Exercises for the test of linguistics
There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that best complete the statement.
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.The study of language as a whole is often called ________ linguistics.
A.particular
B.general
C.ordinary
D.generative
2.Traditional grammar regards the ________ form of language as primary, not the
spoken form.
A. oral
B. written
C. writing
D. vocal
3. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.
A. synchronic 限于一时的
B. diachronic 历时的
C. historical
D. comparative
4.According to F. de Saussure, ________ refers to the abstract linguistic system
shared by all the members of a speech community.
A.parole
B.performance
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,ngue 语言
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,nguage
5. Language is arbitrary in that there is no logical connection between meanings and
________.
A. words
B. sounds
C. objects
D. ideas
6. Which of the following isn?t the design features of human language?
A. arbitrariness
B. performance
C. duality
D. displacement
7. The core of linguistics excludes ________.
A. semantics n.语义学
B. morphology 形态学
C. phonetics 语音(学)
D. psycholinguistics 语言心理学
Chapter 2 Phonology语音体系
1.________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world?s languages.
A.Phonology
B.Phonetics
C.Morphology
D.Phonemics
2.Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the ________ properties of the stream of
sounds which a speaker issues.
A.oral
B.mental
C.physical
D.recorded
3.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ________ sounds.
A.V oiceless
B.voiced ,浊音的
C.vowel
D.consonantal 辅音的,
4.[p] is a voiceless bilabial双唇音的________.
A.affricate
B.fricative
C.stop
D.liquid
5.________ aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and
how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
A.Linguistics
B.Phonetics
C.Phonology音位学
D.Articulatory phonetics
6. A ________ is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A.phoneme
B.phone
C.sound
D.speech
7.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic
environments are called the ________ of that phoneme.
A.phones
B.sounds
C.phonemes
D.allophones
8.________ is a typical tone language.
A.English
B.Chinese
C.French
D.American English
Chapter 3 Morphology形态学
1.Morphology refers to the ________ of words.
A.science
B.form
C.history
D.system
2.The smallest meaningful unit of language is ________.
A.morpheme词素
B.phone
C.phoneme
D.allomorpheme
3.The word “boyish” contains two ________.
A.phonemes
B.morphs
C.morphemes
D.allomorphs
4.________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be
combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A.Free
B.Bound
C.Root
D.Affix
5.Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case”and so forth are
called ________ morphemes.
A.inflectional
B.independent
C.free
D.derivational
6.________ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of
speech of the original word.
A.Prefixes前缀
B.Suffixes后缀
C.Roots
D.Affixes 词缀
7.In English “-ise” and “-tion” are called ________.
A.prefixes
B.suffixes
C.infixes中缀
D.free morphemes
8.There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of ________ to
form a new word.
A.root
B.affix
C.stem
D.word
9.The words such as “lab” and “doc” are ________.
A.formed by blending
B.acronyms首字母缩略词
C.coined by back-formation .逆构词逆构法
D.clipped words省略词,截短词(省略开首或末尾部分,如flu代表influenza)
10.The compound word “running dog” should be pronounced ________, when it
means “a person who follows others blindly”.
A.running …dog
B.…running ,dog重音在running上，次重音在dog上
C.…running …dog
D.,running …dog
Chapter 4 Syntax句法
1.Syntax is the study of the interrelationships between elements of sentence
structure and of the rules governing the way words are ________ to form sentences in a language.
A.analyzed
B.examined
C.linked
D.arranged
2.________ lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words are
constantly added.
A.Minor Minor lexical categories are closed categories
B.Major
C.All
D.None of the above
3.NP and ________ are essential components of a sentence.
A.VP
B.PP
C.AP
D.CP
4.The two clauses in a ________ sentence are structurally equal parts of the
sentence.
A.simple
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,plete
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,plex
D.coordinate 并列句
5.The embedded clause内嵌句in a complex sentence is normally called ________
clause.
