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无线通信技术的发展与下一代网络技术随着科技的飞速发展，无线通信技术成为人们生活中不可或缺的一部分。
从最早的2G网络到如今的5G网络，人们越来越依赖无线通信来进行信息传递和交流。
而随着互联网的普及和各种智能设备的出现，无线通信技术也面临着新的挑战和发展机遇。
本文将探讨无线通信技术的发展历程以及下一代网络技术的前景。
一、无线通信技术的发展历程无线通信技术的发展可以追溯到二十世纪初。
当时，人们首次利用无线电波进行远距离通信，开创了无线通信的先河。
经过几十年的发展和演进，2G网络在上世纪九十年代初正式推出。
2G 网络的出现使人们可以随时随地进行语音通话，并在有限的范围内发送短信。
然而，2G网络的速度和容量相对较低，无法满足人们日益增长的通信需求。
为了提高通信速度和容量，3G网络于本世纪初问世。
3G网络不仅实现了高清视频通话，还支持了移动互联网的初步发展。
然而，3G网络在某些地区的覆盖范围和信号稳定性仍存在问题。
因此，为了进一步满足人们的通信需求，4G网络随之推出。
4G网络不仅提供了更快的下载和上传速度，还支持高清视频流媒体、在线游戏等应用。
在4G网络的推动下，移动互联网得到了迅猛的发展。
二、下一代网络技术的前景5G网络是当前无线通信技术的热门话题。
5G网络被认为是下一代网络技术的重要突破，将带来更高的速度、更低的延迟和更大的容量。
首先，5G网络的速度将大幅提升，达到巨大的数据传输速率。
这将使得高清视频、虚拟现实、增强现实等丰富多彩的应用得以普及，并为未来的技术创新提供更多可能性。
其次，5G网络将实现低延迟通信。
低延迟是指从发送数据到接收数据之间所经历的时间间隔，延迟越低，通信效率越高。
低延迟通信将推动智能交通、远程医疗、工业自动化等行业的发展。
例如，自动驾驶汽车需要高速且稳定的通信网络才能实现精确的指令传输和车辆间的协同工作。
最后，5G网络将提供更大的容量。
随着人们对移动互联网和云计算服务的需求不断增长，现有网络的容量已经逐渐达到上限。
MF009001 GPRS原理ISSUE1.0目录课程说明 (1)课程介绍 (1)课程目标 (1)相关资料 (1)第1章 GPRS概述 (1)1.1 GPRS的产生 (1)1.2 GPRS的发展 (1)1.3 GPRS与HSCSD业务的比较 (2)1.4 CSD与GPRS的比较 (3)1.4.1 电路交换的通信方式 (3)1.4.2 分组交换的通信方式 (4)第2章 GPRS基本功能和业务 (6)2.1 GPRS业务种类 (6)第3章 GPRS基本体系结构和传输机制 (8)3.1 GPRS接入接口和参考点 (8)3.2 网络互通 (8)3.3 逻辑体系结构 (8)3.3.2 主要网络实体 (10)3.3.3 主要网络接口 (12)3.4 高层功能 (14)3.4.1 网络接入控制功能 (14)3.4.2 分组路由和转发功能 (15)3.4.3 移动性管理功能 (17)3.4.4 逻辑链路管理功能 (17)3.4.5 无线资源管理功能 (18)3.4.6 网络管理功能 (18)3.5 功能分配 (19)3.6 GPRS数据传输平面 (20)3.7 GPRS信令平面 (21)3.7.1 MS与SGSN间信令平面 (21)3.7.2 SGSN与HLR间信令平面 (22)3.7.3 SGSN与MSC/VLR间信令平面 (22)3.7.4 SGSN与EIR间信令平面 (23)3.7.5 SGSN与SMS-GMSC、SMS-IWMSC间信令平面 (23)3.7.6 GPRS支持节点间信令平面 (24)3.7.7 GGSN与HLR间信令平面 (24)第4章移动性管理 (25)4.1 MM状态 (25)4.1.1 IDLE状态 (25)4.1.2 STANDBY状态 (25)4.1.3 READY状态 (26)4.2 MM状态功能 (26)4.2.1 MM状态迁移 (26)4.2.2 就绪定时器功能 (27)4.2.3 周期性路由区更新定时器功能 (28)4.2.4 用户可及定时器功能 (28)4.3 SGSN与MSC/VLR的交互 (29)4.3.1 SGSN-MSC/VLR关联的管理 (29)4.3.2组合RA/LA更新 (29)4.3.3 CS寻呼协调及网络操作模式 (30)4.4 MM规程 (31)4.4.1 GPRS附着功能 (31)4.4.2 GPRS分离规程 (33)4.4.3 清除功能 (36)4.5 安全性功能 (36)4.5.1 用户鉴权 (36)4.5.2 用户身份机密性 (37)4.5.3 用户数据和GMM/SM信令机密性 (37)4.5.4 用户身份检查 (38)4.6 位置管理功能 (38)4.6.1 小区更新规程 (39)4.6.2 路由区更新规程 (39)4.6.3组合RA/LA更新规程 (42)4.6.4 周期性路由区更新和位置区更新 (43)4.7 用户数据管理功能 (44)4.7.1 插入用户数据规程 (44)4.7.2 删除用户数据规程 (44)4.8 MS类标处理功能 (45)第5章无线资源管理功能 (46)第6章分组路由与传输功能 (48)6.1 PDP状态和状态转换 (48)6.2 会话管理规程 (49)6.2.1 静态地址与动态地址 (49)6.2.2 PDP上下文的激活规程 (50)6.2.3 PDP上下文的修改 (52)6.2.4 PDP上下文的去激活 (53)6.3 业务流程举例 (54)6.3.1 MS发起分组数据业务 (54)6.3.2 网络发起分组数据业务 (55)第7章用户数据传输 (57)7.1 传输模式 (57)7.1.1 GTP传输模式 (57)7.1.2 LLC传输模式 (57)7.1.3 RLC传输模式 (57)7.2 LLC功能 (57)7.2.1寻址 (58)7.2.2服务 (58)7.2.3功能 (58)7.3 SNDCP功能 (58)7.4 PPP功能 (60)7.5 Gb接口 (60)7.5.1物理层 (60)7.5.2 FR子层 (60)7.5.3 NS子层 (61)7.5.4 BSSGP层 (61)7.6 Abis接口 (62)7.6.1结构A (63)7.6.2结构B (64)7.6.3结构C (64)第8章信息存储 (66)8.1 HLR (66)8.2 SGSN (67)8.3 GGSN (69)8.4 MS (69)8.5 MSC/VLR (70)第9章编号 (71)9.1 IMSI (71)9.2 P-TMSI (72)9.3 NSAPI/TLLI (72)9.3.1 NSAPI (72)9.3.2 临时逻辑链路标志（TLLI） (72)9.4 PDP地址和类型 (73)9.5 TID (73)9.6 路由区识别 (73)9.7 小区标识 (74)9.8 GSN地址 (74)9.9 接入点名字 (74)第10章运营方面的问题 (75)10.1 计费信息 (75)10.2 计费功能 (75)10.2.1 分组型业务计费方式和电路型业务计费方式的区别 (75)10.2.2 计费基本功能 (76)10.2.3 话单类型 (76)10.2.4 话单传送接口 (77)10.3 网络服务质量（QoS） (77)10.3.1 优先级别 (78)10.3.2 延时级别 (78)10.3.3 可靠性级别 (78)10.3.4 峰值吞吐量级别 (78)10.3.5 平均吞吐量级别 (79)10.4 消息过滤功能 (80)10.5 兼容性问题 (80)第11章与GSM其它业务的交互 (81)11.1 与点对点短消息业务关系 (81)11.2 与电路交换业务的关系 (81)11.3 与补充业务的关系 (82)第12章 IP相关的基础知识 (83)12.1 NAT (83)12.2 FIREWALL (83)12.3 GRE (83)12.4 DNS (84)12.5 RADIUS (84)MF009001 GPRS原理ISSUE1.0 课程说明课程说明课程介绍本课程为华为传送网网络级网管T2100的一个整体介绍，主要阐述了网络级网管T2100兴起和发展的客观需求，华为传送网管的一体化解决方案。
中兴通讯下一代PON解决方案 ( 2010/8/25 10:48 )近年来光进铜退、光纤向用户侧逐步延伸成为接入层的发展趋势，而PON技术以无源、点到多点等特点带来的节省主干光纤、绿色环保、易于管理维护等诸多优势使其成为了FTTx 的最佳技术选择。
