中英文文献翻译—发动机塑料进气歧管的应用与发展趋势

doi:10.16648/ki.1005-2917.2022.6.004商用车发动机进气管塑料化的应用研究郭冷，张运东，刘诚，郑远宝，金通，宋萱仪，雷柏龄东风商用车技术中心，武汉 430056摘 要：以玻纤增强聚丙烯材料及先进吹塑工艺开发出的进气塑胶管代替商用车发动机进气管的部分金属管及橡胶管路，应用研究表明：进气塑胶管完全满足产品技术要求，兼顾经济性及可靠性的前提下，实现进气管轻量化。

关键词：发动机进气管；塑料轻量化Application Research on Plasticization of Intake Pipe of Commercial Vehicle EngineGUO Leng, ZHANG Yun-dong, LIU Cheng, ZHENG Yuan-bao, JIN Tong,SONG Xuan-yi, LEI Bo-lingDongfeng Commercial Vehicle Technology Cente, WuHan 430056, ChinaAbstract: The intake plastic pipe developed by glass-fiber reinforced polypropylene material and advanced blow molding process replaces some metal pipes and rubber pipes of the intake pipe of commercial vehicle engines. The application research shows that the intake plastic pipe fully meets the technical requirements of the product and achieves lightweight, reliability and low cost.Key Words: Engine Intake Pipe；Plastic Lightweight1 发动机进气管技术现状为节省发动机舱内空间，商用车发动机进气管路的布置多为三维空间结构；受材料及管材成型技术的限制，目前国内外商用汽车供气管路多采用“胶管＋不锈钢管＋胶管”的分段组合连接形式。

汽车发动机塑料进气歧管成型工艺的研发与应用汪智勇;杨金表;蔡考群【摘要】以具有动力性能好、节能和环保等特点的汽车发动机塑料进气歧管为例,研究了汽车发动机塑料进气歧管成套技术中的模具设计、注射工艺、焊接工艺等关键技术,结合CAE技术实现了工艺与模具结构的优化.通过该成套技术的实际应用,满足了汽车工业的要求,为该工艺的进一步推广应用提供了理论指导和技术支撑.【期刊名称】《模具制造》【年(卷),期】2017(017)011【总页数】5页(P35-39)【关键词】汽车发动机;塑料进气歧管;模具设计;注射成型【作者】汪智勇;杨金表;蔡考群【作者单位】群达模具(深圳)有限公司广东深圳518129;群达模具(深圳)有限公司广东深圳518129;群达模具(深圳)有限公司广东深圳518129【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ320.66随着能源危机的爆发及石油资源日益枯竭，汽车市场竞争加剧，节能减排、环保和减少汽车制造成本成为企业关注的核心。

汽车轻量化（塑料化）成为当今汽车工业发展方向之一，进气歧管是发动机进气系统最重要的部件，进气歧管关系到汽车发动机的动力性能、节省油耗、减少废气排放和降低成本的主要技术指标。

由于塑料进气歧管的内壁光滑，气流阻力小，因此进气效率明显提高；同时混合气分配均匀，排放也得到改善，发动机的动力性能明显改善；塑料制成的零部件不仅明显减轻了发动机的重量，而且具有金属零部件所无可比拟的优越性能。

塑料进气歧管与传统的铝合金进气歧管相比，具有质轻、设计自由度大、成本低，动力性能好、节能减排、环保等优点。

汽车发动机塑料进气歧管诞生于1972年，为当时的Porsche车进气歧管。

欧洲的汽车商率先采用尼龙制造进气歧管，随后美国、日本、韩国相继开发塑料进气歧管。

最早的塑料进气歧管选用了BASF公司的尼龙树脂，并采用熔芯成型法。

熔芯法生产的塑料进气歧管优点是歧管内部完整光滑，气体流动特性较好，最大限度地保证发动机的性能。

塑料进气歧管的发展与中国市场的调查The Development and Market of Plastic Air intake manifold in China汽车轻量化是汽车工业发展方向之一，也是一个汽车厂和国家技术进步和先进程度的重要标志。