A.a subordinate从句
B. a main
C. a matrix
D.a major
6.Transformational grammar is a type of grammar first proposed by ________ in
the mid-1950s.
A.Saussure
B.Bloomfield
C.Chomsky
D.Halliday
7.The rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences are called
________ rules.
A.lexical
B.structural
C.coordinate
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,binational
8.________ can generate an infinite number of sentences.
A.Phrase structure rules 短语结构规则
B.Movement rules
C.Syntactic rules
D.None of the above
Chapter 5 Semantics语义学
1.Semantics can be defined as the study of ________.
A.words
B.meaning
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,munication
D.context
2.Sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the
linguistic elements themselves (mostly words); it is concerned with _________ relations.
A.extra-linguistic
B.intra-linguistic
C.non-linguistic
D.multi-linguistic
3.Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements (words,
sentences, etc) and the ________ of experience.
A.extra-linguistic
B.intra-linguistic
C.non-linguistic
D.multi-linguistic
4.Two words that are opposite in meaning are called ________.
A.Synonyms 同义词
B.Homonyms n.同形同音异义词
C.Antonyms 反义词
D.homophones同音异义词
5.The pair of words “wide / narrow” are called ________.
A.gradable opposites
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,plementary antonyms
C.co-hyponyms
D.relational opposites
6.What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/ rose”?
A.Polysemy 多义关系
B.Synonymy 同义关系
C.Hyponymy 上下义关系
D.Antonymy 反义关系
7.The words “railway” and “railroad” are ________.
A.emotive synonyms
B.dialectal synonyms
C.stylistic synonyms
D.collocational synonyms
8.The same word may have more than one meaning, which is called ________.
A.synonymy
B.homonymy
C.hyponymy
D.polysemy
9.The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ________.
A.gradable antonyms
B.relational opposites
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,plementary antonyms
D.none of the above
10.The way to analyze sentence meaning is called ________ analysis.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,ponential
B.predication
C.syntactic
D.logical
Chapter 6 Pragmatics 语用学
1.Linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of
meaning if ________ of language use was left unconsidered.
A.brevity简洁
B.context语境
C.accuracy 准确(性)
D.none of the above
2.If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of
communication, it becomes ________.
A.a sentence
B.an act
C. a unit
D.an utterance 话语
3.________ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.
A.Speaking
B.Speech
C.Sound
D.Spoken
4.One of the contributions Searle has made is his classification of ________ acts.
A.locutionary
B.illocutionary
C.perlocutionary
D.speech
5.Of the three speech act, linguistics are most interested in the ________.
A.locutionary act
B.perlocutionary act
C.illocutionary act 语言外表现行为
D.none of the above
6.Most of the violation of the maxims of the CP give rise to ________.
A.utterance meaning
B.speech act theory
C.conversational implicatures
D.all of the above
7.The significance of Grice?s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the
speaker to convey ________ is literally said.
A.more than
B.less than
C.the same as
D.none of the above
Chapter 7 Language Change
1.We may use the term ________ instead of historical linguistics as a way of
referring to the approach which studies language change over various period of time and at various historical stages.
A.diachronic linguistics
B.synchronic linguistics
C.sociolinguistics
D.psycholinguistics
2.An important set of extensive sound changes affecting vowels, known as the Great
V owel Shift, occurred at the end of the ________.
A.Old English period
B.Middle English period
C.Modern English period
D.Middle ages
3.The most widely-spread morphological changes in the historical development of
English are the loss and addition of ________.
A.prefixes
B.suffixes
C.affixes
D.case markings
4.The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of ________.
A.gender markings
B.case markings
C.tense markings
D.both A and B
5.The most vigorous and on-going change in the historical development of a
language is the change in its ________.
A.sound
B.vocabulary
C.morphological system
D.syntax
6.The most obvious way in which Modern English differs lexically from Old
English is in the number of borrowed words from other languages, particular from ________.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,tin
B.French
C.Greek
D.German
7.Chinese, the most popular language of the world, belongs to the ________ family.
