987[7] 张文英，中美高等教育比较与启示[J]，黑龙江高教研究，2005THANKS !!!致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习课件等等打造全网一站式需求欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考。
湖南涉外经济学院外国语学院2013-2014《英语国家概况》期末小论文班级_英本1202班___ 姓名__黄爱灵__评分____________American Higher EducationAmerican education system in the United States is the world's cause of education of the most developed countries in the world. American education system as early as the founding of beginning to take shape when, after 200 years of development and gradually perfect, Formation of the primary, secondary and tertiary institutionsHigh education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. In the past more than 300 years, it has developed into a large enterprise with a very complex system. The higher education comprises four categories of institutions: a) the university; b) the four-year undergraduate institution----the college; c) the technical training institution; and d) the two-year community college.In America, the education system has the differentGraduate Degrees years, Bachelor’s Degree have 4 years; Master’s Degree have 1-2 years; Doctor’s Degree, ph.D (doctor of philosophy), have at least 3 years.So what are the differences between the “college” and the “university” in America? The term “college”refers to an undergraduate institution that confers the degree of Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science after four years of study or an associate degree after two years study. While a university is generally a group of colleges, each serving a special purpose: college of business, college of arts and humanities, college of education, etc. The system of higher education in the United States has three functions: teaching, research and public service. Each college or university has its own emphasis with regard to its functions. The majority of the higher educationinstitutions are located in states that have a large population.The American higher education institutions offer a wide variety of subjects, from the finearts to practical and career-oriented fields such as engineering and marketing. The United States has a variety of higher education institutions, from large comprehensive universities to small traditional liberal arts colleges. Distinctions among these institutionsare in size, level, educational quality, residential atmosphere and the time it takes to complete a degree.At the undergraduate level, students’personal preferences as to size, academic quality and location play a key role in their choice of college or university. At the graduate level, more attention is paid to the reputation of the faculty and department.However,all this effort in America’s higher education is very expensive. Some of the costs come from fees and benefactions, particularly towards research, but most have to be paid from public funds. Parents favor big expenditures on higher education;a wider public opinionfavors them for idealistic and cultural reasons, and because of the supposed value of education as an investment by society.The first universities were developed by private charitable organizations. The private universities are still very important, and most of the best-known institutions, like Harvard, Yale and Princeton, are private.Most of the principal state universities have between 10, 000 and 30, 000 students,and some have increased rapidly in the past few years. Private universities and colleges are generally smaller, and although they are more numerous than public institutions they have a smaller total number of students than those in public institutions. The private colleges vary very much in standards and reputation, from the world-famous and select to the cranky and the obscure. The best known of all is Harvard.There are also many junior colleges to which students may be admitted at the end of their high school career, providing only the first two years of university work.For the most part Americans think that there’s some advantage in attending one of the better-known private institutions, in spite of the higher cost, rather than a state university. However, testate universities are becoming increasingly important, and some of them, particularly in the Midwest have a reputation practically equal to that of the private ones. Almost every state by now has several university institutions directly under the authority of the state government.For a university student, an academic year is about nine months, usually for mid-September until early June or from late August until May. In most universities, it isdivided into either two semesters or three semesters, excluding the summer session. The students usually enjoy a “break”of one week during each semester and a 30-day winner break.Typically, an undergraduate student has to earn a certain number of “credits”(usually at least 120) in order to receive a degree at the end of four years of college. Credits are earned by attending lectures (or lab classes) and by successfully completing assignments and examinations. One credit usually equals one hour of class per week in a single course. A course may last 10 to 16 weeks, the length of a semester.Living accommodations are usually not large enough to hold all university students, though large numbers of residence halls have been built. Many students live off campus and prepare their own meals.It is common for students to work to earn their tuition and living expenses not only during vacations but also in their free time during the semester. Many colleges and universities offer work-study programs so that students can earn money while working at the school.Sports have a significant place in American university life. Football is the most popular university sports. Some universities award both football and basketball scholarships, and students admitted mainly as athletics or “jocks”receive not only free tuition but also other financial assistance.There are clubs and activities for almost every student’s interests, such as art, music, drama, debate, foreign languages, photography, volunteer work, all aimed at helping students become successful in their later life while simultaneously pursuing their hobbies.There is evidence that even incomplete university study gives a person better career prospects than none at all. So, it is accepted that the benefits of a university career are usefu l.In American, there are the best research universities such as Harvard, Yale, Princet on, Columbia and MIT in the east, as well as Stanford and Berkeley on the west coast.Except for some college sponsored by the Catholic Church, all college and universitie s in the U.S, public or private, are governed by a board of trustees composed primarily of laymen. The community college calls for education to serve the good of both the i ndividual and society. It embodies Thomas Jefferson’s belief that an education should be practical as well as liberal.Let’s look some famous universities of the United States:Harvard University, the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, is a comprehensive university. Harvard College was established in 1636 and was named for its first benefactor, John Harvard. The university has grown from nine students with a single master to an enrollment of more than 20000 degree candidates, including undergraduates, graduates and professional students in 11 principal academic units. Harvard University is known around the world for its outstanding academic achievements. The university has product more than 40 Nobel laureates. English Presidents of the United States are graduates of Harvard.Yale University was founded in1701 as the Collegiate School in Killingworth, Connecticut. In 1716, it moved to its permanent location in New Haven. Elihu Yale, a weathy British merchant, donated generously to the school, and it was renamed Yale College. In 1864, Yale College was renamed Yale University. The university is now comprised of three major academic components: Yale College (the undergraduate program), the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and 10 professional schools. Yale encompasses a wide array of research organizations, libraries, museums and administrative support offices. Approximately 12000 students attend Yale. And it embarks on a steady expansion. With strictteaching and enrollment, Yale University has a high academic standard and great prestige. Some of the world’s most famous and powerful men today are graduates of Yale, including George W. Bush, John Kerry and William F. Buckley Jr., etc.Princeton University was known as the College of New Jersey from 1746 to 1896. It is well known for its History Department, Philosophy Department, English Department, Mathematics Department and Physics Department. The Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs has been continuously training government officials. Presidents Wilson and over 80 Senates are graduates of Princeton University.Massachusetts Institutions of Technology is an institution famous for its scientific and technological training and research. Established in 1861, the institution used to be a purely technical institution. It is comprised of five schools: the School of Architecture and Planning, the School of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, the MIT Slogan Sciences, the MIT Slogan School of Management and the School of Science. While attaching importance to teaching, the institute pays great attention to theory study and applied research. Both the undergraduate and the graduates participate in cooperative research work. MIT has achieved significant success in the fields of scientific research.Education system in American obviously is different with ours, but they all aim to make more talented people to make the country better and strong, modern and developed.。