目前，广泛部署的EPON和GPON技术能提供1G到2.5Gbps的接入带宽，但是随着视频等高带宽业务的迅猛发展，对接入带宽提出了更高的要求。
随着2009年10G EPON标准的发布，越来越多的芯片厂家和设备厂家已经开始提供下一代PON的芯片和设备。
一些运营商也开始了下一代PON的商用实验局，下一代PON已经离我们越来越近。
目前统称的下一代PON技术实际上涵盖了IEEE 10G EPON和ITU-T NG PON1（XG PON1和XG PON2）和NG PON2。
作为PON领域的领先厂商，中兴通讯在下一代PON 领域进行了深入的研究和实践，由于NG PON目前还没有正式的国际标准发布，尤其是NG PON2，ITU-T组织定义为需要相当长时间的研究阶段，而10G EPON标准已经在2009年发布，XG PON1标准有可能在2010—2011年发布，因此本文主要介绍中兴通讯基于10G EPON以及XG PON的下一代PON整体解决方案。
中兴通讯10G EPON整体解决方案中兴通讯10G EPON解决方案最大的特点体现在与原有EPON网络的兼容和平滑演进，最大限度地保护运营商投资。
中兴通讯10G EPON平滑演进解决方案如图1所示。
图1 中兴通讯10G EPON平滑升级解决方案中兴通讯10G EPON平滑演进解决方案有以下几个特点：● 统一的OLT平台，不需更换现有EPON OLT设备ZXA10 C220和ZXA10 C300设备已经在现网大量部署和应用，如果升级到10G EPON，无需更换现有OLT设备，背板、主控板、电源板以及上联板无需改动，只需插入10G EPON线卡，进行软件升级即可实现对10G EPON的支持。
无线应用（五）――WN322G+ V1与PSP的使用我司WN322G+（1.0）在无线网卡模式下支持PSP连接，同时在软AP模式下也支持PSP连接。
下面分别在我司WN322G+（1.0）无线网卡的两种工作模式下，来配置与PSP的连接。
∙PSP与WN322G+联机游戏设置∙PSP在WN322G+软AP模式下联网设置一、PSP与WN322G+联机游戏设置该模式下主要是通过PSP设备和支持PSP功能的无线网卡进行连接，无线网卡再通过有线连接共享来进行游戏，因此前提是你的电脑通过有线方式能够上网。
本文以TP-LINK网卡WN322G+连接SONY PSP 2000为例进行说明1、设置网卡属性首先安装好WN322G+无线网卡的驱动和客户端软件，然后打开设备管理器-网络适配器，在TL-WN322G/WN322G+ wireless USB Adapter上右键点属性，然后打开高级选项卡，一定要把PSPXLinkMode改为Enable，默认是Disable，否则PSP连接不成功。
2、设置网卡客户端打开WN322G+客户端软件，模式选择“无线网卡”，选择“更多的设置”，选择“网络连接模式”为点对点，网络名称选“任何”，其它保持默认，如果PSP上有加密，这里也要加密；我们这里没有加密，直接点击“应用”来保存设置。
然后点击下面的高级设置，勾选PSP X连接模式。
3、设置电脑的网络共享如果是拔号上网，在宽带连接上右键选择“属性”，如果通过路由器上网，在本地连接上右键选择“属性”，点击高级，勾选下面两项：这样无线网卡可以共享有线连接了，因为电脑本地连接的IP是192.168.1.10，所以要把无线网卡的IP地址设置为192.168.0.1，子网掩码：255.255.255.0，网关和DNS不填。
4、连接PSP设备PSP 2000不会主动发射无线信号，所以要先进入游戏，进行联机操作后才会发送无线信号（注意：首先要开启无线硬件开关，在设备的上侧左边：WLAN），以《怪物猎人》为例，必需进入游戏，进入“在线集会所”后，打开WN322G+客户端软件，才能在当前的可用的网络列表中扫描到PSP，点击连接，在客户端下面可以看到有发送和接收数据，表示PSP和无线网卡连接成功。
无线通信技术的发展历程与未来趋势随着科技的迅速发展，无线通信技术已经成为我们日常生活的重要组成部分。
本文将介绍无线通信技术的发展历程，并展望未来的趋势。
一、发展历程1. 第一代无线通信技术（1G）第一代无线通信技术是指20世纪70年代末到80年代初引入的模拟蜂窝系统。
这种技术仅支持语音通信，通信质量较差且容量有限。
然而，第一代无线通信技术奠定了无线通信的基础。
2. 第二代无线通信技术（2G）第二代无线通信技术于20世纪90年代初引入，这时数字技术开始在通信领域中使用。
2G技术使通信更加可靠，并增加了数据传输的能力。
GSM（全球移动通信系统）成为了2G技术的代表，它实现了全球范围内的无缝通信。
3. 第三代无线通信技术（3G）第三代无线通信技术于21世纪初开始使用。
3G技术实现了更高的数据传输速率，支持了更多的多媒体应用，如视频通话和移动互联网。
这一技术的引入使得人们可以随时随地访问互联网。
4. 第四代无线通信技术（4G）第四代无线通信技术于2010年代开始使用。
4G技术提供了更高的速度和更大的容量，使得高清视频、在线游戏和实时互动应用变得更加流畅。
LTE（长期演进）和WiMAX（全球互操作性微波访问）是4G技术的主要标准。
5. 第五代无线通信技术（5G）第五代无线通信技术是目前最先进的无线通信技术。
5G技术将实现比4G更快的速度、更低的延迟和更大的容量。
它将支持更多的设备连接，并推动物联网和智能城市的发展。
二、未来趋势1. 物联网的普及随着5G技术的发展，物联网将成为现实。
物联网允许各种设备和传感器通过互联网相互连接和交流。
这将极大地改变我们的生活方式，促进智能家居、智能交通和智慧医疗等领域的发展。
2. 跨行业合作的加强无线通信技术的发展将会促使各行各业之间的合作加强。
我们将看到更多的跨行业合作，以实现更高效的通信和更多创新性的解决方案。
3. 边缘计算的应用边缘计算是将计算能力和存储资源放置在接近数据源的位置。
Quick Start GuideWES3IntroductionWelcome to KBC Networks’ Quick Start Guide for the WES3, 3rd generationunlicensed 5GHz Wireless Ethernet System. This guide has been designed toprovide a step-by-step guide to setting up a WES3 wireless link.Each WES3 RF module includes user-selectable firmware that allows any WES3model to be configured as an AP/Host or a Client providing a simpler approach tocreating and expanding point-to-point and point to multipoint wireless networks.DownloadsFull specifications, features and additional information can be found on the relevant product page on the KBC website here as well as in the downloads section: /resources/downloads. GeneralCheck the product upon receipt for any visible damage which may have been caused during shipping. Claims and discrepancies must be reported within 1 week of original product shipment from KBC. See below for model numbers and system contents.Part Numbers – Individual UnitsModel Number For use in: Antenna Power Requirement Field of