为节能降耗、提高车速、改进外观和舒适性、降低成本，汽车厂越来越多地选用塑料替代金属。

塑料发动机进气歧管（plastic air intake manifold）是近年来开发成功的塑料部件范例，也是各国竞相开发的热门塑料汽车部件。

塑料进气歧管不仅质轻，而且由于内壁光滑，可改进气体流动性，提高气体流量，进气效率高，隔热效果好，因而能提高发动机性能和燃料利用率。

一塑料进气歧管（plastic air intake manifold）的优点如图：塑料进气歧管（plastic air intake manifold）具体而言，塑料进气歧管主要具有4方面的优点：(1)在重量方面，由于塑料进气歧管一般采用尼龙材料，其比重约为铝合金材料的50%。

(2)另外，塑料进气歧管的管壁厚度一般为2.5~3mm，而铝合金进气歧管的壁厚一般大于4mm。

因此，塑料进气歧管的重量相对要轻很多，通常仅为铝合金进气歧管的40%左右。

(3)在动力性方面，由于塑料进气歧管的内壁比较光滑，因此有利于提高进气充量。

与铝合金进气歧管相比，发动机的动力性可提高3%~5%。

(4)在经济性方面，塑料进气歧管能带来良好的气流，从而有助于汽油在发动机缸内的充分燃烧，使发动机的经济性和排放都能得到明显改善。

(5)在成本方面，虽然进气歧管所使用的塑料材料与铝合金材料的成本基本相同，但由于塑料进气歧管能够一次成型，成型后的合格率高，而铸造而成的铝合金进气歧管毛坯的成品率要低很多，且其机加工费用也相对较高，因此塑料进气歧管的生产成本通常比铝合金进气歧管低20%~35%。

二欧美塑料进气歧管的发展塑料进气歧管诞生于1972年，后来开发成功去芯成型法，进气歧管塑料化进程加快。

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国外进气歧管的研究现状进气歧管是发动机的关键部件之一，负责将空气和燃料混合物引入发动机燃烧室。