A.Indo-European
B.Sino-Tibetan
C.Austronesian
D.Afroasiatic
Chapter 8 Language and Society
1.The goal of ________ is to explore the nature of language variation and language
use among a variety of speech communities and different social situations.
A.psycholinguistics
B.sociolinguistics
C.historical linguistics
D.general linguistics
2.The situation in which two or more languages are used side by side is referred to
as ________.
A.diglossia 双语双语制
B.bilingualism 双语现象
C.pidginization
D.blending
3. A linguistic ________ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the
“polite” society from general use.
A.slang
B.euphemism 委婉语
C.jargon 行话; 黑话; 隐语,行业术语
D.taboo禁忌
4. A ________ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted
when a speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.
A.linguistic taboo
B.euphemism
C.address term
D.pidgin
5.In normal situations, ________ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than
their ________ counterparts with the same social background.
A.female; male
B.male; female
C.old; young
D.young; old
6.In general, language characteristic of ________ register is more often used in the
written form than in the spoken form.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,rmal
B.formal
C.neutral
D.none of the above
7.It is ________ for individuals to be a perfect user of two languages in a full range
of situations.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,mon
B.rare
C.impossible
D.none of the above
Chapter 9 Language and Brain
1.________ deals with how language is acquired, understood, and produced.
A.Sociolinguistics社会语言学
B.Psycholinguistics语言心理学
C.Neurolinguistics神经语言学
D.Anthropological linguistics 人类语言学
2.The left hemisphere of human brain is responsible for the functions of ________.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,nguage and speech
B.calculation
C.analytic reasoning and associative thought
D.all of the above
3.________ refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a
particular hemisphere of the brain.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,nguage lateralization
B.Brain lateralization大脑的侧化
C.Right ear advantage
D.None of the above
4.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is about ________.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,nguage and thought
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,nguage and translation
C.grammatical structure
D.second language acquisition
5.Linguistic ________ is the brain?s neurological specialization for language.
A.determinism决定论
B.relativism相对论
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,petence
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,teralization(尤指脑部的)偏侧性,偏侧优势,偏利
6.The ________ age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the
period of brain lateralization.
A.young
B.old
C.critical
D.flexible
Chapter 10 Language Acquisition
1.The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as
________.
A.applied
B.diachronic
https://www.doczj.com/doc/339071738.html,parative
D.synchronic
2.In general, language acquisition refers to children?s development of their
________ language of the community in which a child has been brought up.
A.first
B.second
C.third
D.foreign
3.________ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a
second language usually obtained in school setting.
A.Acquisition
B.Learning
C.Studying
D.Acquirement
4.________ transfer is a process that is more commonly known as interference.
A.Intentional
B.Positive
C.Negative
D.Interrogative
5.________ was believed to be the major source of difficulties experienced and
errors made by L2 learners.
A.Transfer
B.Positive transfer
C.Negative transfer
D.Overgeneralization
6.________ approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which
different L2 learners acquire a new language.
A.Transfer
B.Interference
C.Contrastive Analysis
D.Error Analysis
7.During the process of SLA, a learner constructs a series of internal representations
that comprises the learner?s interim knowledge of the target language, this is ________.
A.interlanguage
B.first language
C.second language
D.foreign language
8.The optimum age for SLA is ________.
A.childhood
B.early teens
C.teens
D.adulthood
9.Which of the following isn?t a factor that may influence SLA?
A.age
B.motivation
C.personality
D.sex
10.Which stages does the child belong to according to the development of the
grammatical system when we heard his saying like “No heavy,”“No eat,”“He no bite you,” etc.?
A.the development of phonology
B.the development of syntax n. 1.句法;句法规则〔分析〕
C.the development of morphology n.形态学(尤指动植物形态学或词语形态学)，形态论
the development of vocabulary and semantics语义学