ViewWES3-AX-CA Americas17dbi directional 24Vdc passive PoEUnit is supplied with powerQSG-WES3_Series-Rev1807 Copyright © KBC Networks Ltd. 2018WES3-KT-POE (2) WES3-AX-CF 192.168.1.200 192.168.1.201 --WES3-EDG-KT (2) WES3-AX-CA 192.168.1.200 192.168.1.201 (2) ED-G System Contents – WES3-AX-CA /-CB, -CC, -CE & WES3-AX-BA /-BB, -BC, -BE VersionsQty Description1 WES3 RF module with integrated directional antenna1 24Vdc power supply with integrated PoE injector – non PoE version only, please see table below 1 Strain-relief external RJ45 LAN port seal1 Quick Start Guide1 WES3 Pole/Wall Mounting Kit which includes:Qty Description1Pole clamp bracket1Bracket body (L/R swivel piece)2Connecting pieces (up/down alignment)250mm, 1.98” long 1/4” hex bolt2¼” hex nuts127mm, 1.06” long ¼” hex bolt2Flat washers 15mm, 0.59”2Locking washers 10mm, 0.39” long1U-bolt2¼” lock washersNote: all versions of WES3 units contain the above list of pole/wall mounting assembly kits.System Contents – WES3-AX-AA /-AB, -AC, -AE Omni-Directional VersionsQty Description1 WES3 RF module with (2) external N-connector antenna ports1 24Vdc power supply with integrated PoE injector – non PoE version only, please see table below 1Strain-relief external RJ45 LAN port seal2 5 dBi Omni-directional Antennas1 Quick Start Guide1 WES3 Pole/Wall Mounting KitSystem Contents – WES3-AX-CF /-CG & WES3-AX-BF /-BG VersionsQty Description1 WES3 PoE powered RF module with integrated directional antenna1 Strain-relief external RJ45 LAN port seal1 Quick Start Guide1 WES3 Pole/Wall Mounting KitNote: This version assumes that an IEEE802.3af PSE device is available to power the WES3 radio. No injectors or power supplies are provided.System Contents – WES3-AX-AF /-AG Omni-Directional VersionsQty Description1 WES3 PoE powered RF module with (2) external N-connector antenna ports1Strain-relief external RJ45 LAN port seal2 5 dBi Omni-directional Antennas1 Quick Start Guide1 WES3 Pole/Wall Mounting KitNote: This version assumes that an IEEE802.3af PSE device is available to power the WES3 radio. No injectors or power supplies are provided.QSG-WES3_Series-Rev1807www.kbcnetworks .comCopyright © KBC Networks Ltd. 2018Physical DeploymentThis equipment must be installed and operated in accordance with instructions found in this document. Failure to comply with these instructions will invalidate warranty.All wireless units should be programmed and bench tested install installation. KBC recommends creating a master network diagram to record all IP addresses and key network information.WES3 Factory Default Settings (unless ordered in WES3-KT or similar kits or pre-configured systems when “KBC-PRE-CONF” service was ordered)Parameter Setting LAN IP Address 192.168.1.202 GUI User Nameadmin GUI PasswordpasswordModeAccess Point (WDS)Channel/Frequency161 (5.805 GHz) Channel Spectrum Width 20/40 SSIDKBC_WES3 Pre-shared Key 11111111 MAC-Filter Disabled TX Power Output Max Antenna Gain 17Connecting to a WES3 RF ModuleKBC Networks recommends shielded, outdoor-rated, straight-through Ethernet cables when connecting near power outlets and when exposed to the elements. 