下载文档原格式
如何撰写英文科技论文时态与语态部分（一）TENSE（时态）撰写英文论文会涉及时态。
通常科技论文采用的时态为一般过去时，但在列表、进行统计分析或描述不争事实时应该采用一般现在时。
例如："Table 4 shows that..."（列表）；"These values are significantly greater than those of the females of the same age ，indicating that the males grew more rapidly” (统计分析)；“Water was added and the towers became damp ,which proves again that water is wet(不争事实)。
但根据Day(1989)的建议,论文中凡涉及研究领域内已存在的理论和知识(包括他人在此之前发表过的论文)时均应采用一般现在时来表示对理论贡献者们的尊重。
以此推理,Introduction 和Discussion的绝大部分内容(即涉及研究领域内已有的理论和知识的部分)应采用一般现在时。
按照Day的建议,摘要通常应该采用一般过去时,因为作者在这里主要是介绍自己的工作。
（二）VOICE (语态)除了时态,语态也是撰写英文论文应该注意的方面。
读者可能会发现大量英文科技论文都采用被动语态,这虽然是事实,但并不是规则。
其实,使用被动态语态往往违背科技论文"精确”、"简洁”的要求。
譬如"It was found that” 就远没有"I found ”来的清晰明了。
我的一位同事在博士论文中通篇采用被动语态，结果答辩时考官不明白他到底是在引用别人的工作还是自己的工作。
科技论文中主动语态和被动语态可以并用，具体使用哪种语态首先取决于句子所要强调的重点，同时应该考虑表达的简练和精确。
英语16种时态英文表达1. 现在时态 (Simple Present Tense)：I eat pizza every Friday. (我每个星期五吃披萨。
)2. 过去时态 (Simple Past Tense)：She went to the park yesterday. (她昨天去了公园。
)3. 将来时态 (Simple Future Tense)：They will travel to Europe next month. (他们下个月将去欧洲旅行。
)4. 现在进行时态 (Present Continuous Tense)：We are studying for the exam right now. (我们现在正在为考试而学习。
)5. 过去进行时态 (Past Continuous Tense)：He was watching TV when I called him. (我给他打电话时，他正在看电视。
)6. 将来进行时态 (Future Continuous Tense)：They will be working on the project all night. (他们将整个晚上都在做这个项目。
)7. 现在完成时态 (Present Perfect Tense)：I have already finished my homework. (我已经完成了我的作业。
)8. 过去完成时态 (Past Perfect Tense)：She had already left when I arrived. (当我到达时，她已经离开了。
)9. 将来完成时态 (Future Perfect Tense)：They will have finished their work by tomorrow. (他们到明天之前会已经完成他们的工作。
)10. 现在完成进行时态 (Present Perfect Continuous Tense)：I have been studying English for two hours. (我已经学习英语两个小时了。
25：语法时（tense）的四种时态详解简言之，“语法时”就是英语谓语动词的构成形式，它可以有四分法和二分法之别，下面将详述。
一、语法时的四分法一般来说，“语法时”有四种：现在时、过去时、将来时以及过去将来时。
请看下列句子：什么是过去将来时？很多人不理解“过去将来时”。
的确，这超出了我们所熟悉的“过去、现在、未来”这三种时间分类。
为了让大家能透彻理解，我们举个例子：2017年6月14日的一条新闻：“此前，丹麦央行National Banken称，将在2016年停止印刷新的法币”。
初看时你一定会觉得奇怪：在2017年谈论2016年的事情，怎么会用“将”呢？这不都已经是过去的事情了嘛。
不过，把2016年说成“将”的时间视角并不是现在，而是句子开头的“此前”。
这里的“此前”肯定是在2016年之前，如下图所示：从“此前”这个时间视角来看，2016年是将来时间；但从2017年来看，2016年又是过去时间。
于是，2016年成了一个“过去将来时间”，因为它同时结合了两个时间视角——现在说话时间和“此前”。
这句话用英语可以说成：National Banken, Denmark's central bank, once announced that it would stop printing new currency notes in 2016.这里的would stop就是过去将来时态。
在上面的“现在时”例句中，有动词原形walk（a句）和go（c句），以及三单谓语动词walks（b句）以及goes（d句），这是在动词词尾加-s或-es变化得来的，我姑且用-s/es来标记现在时。
在上面的“过去时”例句中，有动词过去式walked（e句），这是在walk词尾加-ed变化得来的。
另外，还有go的特殊过去式went（f 句）。
为了表述方便，我姑且用-ed来标记过去时。
由此可知，现在时和过去时都是通过动词词尾的曲折变化来标记的，即-s/-es是现在时，而-ed是过去时。
The Tense 时态时：time 态：state一般现在时do/does 一般过去时did现在进行时am/is/are doing 过去进行时was/were doing现在完成时has/have done 过去完成时had done一般将来时will do 过去将来时would/should doI.Simple present and present continuous (一般现在时与现在进行时)1 SP（一般现在时）: 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，现在的特征和状态，客观真理PC（现在进行时）: 表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作2 Time AdverbialOften, every day 还可以用于一般将来和一般过去时I will often come to see you if I am free.We worked on the farm every day last year.Always 有时也可以用于进行时态的句子（表示情绪）Tom is careless. He is always making mistakes.PC: now, at the present time, these days，Look! Listen! …3 Notes:SP（一般现在时）:1)在if/when 引导的从句中，表示将来的时间If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the countryside.