这一领域的研究一直受到全球汽车制造商和研究机构的广泛关注。

本文将介绍国外对进气歧管的研究现状，并聚焦于其设计、材料和流动性能等方面的进展。

一、进气歧管的设计在进气歧管的设计中，目标是实现最佳空气燃料混合，提高发动机的燃烧效率和功率输出。

为了实现这一目标，国外研究者通过优化歧管的形状、长度和截面积等参数，来改善进气流动的特性。

其中，计算流体力学（CFD）模拟和实验测试等方法被广泛应用于进气歧管设计中。

研究表明，采用特定的歧管形状可以在不同转速下实现更高的空气流量和更均匀的气缸进气分布。

例如，进口截面逐渐增大的渐变歧管设计能够提高进气流动的均匀性，从而改善燃烧室内的混合状态。

此外，长度和曲率等参数的优化也被证明能够改善进气歧管的性能。

二、进气歧管材料的研究进气歧管的材料选择直接影响到其耐久性和性能表现。

为了提高歧管的耐久性和降低重量，国外研究者开始研究新型材料的应用。

例如，铝合金和镁合金等轻质材料的应用被广泛研究，这些材料不仅可以减轻发动机的整体重量，还具有较好的机械性能和耐腐蚀性。

此外，还有研究探索利用复合材料、陶瓷材料和纤维增强塑料等材料来制造进气歧管。

这些新材料具有高强度、高刚性和良好的耐腐蚀性，能够满足发动机高温和高压环境下的要求。

三、进气歧管的流动性能研究进气歧管的流动性能直接影响到发动机的燃烧效率和动力输出。

国外研究者通过实验测试和数值模拟等方法，研究了进气歧管中的流动特性，并进行了优化设计。

研究表明，降低进气系统的阻力和压力损失是提高发动机性能的关键。

为了降低阻力，一种常用的方法是通过在进气歧管内部设置流动控制装置，如壁面纹理、剪切层和定向流等。

这些措施能够改善进气流动的均匀性并减少压力损失。

此外，还有研究探索了利用进气歧管的分段设计和变流道技术来实现流量和压力的调节。

这些技术能够根据引擎负荷和工况要求，灵活调整进气歧管的几何形状和流道长度，以提供最佳的流动特性。

附录A 外文文献Engine operating principlsMost automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary (wankel),the 2-stroke ,and stratifild charge.Recipprocating means up and down or banck and forth, it is the up an down action of a piston in the cylinder blick ,or engine block . the blick is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passage called water jackets for coolant circulation .the top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Which forms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.however, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The pistion is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a pistion pin or wrist pin the bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft . the connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft , which changes it into rotarymotion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rod bearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block .shown in fig ,1-1.The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size , and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.The term stroke is uesd to describe the movement of the iston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of pistion travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-strokes engine is also called otto cycle engine ,in honor of the german enginner , Dr. Nikolaus otto , who first applied the principle in 1876 . In the 4-stroke engine ,four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle .Each stroke is named after the action it performes instake , compression ,power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Instake strokeAs the piston moves down , the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinderthrough open instake vavle. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the instake valve opens about 10° before t.b.c ,giving 20° overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50° after b.d.c to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、Compression strokeThe pieton turns up , the instake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to ahout 1 Mpa, depending on various factors inclouding the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridge the gap of the spark plug.3、Power strokeThe expanding gases of combution produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4、Exhust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhause valve open some 50°before b.d.d.,allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce ‘back’ pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next instake stroke. The instake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke.This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repared in every as long as the engineremains runningA-2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operating cycle.However , the instake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke,and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has ,the more power strokes produced for cach revolusion. This means that means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly because the power atrokes are closer together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinder of multi-cyclinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways.1、Inline engine use a single block of cylinder. Most 4-cylinder and 6-cylinder engines areof this design. The cylinder do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.2、V-type engine use two equal bands of cylinder , usually inclined 60degrees or 90degreesfrom the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12engine have been built.3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engine have two equal banks of cylinders 180degreesapart . these space saving engine designs are often air-cooled,and are found in the chevrolet carvair porsches, Subaus,and V olkswagens. Subaus design is liquid ter –model V olkswagen vans use a liquil-cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.附录B 中文翻译发动机工作原理大多数汽车的发动机是内燃机，往复四冲程汽油机，但是也有使用其他类型的发动机，包括柴油机，转子发动机二冲程发动机和分程燃烧发动机。

进气歧管作用进气歧管（Intake Manifold）是汽车发动机中的重要部件之一，它的作用是将进气系统中经过空气滤清器过滤后的空气分配给各个汽缸，使汽缸能够顺利进行燃烧和工作。

进气歧管是发动机的“呼吸道”，其主要任务是通过燃油喷射系统向汽缸提供理想的空气燃油混合物。

进气歧管是由多个管道组成的，其中的一个管道与空气滤清器相连，另一个管道与气缸头相连，通过这些管道，进气歧管能够将空气引入发动机。

进气歧管的设计对发动机的性能有着重要影响。

不同型号的发动机会采用不同设计的进气歧管，以适应不同的工作条件和要求。

设计良好的进气歧管能提供足够的空气流量，使燃油完全燃烧，从而提高发动机的功率和燃烧效率。

同时，进气歧管还需要考虑空气的流动速度、各缸之间气体压力的均衡等因素，以保证各个汽缸可以获得相同的空气燃油混合比，避免发生汽缸间的功率差异。

除了将空气引入发动机，进气歧管还具有其他功能。

例如，一些现代进气歧管上还装有附加的进气歧管门，通过控制进气门的开闭来控制进气气流量，以提高发动机的经济性和排放性能。

此外，进气歧管还可以通过加热系统，将进气气温提升，以提高燃烧效率。

进气歧管还可以安装节气门、储存容器等辅助装置，以完成一些特殊的任务，如减震、降噪等。

随着汽车技术的不断发展，进气歧管也在不断改进。

例如，现代进气歧管通常采用复合材料制造，以减轻重量和提高耐用性；一些高性能发动机会使用可变长度的进气歧管，以适应不同转速下的工作要求；一些先进的进气歧管还实现了进气气流的可变分配，以提高发动机的稳定性和动力输出。

总而言之，进气歧管是发动机中不可或缺的重要部件，它的作用是将经过滤清器过滤后的空气引入发动机，并分配给各个汽缸，以提供理想的燃油混合物。

进气歧管的设计对发动机的性能有着重要影响，它需要考虑空气流动速度、各汽缸之间的气体压力均衡等因素。

随着技术的不断进步，进气歧管的设计也在不断改进，以适应不同的工作要求和提高发动机的性能。

国外进气歧管的研究现状
国外对进气歧管的研究现状主要表现在以下几个方面：
1.材料研究：进气歧管作为汽车发动机的关键部件，其材料选择对
于发动机的性能和寿命具有重要影响。

