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英诗的格律1 音步Foot在汉语中，诗歌的节奏以词为单位，通过平仄变化来表现音韵的和谐。
英诗也如此，不过它的单位不是字（词），而是“韵节”或“音步”（foot），即一定数目的强弱音以一定方式的组合。
我们要求每行的字数相同，英诗则要求韵节数相同。
如果拿韵节来代替“字”，那么英诗也有与汉诗类似的一些规则。
我们看Wordsworth的《孤独的收割女》（The S olitary Reaper）里的两句：O Listen! For the vale profoundIs overflowing with the sound.以韵节为单位写出来，就是<O Lis> <ten! For> < the vale> <pro found><Is o> <verflow> <ing with> <the sound>.每个<>为一个韵节，它由两个音组成，前一个是弱音，后一个是强音。
这样的韵节是最常见的所谓“抑扬格”（iambi c foot）。
从这个分解可见，英诗是以音节为单位的，甚至把单词分开来。
这在口语里常见。
我们需要习惯的是，忘掉“词”的意思，只听声音。
有了抑扬格的例子，就不难理解所有其他形式了，据说古代有20多种呢。
不过，现代英诗最通行的只有四种，除了抑扬格外，还有扬抑格（Trochaic foot）、抑抑扬格（An apaestic foot）、扬抑抑格（Dactylic foot）：若干韵节构成一行诗句，它的长度叫meter。
最短的当然只有一个韵节（monometer），最长的有八个（octameter），而最流行的是五个，即所谓的“五音步”（pentameter），而且常常是抑扬格的，这就是iambic pentameter。
一音步（monometer）二音步（dimeter）三音步（trimeter）四音步（tetrameter）五音步（pentameter）六音步（hexameter）七音步（heptameter）八音步（octameter）借音步来说，我们的七律是四音步的，如“无边落木萧萧下”，“春蚕到死丝方尽”等。
英文诗的形式：Sonnets包括英语在内，欧洲许多语言的格律诗大多起源于意大利，十四行诗无疑是其中最著名的一种。
十四行诗原本是一种“诗节”（组成较长诗歌的格式相同的段落），但在意大利、法国和英国，却很早就被用来写作独立的抒情诗。
严格的十四行诗由一个八行诗节和一个六行诗节组成，每行均为抑扬格、五音步诗行。
韵诗（terza rima）”的诗节，每一诗节12行，但丁的《神曲》就是用它写成的。
雪莱五首《西风颂》主要部分也用这种诗节写成，然后以一个对句结束，这样每首诗便有14行。
三韵诗的韵式是“aba bcb cdc ded”，雪莱《西风颂》第一首就是如此，读者不难看出它是三行一“旋回”，“旋回”间且有依次导出的关系。
由于交替使用了不同的音，整个诗节读起来显得有规律而又有变化，不呆板。
结束每首（或者每章）的对句，意思上似乎可看作该首的“小结”，而在格律上也自成单元。
对句是最简单、仅由尾韵相同或相近的两个诗行组成的诗节，通常不单独成诗。
在英国著名诗人里，大概只有18世纪的蒲柏（Alexander Pope，1688-1744）写过这种仅有两个诗行的“对句诗”，言简意赅，常常被引作“警句”。
意大利十四行诗分为两段，先八后六。
前八句韵牌是abba，abba。
后六句有两种，cdecde，或者cdccdc。
第九句不止改韵牌，很多时候题目或感觉也不一样。
elegy为哀悼一位公共活动家、一位友人或所爱的人而写的一种沉思抒情诗；推而广之，又指悲叹人世无常的、题材更广泛的任何内省性质的抒情诗。
在古典文学中，所谓哀歌只不过用哀歌格律（诗行交替使用扬抑抑格的六音步句和五音步句)写的诗篇，题材也不限制。
在某些现代文学，例如德国文学中，人们使哀歌格律适应于语言，因此哀歌一词变成只指这种格律，而不是指诗歌的内容。
英文诗的韵式:一节奏诗歌是具有音乐性的语言。
音乐作品的最大特点之一是音符的流动是有节奏的。
所谓节奏就是强拍和弱拍按一定的形式配合起来，有规律地反复出现。
14岁女生自我惩罚作文英文回答：I am a 14-year-old girl and I have been asked to write an essay about self-punishment. At first, I found it quite challenging to think of a situation where I would punish myself, but after some reflection, I realized that there have been times when I have felt the need to discipline myself.One instance where I punished myself was when I failed a math test. I was really disappointed in myself because I had not studied enough and I knew I could have done better. To punish myself, I decided to give up my favorite hobby, which is playing the piano, for a week. This was a big sacrifice for me because I love playing the piano and it brings me so much joy. However, I felt that I needed to learn a lesson and make a conscious effort to prioritize my schoolwork over my hobbies.Another time when I punished myself was when I lied to my parents about going to a party. I knew it was wrong to deceive them, and I felt incredibly guilty afterward. To make amends for my actions, I decided to volunteer at a local charity for a month. This punishment not only helped me reflect on my mistake but also allowed me to give back to the community and learn the value of honesty.Self-punishment can be a powerful tool for personal growth and development. It teaches us to takeresponsibility for our actions and make amends when we make mistakes. It also helps us develop discipline and self-control, which are important qualities to have in life.中文回答：我是一名14岁的女生，被要求写一篇关于自我惩罚的作文。
学英语作文学英语作文集锦15篇在平平淡淡的日常中，许多人都写过作文吧，作文要求篇章结构完整，一定要避免无结尾作文的出现。
还是对作文一筹莫展吗？以下是小编收集整理的学英语作文，希望对大家有所帮助。
学英语作文1我的课余生活像一座七彩桥，又好似夜空中的点点繁星，丰富多彩：有画画、阅读课外书、滑冰、骑单车、学英语等。
其中，我最喜欢的就是学英语了。
刚开始接触英语时，我真是一窍不通。
第一次去英语补习班，走进教室，心里还“扑通、扑通”跳个不停，我忐忑不安地和那些不认识的同学坐在一起。
上课了，我完全惊呆了：老师与众不同，他并不是直接教我们学单词，而是和我们玩单词游戏，老师用英语说几句，几个同学就抱在一起，接着大伙一起哄堂大笑。
我紧张的情绪完全消失了，取而代之的是轻松而又快乐。
就这样，我们在玩中学，在学中玩，学会了很多单词。
渐渐地我会自己去模仿老师的发音，课后熟练地掌握课堂知识，现在我恨不得每天都有一节英语课呢。
学英语让我的课余生活充满乐趣，让我每天都会感到无穷的快乐! 学英语作文2我的奶奶已经63岁了，但还很好学，并且很认真。
一天，奶奶让我教她英语，我说：“好吧”。
开始了，第一步，我教奶奶读26个字母，我要求读10遍，奶奶按照我说的完成了。
第二步，我教奶奶读音标，奶奶就一个一个，反反复复的读直到读会。
第三步，我把我书上的单词都写到纸上，并且还标上了音标，有的还画上了图，要求奶奶一个读5遍，奶奶不一会都读完了，奶奶说:“还有没有了”，我说：“今天的学完了，明天再学，但奶奶还是继续读，读到会为止，要是换成我，早就不学了，奶奶的毅力很大，我要学习。
第二天，我和奶奶去买菜，奶奶看见白菜，就拿出白菜的单词读，看见狗，就拿出狗的单词读......1个月后，奶奶的英语学得比我都好，我心想，我一定要超多奶奶。
学英语作文3你知道吗？现在的英语在各个国家都会讲英语，现在很会讲英语的国家是美国、英国……，我们中国人的英语虽然讲的不好，可是我们都很努力，你知道我为什么喜欢英语吗？因为世界上很多的哲学家，音乐家和艺术家其实都在讨论相同的东西、英语不但有很多的国家会讲，而英语对我们的未来又很有帮助，在各国可以通用这个语言，所以我很想把英语这个语言让全世界的人都会讲。