倒装句中表将来：Here comes the bus.2)表示感官视觉，表示状态的动词不用现在进行时,用一般现在时be, love, like, hate, want, wish, hope, need, know, understand, remember, forget, believe, guess, think(认为), hear, see, mind3)按照计划安排将要发生的事用一般现在时The plane takes off at 11 a.m.PC（现在进行时）:1)同上2）2)短暂性动词不用进行时（如用，表示反复发生的动作或将来时）He is jumping up and down.He is arriving tomorrow.go, come, leave, begin, arrive, start用进行时可表示将来The bus is coming.3)现在分词forget, begin, admit, permit forbid, prefer4 过去进行时：表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作或过去某段时间一直在持续的动作Time adverbial: at six yesterday evening, at this time then, from six to nine, when/whileII.The past and the present perfect （过去时与现在完成时）1 一般过去时主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况（与现在没有联系）现在完成时表示1)过去发生的动作对现在有影响My radio has been broken.I have seen the film many times.2)过去发生的动作持续到现在(适用持续性动词)She has been ill for three days.I have written two letters this morning.2Time AdverbialThe past: yesterday, the day before yesterday, just now, an hour ago, once, once upon a time, the other day, in the old days, earlier this year, When he was a boy, last (night, year), then, the next day, in 1995The present perfect: since, for, for three months, these years, during the past few days, just, still, already, yet, ever, never, lately, recently, so far, It is the third time that…3现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响，而过去时不表示与现在的联系Mary lived in Beijing two years ago.Mary has lived in Beijing for two years.4 The past perfect 过去完成时1)过去完成时主要表示过去某时前已经发生的动作或情况（过去的过去）2)Time adverbial: by the end of +(过去的时间) last year, up to that time, by then,when/before/after, Hardly…when, No sooner…than, Scarcely…when我醒来时雨已经停了。
tense翻译Tense是时态的意思，主要分为三个时态：一般现在时，一般过去时和一般将来时。
一般现在时一般现在时是表述一般事实和现在的状态，这种状态可以是持续性的，也可以是瞬间性的。
肯定句：主语+动词原形+其他例句：I love you. 我爱你。
He studies hard. 他学习很努力。
They speak English. 他们说英语。
否定句：主语+do(或does)+not+动词原形+其他I do not like coffee. 我不喜欢咖啡。
He does not watch TV. 他不看电视。
They do not play football. 他们不踢足球。
一般疑问句：Do(或Does)+主语+动词原形+其他?例句：Do you like pizza? 你喜欢比萨吗？Does he play basketball? 他打篮球吗？Do they live in New York? 他们住在纽约吗？特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句特殊疑问词包括：what, when, where, why, how等等。
What do you like? 你喜欢什么？When does the bus arrive? 公交车什么时候到？Where do they live? 他们住在哪里？一般过去时一般过去时表达的是过去的事件或状态，通常在句子中有过去的时间状语。
肯定句：主语+动词过去式+其他例句：I watched a movie yesterday. 我昨天看了一部电影。
He ate a sandwich for lunch. 他午餐吃了一个三明治。
They visited their grandparents last weekend. 他们上周末去拜访了他们的祖父母。
否定句：主语+did+not+动词原形+其他例句：I did not go to the party. 我没去参加聚会。
什么是英语的时态？英语的时态（Tense）是表示动作或状态发生时间的语法概念。
时态用来表达动作发生的时间，包括过去、现在和将来。
在英语中，常见的时态有以下几种：1. 现在时态（Present Tense）：用于表示现在正在进行的动作、经常性的动作或客观事实。
-简单现在时（Simple Present Tense）：表示经常性、习惯性或普遍真理。
例如：I play tennis every Sunday.（我每个星期天打网球。
）-现在进行时（Present Continuous Tense）：表示现在正在进行的动作。
例如：She is studying for her exam.（她正在为考试学习。
）-现在完成时（Present Perfect Tense）：表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响。
例如：I have finished my homework.（我已经完成作业。
）2. 过去时态（Past Tense）：用于表示过去发生的动作或状态。
-简单过去时（Simple Past Tense）：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态。
例如：She walked to school yesterday.（昨天她走路去学校。
）-过去进行时（Past Continuous Tense）：表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
例如：They were playing soccer at that time.（他们那时正在踢足球。
）-过去完成时（Past Perfect Tense）：表示过去某个时间之前发生的动作。
例如：I had already eaten when she arrived.（她到达时我已经吃过了。
）3. 将来时态（Future Tense）：用于表示将来将要发生的动作或状态。
-简单将来时（Simple Future Tense）：表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作。
例如：I will go to the party tomorrow.（明天我将去参加派对。
tense的名词解释在语言学中，时态（tense）是一种语法现象，用来表达动作或状态在时间上的位置。
时态在语言中起着非常重要的作用，它帮助我们准确地描述过去、现在和未来的事件。
本文将对时态进行详细的解释和探讨，以帮助读者更好地理解这个语法概念。
一、时态的定义时态是用来表示动作或状态相对于说话时间的位置的语法现象。
它根据动词的形态变化或助动词的使用来表达不同的时间关系，通常包括过去、现在和未来三个主要时区。