24V PASSIVE POE INPUT 48V 802.3af POE INPUTWES3-AX-CA /-CB, -CC & -CE WES3-AX-CF /-CG WES3-AX-BA /-BB, -BC & -BE WES3-AX-BF /-BG WES3-AX-AA /-AB, -AC & -AE WES3-AX-AF /-AGWES3-PIM-WP: 24Vdc power supplywith integrated PoE injector POE Port WES3 RF ModuleIEEE802.3af standard PoE switch(Americas Only) Remote Power Solutions AvailableYou may also be using a KBC “Power Box” for the Client unit at the pole. In that case you would not power via the supplied injector but rather from the pass through injector built-into the “SPB” power enclosure. The following are optional power solutions which are available (Americas only) and support the WES3 series:Model Powers/ConnectsKBC-SPB-1AF-24 One <15W draw IP camera and one 24V POE input WES3 series node (eg WES3-AX-CA) KBC-SPB-1AT-24 One <30W draw IP camera and one 24V POE input WES3 series node (eg WES3-AX-CA) KBC-SPB-1AT-48 One <30W draw IP camera and one 48V POE input WES3 series node (eg WES3-AX-CF) KBC-SPB-4AF-24 Up to 4 <15W draw IP cameras and (1) 24V POE input WES3 series node (WES3-AX-CA) KBC-SPB-4AF-48 Up to 4 <15W draw IP cameras and (1) 48V POE input WES3 series node (WES3-AX-CF) KBC-SPB-24-24 (2) 24V POE WES3 series nodes (ie WES3-AX-CA) in a relay format in a location where are no cameras to connect at that specific location.KBC-SPB-48-48 (2) 48V POE WES3 series nodes (ie WES3-AX-CF) in a relay format in a location where are no cameras to connect at that specific location.KBC-SPB-4AF-48 Up to 3 <15W draw cameras (or one 30W camera) and (2) 48V POE WES3 series nodes in a wireless relay format in a location where are cameras to connect as well.KBC-SPB-HPoE-24 One <70W draw IP PTZ and one 24V POE WES3 series node (ie WES3-AX-CA)KBC-SPB-HPoE-48 One <70W draw IP PTZ and one 48V POE WES3 series node (ie WES3-AX-CF)KBC-SPB-4AF-48-70W One <70W draw IP PTZ and either two (2) 48V POE WES3 series nodes or one additional low wattage draw camera and a single 48V POE WES3 series nodeRemote power and connection to the wireless transceiver can also be made via KBC’s line of industrial battery backup UPS or solar power kits to maintain 24/7 power when onsite power is either inconsistent or unavailable. For more info see the power section of our website here. Contact KBC for info on what is needed for the correct power input.Configuring WES3 for Point-to-Point and Point to MultipointPTP = Point-to-Point / PTMP = Point to MultipointConfiguring the AP/Host Antenna1.Set laptop to static IP on 192.168.1.xxx network2.Connect to WES3 RF module as shown in previous section.3.Once WES3 RF module is connected to power source, the power LED light on the back of the unit willturn on. After 30-60 seconds you may hear the WES3 “beep”, which is normal, alerting you that it is booted up.4.Once WES3 is connected to laptop or switch the network LED on the back of the unit will turn and flashto indicate link activityOpen a web browser and type in the factory default IP address 192.168.1.202. If no response: you may be using a kit (see note in orange below) or a pre-configured system.KBC-SPB-4AF-48 or KBC-SPB-4AF-24 KBC-SPB-1AF-24 or KBC-SPB-1AT-24 /-48QSG-WES3_Series-Rev1807www.kbcnetworks .comCopyright © KBC Networks Ltd. 2018Note: factory pre-configured “kitted” WES3 units (ie WES3-KT and WES3-KT-POE) are set to 192.168.1.200 for the Host unit and 192.168.1.201 for the Client device.If using a WES3-KT, WES3-KT-P5, WES3-KT-P5T, WES3-EDG-KT or a pre-configured system using “KBC-PRE-CONF” service code, skip the following configuration steps and go to the “Instructions for Physical Deployment” at the bottom of this guide.5. Enter ‘password’ to access the Status page6. The first step is to change the LAN IP Address. Click the Network tab then click ‘Edit’7. Change the IP Address then click ‘Save & Apply’8. After the IP address is updated – it will take you back to the Login page and your browser will now be atthe new IP address. If you don’t get to the Login page make sure you don’t have an IP address conflict and ensure your laptop is set to the same network range (subnet) as the WES3.9. Now that you have logged back in – notice you are on the Status pagepassword• Highlighted are the SSID & Radio MAC Address (shown as ‘APHost MAC')• For each PTP and PTMP wireless system to connect, the APHost and client(s) need to benetworked together using the SSID and Radio MAC Address fields • KBC recommends the APHost and Client(s) share a unique SSID.