国外研究者对于进气歧管的材料进行了广泛的研究，包括金属、塑料等不同材料的选择和优化。

2.结构设计：进气歧管的结构设计对于发动机的性能和效率也有重
要影响。

国外研究者对于进气歧管的结构设计进行了深入研究，包括进气歧管的长度、直径、形状等参数的优化设计。

3.仿真模拟：随着计算机技术的发展，仿真模拟成为研究进气歧管
的重要手段。

国外研究者利用仿真软件对进气歧管的工作过程进行模拟，以预测其性能和优化设计方案。

4.实验研究：实验是研究进气歧管性能的重要手段。

国外研究者通
过实验研究进气歧管的性能，包括进气歧管的流量特性、压力特性、温度特性等，以评估其性能并优化设计。

5.生产制造：进气歧管的制造工艺对于其性能和成本也有重要影响。

国外研究者对于进气歧管的制造工艺进行了深入研究，包括制造过程中的材料选择、加工方法、质量控制等。

总的来说，国外对进气歧管的研究已经相当深入，涵盖了材料、结构、仿真模拟、实验研究和生产制造等多个方面。

这些研究为提高进气歧管的性能和降低成本提供了重要的理论和实践支持。

汽车发动机外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Talom M. AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013, 2(3):39-45.英文原文AUTOMOTIVE ENGINETalom M1 Engine Classification and Overall MechanicsThe automobile engines can be classified according to: (1) cycles, (2) cooling system, (3) fuel system, (4) ignition method, (5) valve arrangement, (6) cylinder arrangement, (7) engine speed.Engines used in automobiles are the internal combustion heat engines. The burning of gasoline inside the engine produces high pressure in the engine combustion chamber. This high pressure force piston to move, the movement is carried by connecting rods to the engine crankshaft. The crankshaft is thus made to rotate: the rotary motion is carried through the power train to the car wheels so that they rotate and the car moves.The engine requires four basic systems to run (Fig. 2-1). Diesel engines require three of these systems. They are fuel system, ignition system (except diesel), lubricating system andcooling system. However, three other related systems are also necessary. These are the exhaust system, the emission-control system, and the starting system. Each performs a basic job in making the engine run.2 Engine Operating PrinciplesThe term “stroke” is used to desc ribe the movement of the piston within the cylinder. The movement of the piston from its uppermost position (TDC, top dead center) to its lowest position (BDC, bottom dead center) is called a stroke. The operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. Most automobile engines operate on the four stroke cycle.In four-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action. It performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order.The intake strokeThe intake stroke begins with the piston near the top of its travel. As the piston begins its descent, the exhaust valve closes fully, the intake valve opens and the volume of the combustion chamber begins to increase, creating a vacuum. As the piston descends, an air/fuel mixture is drawn from the carburetor into the cylinder through the intake manifold. The intake stroke endswith the intake valve close just after the piston has begun its upstroke.Compression strokeAs the piston is moved up by the crankshaft from BDC, the intake valve closes. The air/fuel mixture is trapped in the cylinder above the piston. Future piston travel compresses the air/fuel mixture to approximately one-eighth of its original volume (approximately 8:1 compression ratio) when the piston has reached TDC. This completes the compression stroke. Power strokeAs the piston reaches TDC on the compression stroke, an electric spark is produced at the spark plug. The ignition system delivers a high-voltage surge of electricity to the spark plug to produce the spark. The spark ignites, or sets fire to, the air/fuel mixture. It now begins to burn very rapidly, and the cylinder pressure increases to as much as 3-5MPa or even more. This terrific push against the piston forces it downward, and a powerful impulse is transmitted through the connecting rod to the crankpin on the crankshaft. The crankshaft is rotated as the piston is pushed down by the pressure above it.Exhaust strokeAt the end of the power stroke the camshaft opens theexhaust valve, and the exhaust stroke begins. Remaining pressure in the cylinder, and upward movement of the piston, force the exhaust gases out of the cylinder. At the end of the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve closes and the intake valve opens, repeating the entire cycle of events over and over again.3 Engine Block and Cylinder HeadEngine BlockThe engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets and oil galleries (Fig. 2-4). The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits in the block, except on overhead-cam engines. In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.Some engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter than iron. However, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.Cylinder SleevesCylinder sleeves are used in engine blocks to provide a hard wearing material for pistons and piston rings. The block can be made of one kind of iron that is light and easy to cast while the sleeves uses another that is better able to stand up wear and tear.There are two main types of sleeves: dry and wet (Fig. 2-5).Dry sleeve Wet sleeveCylinder HeadThe cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. In-line engine of light