时态在不同语言中存在一定的差异，而在英语中，时态的变化主要通过动词的时态词形进行表示。
二、时态的种类1. 过去时（Past Tense）过去时态用于表示过去发生的动作或状态。
在英语中，过去时主要通过在动词词干后加上特殊的词尾“-ed”或者通过不规则动词的变化来表示。
例如：- I walked to the park yesterday.（我昨天走到了公园。
）- She ate a delicious cake at the party.（她在聚会上吃了一个美味的蛋糕。
）2. 现在时（Present Tense）现在时态用于表示现在正在发生的动作或状态，也可以表示现在的普遍真理、习惯性动作等。
在英语中，现在时主要有两种形式，即一般现在时和现在进行时。
一般现在时不加附加词尾，而现在进行时则需要使用助动词“be”和动词的现在分词形式。
例如：- I work in a company.（我在一家公司工作。
）（一般现在时）- She is reading a book.（她正在读一本书。
）（现在进行时）3. 将来时（Future Tense）将来时态用于表示将来发生的动作或状态。
在英语中，将来时通常使用助动词“will”或“be going to”来与动词原形搭配使用。
例如：- I will call you tomorrow.（我明天会打电话给你。
）- We are going to visit our grandparents next week.（我们下周要去看望我们的祖父母。
时态小结Summary of tense1.现在进行时am/is/are + doing (表：现在正在做什么，动词一般多是表示持久动作的动词)e.g. I am writing a letter.我正在写信.2.过去进行时was/ were doing (表:过去某时正在进行的动作，通常都要把时间状语表达出来)e.g. What were you doing at 7 o’clock yesterday?3.一般现在时(1) 不受时限的客观存在. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.(2) 表示现在习惯的动作He goes to work by bus every day.4.一般过去时: (1) 表示在特定的时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态e.g. He left 10 minutes ago.(2)表示过去习惯的动作e.g. He used to get up early.他过去常常早起.5.现在完成时have/ has done (表：已经完成或未完成)e.g. He has turned off the light. 他已经把灯关掉了.e.g. I have kept this book for one month.我已经借这本书一个月了.瞬间动词的现在完成时Eg. I have just bought a book. （√）I have bought this book for a week. (×)I have had this book for a week.瞬间延续瞬间延续瞬间延续Buy have Arrive/reachBe in/at finish Be overBorrow keep join Be in Fall asleep Be asleepPut on wear open Be open Get married Be marriedlose Not have close Be closedGo/leave Be away come stayStart/beginBe on Get up Be updie Be dead Wake up Be awake6. 过去完成时( had done)过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即"过去的过去（past-in-the-past ）"。
1．动词时态（tense ）时态---就是一种表示时间和状态的主动词形式。
1.1 现在进行时（present continuous/present progressive ）1.1.1 时间：现在（present ）--:动作发生的时间是现在而非过去，一般也就是说话时的时间。
1.1.2 状态：正在进行（continuous/progressive ）。
指该动作在过去某个时间点开始，直到现在（说话时）仍然继续，在一定的时间范围内， 还将继续下去。
1．只有具有持续性概念的动作动词（action verb ）, 才可能有进行时态， 而表示状态或瞬间动作的动词， 不能使用进行时态。
它们是不可持续的，往往具有状态动词的特征， 而不强调动作， 此类词一般常见的如下： 表感情意识状态：like/dislike/love/hate/prefer/want/need/know/realize/suppose/mean/understand/believe/remember感官意识状态：see/ hear/ smell/ taste表所属关系: 有…,包含：belong / contain/consist/depend/seem/have当think 表示“认为”的意思时，同样也不用进行时态2. 即使是动作动词，同样也有动作持续时间长短的问题。
有的动作持续时间短，所以动作一般就发生在说话时由于这种动作只是从宏观上看具有持续性，但其间一定是有间断的，说话时，该动作不一定发生，只是说话的时间点包含在该动作的持续时间内。
1.1.3 构造： 助动词be ， 主动词verb+ ing ，参见“词类概述2.3.4”.陈述句: subject + be + verb-ing否定句：subject + be+ not+ verb-ing一般疑问句：be + subject + verb-ing :?复杂（特殊）疑问句：question word+ subject + verb-ing :1.1.4 用途：1．用于表述正在发生的短动作，即说话时正在发生。
⒈The salesman told me that a good series of tires ___guaranteed to run at least fifty thousand miles.A. wasB. has beenC. wereD. would be2. I bought a new house last year, but I ___ my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses.A. did not sellB. do not sellC. had not soldD. have not sold3. The committee ___ over the issue as to the proposals brought forward by the chairman among them for many hours, but so far no conclusion has been reached .A . has been arguing B. have been arguing C. has argued D. have been argued4. His train arrives in New York at eight o’clock tonight. The plane he would like to take with his cooperator from there ___by then.A. will have leftB. would leaveC. had leftD. have been argued5. The second volume of this encyclopedia was ___ by January 2002, but three years later, the end was still nowhere in sight .A. completedB. to have completedC. to completeD. to have been completed6. —Come on in, Peter. I want to show you something.