英文作文提纲范例提纲：主题，我的学习方法。
英文：As a student, I have tried many different study methods over the years. Some have worked well for me, while others have not. Here are the methods that I have found to be the most effective:1. Creating a study schedule: I find that I am most productive when I have a set schedule for studying. I block out specific times in my calendar for each subject andstick to it as much as possible.2. Taking breaks: It's important to take breaks when studying to avoid burnout. I usually take a 10-15 minute break every hour or so to stretch, get some fresh air, orhave a snack.3. Using flashcards: Flashcards are a great tool for memorization. I make flashcards for vocabulary words, formulas, and other important information that I need to remember.4. Practicing with past exams: Practicing with past exams is a great way to prepare for upcoming tests. It helps me to understand the types of questions that will be asked and to identify areas where I need to improve.5. Asking for help: If I am struggling with a particular subject, I am not afraid to ask for help. Whether it's from a teacher, tutor, or classmate, getting help can make a big difference in my understanding of the material.中文：作为一名学生，我在这些年中尝试了许多不同的学习方法。
最美十首英文诗简短11句1.The Road Not Taken by Robert FrostTwo roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth;2.A Red, Red Rose by Robert BurnsO my luve is like a red, red rose, That’s newly sprung in June. O my luve is like the melodie, That’s sweetly played in tune.3.Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening by Robert FrostWhose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow.4.The Lake Isle of Innisfree by William Butler YeatsI will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree, And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made; Nine bean rows will I havethere, a hive for the honey bee, And live alone in the bee-loud glade.5.Sonnet 18 by William ShakespeareShall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:6.If by Rudyard KiplingIf you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you, If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, But make allowance for their doubting too;7.Daffodils by William WordsworthI wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils;8.I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud by William WordsworthI wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils;9.She Walks in Beauty by Lord ByronShe walks in beauty, like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skie s; And all that’s best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes;10.The New Colossus by Emma LazarusNot like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.英文诗中有很多经典的作品，这里介绍了十首英文诗歌中最美丽的诗歌。
英语作文续写第十四步英文回答：In the wake of the fiery inferno that engulfed the sprawling metropolis, the survivors emerged from the smoldering ruins with a profound understanding of their own mortality and the fragility of their existence. The once-bustling streets, now reduced to charred skeletons of their former selves, bore silent witness to the cataclysmic event that had forever altered the course of their lives.Amidst the desolate wasteland that was once their home, a group of survivors stumbled upon an abandoned library. Within its hallowed halls, they sought refuge from the harsh elements and the haunting memories of the past. As they explored the shelves, their eyes scanned countless volumes of forgotten knowledge and wisdom.Among the forsaken texts, they discovered a peculiar manuscript written in an ancient script. Its pages wereyellowed with age and its leather cover had crumbled with time, yet within them lay a secret that would forever change their destiny.Intrigued and filled with a glimmer of hope, they deciphered the enigmatic script. It revealed a prophecy foretelling the rise of an enigmatic savior who would lead them out of the darkness and restore their hope.Driven by both desperation and a reignited sense of purpose, the survivors embarked on a perilous quest to find this elusive savior. Their journey led them through