vehicles have just one cylinder head for all cylinders; larger in-line engines can have two or more. Just as with engine blocks, cylinder heads can be made of cast iron or aluminum alloy. The cylinder head carries the valves, valve springs and the rockers on the rocker shaft, this part of valve gear being worked by the pushrods. Sometimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinder head and operates on the valves without rockers. This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement.GasketThe cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the block and the head must begas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket. Gaskets are also used to seal joins between the other parts, such as between the oil pan, manifolds, or water pump and the blocks.Oil PanThe oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and run down into the pan. Thus, there is a constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.4 Piston Assembly, piston rings, The piston pin ,Connecting Rods, Crankshafts And FlywheelPistonPiston rings and the piston pin are together called the piston assembly.The piston is an important part of a four-stroke cycle engine. Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston, through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force created by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft.To withstand the heat of the combustion chamber, the piston must be strong. It also must be light, since it travels at high speeds as it moves up and down inside the cylinder. The piston is hollow. It is thick at the top where it takes the brunt of the heat and the expansion force. It is thin at the bottom, where there is less heat. The top part of the piston is the head, or crown. The thin part is the skirt. Most pistons have three ring grooves at the top. The sections between the ring grooves are called ring lands.piston ringsPiston rings fit into ring grooves near the top of the piston. In simplest terms, piston rings are thin, circular pieces of metal that fit into grooves in the tops of the pistons. In modern engines, each piston has three rings. (Piston in older engines sometimes had four rings, or even five.) The inside surface of the ring fits in the groove on the piston. The ring's outside surface presses against the cylinder walls. Rings provide the needed seal between the piston and the cylinder walls. That is, only the rings contact the cylinder walls. The top two rings are to keep the gases in the cylinder and are called compression rings. The lower one prevents the oil splashed onto the cylinder bore fro m entering the combustion chamber, and is called an oil ring.The piston pinThe piston pin holds together the piston and the connecting rod. This pin fits into th e piston pin holes and into a hole in the top end of the connecting rod. The top end of t he rod is much smaller than the end that fits on the crankshaft. This small end fits inside the bottom of the piston. The piston pin fits through one side of the piston, through the small end of the rod, and then through the other side of the piston. It holds the rod firmly in place in the center of the piston. Pins are made of high-strength steel and have a hollow center. Many pins are chrome-plated to help them wear better. A piston pin fits into a round hole in the piston. The piston pin joins the piston to the connecting rod. The thick part of the piston that holds the piston pin is the pin boss. Connecting RodsThe connecting rod little end is connected to the piston pin.A bush made from a soft metal, such as bronze, is used for this joint. The lower end of the connecting rod f its the crankshaft journal. This is called the big end. For this big-end bearing, steel-backed lead or tin shell bearings are used. These are the same as those used for the main bearings. The split of the big end is sometimes at an angle, so that it is small enough t o be withdrawn through the cylinder bore. The connecting rod ismade from forged alloy steel.CrankshaftsThe crankshaft is regarded as the “backbone” of the engine (Fig. 2-7). The crankshaft, in conjunction with the connecting rod, converts the reciprocating motion of the piston to the rotary motion needed to drive the vehicle. It is usually made from car-bon steel which is alloyed with a small proportion of nickel. The main bearing journals fit into the cylinder block and the big end journals align with the connecting rods. At the rear end of the crankshaft is attached the flywheel, and at the front end are the driving wheels for the timing gears, fan, cooling water and alternator. The throw of the crankshaft, . the distance between the main journal and the big end centers, controls the length of the stroke. The stroke is double the throw, and the stroke length is the distance that the piston travels from TDC to BDC and vice versa.中文译文汽车发动机Talom M1发动机分类和一般力学（1）循环，（2）冷却系统，（3）燃料系统，（4）点火方法，（5）阀门布置，（6）气缸布置，（7）发动机速度。