—Oh, how nice of you! I ______ you ______ to bring me a gift.A. never think; are goingB. never thought; were goingC. didn’ t think; were goingD. hadn’t thought; were going7. The replacement of shops such as the grocer’s and chemist’s by cafes ___ the housewives with insufficient facilities for shopping.A. leaveB. have leftC. has leftD. is leaving8. A man who broke into a church was caught yesterday because traces of wax, found on his clothes, ___ from the sort of candles used only in churches.A. had comeB. comingC. has comeD. has been9. John and I________ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party.But we_______ each other a couple of times before that.A. had been; have seenB. have been; have seenC. had been; had seenD. have been; had seen10. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _____ so rapidly.A. is changingB. has changedC. will have changedD. will change11. I suggest that you’d better tell her the truth now, otherwise she’ll simply keep on asking you until you ___ .A. does B .has done C. do D. would do12. Up to now, the majority of the undergraduates ____ enrolled for this selected course.A. has beenB. have beenC. would have beenD. is13. It seems oil ___ from this pipe for some time . Some engineers have asked to take the machine apart to put it right this afternoon.A. had leakedB. have beenC. leakedD. has been leaking14. We ___ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.A. just have hadB. had just hadC. just hadD. has just had15. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you ___ advertisements showing happy and balanced families.A, are often seeing B. often see C. will often see D. have often seen16. While he ___ a route to India, Columbus discovered America.A. searched forB. would search forC. had searched forD. was searching for17. The general manager ___ that he would be able to leave for Beijing tomorrow morning, but it’s beginning to look difficult.A. hopesB. had hopedC. was hopingD. has hoped18. The food that my mother is cooking in the kitchen ___ delicious.A. smellsB. are smellingC. will smellD. has been smelling19. Once you ___ the brand of Whisky, you will never want to drink any other.A. had drunkB. has always drunkC. have drunkD. is drinking20. None of us can understand why he ___ dangers that don’t exist.A. imaginedB. has always imaginedC. always imaginesD. is always imagining21. To our surprise, up till then they ___ half the distance.A. had only coveredB. would only coverC. coveredD. would be only covered22. When I was at college I ______ three foreign languages, but I ______ all except a few words of each.A. spoke; had forgottenB. spoke; have forgottenC. had spoken; had forgottenD. had spoken; have forgotten23. A report from OPEC says that world’s supplies of petroleum ___.A. have been gradually being exhaustedB. are being gradually exhaustedC. have gradually exhaustedD. are gradually exhausted24. My sister has just arrived here, but in fact I didn’t know until this morning she ___ to see me .A. will comeB. was comingC. cameD. had been coming25. They ___ to start their own business, but they never had enough money.A. have hopedB. would hopeC. had hopedD. should hope26. Now some people would rather read than watch television, for the programs seem ___ all the time.A. to get worseB. to be getting worseC. to have got worseD. getting worse27. It’s the first time I ___this particular aspect of grammar.A. am explainingB. have explainedC. am explainedD. have been explained28. After searching for half an hour, the man realized that his wallet ___ on the table all the time.A. had been lyingB. had been lainC. have been lyingD. were lain29. –-Could you give these files to Mr. Jefferson?