treacherous landscapes and brought them face-to-face with formidable challenges.Along the way, they encountered others who had also been touched by the devastation and yearned for a better future. Together, they formed a formidable alliance, their collective strength and resilience serving as a beacon of hope in the face of adversity.Through unwavering determination and indomitablespirits, they finally stumbled upon the legendary savior. A wise and enigmatic figure, the savior possessed the powerto heal the wounds of the past and inspire them to rebuild their shattered world.Under the guidance of the savior, the survivors embarked on the arduous task of rebuilding their society from the ashes of the inferno. They labored tirelessly, driven by a shared vision of a just and equitable world.As the years turned into decades, their once-ravaged metropolis transformed into a thriving sanctuary where harmony and prosperity prevailed. The scars of the past faded into distant memories, replaced by a collective sense of resilience and unwavering optimism.中文回答：烈火焚城，巨变之后，劫后余生者们从焦灼的废墟中走来，他们深刻地认识到了生命的脆弱和存在的短暂。
Fourteen Steps to a Clearly Written Technical Paperby R. T. Compton, Jr.A technical paper will usually have four sections. The purpose of each of these sections is as follows:Section I: IntroductionThe introduction should do the following: 1. Open up the subject. (The subject will be electromagnetic fields in cylindrical dielectric geometrics, adaptive arrays in packet radio, or whatever.)2. Survey past work relevant to this paper.3. Describe the problem addressed in this paper, and show how this work relates to, or augments, previous work.4. Describe the assumptions made in general terms, and state what results have been obtained. (This gives the reader an initial overview of what problem is addressed in the paper and what has been achieved.)5. Overview the contents of the paper. (“Section II contains our formulation of the problem. Section III contains the experimental data...”)Section II: Formulation of the Problem This section should do three things:1. Define the problem to be considered in detail. Typically this section might begin with something like: “Consider a packet radio system consisting of a single central repeater surrounded by user terminals. Each user transmits packets to the central repeater using a slotted ALOHA protocol [1]. The transmissions from all users are assumed to be on the same frequency...”The discussion should proceed in this way until the problem is completely defined.2. Define all terminology and notation used. Usually the terminology and notation are defined along with the problem itself.3. Develop the equations on which your results will be based and/or describe any experimental systems.Section III: ResultsThis section presents the detailed results you have obtained. If the paper is theoretical, you will probably show curves obtained from your equations. If the paper is experimental, you will be presenting curves showing the measurement results. In order to choose the proper curves to present, you must first be clear what point you are trying to convey to the reader. The curves can then be chosen to illustrate this point. Whether your paper is theoretical or experimental, you must provide a careful interpretation of what your results mean and why they behave as they do.Section IV: ConclusionThis section should summarize what has been accomplished in the paper. Many readers will read only the Introduction andConclusion of your paper. The Conclusionshould be written so they can beunderstood by someone who has not readthe main work of the paper.This is the common format for anengineering paper. Of course, the names ofthe sections may differ slightly from thoseabove, but the purpose of each section willusually be as described. Some papersinclude additional sections or differ fromthe above outline in one way or another.However, the outline just presented is agood starting point for writing a technicalpaper.To write your paper, you should proceedas follows:Step 1: Start by writing a complete firstdraft of your paper, except for theIntroduction and Conclusion. (It is