• KBC also recommends the APHost be MAC locked to each client and each client should be MAClocked to its APHost• The radio MAC address can be found on the Status page (as shown above) as well as on the backof each WES3 RF module (as follows)10.11. Now in the Wireless Settings – Confirm that the SSID matches each client antenna. If you change theSSID click ‘Save & Apply’12. Click on the MAC Filter tab if this feature is desired. It is recommended for enhanced security, howevernot required for the radios to link.13. Enable the MAC-Address filter by clicking on the drop down menu to select ‘Allow listed only’ 14. Enter the radio MAC Address of each client antenna in the box15. To enter more than one radio MAC address, click the green + icon to add another field 16. When complete click ‘Save & Apply’17. If there is more than one PTP or PTMP system at one location, each APHost needs to be set to a differentunique channel or frequency. Select the channel. 18. Click ‘Save & Apply’Radio MAC Address listed here on back of every WES3 antennaQSG-WES3_Series-Rev1807 www.kbcnetworks .com Copyright © KBC Networks Ltd. 2018Configuring the Client Antenna19. Leave WES3 APHost antenna plugged in and powered up. Connect directly to the client antenna andrepeat steps 1-1120. Look at the bottom of the page under ‘Wireless Interface’ on the ‘General Setup’ tab. Look at the ‘Mode’field and select ‘Client (WDS)” from the drop-down menu.21. Verify that the SSID matches the SSID of the APHost antenna.22. Enter the radio MAC address of the AP host antenna into the “Remote MAC” field. For help see step 10.23. Click “Save & Apply”24. Now the Client and APHost are wirelessly connected. Verify wireless connection by looking at the‘Connection Status’ information.25. KBC recommends that the wireless signal strength is greater than 40 but less than 70.• Wireless Signal Strength = difference between noise & signal✓ Signal = - 36dbm ✓ Noise = - 95dbm✓ Wireless Signal Strength = 59dbm (ie, in the 40-65 range)26. You can also confirm that the wireless status bar is close to 100%27. While there is a frequency selection on the Client interface, the frequency is always driven by the APHostso no matter what channel for which the Client is selected, it will connect to its Host frequency provided that the SSID, PSK and radio MAC-filter security feature (if enabled) are all entered correctly to link wirelessly.28. The same information can be found on the Status page29.APHost in the field provided. Click on the Ping start button and confirm that you get 5 packetstransmitted and received with 0% packet loss. The average ping time should be under 10ms for most applications. Please contact KBC Networks technical support if this test fails.Connecting multiple standard WES3 Clients to a High Throughput Host/AP (ie WES3HTG series)Some systems require the use of a high throughput series ‘receiver’. The WES3 series can link to the WES3HTG provided several parameters match up. Parameter WES3 Default Setting WES3HTG Default Setting Field reconfiguration to:LAN IP192.168.1.202 192.168.1.152 Ensure that all