__Certainly, ____ him about something else in any case, so it won’t be any bother.A. I’ll have seenB. I can seeC. I seeD. I’ll be seeing30. Yesterday morning he got up late, so he missed the bus. And ___ when the bell rang.A. hardly would he reached schoolB. hardly had he reached schoolC. hardly he reached schoolD. hardly he was reaching school31. By the end of the next century, it is likely the oceans of the world ___ by all the rubbish poured into them.A. are being pollutedB. will have been pollutedC. will be pollutingD. would have been polluted32. My parents usually make sure that all the lights and gas ___ off before they go to bed at night.A. will beB. will have beenC. areD. would be33. I ___ for my firm for ten years and up to now I ___ no serious mistakes.A. have been working … have madeB. will have worked … madeC. am working … have been makingD. was working … will have made34. The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets _____.A. was bookedB. had been bookedC. were bookedD. have been booked35. A Dream of the Red Chamber is said ___ into dozens of languages in the last decade.A. to have translatedB. to translateC. to be translatedD. to have been translated36. Oh, it's you! I____ you.—I've just had my hair cut, and I'm wearing new glasses.A. didn't recognizeB. hadn't recognizedC. haven't recognizedD. don't recognize37. Not until I received a Christmas card from China ___ Thompson had gone to Beijing University to study Chinese two years before.A. do I knowB. have I knownC. did I knowD. I had known38. Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they ___ better health.A. could have enjoyedB. have been enjoyingC. had enjoyedD. are enjoying39. I’ll certainly work all next week except when it ___.A. will be rainingB. would rainC. will rainD. rains40. By this time next year, he ___ from Cambridge University and ___ the degree of Master.A. will have graduated … got C. will graduate … will getC. will graduate … getD. graduate … has got41. ---We could have walked to the station; it was so near.---Yes. A taxi ____ at all necessary.A. wasn'tB. hadn't beenC. wouldn't beD. won't be42. If city noises ______ from increasing, people____ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.A. are not kept; will have toB. are not kept; have toC. do not keep; will have toD. do not keep; have to43. Tom _____ into the house when no one _____ .A. slipped; was lookingB. had slipped; lookedC. slipped; had lookedD. was slipping; looked44. In some parts of the world, tea ___with milk and sugar.A. is servingB. is servedC. servesD. served45.—How long ______each other before they ___married?—For about a year.A. have they known; getB. did they know; were going to getC. do they know; are going to getD. had they known; got46. My dictionary_____. I have looked for it everywhere but still ___it.A. has lost; don't findB. is missing; don't findC. has lost; haven't foundD. is missing; haven't found47. Tom ought not to____ me your secret, but he meant no harm.A. have toldB. tellC. be tellingD. having told48.－－Hey, look where you are going?－－Oh, I'm terribly sorry. ___．A. I'm not noticingB.I wasn't noticingC. I haven't noticingD.I don't noticing。