easiestto leave the Introduction and Conclusionuntil after the main body of the paper iswritten.) In writing your paper, keep thefollowing in mind:1. You must always present the big picturefirst and then work towards the details.The other way around will not work. Thisis especially true in the beginning ofSection II, where you are explaining theproblem you are studying.2. If you get stuck and cannot figure outhow to explain something, a useful trick isto imagine that you are telling a very goodfriend what you are working on: just putdown the words as you would say them toyour friend.In writing your first draft, do not worry ifthe wording is not perfect. Polishing thedocument comes later. When you arefinished with your first draft, put it awayfor a couple of days before you begin Step2.Step 2: Make sure the ideas in the paperare in the right order. If not, move blocksof the paper around with your text editoruntil they are. Ask yourself: “Can thereader understand every passage strictlyfrom the material up to that point?” If not,add material or move ideas around. Makesure there are not gaps in your logicalarguments, and make sure you are notimplicitly assuming that the readerunderstands something needed to followyour arguments, even though you have notstated it. The reader probably understandsless than you think.Step 3: Work on the transitions betweenideas. Make sure that at each stage thereader has a roadmap of where he or she isgoing. The reader must be able to see thebig picture. At the beginning of eachsection, make clear to the reader inadvance what the purpose of that sectionwill be and how that section relates to thepreceding material. At the end of eachsection, you may also want to remind thereader that you have now completed whatyou set out to do in that section. Thenpoint out what the purpose of the nextsection will be, and so forth. Theseconnecting statements are calledtransitions. The reader must always beable to see where you are going and whyand how far you have progressed.Step 4: Check each paragraph for unity.Each paragraph should have one mainpoint. Usually the central point of eachparagraph is stated in a topical sentence atthe beginning of the paragraph, but notalways. You should not mix different ideastogether in the same paragraph. If you arehaving trouble getting a certain section ofyour paper to sound right, go through thatsection one paragraph at a time and askyourself what the main point of eachparagraph is. Foggy writing is often due tomixed-up paragraphs.Step 5: Work on the sentences to reducethe fog index. The Fog Index F is definedas F = 0.4(L + P), where L is the averagenumber of words per sentence and P is theaverage number of polysyllables per 100words of text [1]. (A polysyllable is a wordwith three or more syllables.) To evaluatethe Fog Index for your paper, count thenumber of words per sentence and thenumber of polysyllables per 100 words fora representative portion of your paper fiveor six hundred words long. Ideally, youshould strive for a fog index less than 10.In technical writing, it is sometimesdifficult to get the Fog Index below 10, buta Fog Index above 15 is a warning thatyour material will be very hard for a readerto follow.Consider the following examples takenfrom typical office memos. 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We suggest each Division Planning Office set up a file of time cards showing all authorized project numbers. Then all charges should be checked each day before sending time sheets to the Accounting Department.” (3 sentences. 