WES3 / WES3HTG units have independent IP Addresses to avoid IP Conflicts. Record all IP changes! GUI User Name admin admin N/A GUI Password passwordpasswordN/AHost/Client ModeHost (Access Point WDS)Host (Access Point WDS)All WES3 units change to Client WDS; keep WES3HTG in Access Point WDS Mode.Channel/Freq 161 (5.805 GHz) 161 (5.805 GHz) N/A (unless a more appropriate frequency is needed in the environment)Spectrum Width 20/40 20/40/80 N/A (unless a more appropriate spectrum width is needed in the environment)SSIDKBC_WES3 WES3HTG All Clients must match Host setting; change to your desire. Record changes.Pre-shared Key11111111 11111111 No required changes, however, KBC recommends changing from default for security purposes.Remote MACN/AN/AOnly applicable to Client Mode: enter radio MAC of WES3HTG Host if this setting is desired (recommended).MAC-Filter Disabled Disabled Only applicable to Access Point Mode: enter radio MAC of each remote wireless Client unit to be connected to the Host if this setting is desired (recommended). TX Power Output MaxMaxN/AAntenna Gain17 17Change WES3HTG Host to appropriate setting depending on the model number: WES3HTG-AX-AA → 5 WES3HTG-AX-BA → 9WES3HTG-AX-CA (keep at 17)QSG-WES3_Series-Rev1807www.kbcnetworks .comCopyright © KBC Networks Ltd. 2018Instructions for Physical DeploymentThis equipment must be installed and operated in accordance with instructions found in the KBC Networks’ manual. Damage due to misuse is not covered by warranty.1. Feed the Ethernet cable through the black weather coupler protection piece prior to crimping on the RJ45connector.2. Hand-tighten the Ethernet cable connection protecting piece, do not tighten further. Damage due to over-tightening the black weather coupler into its RJ45 housing is not covered under warranty.3. The Ethernet cable should have wiggle room to allow condensation to release. Leave a gap small enoughto keep out bugs and such but open to allow moisture to release and drip down the cable away from the port.4. Do not mount the antennas horizontally or upside down. The black external LAN port should pointdownwards.5. Once the cable is inserted into the external LAN port RJ45, a small flat head screwdriver, or similar tool,is needed to release the tab of the RJ45 connector on your cable. If you pull the cable without releasing the tab, it will damage the port.Trouble-shootingContact KBC for technical assistance. Here are some ideas to try. ProblemSuggestionNo signal strength LEDsEnsure Host in Access Point WDS mode and Client(s) in Client WDS mode. Ensure that all Clients are set to matching parameters as Host. Many times when the MAC filter is enabled there is an incorrect character. Verify all characters match exactly or try disabling anderasing the “Remote MAC” from the Client side (and MAC-Filter on the Host). If they link after disabling that feature then it is likely that an incorrect MAC or character was used.Not all signal strength LEDs light upEnsure clear wide-open line of sight. If you have even just one signal strength LED then the configurations are likely correct. Try improving the alignment of the antennas and/or another frequency in case the problem is related to RF interference in the environment.Unit reboots itself continuously after a couple of minutesThe “Ping Watchdog” feature may be turned on and is configuredimproperly. Check the feature (system/tools) and disable to see if the constant auto-reboot stops.Unit stops connecting to mate antenna until a power reset is performedThis is symptomatic of 3rd party RF interference. Attempt the following suggestions:Run a scan from the Host (Network/Wireless/Spectrum) todetermine the least noisy frequency and set the Host to that channel.Reduce channel spectrum widthLower power output or try another antenna gain option Enable one of the self-healing tools such as aout-reboot byhours or ping watchdog.No Network LEDCheck all Ethernet cabling and LAN ports on all devices connected to WES3HTG unit.No access to GUI; cannot ping IP **NOTE: your system may have been pre-configured.Check provided documentation for unit IP address per serial number. If working with one of the kits, the default IP is either 192.168.1.200 or 192.168.1.201. The IP would only be 192.168.1.202 after performing a hard reset (see warning for this process below; reset as final option). It is important to record all changes. If the IP address is changed from default there is no way to recover it if forgotten other than a restore to defaults. Having to hard reset will be a time consuming effort.WES3 LED Status Indicators↑Flashing LED Solid LED LED offWSS Wireless Signal Strength (see #26)1. RSSI4/STATUS ↑In power-up / boot-up process40+ RSSIWSS less than 40 or no wireless link2. RSSI3 30-39 RSSIWSS less than 30 or no wireless link3. RSSI2 20-29 RSSIWSS less than 20 or no wireless link4. RSS1 10-19 RSSIWSS less than 10 or no wireless link5. NETWORK – Ethernet link activity - LAN Link activity established↑Link activity from wireless unit to connectedEthernet device or across wireless linkNo link to Ethernet cable connected device(not indicative of wireless link/strength)6. Power Power appliedNo power to unit.Note:The LEDs do not change color.Factory Reset to Default via GUI1.Click on ‘System’ then ‘Firmware’2.Click on ‘Perform Reset’Factory Reset to Default via Hard Reset ButtonWARNING: A hard reset to defaults will erase all saved info including the system requirements for a wireless connection. When possible, save a copy of the config file to a known and accessible location and record all changes made to the WES3 device.RESET AT USER RISK: Incorrect reset procedure can result in damage to the internal board and require a return to KBC Networks or need for replacement at user cost. If the button is pushed but not held for the duration of the reset process it MUST be powered down and retry. Do not press the button without powering down and restarting.1.Power up the WES3 RF module and allow it to go through its power up process.2.Remove the Phillips head screw near the port on the bottom of the WES3 RF module.3.Insert a small screwdriver or paperclip into screw hole in order to push the reset button.4.Hold the button for 12-15 seconds and release.5.RF module will reset to the WES3 factory default settings found on page 1 of this guide.Warranty InformationSee our website at: https:///policies-procedures/general-content/about-us/policies-procedures for warranty information covering all of KBC Networks products.ComplianceFCCChanges or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment. This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:•This device may not cause harmful interference, and•This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operations of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.Industry CanadaThis Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003. To reduce potential radio interference to other users, the antenna type and its gain should be so chosen that the equivalent isotropically radiated power (E.I.R.P.) is not more than that permitted