48 words, 5 polysyllables)To reduce the fog index, you must do two things: (1) reduce the length of your sentences (by breaking long sentences into shorter ones), and (2) get rid of as many complicated words as possible (by using simpler words instead).Step 6: Get rid of as many passive verbs as possible. Always check your paper for passive verbs. (“The data were measured and the results were correlated.”) Change as many verbs as possible into the active form. (“We measured the data and correlated the results.”) Using too many passive verbs makes your writing boring. Editor’s comment: At their worst, passive verbs can make writing incomprehensible. The reader always needs to know who is doing what to whom, and a passive verb often obscures both the agent and the recipient of an action. In Ted’s example, the passive form obscures who it was that measured the data and correlated the results.Step 7: Use verbs more than nouns. Do not bury the main action of your sentences in nouns or adjectives. Instead, let the verbs carry the action. Consider these examples:Example: “The annual report produced a disappointed reaction from the sponsor.”Revision: “The annual report disappointed the sponsor.Example: “It is our expectation that we will see radiation pattern improvement when the antenna is elevated.”Revision: “We expect to improve the radiation pattern by elevating the antenna.”Your writing will sound better if you move the action into the verbs.Step 8: Get rid of as many abstract words as possible. Your paper will practically always sound better if you use specific words instead of abstract words. For example, instead of “We determined the conditions for performance improvement,” say “We measured the noise variance necessary to increase the bit error probability by 5 percent.” The problem is that abstract words oftenconvey a different meaning to the readerthan the one you intended.Step 9: Check for consistent use of verbtense. Many technical professionalschange verb tense frequently between thefuture and present tense for no reason. Youshould check that your verb tense isconsistent throughout the paper. Usually itis simplest just to stick to the presenttense: “We present our results in SectionIII,” instead of “We shall present ourresults in Section III.” (Note that thecorrect future tense for the first person (Ior we) is “shall”, not will.”Step 10: Do not use “this” as a pronoun.Avoid sentences such as “This is...” and“This gives...” When “this” is used as apronoun, its antecedent is often missing orpoorly defined, and the resulting writingusually looks amateurish. A typicalexample in engineering writing is, “Byincreasing the impedance, the radiationlevel is increased and the electric fieldbecomes stronger. This means that...”What specifically does “this” refer to?(Moreover, who did the “increasing”?)The solution to this problem is to change“this” to an adjective by inserting asuitable noun. For example, use “Thisresult is...” “This difficulty is due to...” andso forth.Step 11: Check your entire document forsubtle grammatical mistakes. We are nottalking here about elementary grammarproblems. Presumably you do not writeegregious sentences such as “He don’t gotno potatoes.” Rather, the idea is to watchout for more subtle problems, which arevery common in engineering writing [2]Step 12: Polish and polish. Check that thesentence rhythm and timing are pleasing,and that the ideas flow clearly and simply.If some section does not quite sound right,work on it some more. Eventually you willget the right wording. You are looking forsubtle changes that will improve the waythe paper “flows.” The main tools youshould use for thisstep are: (1) reducing the Fog Index byshortening sentences and eliminating bigwords, as discussed in Step 5, and (2)checking each paragraph to make sure ithas one main point, as described in Step 4.You will get better at this step over time,as you develop a “feel” for clear writing.Step 13: Write the Conclusion. ThisConclusion section should simplysummarize for the reader what has beenpresented in the paper.Step 14: Write the Introduction. TheIntroduction is frequently the hardest partof the paper to write. It must be smoothlywritten. The Introduction should addresseach of the items mentioned in the outlineon Page 1. Moreover, the points discussedin Steps 1-13 should all be used to polishyour Introduction until it is as smooth aspossible.NotesThe Fog Index was first suggested by Mr.Robert Gunning, an early advocate of clearwriting. According to him, the factor 0.4 inthe definition makes the Fog Indexcorrespond approximately to the numberof years of education a reader must have toread a document easily.Reprinted by IEEE Circuits & DevicesMagazine, September, 1992。