for successful communication. This device complies with Industry Canada license-exempt RSS standard(s).Operation is subject to the following two conditions:•This device may not cause interference, and•This device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.Cet appareil numérique de la classe A est confrome à la norme NMB-003 Canada. Pour réduire le risqued’interférence aux autres utilisateurs, le type d’antenne et son gain doivent être choisies de façon que la puissance isotrope rayonnée équivalente (PIRE) ne dépasse pas ce qui est nécessairepour une communication réussie. Cet appareil est conforme à la norme RSS Industrie Canada exempts de licence norme(s). Son fonctionnement est soumis aux deux conditions suivantes:17 Compliance•Cet appareil ne peut pas provoquer d’interférences et•Cet appareil doit accepter toute interférence, y compris les interférences qui peuvent causer un mauvais fonctionnement du dispositif.CE MarkingCE marking on this product represents the product is in compliance with all directives that are applicable to it.This equipment may be operated in the following countries:Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Switzerland, Sweden.Installer Compliance ResponsibilityDevices must be professionally installed and it is the professional installer's responsibility to make sure the device is operated within local country regulatory requirements.RoHS/WEEE Compliance StatementEuropean Directive 2002/96/EC requires that the equipment bearing this symbol on the product and/or its packaging must not be disposed of with unsorted municipal waste. The symbol indicates that this product should be disposed of separately from regular household waste streams. It is your responsibility to dispose of this and other electric and electronic equipment via designated collection facilities appointed by the governmentQSG-WES3_Series-Rev1807 Copyright © KBC Networks Ltd. 2018or local authorities. Correct disposal and recycling will help prevent potential negative consequences to the environment and human health. For more detailed information about the disposal of your old equipment, please contact your local authorities, waste disposal service, or the shop where you purchased the product.Need Help?Please visit our website or contact your nearest KBC office or dealer.KBC Networks Office Contact InformationNorth & Latin America, USAPhone: +1 949 297 4930Toll-free: +1 888 366 4276Email: ***************************EMEA, UKPhone:+44(0)1622 618787Email: *******************************APACChinaPhone (1): +86 25 8688 3321Phone (2): +86 25 8688 4058Email: ***************************SingaporePhone: +65 98463323Email: *******************************。
下一代无线通信技术的发展随着科技不断的发展，人类已经进入了物联网时代。
物联网作为一种新兴技术，以其可以为人们提供便利的特点，被广泛的应用在各种领域。
而物联网的实现离不开一项重要的技术——无线通信技术。
随着生活中的不断发展和应用的广泛，我们已逐渐相信：未来无线通信技术必将成为各种智能终端实现连接和互联的技术基础，同时也将会成为物联网技术的基础，为推进人类实现物质的智能化、自动化和数字化等发展提供有力支撑。
下一代无线通信技术的发展势在必行。
本文将从技术、应用和前景三个方面阐述下一代无线通信技术的发展。
一、技术方面无线通信技术已经走过了数十年的发展，从1G、2G到3G以及4G，每一个技术标准的出现都代表着无线通信技术向更快，更可靠、更智能的目标迈进。
由于数据传输的高速、低延迟以及超高可靠性将是业界所追求的技术目标，这或许就是5G不断追求的性能指标。
现有的移动通信技术面临着巨大的挑战和发展空间。
5G的最大亮点是新空口（新的调制方式、新的信号结构、新的时空信源码、新的帧、新的子载波间距、将所有网络集成在更高频率范围），进一步增加了频谱利用率，为网络的高速传输和带宽扩展提供了更好的基础。
二、应用方面在日常生活中，我们已经感受到了4G的强大速度和流畅体验，但伴随着物联网的到来，4G的能力也已不足以满足人们对移动宽带的需求。
特别在5G产业链建设中，基础性设备、芯片设计、软件及演示等涉及的领域繁杂，系统复杂。
而这些应用伴随着共建共享的概念，可以更好地为人们提供更为智能、便捷的服务以及需要实现的目标。
同时，无处不在的智能化，让人工智能、5G与人类工作、生产、生活紧密结合在一起，为人类带来的更多的机会和选择。
三、发展前景在5G的发展趋势中，具有革命性的技术和全新的应用模式将会逐渐形成和应用，将会覆盖人们的工作、学习、游戏、日常生活和生产等多个方面。
5G对于传统领域，将进行改造并加速智能化，对于新兴领域将进行创新及拓展，而这些应用也对于5G技术更高的要求和发展提供了保障。
